Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Global Change Biology - 2022 - de Marco - Strategic Roadmap To Assess Forest Vulnerability Under Air Pollution and Climate
Global Change Biology - 2022 - de Marco - Strategic Roadmap To Assess Forest Vulnerability Under Air Pollution and Climate
See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Received: 6 October 2021 | Revised: 2 March 2022 | Accepted: 18 May 2022
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16278
REVIEW
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
5062 |
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gcb Glob Change Biol. 2022;28:5062–5085.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5063
Correspondence
Alessandra De Marco, ENEA Casaccia, Via Abstract
Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
Although it is an integral part of global change, most of the research addressing the
Email: [email protected]
effects of climate change on forests have overlooked the role of environmental pollu-
Funding information
tion. Similarly, most studies investigating the effects of air pollutants on forests have
Academy of Finland, Grant/Award
Number: 276671, 311929 and 316182; generally neglected the impacts of climate change. We review the current knowledge
European Commission, Grant/Award
on combined air pollution and climate change effects on global forest ecosystems
Number: LIFE15 ENV/IT/000183, LIFE19
ENV/FR/000086 and LIFE20 GIE/ and identify several key research priorities as a roadmap for the future. Specifically,
IT/000091; JST SICORP, Grant/Award
we recommend (1) the establishment of much denser array of monitoring sites, par-
Number: JPMJSC16HB; US Department of
Energy, Grant/Award Number: ticularly in the South Hemisphere; (2) further integration of ground and satellite
DE-EM0005228
monitoring; (3) generation of flux-based standards and critical levels taking into ac-
count the sensitivity of dominant forest tree species; (4) long-term monitoring of
N, S, P cycles and base cations deposition together at global scale; (5) intensification
of experimental studies, addressing the combined effects of different abiotic factors
on forests by assuring a better representation of taxonomic and functional diversity
across the ~73,000 tree species on Earth; (6) more experimental focus on phenomics
and genomics; (7) improved knowledge on key processes regulating the dynamics of
radionuclides in forest systems; and (8) development of models integrating air pollu-
tion and climate change data from long-term monitoring programs.
KEYWORDS
air pollution, climate change, forest ecosystem, forest nutrients, forest research roadmap,
forest vulnerability, radioactivity
1 | I NTRO D U C TI O N research addressing the biotic effects of climate change do not con-
sider this issue. Furthermore, most studies on both the distribution
Forests cover ~30% of the world's land surface, store 45% of terres- of pollutants and the biotic effects of pollution have neglected the
trial carbon (Bonan, 2008), and are home to 80% of global terrestrial issue of climate change (Sicard, Augustaitis, et al., 2016). As a result,
biodiversity (IUCN, 2021). Sustainable socioeconomic development studies exploring the combined effects of air pollution and climate
depends on the proper management of natural resources, includ- change remain uncommon.
ing forest ecosystems (Badea et al., 2013). Air pollution and climate A Web of Science search conducted in June 2021 identified only
change have major impacts on and complex interactions with forest 74 peer-reviewed articles containing the keywords “climat* and pol-
health and productivity (Augustaitis & Bytnerowicz, 2008; Kozlov lut*” and “tree* or forest*” in the title, 59 of which were relevant re-
et al., 2009). For example, tropospheric ozone (O3), which is both search papers (Figure S1): In all, 11 studies used modeling to explore
a phytotoxic gas and a radiative forcer (Myhre et al., 2013), and ni- the combined effects of air pollution and climate, 27 studies were
trogen deposition (Du & de Vries, 2018), which causes forest de- based on observations of forest health in either spatial or tempo-
cline due to acidification (Augustaitis et al., 2010) and changes in ral gradients of air pollution and climate, and only one reported the
the frequency and intensity of climatic extremes (e.g., heat waves, outcomes of a field experiment. The low number of experimental
rainfall, wind storms), may impact the structure, composition, and studies with factorial design involving both airborne pollutants and
functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. These impacts can directly in- climate is alarming because it hampers our ability to identify cause-
fluence carbon cycling and its feedback to the climate system (Frank and-effect relationships as well as to decipher the mechanisms un-
et al., 2015; Matyssek et al., 2012; Paoletti et al., 2007; Serengil derlying the combined or interactive effects of pollution and climate
et al., 2011; Sicard et al., 2020). on the health of individual trees and forest ecosystems. As a result,
The future of global forests is a subject of public and politi- the quality of our predictions of the combined effects of climate
cal concern due to extensive forest degradation worldwide (Hao change and air pollution on future forest health is uncertain. To re-
et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018). Recently, environmental pollution spond to this global challenge, here we critically review the current
was identified as one of the five main drivers of biodiversity loss knowledge (and gaps) on air pollution and climate interactions in for-
(European Commission, 2020). Although environmental pollution ests, identify key research priorities, and suggest a strategic road-
is an integral part of global change (Dale et al., 2000), most of the map for future studies.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5064 DE MARCO et al.
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5065
F I G U R E 1 Distribution of the most relevant monitoring network over the forested areas of the globe.
Indeed, boreal and tropical forests are less represented among mon- indices. Similarly, forest health monitoring studies are increasingly
itoring sites and there is a disproportionate number of monitoring using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors. For example, C-band
sites in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), particularly in Europe, and data are sensitive to variations of Leaf Area Index, which are con-
fewer sites in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). nected to defoliation and hence forest status (Manninen et al., 2003;
The aforementioned monitoring networks may benefit from Stankevich et al., 2017). SAR sensors are advantageous not just
data derived through remote sensing measurements (Lechner because of their sensitivity to forest structural changes (Dobson
et al., 2020). Remotely sensed imagery provides a synoptic view, and et al., 1992; Harrell et al., 1995; Le Toan et al., 1992), but also be-
is potentially available everywhere at a large range of spatial and cause of their ability to monitor the water content of the tree canopy
temporal scales with a high degree of homogeneity. Furthermore, (Dobson et al., 1992; Harrell et al., 1995; Le Toan et al., 1992).
remote imagery provides digital images that can easily be integrated Specific remote sensing techniques that merge different spatial,
with other spatial datasets in a geographic information system, and spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolutions are being increas-
per unit area remote sensing is an inexpensive way to acquire data. ingly used to reduce data gaps and to characterize forest ecosystems
The most used remote sensing sensors for assessing and monitoring (Lausch et al., 2018). For example, Rogers et al. (2018) demonstrated
forest conditions are those on-board satellites, followed by airborne the potential of derived products based on Landsat, Advanced
(including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and terrestrial systems, or a Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and MODIS (Moderate
combination of these platforms (Torres et al., 2021). Previous studies Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data to detect early signals
have demonstrated the utility of optical remote sensing for assessing of tree mortality. Modeling various biophysical indicators based on
a variety of forest health indices, and are commonly used in forest aerial or ground-based LiDAR data can further expand the portfo-
monitoring activities (Curran et al., 1992; Huang et al., 2019; Parent lio of remote sensing-derived data, or at the very least allow their
& Verbyla, 2010). Landsat satellite images are still the most widely validation in a more efficient manner than by means of traditional
used Earth Observation (EO) data in forest health studies (Torres monitoring and inventory. In this regard, a fusion of satellite spectral
et al., 2021), which provide continuous time series data from the data (e.g., Sentinel-2) and LiDAR data (Global Ecosystem Dynamics
1970s (i.e., Landsat 1 mission) until today (i.e., Landsat 8). Access to Investigations) could be the next step for global drought-induced
Landsat images has been free since 2008, and the recently launched tree mortality assessment (Huang et al., 2019). More recently, the
Landsat 9 (September 2021) will be publicly available in early 2022. Copernicus air-pollution monitoring satellite dedicated to trace gas-
In addition to Landsat imagery, imagery from sentinel missions ses assessment, such as O3, NO2, SO2, formaldehyde (HCHO), CO,
from the European Space Agency is also particularly important for and CH4 (Sentinel-5—Precursor/TROPOMI; Inness et al., 2019),
forest monitoring because of their high spatial and temporal reso- has been used for tracking pollution events and pollution sources
lution. Furthermore, the availability of both active (Sentinel-1) and (Mesas-C arrascosa et al., 2020). By merging classical monitoring
passive (Sentinel-2) sensors might increase the precision of previ- techniques and state-of-the-art remote sensing, long-term studies
ous analytical methods that rely primarily on optical reflectance are facilitated (Tănase et al., 2019). Remote sensing use should be
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5066 DE MARCO et al.
expanded to vulnerable regions or ecosystem types which need spe- forecasts the situation a few days ahead, and analyses consistently
cial protection from climate change and air pollution. retrospective data records for recent years. CAMS supports many
Highly instrumented forest research infrastructures (supersites) applications in a variety of domains including health, environmen-
provide long-term data series and promote integration of research tal monitoring, renewable energies, meteorology, and climatology.
communities in a transcontinental collaboration network (Fischer CAMS monitors and forecasts European air quality and worldwide
et al., 2011). For these supersites, the use of forest inventory data long-range transport of pollutants.
together with remote sensing and EO data can provide valuable in-
formation on forest condition (Hartmann et al., 2018). As new forest
change detection algorithms based on EO sensors are developed, 3 | E LE M E NT D E P OS ITI O N I N G LO BA L
they can be validated using data from long-term monitoring net- FO R E S T S
works (Rodman et al., 2021).
To understand climate change and weather extremes, it is im- Various substances emitted from natural or anthropogenic sources
portant to have observations of the Earth system going back as far flow from the atmosphere into forest ecosystems by either wet or
as possible in time. Reanalysis combines past short-range weather dry deposition (Tørseth et al., 2012). Atmospheric deposition may
forecasts with observations through data assimilation (Uppala be harmful or beneficial for trees and other plants (Figure 2). Sulfur
et al., 2005). The process mimics the production of day-to-day (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds may function as either nutrients or
weather forecasts. Reanalyses are usually produced at lower resolu- stressors for forests, even though they are derived from anthro-
tion than current weather forecasts, and they use the same modern- pogenic air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides
data assimilation system and forecasting model throughout the (NOx), and ammonia (NH3; Duan et al., 2016; Oksanen & Kontunen-
reanalysis period. The latest European Centre for Medium-Range Soppela, 2021). When traveling through the canopy, acid deposi-
Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalyses are produced through the tion can cause direct damage to plant leaves (Du et al., 2017). When
EU-funded Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). Forecasts are deposited to the forest floor, N and S compounds are identified
freely available through the C3S Climate Data Store. The most recent as a cause of acidification and eutrophication (or N saturation) of
ECMWF reanalysis dataset is the ERA5 Back Extension, providing forest ecosystems (de Vries, 2021). Moreover, certain amounts of
data from 1950 to 1978. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring phosphorus (P) and basic cations, such as calcium (Ca2+) and mag-
Service (CAMS) provides continuous data and information on atmo- nesium (Mg2+), acting in forests as nutrients, are also derived from
spheric composition. The service describes the current situation, anthropogenic emissions (Du et al., 2016, 2018). Climate change may
F I G U R E 2 Main interactions of forest ecosystems with sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds. They may function as either stressors
(S) or nutrients (N), even when they are derived from anthropogenic air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
ammonia (NH3), with direct effects on forest canopy (Du et al., 2017) and indirect effects on acidification (Augustaitis et al., 2010) and
eutrophication (de Vries, 2021) including impacts on biodiversity (Clark et al., 2013), growth (Du et al., 2018), volatile emissions (Hansen
et al., 2017; Liu & Greaver, 2009; Mushinski et al., 2019; Schindler et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2018), and biogeochemistry (Gaudio et al., 2015;
Nakahara et al., 2010).
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5067
directly or indirectly affect the roles of these substances in forest in forest ecosystems, targeted studies on deposition trend and
ecosystems (e.g., Mitchell & Likens, 2011; Nakahara et al., 2010). changing climate are required (e.g., Mitchell & Likens, 2011; Sase
Atmospheric deposition, especially of S and N compounds, has et al., 2019, 2021; Vuorenmaa et al., 2017).
declined over the last three decades (Sicard, De Marco, et al., 2016; Air pollution abatement may also reduce atmospheric inputs of
Tørseth et al., 2012; Zhong et al., 2020), despite many developing base cations (Tørseth et al., 2012), as reported for forest soil solu-
nations still lacking effective SO2 emission controls. In Europe, depo- tions (Johnson et al., 2018) and freshwaters (Garmo et al., 2014;
sition of S and N peaked in the late 1970s and in the 1980s, respec- Stoddard et al., 1999). Base cation nutrients in China forests neutral-
tively (Engardt et al., 2017). In North America, deposition of S and ized on average 76% of the potential acid load due to acid deposition
N peaked in the early 1970s and mid-1990s, respectively (Mitchell during 2001–2015 (Du et al., 2018). Thus, base cation deposition
& Likens, 2011), when NH3 emission became more important should be monitored simultaneously along with S and N deposition
(Du, 2016). In South America, most average daily concentrations of as already done by several networks globally to assess nutrient sta-
SO2 are below the World Health Organization air quality guidelines tus and recovery from acidification in forest ecosystems.
(Peláez et al., 2020), and global atmospheric S deposition is lower Excess N inputs from the atmosphere have been disturbing
than in Europe, Asia, the United States, and Africa (Gao et al., 2018), biogeochemical cycles in forest ecosystems (e.g., Aber et al., 1989;
ranging around 4.96 ± 3.45 kgS ha−1 a−1. In Asia, emissions of SO2 Nakahara et al., 2010). With reduction in total N deposition mainly
and NOx significantly increased from the early 1980s to the early due to NOX emissions, an improvement is expected in the NH.
2000s (Ohara et al., 2007), 20 or 30 years later than in Europe and However, high levels of NH3 deposition are still concerning because
the United States. The emissions of SO2 and NOx in China peaked in NH3 emissions have not clearly reduced in many of the regions as
2006 (Lu et al., 2011) and 2011–2012 (Zheng et al., 2018), respec- described above. Moreover, since emissions of SO2 and NOx have
tively, and thereafter started decreasing. In China, emissions of NH3 been reduced resulting in significant decline of particulate forma-
reached a plateau in 1996 (Kang et al., 2016), although a gradual in- tion (such as (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3), air concentrations of NH3
crease in NH3 emissions in Asia (including China) was observed as of have been increasing and accordingly more localized NH3 deposi-
2015 (Kurokawa & Ohara, 2020). A recent global analysis combined tion was identified in the United States (Butler et al., 2016). Even
inventory and modeling data to confirm that the total annual NOx though regional N deposition has gradually decreased, ecosystem
emissions finally stopped increasing in 2013, largely due to strict responses to N deposition appeared to show some degree of hyster-
control measures taken in China in recent years (Huang et al., 2017). esis (Gilliam et al., 2019). In fact, there was no large-scale response
However, SO2 emissions in India overtook those in China in 2016 (Li in understory vegetation, tree growth, or vitality to reduction of
et al., 2017), and thus a focus should be placed on monitoring atmo- N deposition in Europe, while a decline in NO−3 concentrations in
spheric deposition in India and other developing countries. Major soil solutions and foliar N concentrations were partly observed
air pollutants have been changing with industrialization in each re- (Schmitz et al., 2019). In Asia, three decades of increase in N depo-
gion, from SO2 to NOX and NH3. With temporal changes of major sition in China have exerted significant impacts on soil and water
pollutants relative to industrialization, acidification, photochemical acidification, understory biodiversity, forest growth, and carbon se-
formation of ozone, and excess N deposition appeared in sequence questration (Qiao et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2018). However, recovery
as problems for forest ecosystems, as seen in the changes of main from acidification and N saturation has already started following a
causes of tree and forest decline in Northeast Asia (Takahashi reduction in N deposition in Japan (Sase et al., 2019), where high
et al., 2020). Thus, emission reduction of S and/or N has been re- S and N deposition and climatic anomalies caused acidification and
flected gradually by the conditions of forest ecosystems. N saturation in the 1990s (Nakahara et al., 2010). Nitrogen leach-
In Europe and the United States, reduced S deposition resulted ing from forest ecosystems is controlled not only by N deposition,
in long-term declines in SO2−
4
concentrations in soil solutions (Berger but also by various factors, including tree age, forest management,
et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2018) and freshwater (Garmo et al., 2014; climate, and other limiting nutrients such as phosphorus. Moreover,
Vuorenmaa et al., 2017). However, since S compounds are retained emissions of NH3 (e.g., Hansen et al., 2017), N2O (e.g., Schindler
in forest ecosystems and released with changing environmental con- et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2018), and NOy (as NO + NO2 + HONO; e.g.,
ditions, changes in S leaching do not necessarily occur at the same Mushinski et al., 2019) as well as microbial nitrification rate (e.g.,
time as S deposition changes. Therefore, S output in forest catch- Fang et al., 2015) in forest areas should be taken into consideration
ments often exceeds the atmospheric input due to legacy S pools for actual N fluxes. Since N deposition may increase gas N emissions
derived from past deposition (Vuorenmaa et al., 2017) or due to from ecosystems (e.g., Xie et al., 2018), a comprehensive study con-
changing climate (Mitchell & Likens, 2011), which might delay recov- sidering bilateral N fluxes (both deposition and emission) should be
ery from acidification. In Asia, much of the deposited atmospheric promoted to evaluate whether a forest ecosystem is a sink or source
SO2−
4
seems to be retained in forest soils (Duan et al., 2016; Sase of reactive N species.
et al., 2019), which may imply a future risk of soil acidification under The analysis of N dynamics in Latin America is complex, due to
changing climate. In fact, SO2−
4
concentrations and pH of river wa- the enormous diversity of unmanaged and managed ecosystems,
ters are related to the S emission/deposition rate (Duan et al., 2011; including arid deserts as well as temperate and tropical forests.
Qiao et al., 2016; Sase et al., 2017, 2021). To understand the S cycle Cunha-Zeri and Ometto (2021) stated the major input of N in Latin
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5068 DE MARCO et al.
American countries over the past decades occurred via natural bio- from fossil fuel and biomass burning (Cooper et al., 2014; Monks
logical fixation, compared to anthropic sources (fertilizers and fos- et al., 2015), although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) also are
sil fuel combustion). Nevertheless, human activities have currently major precursors (Wei et al., 2014). Despite the decreasing trend of
changed the N cycle of natural ecosystems in Latin America. For in- other air pollutants in the last decades (e.g., S and N compounds,
stance, the conversion of unmanaged land to agriculture increased heavy metals), global-scale background O3 concentrations increased
biological N fixation up to twofold (Reis et al., 2020). Although the (Jakovljević et al., 2021; Sicard, 2021), but slight regional-scale de-
highest total N deposition occurs in eastern and southern China, creases in peak concentrations were observed (Schaub et al., 2018).
Japan, Eastern US, and European forests, the highest dry deposi- Thus, O3 is nowadays one of the main phytotoxic air pollutants with
tion occurs in tropical forests (Schwede et al., 2018). For instance, the potential to affect forest ecosystems worldwide (Agathokleous
dry N deposition into the Atlantic Forest in the city of São Paulo et al., 2020; Bytnerowicz et al., 2016; De Marco et al., 2020; Feng,
(Brazil) can exceed the critical N load found for most forests (Souza Shang, Gao, et al., 2019; Sicard, Augustaitis, et al., 2016).
et al., 2020). Ozone burdens are higher in the Northern (O3 mean concentra-
Because of the continued increase in NH3 emission in some re- tion 35–50 ppb) than in the SH (O3 mean concentration <20 ppb;
gions (e.g., Kurokawa & Ohara, 2020) and stagnating values in oth- Sicard et al., 2017). For example, widespread O3-induced visible in-
ers (Maas & Grennfelt, 2016), N deposition is a pervasive issue that jury, a specific damage associated with O3 exposure, was found at 17
impacts forest ecosystems. In addition, even relatively low levels of forest plots in Europe (Paoletti et al., 2019; Sicard et al., 2020). The
N deposition affect the mycorrhizal association of trees (Lilleskov NH is more covered by land and terrestrial ecosystems, and more
et al., 2019; van der Linde et al., 2018) and may affect biodiversity of inhabited by humans than the SH, and thus is more affected by an-
sensitive species, such as lichens (Giordani et al., 2014). The magni- thropogenic activities. However, the SH is less monitored and thus
tude and consequences of these human-induced changes in plant– O3 burdens and effects may be underestimated. While there are
soil–microbe interactions as well as potential pathways for recovery hundreds of papers on O3 effects on forest plants and forests in the
are currently open questions. NH (i.e., Agathokleous et al., 2015; Feng, Shang, Gao, et al., 2019;
Moreover, excess N deposition may induce an imbalance of nutri- Izuta, 2017; Sicard et al., 2020) indicating various effects of O3 in
ent ratios, such as N:P ratio (Krüger et al., 2020; Sardans et al., 2016). interaction with climate change (Figure 3), relevant research in the
However, the observational data on atmospheric P deposition are SH remains scarce.
still limited for forest areas (e.g., Chiwa, 2020; Du et al., 2016) and The analysis of O3 effects in Latin America is complex due to
N-P imbalances have been reported from various regions (Boccuzzi the enormous diversity of natural and agricultural ecosystems.
et al., 2021; Krüger et al., 2020; Peñuelas et al., 2013). Taking into Most monitoring studies on O3 effects on forest plants conducted
account the global pattern of N and P limitation in forest areas (Du in the SH come from Brazil. Urban and industrial development has
et al., 2020), N and P deposition should be monitored together. Both been more intense along the Atlantic Brazilian coast, especially in
N and P cycles are listed as important Earth-system processes in the Southeastern region. Consequently, more severe O3 effects on the
concept of “Planetary boundaries” with N cycle already transgress- Atlantic forest located in this subtropical region (mainly São Paulo
ing its boundary (Rockström et al., 2009; Steffen et al., 2015). and Rio de Janeiro States) are expected (Domingos et al., 2003;
Climate has an important role in regulating the global patterns of Moura et al., 2014, 2018). Ozone effects on native tree species from
terrestrial N and P limitation (Du et al., 2020). Specifically, there is a the Atlantic Forest have recently been determined in the field or
shift from relative P to N limitation at lower mean annual tempera- experimentally, pointing to distinct tolerance levels and highlighting
ture, temperature seasonality, mean annual precipitation, and higher the need to expand knowledge on this topic (Cassimiro et al., 2016;
precipitation. Future climate change will likely reshape the spatial Engela et al., 2021; Fernandes et al., 2019; Moura et al., 2018). In
pattern of nutrient limitation. For instance, climate warming will im- the SH, the Amazon spans over 629 million hectares of rainfor-
prove N availability at mid-to-high latitudes via increasing biologi- est, accounting for 54% of the total rainforests left on Earth (Peng
cal N fixation and N mineralization (Zaehle et al., 2010). Moreover, et al., 2020). Recent modeling approaches have shown O3 concentra-
growth stimulation by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) tions have increased above the Amazon and Cerrado biomes in Brazil
will increase nutrient demand and, in turn, result in greater nutrient as a response to biomass burning and regional air pollution (Gerken
limitation (Collalti et al., 2018; Wieder et al., 2015). The changing nu- et al., 2016; Pope et al., 2019). The lowest O3 exposures reported
trient status under climate change will likely interact with the effects are in Australia, New Zealand, southern parts of South America, and
of S and N deposition and thus they should be considered simultane- some northern parts of Europe, Canada, and the United States (Mills
ously when projecting future forest dynamics. et al., 2018; Sicard et al., 2017). However, unfortunately, a proper O3
monitoring network does not currently exist. Despite the presence
of ground-level O3 monitoring networks in all the developed coun-
4 | G RO U N D - L E V E L OZO N E I M PAC T S tries (Lefohn et al., 2018), there is still a lack of an integral network
of ground-level O3 monitoring across Asia, although 1500 monitor-
Background O3 concentrations have increased throughout the last ing stations have recently been installed in China (Feng, Shang, Gao,
century due to the rising anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors et al., 2019).
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5069
F I G U R E 3 The Gordian Knot of the Forest–Ozone–C arbon interactions. In the pre-industrial epoch, carbon is stored via photosynthesis
(1) and leads to long-term carbon sequestration into aboveground and belowground (roots and soil) wood biomass (2) (Agathokleous
et al., 2016; Grantz et al., 2006). The higher CO2 levels, alone, in the atmosphere are expected to “feed” forest growth (Koike et al., 2018)
and have beneficial effects. The increased O3 levels, alone, depress forest trees, contributing to “forest decline syndrome,” that is, visible
injury, photosynthesis, carbon sequestration, carbon storage changes (7), and biomass decay, which also releases CO2 in the atmosphere (8)
(Agathokleous et al., 2016; Sandermann et al., 1997; Sicard et al., 2021; Takahashi et al., 2020). In a positive feedback, the depressed forest
vegetation emits more BVOCs (4), further increasing O3 levels (Peñuelas & Staudt, 2010). Concurrent elevated concentrations of CO2 end
O3 may outcome to a sustained increase in Net Primary Productivity (NPP), while the adverse long-term effect of increased O3 on NPP may
be lesser than projected (Talhelm et al., 2014). Elevated CO2 levels negate or even overcompensate the negative O3 effect on ecosystem
functions and the cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (3) as well
as biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) emitted by forests (4) contribute to increased O3 levels in the atmosphere (Yu & Blande, 2021). Soil microbial
processes contribute to soil-emitted BVOCs and NOx (O3 precursors; Gray et al., 2010) as well as CO2, N2O and CH4 (Yao et al., 2009; Zhang
et al., 2021) (5). Under advanced climate change, forest fires are expected to be more frequent and larger than in the pre-industrial epoch
(Zhang et al., 2021). These fires release carbon monoxide (CO), organic carbon (OC), NOx (all of which contribute to O3 formation), and
black carbon (BC; which influences photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation) as well as CO2 (which further intensifies global warming;
Flannigan et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2019; Pellegrini et al., 2021; Yue & Unger, 2018) (9).
Another challenge in monitoring O3 impacts on forests is the (e.g., isoprene) while other compounds increase (e.g., monoter-
choice of metrics. The AOT40 index (Accumulated Ozone over penes; Feng, Yuan, et al., 2019). Different BVOC compounds have
Threshold of 40 ppb ozone), describing the exposure of plants to high different capacity to generate O3, with isoprene having higher O3-
O3 concentrations, is the default measure for policy directives of the forming potential than monoterpenes (9.1 g 03 (g VOC)−1 and 3.8 g 03
European Union (Directive 2008/50/EC). However, AOT40 has been (g VOC)−1, respectively; Benjamin & Winer, 1998). However, sesqui-
criticized because it is not a proxy of gas uptake through leaf sto- terpenes and some monoterpenes also contribute to the removal of
mata (stomatal flux), and flux-based indices have been applied (Anav O3 at the canopy level and play an important role in the feedback
et al., 2022; De Marco & Sicard, 2019; Paoletti et al., 2019; Sicard between stress-induced VOC emissions and O3 or aerosol forma-
et al., 2020) and showed O3 risks to vegetation would be different tion (Calfapietra et al., 2013). The emission of isoprene, the most
from AOT40 (Anav et al., 2016; De Marco et al., 2015). The new abundant BVOC, can also be decreased by drought and CO2 and in-
standard developed in Europe (Emberson et al., 2000) is the stoma- creased by warming (Feng, Shang, Li, et al., 2019), indicating complex
tal O3 flux, defined as POD (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose). This standard O3-climate interactions that remain elusive in real-world forests. Soil
depends not only on O3 concentration, but also environmental (e.g., microbial processes contribute to emission of BVOCs and NOx that
light intensity, air temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture) and act as O3 precursors (Gray et al., 2010). Overall, soils play an im-
plant conditions (phenology, leaf morphological, and physiological portant role in forest VOC exchange, defining also carbon storage
traits). A major impact of O3 is reduced aboveground and below- by forest ecosystems, and fluxes depend upon BVOC compounds
ground carbon sequestration of forests (Agathokleous et al., 2016; and vegetation types (Mäki et al., 2019; Rinnan & Albers, 2020; for
Gao et al., 2017; Figure 2). Ozone effects on biogenic volatile organic details and values of fluxes in different vegetation types and envi-
compounds (BVOCs) are complex, as some compounds may decrease ronmental media, see also Tani and Mochizuki (2021)). However, the
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5070 DE MARCO et al.
5 | TR AC E E LE M E NT S A N D R A D I OAC TI V E
CO NTA M I N ATI O N O F FO R E S T ECOS YS TE M S
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5071
especially of those in Africa (Matyssek et al., 2017). In other words, long-term monitoring did not reveal the effects of either pollution-
areas that have recently experienced the highest risk of forest deg- induced disturbance or 2.5°C climate warming on insect herbivory
radation are studied to a lesser extent than the areas where risk is in subarctic birch forests (Kozlov et al., 2017). Thus, the evidence
low. In addition, many communities whose food security and wealth regarding combined effects of climate warming and air pollution on
generation critically depend on forests are located in geographic re- insect herbivory remains somehow contradictory.
gions where our understanding of factors affecting forest ecosys- Other factors whose effects on forest trees have been stud-
tem health is poor. This geographic bias is typical for ecological and ied in multi-factorial studies include (but are not limited to) cattle/
environmental research (Archer et al., 2014), and its consequences deer grazing, harvest of non-timber forest products, drought, flood-
are generally seen as severe, because results obtained with one ing, soil salinization, spring frost, heat waves, and increased ultra-
study system may appear of little use in predicting the responses of violet radiation (e.g., Mac Nally et al., 2011; Pliūra et al., 2019; Sugai
another, geographically distinct, study system (Haukioja et al., 1994). et al., 2019; Varghese et al., 2015). However, a low number of such
Air pollution levels may become more harmful for plants as the studies precludes any generalization regarding effects of these fac-
climate warms (Zvereva et al., 2008, 2010). More multi-factorial tors, combined with CO2 and air temperature increases or O3 and
manipulative studies are needed because effects of two or more insect herbivory on health of forest ecosystems. Modeling studies
co-occurring factors on tree growth and forest productivity can- jointly assessing the effects of climate change and air pollution can
not be adequately predicted from single-factor experiments greatly help for understanding and predicting future developments
(Niinemets, 2010). The combined effects of two major abiotic aspects of forests (Akselsson et al., 2016; Dirnböck et al., 2017; Etzold
of global change, mostly changes in CO2 and warming, on growth of et al., 2020; Fleck et al., 2017; Rizzetto et al., 2016).
forests are studied in detail (Baig et al., 2015; Curtis & Wang, 1998;
Zvereva & Kozlov, 2006), and suggest air temperature may modify
plant responses to elevated CO2. Across 42 experiments with woody 7 | G E N E TI C I N FO R M ATI O N R E L ATE D
plants, aboveground biomass increased significantly with both CO2 TO PH E N OT Y PE S A N D PH YS I O LO G Y O F
(the so called “fertilization effect”) and air temperature (by 21.4% FO R E S T TR E E S
and 18.1%, respectively), whereas these two factors acting simulta-
neously showed a much smaller effect (8.2%) because of compen- Air pollution, climate change, increased pests and pathogens, land-
sating effects (Baig et al., 2015). Nitrogen fertilization enhances the use changes, and forest fragmentation can all reduce genetic diver-
biomass response to elevated CO2 (Parrent & Vilgalys, 2007) despite sity and make forests more fragile and sensitive to other threats
not universally (Terrer et al., 2019). The type of mycorrhiza was also (Gauthier et al., 2015). Current vegetation and forest growth models
an important factor related to the effects of soil nutrient availability are largely parameterized on direct growth and gas exchange meas-
on elevated CO2-induced growth enhancement (Baig et al., 2015). urements or remote sensing, while information from biological and
However, two-factorial experiments involving both O3 exposure genetic regulation mechanisms are still scarce. For example, part of
and elevated CO2 are limited. Several studies under elevated CO2 the carbon fixation products (i.e., photosynthates) that is not used
showed a reduction in the negative effects of O3 because elevated for biomass production is released in soil as root exudates, some is
CO2 induced stomatal closure leading to lower O3 uptake (Grams stored, and some organic carbon is emitted as BVOCs affecting plant
et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 2017). In contrast, the addition of N and community ecology and atmospheric chemistry (Blande, 2021;
alone exacerbated negative effects of O3 on photosynthesis of trees Collalti et al., 2020; Maja et al., 2015; Naidoo et al., 2019; Šimpraga
(Feng, Shang, Li, et al., 2019), while exposure to drought stress did et al., 2019). Carbon sink strength of trees is known to be impaired
(Gao et al., 2017) or did not protect plants from O3-induced effects by limitations in water and nutrient availability, heath spells, air
(Alonso et al., 2003, 2014). pollutants, and increased herbivory. However, plant defense pro-
Forest health also can be compromised by insect herbivory, in- cesses against different abiotic and biotic factors are complex and
cluding both devastating outbreaks of forest pests and changes in involve multiple signaling pathways (He et al., 2018), potentially af-
background herbivory. Despite relatively low levels of plant damage fecting how carbon is allocated to different organs (Merganičová
(5%–7% of leaf biomass annually: Kozlov et al., 2015), background et al., 2019). Most of the underlying resistance mechanisms are de-
herbivory greatly reduces growth of woody plants (Shestakov scribed or predicted from short-living herbaceous model systems,
et al., 2020; Zvereva et al., 2012). Although warming, drought, CO2 whereas investigations on mechanisms of defense and adaptation
increases, N deposition, and air pollution were repeatedly found to of forest trees are much more challenging due to long lifetime, high
increase herbivory (Lincoln et al., 1993; Logan et al., 2003), these genetic diversity, and variation of growth environments and climates
conclusions were likely affected by research and publication biases (Naidoo et al., 2019). There is an urgent need to intensify studies on
(Zvereva & Kozlov, 2010) and/or were derived from results of short- the mechanisms underlying the resilience of forest ecosystems to
term laboratory experiments, which tend to overestimate the ef- current and long-term effects of air pollution and climate change,
fects relative to natural ecosystems (Bebber, 2021). Within forest utilizing genetic, species, and ecosystem-level functional diversity
ecosystems across the globe, no increase in insect herbivory was as well as adaptive management, resistance breeding, and genetic
observed from 1952 to 2013 (Kozlov & Zvereva, 2015). Similarly, engineering (Naidoo et al., 2019). Mechanistic understanding is
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5072 DE MARCO et al.
increasingly important also for efforts in afforestation and protec- climate with a shift in their community composition as well as in their
tion of primary forests. In principle, there are two main approaches diversity (Dubey et al., 2019; Jansson & Hofmockel, 2020; Milović
for achieving resistance in forest trees: (i) selection of resistant et al., 2021; Simard, 2010). For example, under elevated CO2, we
phenotypes identified in field experiments (Sniezko & Koch, 2017) can observe alteration in relative abundances of bacteria and in-
or polluted sites (Eränen et al., 2009; Kozlov, 2005); and (ii) struc- creased bacterial to fungal ratio (Dubey et al., 2019), as well as an
tured breeding programs relying on multitude of omic techniques increase in ectomycorrhizal colonization rate but a decrease in ecto-
(Naidoo et al., 2019). The databases for genetic information of tree mycorrhizal diversity (Wang et al., 2015). Warming and elevated O3
species have been rapidly increasing, and the most important model reduced ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and shifted
systems for forest trees are Populus, Eucalyptus, Quercus, Castanea, arbuscular mycorrhizal community composition in favor of the genus
Pseudotsuga, Pinus, Picea, and Betula genuses (Falk et al., 2018; Paraglomus, which has high nutrient-absorbing hyphal surface (Qiu
Salojärvi et al., 2017). Genetic engineering efforts by forest bio- et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2015). At the same time, exposure to higher
technology companies have produced transgenic Eucalyptus and levels of O3 is associated with lower soil microbial biomass and with
Populus trees with enhanced growth and disease-resistant proper- changes in the overall structure and composition of poplar rhizo-
ties (Naidoo et al., 2019). Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an ex- sphere soil microbial communities (Li et al., 2021). The decreased
cellent model system for elucidating the adaptation and acclimation growth of roots and decrease in ectomycorrhizal colonization rate
capacity of forest trees to rapidly changing climate due to its (i) wide and a shift in species abundance might be an early indicator of the
latitudinal and longitudinal distribution; (ii) recent advances in popu- damaging impacts of O3 in some tree species, occurring prior to visi-
lation genomics and evolutionary history of birch species (Salojärvi ble responses of aboveground tree parts (Katanić et al., 2014).
et al., 2017); and (iii) existence of well-characterized birch genotypes
that have been intensively studied for C and N economy, photosyn-
thetic efficiency, metabolism, chemistry, and phenology (Deepak 8 | M O D E LI N G FO R E S T ECOS YS TE M S FO R
et al., 2018; Tenkanen et al., 2020). The population genomic analyses R I S K A S S E S S M E NT
of silver birch provide insights on natural selection mechanisms, with
candidate genes relevant for adaptation of trees to changing envi- Scientific methods in forestry, including empirical models of tree
ronment, biotic stress, and growth regulation (Salojärvi et al., 2017). growth, were primarily used for optimization of timber harvest
Studies with birch have also shown the C-sink strength of trees can- throughout the 20th century (Porté & Bartelink, 2002). A more in-
not be explained by physiological or genetic approaches alone, but tegrative modeling approach, acknowledging natural disturbances
there are many negative and positive interactions with pollutants, (e.g., wind, fires, pests, diseases) as inherent elements of forest
climate, pests, pathogens, microbiomes, and between plants that ecosystem dynamics, was developed when computational advance-
should be understood in more detail (Naidoo et al., 2019; Silfver ments allowed for the integration of greater complexity (Blanco
et al., 2020; Wenig et al., 2019). et al., 2020; Perera et al., 2015), although some biotic factors of for-
Plant phenotypes are strongly affected by the environment, and est disturbance such as herbivory are still rarely modeled (De Jager
often genotype per environment interaction is the factor of greatest et al., 2017). Since the forest dieback and acidification debate in
interest. Methodologies have been developed for non-destructive Europe in the 1980s, large efforts were put into improving under-
forest-level and individual tree-level phenotyping with remote sens- standing and prediction of anthropogenic disturbances on biogeo-
ing techniques, which are particularly useful for identifying superior chemical dynamics of forests. Starting from models mainly targeting
genotypes under different stress conditions (Dungey et al., 2018; the fate and effects of acid rain in forest ecosystems (Nilsson, 1988;
Kefauver et al., 2012; Ludovisi et al., 2017). Recent advances in Sverdrup & De Vries, 1994), simulation tools have broadened to in-
metagenomics and the increasing knowledge of the importance clude other pressures, such as N deposition (De Vries et al., 2010),
of microbiomes in plant health offer new opportunities for forest O3 (Hoshika et al., 2015), and climate change and forest management
health management (Imperato et al., 2019; Naidoo et al., 2019; (Collalti et al., 2018). Modeling has been demonstrated to be a valu-
Wenig et al., 2019). The regulatory networks of forest trees and the able tool for studying forest responses to present and future distur-
beneficial non-pathogenic microbes living around and on the sur- bances, allowing ecologists and foresters to deal with the study of
faces of plant roots (rhizosphere), leaves (phyllosphere), or in the complex interactions and to evaluate future management strategies
internal plant tissues (endosphere) can be particularly important for (e.g., Collalti et al., 2018; Fleck et al., 2017) or policy options (e.g.,
carbon and nutrient dynamics of trees and the development of tree Belyazid et al., 2010; Dirnböck et al., 2018).
immunity (Naidoo et al., 2019). Microbes are known to help plants Existing relationships between forest structure and compo-
in water and nutrition acquisition, defense against pathogenic mi- sition and environmental variables were initially used to build
crobes, tolerance to abiotic stress, adaptation, promotion of the es- empirical models that describe past ecosystem behavior and ex-
tablishment of mycorrhizal association, and plant growth regulation, trapolate to future conditions (Gustafson, 2013). Subsequent
forming a holobiont system with host trees (Imperato et al., 2019; modeling efforts simulated the causal biogeochemical mecha-
Naidoo et al., 2019; Wenig et al., 2019). Fungal and bacterial com- nisms that underlie the responses of ecosystems to these envi-
munities in forest soils have been shown to respond to changes in ronments (Kimmins et al., 2008). These so-c alled process-b ased
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5073
models (PBMs) study the ecological processes and are considered possible approaches for different problems that scientists and
one of the most reliable approaches for modeling forest eco- managers must deal with (Blanco et al., 2020; Fabrika et al., 2019;
system dynamics under global change (Evans, 2012; Maréchaux Maréchaux et al., 2020). The modeling process might be as com-
et al., 2020). However, forecasting forest growth is still a priority plex as needed by risk assessment objectives (Figure 5), providing
in many studies, either for planning forestry activities under air models and data are available and suitable. In general terms, empir-
quality and climate change scenarios or as part of carbon storage ical models are good at predicting biomass and forest structure in
calculations (Blanco et al., 2020). the shorter term, and consequently producing good management
The general trend toward biodiversity conservation in interna- recommendations for the present conditions, but are not reliable
tional policies (e.g., EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030; European in novel situations (i.e., future air pollution and climate change).
Commission, 2020), its importance in preserving ecosystem ser- PBMs are good at studying effects and underlying processes of
vices, and the use of biodiversity metrics as indicators in risk change, particularly in the context of global change. However,
assessment (Coordination Centre for Effects, 2017) and pol- they still have low feasibility at broad scales, and the calibration
icy evaluation (Hein et al., 2018) make the simulation of species and validation processes are highly time-consuming (particularly
composition changes a decisive function for any model. When for the less-m odeled species or regions). SDMs are appropriate for
dynamic PBMs are used for forecasting biodiversity shifts, they early risk assessment on biodiversity conservation at the broad-
are usually combined with vegetation response models based on est scales, but still too empirical, which diminishes their reliability
species niche suitability and competition (Belyazid et al., 2019; in the long term (Urban et al., 2016). Mixing process-b ased with
Dirnböck et al., 2018). PBMs have been used at stand (e.g., Collalti empirical approaches (hybrid models), integrating, and connecting
et al., 2016), landscape (Shifley et al., 2017), regional (Belyazid different models (meta- and mega-m odels; Blanco, 2013) are ex-
et al., 2019; De Marco et al., 2020; Santini et al., 2014), and global cellent strategies to answer specific questions.
scales (e.g., Krause et al., 2017). However, their implementation is
restricted at larger scales since PBMs need large, detailed input
datasets, which are often not available at national or continen- 9 | N E W D I R EC TI O N S : I NTEG R ATI N G
tal scales. At these scales, a currently suitable approach is using E X PE RT S ' O PI N I O N S
new models, mostly empirical, based on currently available large
datasets, such as species distribution models (SDMs; Maréchaux 9.1 | Air pollution monitoring network
et al., 2020; Noce et al., 2017). In the same way that PBMs rose
with the increasing computational power during the last decades While conventional field-b ased monitoring plots will continue
of the 20th century, SDMs have improved during the present de- to dominate the mainstay of air pollution and climate change re-
cade, in parallel to the increase in web available, reliable spatial- search in forests, they are costly and often logistically difficult to
referenced data, including environmental and meteorological conduct over large areas. Therefore, remote sensing techniques
data, forest inventories, habitat distribution, aerial images, and will be more and more appropriate for large-s cale monitoring pro-
remote sensing (Pecchi et al., 2019; Urban, 2015). SDMs are usu- grams, even though a more in-d epth approach still needs to be
ally statistical models that are currently used to support sustain- developed. Finer temporal intervals are required for in-d epth un-
able planning of forests at national and international scales (Zang derstanding of some responses (e.g., stomatal O3 fluxes require
et al., 2012), with correlative SDMs using maximum entropy al- a continuous-m onitoring approach). Highly instrumented field
gorithms being most frequently used (Noce et al., 2017; Pecchi sites are now cheaper and technically affordable. Integrating data
et al., 2019). Using forest decision support systems, climate from transcontinental long-term ecological research infrastruc-
change scenarios and the balance of delivered ecosystem services tures in tree-b ased models would lead to a better understanding
can be suggested as a methodological framework for validating of how ecosystems work (Fischer et al., 2011). Long-term data
forest management alternatives aiming for more adaptiveness in series can be integrated in existing big databases such as the
sustainable forestry (Marano et al., 2019; Mozgeris et al., 2019). Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program and the international
Moreover, some of the vegetation models associated with PBMs to Tropospheric O3 Assessment Report (TOAR; Schultz et al., 2017;
assess or forecast biodiversity are SDMs that may be applied from WMO, GAW, 2003). These raw databases can lead to the devel-
site to regional scales (e.g., Wamelink et al., 2020). There are some opment of new products for temporal and spatial analysis (data
recent examples of SDMs implemented to assess forest biodiver- analysis, maps of data distributions, and data summaries) that are
sity response to atmospheric pollution and climate change, such as freely accessible to the scientific community and other stakehold-
Hellegers et al. (2020) and Wamelink et al. (2020). However, these ers. Such databases can be used as tools for mechanistic and diag-
models still lack essential information to feed their predictions, nostic understanding and upscaling.
since new field observations and experiments with novel set-ups The need for a global forest monitoring is irrefutable, and “su-
(e.g., Hansen & Turner, 2019) are needed to address the potential persites” promote the integration of research communities in a
successional and disturbance dynamics under the forthcoming cli- transcontinental collaboration network by upgrading existing
mate conditions (McDermott, 2020). Therefore, there are several ground-based observation networks (e.g., FLUXNET, ICP, NEON)
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5074 DE MARCO et al.
F I G U R E 5 Simplified flux of information diagram in modeling approach for risk assessment of air pollution and climate change. The
modeling and risk assessment process might be as complex as the modelers need and the availability and suitability of models and data allow.
There are three main blocks (grey bands): atmospheric and ecological models (top two) are the tools to reach the objective of risk assessment
(bottom). Models are used both in the internal processing and description of the information contained in the boxes, and in the transmission
of information between them (model inputs and outputs). For example, habitat suitability can be modeled using vegetation response models
(such as VEG; Belyazid et al., 2019 or PROPS; Dirnböck et al., 2018), that are particularly designed to process output from process-based
models as input information, but it can be also modelled by species distribution models that are particularly designed for large-scaled input
datasets (e.g., Noce et al., 2017). Information generally needed in any environmental study (such as soil and terrain variables) has been
obviated in this diagram.
covering all biogeographic areas (e.g., tropics, subtropics) and eco- reductions to capture and understand the potential long-term ef-
system types (e.g., woody savannas). fects of pollution and ecosystem recovery.
The effects of S and N deposition on forest health have been Surface O3 concentrations are generally higher in rural areas than in
reducing gradually in many regions but problems have not been urban areas (Sicard, 2021). However, as O3 levels are rising in cities
solved. Legacy S pools remain, which could be affected by chang- (Sicard, 2021), special attention should be paid to urban and peri-
ing climate. Reduction of S deposition is associated with reduc- urban forests, which offer services to local communities (Bruckman
tion of base cation deposition, which may alter nutrient status et al., 2016) and can help meet air quality standards in cities (Sicard
and increase the risk of further soil acidification. The total inor- et al., 2018). Because forest tree species play important (species-
ganic N deposition has been declining due to the implementation dependent) dual roles as sinks and sources of O3 precursors (Geng
of air pollution control policies, but the relative importance of et al., 2011; Saitanis, Agathokleous, et al., 2020), the O3 forming
NH3 emissions and deposition is now higher (Butler et al., 2016; potential (OFP) of the best regionally adapted forest tree species
Du, 2016), showing a relative increase of 0.38% per year over the should be investigated and taken into account by decision-makers to
period 1985–1999 (Du, 2016). Since ecosystem responses to de- select species with lower OFP for urban planning (Sicard et al., 2018).
clining N deposition may show hysteresis (Gilliam et al., 2019) and The observed high O3 burdens, their high spatial heteroge-
key mechanisms of the N-induced changes in forest ecosystems neity, and the differential susceptibility of forest tree species to
are not fully understood (Lilleskov et al., 2019), long-term monitor- O3 , as well as their dual role as O3 sinks and precursor sources
ing of N-, S-, and P-c ycles and base cations deposition should be (Agathokleous et al., 2020; Li et al., 2018), suggest an urgent
studied together to better understand biogeochemical processes need for the establishment of a globally denser O3 monitoring
and plant biodiversity under climate change. Moreover, interac- network in natural forest ecosystems in particular in the SH.
tions between nutrient deposition and rising O3 concentrations A new approach to the global O3 monitoring network and alter-
should be considered in future studies (Shi et al., 2017). Long-term native methods for monitoring O3 are feasible thanks to innova-
monitoring should be continued even after significant air pollution tive technologies (Saitanis, Sicard, et al., 2020), which will help
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5075
to understand combined effects of O3 with other emerging envi- 9.6 | Genetic information of forest trees
ronmental factors. There is also an urgent need to generate flux-
based standards and critical levels for forest protection taking into More effort should focus on phenomics, combining high-throughput
account the sensitivity of dominant forest tree species. Because of capture of tree phenotypes, genotype information, data science,
its limitations, the AOT40 index should not be adopted as default and engineering (Falk et al., 2018; Naidoo et al., 2019). Future work
for risk assessment (Agathokleous et al., 2019; Anav et al., 2022; should include metadata integration and improved visualization for
Sicard, Augustaitis, et al., 2016). Finally, the development of comparative genomics. Characterizing the root traits and pheno-
countermeasures for controlling anthropogenic O3 precursor types with association to genomics and shoot phenotyping is nec-
emissions is also urgently needed. essary for whole-plant resistance breeding (Chuberre et al., 2018;
Further research is still needed to develop O3-effect indicators Tracy et al., 2020; Wiley et al., 2020). Rhizosphere phenotyping
related to other ecosystem services provided by forests such as bio- opens new opportunities for experimental approaches, includ-
diversity, soil protection, and water conservation. Nonlinear models ing stress treatments, repeatability and combined use of imaging
should be used for establishing cause–effect relationships under techniques and machine learning to extract new traits from images,
experimental conditions (e.g., Agathokleous et al., 2019; De Marco within a systems approach (Tracy et al., 2020). The belowground net
et al., 2013). primary production accounts for 40%–70% of total terrestrial pro-
ductivity (Gherardi et al., 2020); therefore, more studies are needed
to explore responses of tree roots to climate and pollution and quan-
9.4 | Multiple stressors on forest ecosystems tify root losses to belowground herbivores.
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5076 DE MARCO et al.
Anav, A., De Marco, A., Proietti, C., Alessandri, A., Dell'Aquila, A., Cionni,
Funding provided by ENEA Agenzia Nazionale per Le Nuove I., Friedlingstein, P., Khvorostyanov, D., Menut, L., Paoletti, E.,
Tecnologie l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile within the Sicard, P., Sitch, S., & Vitale, M. (2016). Comparing concentration-
CRUI-C ARE Agreement. based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone
risk assessment to European forests. Global Change Biology, 22,
1608–1627.
C O N FL I C T O F I N T E R E S T
Antoniadis, V., Levizou, E., Shaheen, S. M., Ok, Y. S., Sebastian, A., Baum,
The authors declare no conflict of interest. C., Prasad, M. N. V., Wenzel, W. W., & Rinklebe, J. (2017). Trace
elements in the soil-plant interface: Phytoavailability, transloca-
DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T tion, and phytoremediation–A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 171,
621–6 45.
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were cre-
Aoyama, M., Hirose, K., & Igarashi, Y. (2006). Re-construction and up-
ated or analyzed in this study. dating our understanding on the global weapons tests 137Cs fallout.
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 8, 431.
ORCID Archer, C. R., Pirk, C. W. W., Carvalheiro, L. G., & Nicolson, S. W.
(2014). Economic and ecological implications of geographic bias
Alessandra De Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-2257
in pollinator ecology in the light of pollinator declines. Oikos, 123,
Alessio Collalti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4980-8487 401–4 07.
Enzai Du https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-0150 Augustaitis, A., Augustaitienė, I., Kliučius, A., Pivoras, G., Šopauskienė,
Mikhail V. Kozlov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-4244 D., & Girgždienė, R. (2010). The seasonal variability of air pollu-
tion effects on pine conditions under changing climates. European
Elena Paoletti https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5324-7769
Journal of Forest Researc, 129, 431–4 41.
Augustaitis, A., & Bytnerowicz, A. (2008). Contribution of ambient
REFERENCES ozone to Scots pine defoliation and reduced growth in the Central
Aber, J. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Steudler, P., & Melillo, J. M. (1989). Nitrogen European forests: A Lithuanian case stud. Environmental Pollution,
saturation in Northern forest ecosystems. BioScience, 39(6), 155, 436–4 45.
378–386. Badea, O., Silaghi, D., Taut, I., Neagu, S., & Leca, S. (2013). Forest
Agathokleous, E., Belz, R. G., Calatayud, V., De Marco, A., Hoshika, Y., monitoring-assessment, analysis and warning system for forest
Kitao, M., Saitanis, C. J., Sicard, P., Paoletti, E., & Calabrese, E. J. ecosystem status. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca,
(2019). Predicting the effect of ozone on vegetation via the linear 41, 613–625.
non-threshold (LNT), threshold and hormetic dose-response mod- Baig, S., Medlyn, B. E., Mercado, L., & Zaehle, S. (2015). Does the growth
els. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 61–74. response of woody plants to elevated CO2 increase with tempera-
Agathokleous, E., Feng, Z., Oksanen, E., Sicard, P., Wang, Q., Saitanis, ture? A model-oriented meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 21,
C. J., Araminiene, V., Blande, J. D., Hayes, F., Calatayud, V., 4303–4319.
Domingos, M., Veresoglou, S. D., Peñuelas, J., Wardle, D. A., De Bebber, D. P. (2021). The gap between atmospheric nitrogen deposi-
Marco, A., Li, Z., Harmens, H., Yuan, X., Vitale, M., & Paoletti, E. tion experiments and reality. Science of the Total Environment, 801,
(2020). Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communi- 149774.
ties: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. Science Belyazid, S., Phelan, J., Nihlgård, B., Sverdrup, H., Driscoll, C., Fernandez,
Advances, 6, eabc1176. I., Aherne, J., Teeling-Adams, L. M., Bailey, S., Arsenault, M.,
Agathokleous, E., Saitanis, C. J., Satoh, F., & Koike, T. (2015). Wild Cleavitt, N., Engstrom, B., Dennis, R., Sperduto, D., Werier, D., &
plant species as subjects in O3 research. Eurasian Journal of Forest Clark, C. (2019). Assessing the effects of climate change and air
Research, 18, 1–36. pollution on soil properties and plant diversity in northeastern U.S.
Agathokleous, E., Saitanis, C. J., Wang, X., Watanabe, M., & Koike, T. hardwood forests: Model setup and evaluation. Water, Air, & Soil
(2016). A review study on past 40 years of research on effects of Pollution, 230, 1–33.
tropospheric O3 on belowground structure, functioning, and pro- Belyazid, S., Sverdrup, H., Kurz, D., & Braun, S. (2010). Exploring ground
cesses of trees: A linkage with potential ecological implications. vegetation change for different deposition scenarios and methods
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227, 33. for estimating critical loads for biodiversity using the for SAFE-VEG
Akselsson, C., Olsson, J., Belyazid, S., & Capell, R. (2016). Can increased model in Switzerland and Sweden. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 216,
weathering rates due to future warming compensate for base 289–317.
cation losses following whole-tree harvesting in spruce forests? Benjamin, M. T., & Winer, A. M. (1998). Estimating the ozone e forming
Biogeochemistry, 128, 89–105. potential of urban trees and shrubs. Atmospheric Environment, 32,
Alonso, R., Elvira, S., González-Fernández, I., Calvete, H., García-Gómez, 53–68.
H., & Bermejo, V. (2014). Drought stress does not protect Quercus Beresford, N. A., Fesenko, S., Konoplev, A., Skuterud, L., Smith, J. T., &
ilex L. from ozone effects: Results from a comparative study of two Voigt, G. (2016). Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: What
subspecies differing in ozone sensitivity. Plant Biology, 16, 375–384. lessons have we learnt? Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 157,
Alonso, R., Elvira, S., Inclán, R., Bermejo, V., Castillo, F. J., & Gimeno, B. 77–89.
S. (2003). Responses of Aleppo pine to ozone. In D. F. Karnosky, Beresford, N. A., Scott, E. M., & Copplestone, D. (2020). Field effects
K. E. Percy, A. H. Chappelka, & C. J. Simpson (Eds.), Air pollution, studies in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Lessons to be learnt.
global change and forests in the new millenium (pp. 211–230). Elsevier Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 211, 105893.
Science Ltd. Berger, T. W., Türtscher, S., Berger, P., & Lindebner, L. (2016). A slight
Anav, A., De Marco, A., Collalti, A., Emberson, L., Feng, Z., Lombardozzi, recovery of soils from acid rain over the last three decades is not re-
D., Sicard, P., Verbeke, T., Viovy, N., Vitale, M., & Paoletti, E. (2022). flected in the macro nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica) at 97 forest
Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for stands of the Vienna woods. Environmental Pollution, 216, 624–635.
ozone risk assessment to forests. Environmental Pollution, 295, Blanco, J. A. (2013). Modelos ecológicos: Descripción, explicación y pre-
118690. dicción. Ecosistemas, 22(3), 1–5.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5077
Blanco, J. A., Ameztegui, A., & Rodríguez, F. (2020). Modelling forest eco- Model (v.5.1) against eddy covariance data for 10 European forest
systems: A crossroad between scales, techniques and applications. sites. Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 479–504.
Ecological Modelling, 425, 109030. Collalti, A., Trotta, C., Keenan, T., Ibrom, A., Bond-L amberty, B., Grote, R.,
Blande, J. D. (2021). Effects of air pollution on plant-insect interac- Vicca, S., Reyer, C. P. O., Migliavacca, M., Veroustraete, F., Anav, A.,
tions mediated by olfactory and visual cues. Current Opinion in Campioli, M., Scoccimarro, E., Grieco, E., Cescatti, A., & Matteucci,
Environmental Science & Health, 19, 100228. G. (2018). Thinning can reduce losses in carbon use efficiency and
Boccuzzi, G., Nakazato, R. K., Pereira, M. A. G., Rinaldi, M. C. S., Lopes, carbon stocks in managed forests under warmer climate. Journal of
M. I. M. S., & Domingos, M. (2021). Anthropogenic deposition in- Advances in Modelling Earth Systems, 10(10), 2427–2452.
creases nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances in tree vegetation, litter Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. (1990). Health
and soil of Atlantic Forest remnants. Plant and Soil, 461, 341–354. effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR V. National
Bonan, G. B. (2008). Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, Research Council, National Academy Press.
and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320, 1444–1449. Cooper, O. R., Parrish, D. D., Ziemke, J., Balashov, N. V., Cupeiro, M.,
Bruckman, V. J., Terada, T., Fukuda, K., Yamamoto, H., & Hochbichler, E. Galbally, I. E., Gilge, S., Horowitz, L., Jensen, N. R., Lamarque, J.-F.,
(2016). Overmature periurban Quercus–Carpinus coppice forests in Naik, V., Oltmans, S. J., Schwab, J., Shindell, D. T., Thompson, A. M.,
Austria and Japan: A comparison of carbon stocks, stand charac- Thouret, V., Wang, Y., & Zbinden, R. M. (2014). Global distribution
teristics and conversion to high forest. European Journal of Forest and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review.
Research, 135, 857–869. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 2, 000029.
Butler, T., Vermeylen, F., Lehmann, C. M., Likens, G. E., & Puchalski, M. Coordination Centre for Effects. (2017). European critical loads:
(2016). Increasing ammonia concentration trends in large regions Database, biodiversity and ecosystems at risk. CCE final report 2017
of the USA derived from the NADP/AMoN network. Atmospheric (J.-P. Hettelingh, M. Posch, & J. Slootweg, Eds.). Rijksinstituut voor
Environment, 146, 132–140. Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
Bytnerowicz, A., Hsu, Y. M., Percy, K., Legge, A., Fenn, M. E., Schilling, Cunha-Zeri, G., & Ometto, J. (2021). Nitrogen emissions in Latin America:
S., Frączek, W., & Alexander, D. (2016). Ground-level air pollution A conceptual framework of drivers, impacts, and policy responses.
changes during a boreal wildland mega-fire. Science of the Total Environmental Development, 38, 100605.
Environment, 572, 755–769. Curran, P. J., Dungan, J. L., & Gholz, H. L. (1992). Seasonal LAI in slash
Calfapietra, C., Fares, S., Manes, F., Morani, A., Sgrigna, G., & Loreto, pine estimated with Landsat TM. Remote Sensing of Environment,
F. (2013). Role of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) 39(1), 3–13.
emitted by urban trees on ozone concentration in cities: A review. Curtis, P. S., & Wang, X. Z. (1998). A meta-analysis of elevated CO2 ef-
Environmental Pollution, 183, 71–8 0. fects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia, 113,
Cassimiro, J. C., Moura, B. B., Alonso, R., Meirelles, S. T., & Moraes, R. M. 299–313.
(2016). Ozone stomatal flux and O3 concentration-based metrics Dale, V. H., Joyce, L. A., McNulty, S., & Neilson, R. P. (2000). The interplay
for Astronium graveolens Jacq., a Brazilian native forest tree species. between climate change, forests, and disturbances. Science of the
Environmental Pollution, 213, 1007–1015. Total Environment, 262, 201–204.
Cazzolla Gatti, R., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., Crowther, T., Hui, C., De Jager, N. R., Drohan, P. J., Miranda, B. M., Sturtevant, B. R., Stout, S. L.,
Morera, A., Bastin, F., de Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G.-J., Svenning, J.- Royo, A. A., Gustafson, E. J., & Romanski, M. C. (2017). Simulating
C., Serra-Diaz, J. M., Merow, C., Enquist, B., Kamenetsky, M., Lee, ungulate herbivory across forest landscapes: A browsing extension
J., Zhu, J., Fang, J., Jacobs, D. F., Pijanowski, B., … Liang, J. (2022). for LANDIS-II. Ecological Modelling, 350, 11–29.
The number of tree species on Earth. Proceedings of the National De Marco, A., Anav, A., Sicard, P., Feng, Z., & Paoletti, E. (2020). High
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, e2115329119. spatial resolution ozone risk assessment for Asian forests.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119 Environmental Research Letters, 15, 104095.
Chino, M., Nakayama, H., Nagai, H., Terada, H., Katata, G., & Yamazawa, De Marco, A., Screpanti, A., Attorre, F., Proietti, C., & Vitale, M. (2013).
H. (2011). Preliminary estimation of release amounts of 131I and Assessing ozone and nitrogen impact on net primary productivity
137
Cs accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear with a generalised non-linear model. Environmental Pollution, 172,
Power Plant into the atmosphere. Journal of Nuclear Science and 250–263.
Technology, 48(7), 1129–1134. De Marco, A., & Sicard, P. (2019). Why do we still need to derive ozone
Chiwa, M. (2020). Ten-year determination of atmospheric phospho- critical levels for vegetation protection? Opinion paper—IJESNR
rus deposition at three forested sites in Japan. Atmospheric 21—October 2019.
Environment, 223, 117247. De Marco, A., Sicard, P., Vitale, M., Carriero, G., Renou, C., & Paoletti, E.
Chuberre, C., Plancot, B., Driouich, A., Moore, J. P., Bardor, M., Gügi, B., (2015). Metrics of ozone risk assessment for Southern European
& Vicré, M. (2018). Plant immunity is compartmentalized and spe- forests: Canopy moisture content as a potential plant response in-
cialized in roots. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1692. dicator. Atmospheric Environment, 120, 182–190.
Clark, C. M., Bai, Y., Bowman, W. D., Cowles, J. M., Fenn, M. E., Gilliam, de Vries, W. (2021). Impacts of nitrogen emissions on ecosystems and
F. S., Phoenix, G. K., Siddique, I., Stevens, C. J., Sverdrup, H. health: A mini review. Current Opinion in Environmental Science &
U., & Throop, H. L. (2013). Nitrogen Deposition and Terrestrial Health, 19, 100249.
Biodiversity. In S. A. Levin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of biodiversity (2nd ed., De Vries, W., Wamelink, G. W. W., van Dobben, H., Kros, J., Reinds, G. J.,
pp. 519–536). Elsevier Inc. Mol-Dijkstra, J. P., Smart, S. M., Evans, C. D., Rowe, E. C., Belyazid,
Collalti, A., Ibrom, A., Stockmarr, A., Cescatti, A., Alkama, R., Fernández- S., Sverdrup, H. U., van Hinsberg, A., Posch, M., Hettelingh, J.-P.,
Martínez, M., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Goll, D. S., Nabel, Spranger, T., & Bobbink, R. (2010). Use of dynamic soil–vegetation
J. E. M. S., Pongratz, J., Arneth, A., Haverd, V., & Prentice, I. C. models to assess impacts of nitrogen deposition on plant species
(2020). Forest production efficiency increases with growth tem- composition: An overview. Ecological Applications, 20, 60–79.
perature. Nature Communications, 11, 5322. Deepak, M., Lihavainen, J., Keski-Saari, S., Kontunen-Soppela, S.,
Collalti, A., Marconi, S., Ibrom, A., Trotta, C., Anav, A., D'Andrea, Tenkanen, A., Oksanen, E., & Keinänen, M. (2018). Genotypic varia-
E., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Gielen, B., Mammarella, I., tion and provenance-related clinal patterns in leaf surface second-
Grünwald, T., Knohl, A., Berninger, F., Zhao, Y., Valentini, R., & ary compounds of silver birch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,
Santini, M. (2016). Validation of 3D-CMCC Forest Ecosystem 48, 494–505.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5078 DE MARCO et al.
Deryabina, T. G., Kuchmel, S. V., Nagorskaya, L. L., Hinton, T. G., Beasley, tree Eugenia uniflora L. is sensitive to ozone. Science of the Total
J. C., Lerebours, A., & Smith, J. T. (2015). Long term census data Environment, 769, 145080.
reveal abundant wildlife populations at chernobyl. Current Biology, Eränen, J. K., Nielsen, J., Zverev, V. E., & Kozlov, M. V. (2009). Mountain
25, R824–R826. birch under multiple stressors—Heavy metal resistant popula-
Dirnböck, T., Foldal, C., Djukic, I., Kobler, J., Haas, E., Kiese, R., & Kitzler, tions co-resistant to biotic stress but maladapted to abiotic stress.
B. (2017). Historic nitrogen deposition determines future climate Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 840–851.
change effects on nitrogen retention in temperate forests. Climatic Etzold, S., Ferretti, M., Reinds, G. J., Solberg, S., Gessler, A., Waldner, P.,
Change, 144, 221–235. Schaub, M., Simpson, D., Benham, S., Hansen, K., & Ingerslev, M.
Dirnböck, T., Pröll, G., Austnes, K., Beloica, J., Beudert, B., Canullo, R., (2020). Nitrogen deposition is the most important environmental
De Marco, A., Fornasier, M. F., Futter, M., Goergen, K., Grandin, driver of growth of pure, even-aged and managed European for-
U., Holmberg, M., Lindroos, A.-J., Mirtl, M., Neirynck, J., Pecka, T., ests. Forest Ecology and Management, 458, 117762.
Nieminen, T. M., Nordbakken, J.-F., Posch, M., … Forsius, M. (2018). European Commission. (2020). Communication from the Commission to
Currently legislated decreases in nitrogen deposition will yield only the European parliament, the council, the European economic and so-
limited plant species recovery in European forests. Environmental cial committee and the committee of the regions. EU biodiversity strat-
Research Letters, 13, 125010. egy for 2030—Bringing nature back into our lives. COM (2020) 380
Dobson, M. C., Ulaby, T., Le Toan, T., Beaudoin, A., & Kasischke, E. S. final. Brussels, Belgium.
(1992). Dependence of radar backscatter on coniferous forest Evans, M. R. (2012). Modelling ecological systems in a changing world.
biomass. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
412–415. 367, 181–190.
Domingos, M., Klumpp, A., & Klumpp, G. (2003). Disturbances to the Fabrika, M., Valent, P., & Merganičová, K. (2019). Forest modelling and
Atlantic rain forest in southeast Brazil. In E. Emberson, M. Ashmore, visualisation—State of the art and perspectives. Central European
& F. Murray (Eds.), Air pollution impacts on vegetation in developing Forestry Journal, 65, 147–165.
countries (Vol. 1a, pp. 287–3 08). Imperial College Press. Falk, T., Herndon, N., Grau, E., Buehler, S., Richter, P., Zaman, S., Baker,
Du, E. (2016). Rise and fall of nitrogen deposition in the United States. E. M., Ramnath, R., Ficklin, S., Staton, M., & Feltus, F. A. (2018).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States Growing and cultivating the forest genomics database, TreeGenes.
of America, 113, E3594–E3595. Database, 2018, bay084.
Du, E., & de Vries, W. (2018). Nitrogen-induced new net primary pro- Fang, Y., Koba, K., Makabe, A., Takahashi, C., Zhu, W., Hayashi, T., Hokari,
duction and carbon se-questration in global forests. Environmental A., Urakawa, R., Bai, E., Houlton, B. Z., & Xi, D. (2015). Microbial
Pollution, 242, 1476–1487. denitrification dominates nitrate losses from forest ecosystems.
Du, E., De Vries, W., Han, W., Liu, X., Yan, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Imbalanced Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
phosphorus and nitrogen deposition in China's forests. Atmospheric of America, 112, 1470–1474.
Chemistry and Physics, 16, 8571–8579. Feng, Z., Shang, B., Gao, F., & Calatayud, V. (2019). Current ambient
Du, E., De Vries, W., McNulty, S., & Fenn, M. E. (2018). Bulk deposition of and elevated ozone effects on poplar: A global meta-analysis
base cationic nutrients in China's forests: Annual rates and spatial and response relationships. Science of the Total Environment, 654,
characteristics. Atmospheric Environment, 184, 121–128. 832–8 40.
Du, E., Dong, D., Zeng, X., Sun, Z., Jiang, X., & de Vries, W. (2017). Direct Feng, Z., Shang, B., Li, Z., Calatayud, V., & Agathokleous, E. (2019). Ozone
effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial plants in will remain a threat for plants independently of nitrogen load.
China. Science of the Total Environment, 605, 764–769. Functional Ecology, 33, 1854–1870.
Du, E., Terrer, C., Pellegrini, A. F. A., Ahlström, A., van Lissa, C. J., Zhao, Feng, Z., Yuan, X., Fares, S., Loreto, F., Li, P., Hoshika, Y., & Paoletti, E.
X., Xia, N., Wu, X., & Jackson, R. B. (2020). Global patterns of ter- (2019). Isoprene is more affected by climate drivers than monoter-
restrial nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. Nature Geoscience, 13, penes: A meta-analytic review on plant isoprenoid emissions. Plant,
221–226. Cell & Environment, 42, 1939–1949.
Duan, L., Ma, X., Larssen, T., Mulder, J., & Hao, J. (2011). Response of Fernandes, F. F., Esposito, M. P., Engela, M. R. G. S., Cardoso-Gustavson,
surface water acidification in Upper Yangtze River to SO2 emis- P., Furlan, C. M., Hoshika, Y., Carrari, E., Magni, G., Domingos, M.,
sions abatement in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, & Paoletti, E. (2019). The passion fruit liana (Passiflora edulis Sims,
3275–3281. Passifloraceae) is tolerant to ozone. Science of the Total Environment,
Duan, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Pan, Y., Larssen, T., Tang, J., & 656, 1091–1101.
Mulder, J. (2016). Acid deposition in Asia: Emissions, deposition, Fischer, R., Aas, W., de Vries, W., Clarke, N., Cudlin, P., Leaver, D., Lundin,
and ecosystem effects. Atmospheric Environment, 146, 55–69. L., Matteucci, G., Matyssek, R., Mikkelsen, T. N., Mirtl, M., Öztürk,
Dubey, A., Malla, M. A., Khan, F., Chowdhary, K., Yadav, S., Kumar, A., Y., Papale, D., Potocic, N., Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J. P., Vesala, T.,
Sharma, S., Khare, P. K., & Khan, M. L. (2019). Soil microbiome: A Wieser, G., & Paoletti, E. (2011). Towards a transnational system
key player for conservation of soil health under changing climate. of supersites for forest monitoring and research in Europe—An
Biodiversity and Conservation, 28(8–9), 2405–2429. overview on present state and future recommendations. iForest-
Dungey, H. S., Dash, J. P., Pont, D., Clinton, P. W., Watt, M. S., & Telfer, Biogeosciences and Forestry, 4(4), 167.
E. J. (2018). Phenotyping whole forests will help to track genetic Flannigan, M., Stocks, B., Turetsky, M., & Wotton, M. (2009). Impacts of
performance. Trends in Plant Science, 23(10), 854–864. climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circum-
Emberson, L., Ashmore, M. R., Cambridge, H. M., Simpson, D., & boreal forest. Global Change Biology, 15(3), 49–560.
Tuovinen, J. P. (2000). Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe. Fleck, S., Ahrends, B., Sutmöller, J., Albert, M., Evers, J., & Meesenburg,
Environmental Pollution, 109, 403–413. H. (2017). Is biomass accumulation in forests an option to prevent
Engardt, M., Simpson, D., Schwikowski, M., & Granat, L. (2017). climate change induced increases in nitrate concentrations in the
Deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in Europe 1900–2050. Model north German lowland? Forests, 8, 219.
calculations and comparison to historical observations. Tellus B: Forsius, M., Kujala, H., Minunno, F., Holmberg, M., Leikola, N., Mikkonen,
Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 69(1), S. 1328945. N., Autio, I., Paunu, V.-V., Tanhuanpää, T., Hurskainen, P., Mäyrä, J.,
Engela, M. R. G. S., Furlan, C. M., Esposito, M. P., Fernandes, F. F., Carrari, Kivinen, S., Keski-Saari, S., Kosenius, A.-K ., Kuusela, S., Virkkala, R.,
E., Domingos, M., Paoletti, E., & Hoshika, Y. (2021). Metabolic Viinikka, A., Vihervaara, P., Akujärvi, A., … Heikkinen, R. K. (2021).
and physiological alterations indicate that the tropical broadleaf Developing a spatiallyexplicit modelling and evaluation framework
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5079
for integrated carbon sequestrationand biodiversity conservation: Grantz, D. A., Gunn, S., & Vu, H.-B. (2006). O3 impacts on plant develop-
Application in southern Finland. Science of the Total Environment, ment: A meta-analysis of root/shoot allocation and growth. Plant,
775, 145847. Cell Environ., 29, 1193–1209.
Frank, D., Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Thonicke, K., Frank, D., Mahecha, Gray, C. M., Monson, R. K., & Fierer, N. (2010). Emissions of volatile or-
M. D., Smith, P., Van der Velde, M., Vicca, S., Babst, F., & Beer, C. ganic compounds during the decomposition of plant litter. Journal
(2015). Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: of Geophysical Research, 115, G03015.
Concepts, processes and potential future impacts. Global Change Gustafson, E. J. (2013). When relationships estimated in the past cannot
Biology, 21(8), 2861–2880. be used to predict the future: Using mechanistic models to pre-
Fukuyama, T., Onda, Y., Takenaka, C., & Walling, D. E. (2008). Investigating dict landscape ecological dynamics in a changing world. Landscape
erosion rates within a Japanese cypress plantation using Cs-137 Ecology, 28, 1429–1437.
and Pb-210 ex measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, Hansen, K., Personne, E., Skjøth, C. A., Loubet, B., Ibrom, A., Jensen, R.,
F02007. Sørensen, L. L., & Bøgh, E. (2017). Investigating sources of measured
Gao, F., Catalayud, V., Paoletti, E., Hoshika, Y., & Feng, Z. (2017). Water forest-atmosphere ammonia fluxes using two-layer bi-directional
stress mitigates the negative effects of ozone on photosynthesis modelling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 237, 80–94.
and biomass in poplar plants. Environmental Pollution, 230, 268–279. Hansen, W. D., & Turner, M. G. (2019). Origins of abrupt change? Postfire
Gao, Y., Ma, M., Yang, T., Chen, W., & Yang, T. (2018). Global atmospheric subalpine conifer regeneration declines nonlinearly with warming
sulfur deposition and associated impaction on nitrogen cycling in and drying. Ecological Monographs, 89, e01340.
ecosystems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 1–9. Hao, Z., Hao, F., Singh, V. P., & Zhang, X. (2018). Changes in the sever-
Garmo, O. A., Skjelkvale, B. L., De Wit, H. A., Colombo, L., Curtis, C., ity of compound drought and hot extremes over global land areas.
Fölster, J., Hoffmann, A., Hruška, J., Jeffries DS, H. T., Keller, W. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 124022.
B., Krám, P., Majer, V., Monteith, D. T., Paterson, A. M., Rogora, Harrell, P. A., Bourgeau-Chavez, L. L., Kasischke, E. S., French, N. H. F.,
M., Rzychon, D., Steingruber, S., Stoddard, J. L., Vuorenmaa, J., & & Christensen, N. L. (1995). Sensitivity of ERS-1 and JERS-1 radar
Worsztynowicz, A. (2014). Trends in surface water chemistry in data to biomass and stand structure in Alaskan boreal forest.
acidified areas in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2008. Remote Sensing of Environment, 54, 247–260.
Water Air and Soil Pollution, 225, 1880. Hartmann, H., Schuldt, B., Sanders, T. G., Macinnis-Ng, C., Boehmer, H.
Gaudio, N., Belyazid, S., Gendre, X., Mansat, A., Nicolas, M., Rizzetto, S., J., Allen, C. D., Bolte, A., Crowther, T. W., Hansen, M. C., Medlyn, B.
Sverdrup, H., & Probst, A. (2015). Combined effect of atmospheric E., & Ruehr, N. K. (2018). Monitoring global tree mortality patterns
nitrogen deposition and climate change on temperate forest soil and trends. Report from the VW symposium Crossing scales and
biogeochemistry: A modeling approach. Ecological Modelling, 306, disciplines to identify global trends of tree mortality as indicators
24–3 4. of forest health. New Phytologist, 217, 984–987.
Gauthier, S., Bernier, P., Kuuluvainen, T., Shvidenko, A. Z., & Hashimoto, S., Imamura, N., Kaneko, S., Komatsu, M., Matsuura, T.,
Schepaschenko, D. G. (2015). Boreal forest health and global Nishina, K., & Ohashi, S. (2020). New predictions of 137Cs dynamics
change. Science, 349(6250), 819–822. in forests after the Fukushima nuclear accident. Scientific Reports,
Gawel, J. E., Ahner, B. A., Friedland, A. J., & Morel, F. M. M. (1996). Role 10, 29.
for heavy metals in forest decline indicated by phytochelatin mea- Haukioja, E., Hanhimäki, S., & Walter, G. H. (1994). Can we learn about
surements. Nature, 381(6577), 64–65. herbivory on eucalypts from research on birches, or how general
Geng, F., Tie, X., Guenther, A., Li, G., Cao, J., & Harley, P. (2011). Effect are general plant-herbivore theories. Australian Journal of Ecology,
of isoprene emissions from major forests on ozone formation in 19, 1–9.
the city of Shanghai, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, He, M., He, C.-Q., & Ding, N.-Z. (2018). Abiotic stresses: General de-
10449–10459. fenses of land plants and chances for engineering multistress toler-
Gerken, T., Wei, D., Chase, R. J., Fuentes, J. D., Schumacher, C., Machado, ance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1771.
L. A. T., Andreoli, R. V., Chamecki, M., Souza, R. A. F., Freire, L. S., Hein, L., White, L., Miles, A., & Roberts, P. (2018). Analysing the im-
Jardine, A. B., Manzi, A. O., Santos, R. M. N., Randow, C., Costa, P. pacts of air quality policies on ecosystem services; a case study
S., Stoy, P. C., & Tóta, J. (2016). Trowbridge AM downward transport for Telemark, Norway. Journal of Environmental Management, 206,
of ozone rich air and implications for atmospheric chemistry in the 650–663.
Amazon rainforest. Atmospheric Environment, 124, 64–76. Hellegers, M., Ozinga, W. A., Hinsberg, A., van Huijbregts, M. A. J.,
Gherardi, L. A., & Sala, O. E. (2020). Global patterns and climatic controls Hennekens, S. M., Schaminée, J. H. J., Dengler, J., & Schipper, A.
of belowground net carbon fixation. Proceedings of the National M. (2020). Evaluating the ecological realism of plant species dis-
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 202006715. tribution models with ecological indicator values. Ecography, 43,
Gilliam, F. S., Burns, D. A., Driscoll, C. T., Frey, S. D., Lovett, G. M., & 161–170.
Watmough, S. A. (2019). Decreased atmospheric nitrogen deposi- Hong, G. H., Hamilton, T. F., Baskaran, M., & Kenna, T. C. (2012).
tion in eastern North America: Predicted responses of forest eco- Applications of anthropogenic radionuclides as tracers to in-
systems. Environmental Pollution, 244, 560–574. vestigate marine environmental processes. In M. Baskaran (Ed.),
Giordani, P., Calatayud, V., Stofer, S., Seidling, W., Granke, O., & Fischer, Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry. advances in isotope
R. (2014). Detecting the nitrogen critical loads on European forests geochemistry (pp. 367–394). Springer.
by means of epiphytic lichens. A signal-to-noise evaluation. Forest Hoshika, Y., Katata, G., Deushi, M., Watanabe, M., Koike, T., & Paoletti, E.
Ecology and Management, 311, 29–4 0. (2015). Ozone-induced stomatal sluggishness changes carbon and
Godzik, B. (2020). Use of bioindication methods in national, regional and water balance of temperate deciduous forests. Scientific Reports,
local monitoring in Poland-changes in the air pollution level over 5, 1–8.
several decades. Atmosphere, 11, 143. Huang, C. Y., Anderegg, W. R., & Asner, G. P. (2019). Remote sensing of
Grams, T. E. E., Anegg, S., Häberle, K.-H., Langebartels, C., & Matyssek, forest die-off in the Anthropocene: From plant ecophysiology to
R. (1999). Interactions of chronic exposure to elevated CO2 and O3 canopy structure. Remote Sensing of Environment, 231, 111233.
levels in the photosynthetic light and dark reactions of European Huang, T., Zhu, X., Zhong, Q., Yun, X., Meng, W., Li, B., Ma, J., Zeng, E.
beech (Fagus sylvatica). New Phytologist, 144, 95–107. Y., & Tao, S. (2017). Spatial and temporal trends in global emissions
Grantz, D. A., Garner, J. H. B., & Johnson, D. W. (2003). Ecological effects of nitrogen oxides from 1960 to 2014. Environmental Science &
of particulate matter. Environment International, 29, 213–239. Technology, 51, 7992–8 000.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5080 DE MARCO et al.
Imamura, N., Komatsu, M., Ohashi, S., Hashimoto, S., Kajimoto, T., between the ions. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 208–209,
Kaneko, S., & Takano, T. (2017). Temporal changes in the ra- 106032.
diocesium distribution in forests over the five years after the Koike, T., Kitao, M., Hikosaka, K., Agathokleous, E., Watanabe, Y.,
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Scientific Watanabe, M., Eguchi, N., & Funada, R. (2018). Photosynthetic and
Reports, 7, 8179. photosynthesis- related responses of Japanese native trees to CO2:
Imperato, V., Kowalkowski, L., Portillo-Estrada, M., Gawronski, S. W., Results from phytotrons, open-top chambers, natural CO2 springs, and
Vangronsveld, J., & Thijs, S. (2019). Characterisation of the Carpinus free-air CO2 enrichment. Springer.
betulus L. phyllomicrobiome in urban and forest areas. Frontiers in Kozlov, M. V. (2005). Pollution resistance of mountain birch, Betula pu-
Microbiology, 10(1110). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01110 bescens subsp. czerepanovii, near the copper-nickel smelter: Natural
Inness, A., Ribas, R., & Engelen, R. (2019). The use of Sentinel-5P air quality selection or phenotypic acclimation? Chemosphere, 59, 189–197.
data by CAMS. ECMWF Newsletter No. 159, 25–3 0. Kozlov, M. V., Lanta, V., Zverev, V., & Zvereva, E. L. (2015). Background
International Atomic Energy Agency. (2006). Environmental consequences losses of woody plant foliage to insects show variable relationships
of the chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of expe- with plant functional traits across the globe. Journal of Ecology, 103,
rience, radiological assessment reports series no. 8. IAEA. 1519–1528.
Itoh, Y., Imaya, A., & Kobayashi, M. (2015). Initial radiocesium deposi- Kozlov, M. V., Zverev, V., & Zvereva, E. L. (2017). Combined effects of en-
tion on forest ecosystems surrounding the Tokyo metropolitan vironmental disturbance and climate warming on insect herbivory
area due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. in mountain birch in subarctic forests: Results of 26-year monitor-
Hydrological Research Letters, 9, 1–7. ing. The Science of the Total Environment, 601-602, 802–811.
IUCN. (2021). Forests and climate change. IUCN issues brief. https:// Kozlov, M. V., & Zvereva, E. L. (2015). Changes in the background losses
w w w.iucn.org/sites/d ev/files/f orest s_and_climat e_change_ of woody plant foliage to insects during the past 60 years: Are the
issues_brief_2021.pdf predictions fulfilled? Biology Letters, 11, 20150480.
Izuta, T. (2017). Air pollution impacts on plants in East Asia. Springer. Kozlov, M. V., Zvereva, E. L., & Zverev, V. E. (2009). Impacts of point pollut-
Jakovljević, T., Lovreškov, L., Jelić, G., Anav, A., Popa, I., Fornasiere, M. F., ers on terrestrial biota: Comparative analysis of 18 contaminated areas.
Proietti, C., Limić, I., Butorac, L., Vitale, M., & De Marco, A. (2021). Springer.
Impact of ground-level ozone on Mediterranean forest ecosystems Krause, A., Pugh, T. A. M., Bayer, A. D., Doelman, J. C., Humpenöder, F.,
health. Science of the Total Environment, 783, 147063. Anthoni, P., Olin, S., Bodirsky, B. L., Popp, A., Stehfest, E., & Arneth,
Jansson, J. K., & Hofmockel, K. S. (2020). Soil microbiomes and climate A. (2017). Global consequences of afforestation and bioenergy
change. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18(1), 35–46. cultivation on ecosystem service indicators. Biogeosciences, 14,
Ji, K., Wang, Y., Du, L., Xu, C., Liu, Y., He, N., Wang, J., & Liu, Q. (2019). 4829–4850.
Research progress on the biological effects of low-dose radiation in Krüger, I., Sanders, T. G. M., Potočić, N., Ukonmaanaho, L., & Rautio, P.
China. Dose-Response, 17(1), 1559325819833488. (2020). Increased evidence of nutrient imbalances in forest trees across
Johnson, J., Pannatier, E. G., Carnicelli, S., Cecchini, G., Clarke, N., Cools, Europe (ICP forests brief no. 4). Programme co-ordinating Centre of
N., Hansen, K., Meesenburg, H., Nieminen, T. M., Pihl-Karlsson, G., ICP Forests, Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems.
Titeux, H., Vanguelova, E., Verstraeten, A., Vesterdal, L., Waldner, Kumar, A., Bali, K., Singh, S., Naja, M., & Mishra, A. K. (2019). Estimates of
P., & Jonard, M. (2018). The response of soil solution chemistry reactive trace gases (NMVOCs, CO and NOx) and their ozone form-
in European forests to decreasing acid deposition. Global Change ing potentials during forest fire over Southern Himalayan region.
Biology, 24, 3603–3619. Atmospheric Research, 227, 41–51.
Kang, Y., Liu, M., Song, Y., Huang, X., Yao, H., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Kang, L., Kurokawa, J., & Ohara, T. (2020). Long-term historical trends in air pol-
Liu, X., Yan, X., He, H., Zhang, Q., Shao, M., & Zhu, T. (2016). High- lutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS)
resolution ammonia emissions inventories in China from 1980 to version 3. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20, 12761–12793.
2012. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 2043–2058. Lausch, A., Borg, E., Bumberger, J., Dietrich, P., Heurich, M., Huth, A.,
Karan, M., Liddell, M., Prober, S. M., Arndt, S., Beringer, J., Boer, M., Jung, A., Klenke, R., Knapp, S., Mollenhauer, H., & Paasche, H.
Cleverly, J., Eamus, D., Grace, P., Van Gorsel, E., Hero, J.-M., Hutley, (2018). Understanding forest health with remote sensing, part III:
L., Macfarlane, C., Metcalfe, D., Meyer, W., Pendall, E., Sebastian, Requirements for a scalable multi-source forest health monitoring
A., & Wardlaw, T. (2016). The Australian SuperSite network: A con- network based on data science approaches. Remote Sensing, 10(7),
tinental, long-term terrestrial ecosystem observatory. Science of the 1120.
Total Environment, 568, 1263–1274. Le Toan, T., Beaudoin, A., & Guyon, D. (1992). Relating forest biomass to
Katanić, M., Paoletti, E., Orlović, S., Grebenc, T., & Kraigher, H. (2014). SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30,
Mycorrhizal status of an ozone-sensitive poplar clone treated 403–411.
with the antiozonant ethylene diurea. European Journal of Forest Lechner, A. M., Foody, G. M., & Boyd, D. S. (2020). Applications in remote
Research, 133(4), 735–743. sensing to forest ecology and management. One Earth, 2, 405–412.
Kato, H., Onda, Y., Saidin, Z. H., Sakashita, W., Hisadome, K., & Loffredo, Lefohn, A. S., Malley, C. S., Smith, L., Wells, B., Hazucha, M., Simon, H.,
N. (2019). Six-year monitoring study of radiocesium transfer in for- Naik, V., Mills, G., Schultz, M. G., Paoletti, E., & De Marco, A. (2018).
est environments following the Fukushima nuclear power plant ac- Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics
cident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 210, 105817. for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research.
Kefauver, S., Penuelas, J., & Ustin, S. (2012). Applications of hyperspec- Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6, 28.
tral remote sensing and GIS for assessing forest health and air pollu- Li, C., McLinden, C., Fioletov, V., Krotkov, N., Carn, S., Joiner, J., Streets,
tion. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium D., He, H., Ren, X., Li, Z., & Dickerson, R. R. (2017). India is over-
(IGARSS), 3379–3382. taking china as the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic sulfur
Kimmins, J. P., Blanco, J. A., Seely, B., Welham, C., & Scoullar, K. (2008). dioxide. Scientific Reports, 7, 14304.
Complexity in modeling forest ecosystems; how much is enough? Li, P., De Marco, A., Feng, Z., Anav, A., Zhou, D., & Paoletti, E. (2018).
Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 1646–1658. Nationwide ground-level ozone measurements in China suggest se-
Kobayashi, R., Kobayashi, N. I., Tanoi, K., Masumori, M., & Tange, T. (2019). rious risks to forests. Environmental Pollution, 237, 803–813.
Potassium supply reduces cesium uptake in Konara oak not by an Li, P., Lin, C., Cheng, H., Duan, X., & Lei, K. (2015). Contamination and
alteration of uptake mechanism, but by the uptake competition health risks of soil heavy metals around a lead/zinc smelter in
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5081
southwestern China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 113, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Proceedings
391–399. (IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37477), pp. 1631–1633.
Li, P., Yin, R., Zhou, H., Yuan, X., & Feng, Z. (2021). Soil pH drives poplar Marano, G., Langella, G., Basile, A., Cona, F., De Michele, C., Manna, P.,
rhizosphere soil microbial community responses to ozone pollution Teobaldelli, M., Saracino, A., & Terribile, F. A. (2019). Geospatial de-
and nitrogen addition. European Journal of Soil Science, 73, 1–14. cision support system tool for supporting integrated forest knowl-
Lilleskov, E. A., Kuyper, T. W., Bidartondo, M. I., & Hobbie, E. A. (2019). edge at the landscape scale. Forests, 10(8), 690.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts on the structure and Maréchaux, I., Langerwisch, F., Huth, A., Bugmann, H., Morin, X., Reyer,
function of forest mycorrhizal communities: A review. Environmental C. P., Seidl, R., Collalti, A., Dantas de Paula, M., Fischer, R., & Gutsch,
Pollution, 246, 148–162. M. (2020). Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The
Lincoln, D. E., Fajer, E. D., & Johnson, R. H. (1993). Plant-insect herbi- past and future role of simulation models. Ecology and Evolution,
vore interactions in elevated CO2 environments. Trends Ecol Evol, 2021(11), 3746–3770.
8, 64–68. Matyssek, R., Kozovits, A. R., Wieser, G., King, J., & Rennenberg, H.
Liu, L. L., & Greaver, T. L. (2009). A review of nitrogen enrichment effects (2017). Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air
on three biogenic GHGs: The CO2 sink may be largely offset by pollution—Response consistencies across zonobiomes? Tree
stimulated N2O and CH4 emission. Ecology Letters, 12, 1103–1117. Physiology, 37, 706–732.
Liu, W., Sun, F., Lim, W. H., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Shiogama, H., & Zhang, Matyssek, R., Wieser, G., Calfapietra, C., De Vries, W., Dizengremel, P.,
Y. (2018). Global drought and severe drought-affected populations Ernst, D., Jolivet, Y., Mikkelsen, T. N., Mohren, G. M. J., Le Thiec, D.,
in 1.5 and 2°C warmer worlds. Earth System Dynamics, 9, 267–283. Tuovinen, J. P., Weatherall, A., & Paoletti, E. (2012). Forests under
Logan, J. A., Regniere, J., & Powell, J. A. (2003). Assessing the impacts of climate change and air pollution: Gaps in understanding and future
global warming on forest pest dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the directions for research. Environmental Pollution, 160(1), 57–65.
Environment, 1, 130–137. McDermott, A. (2020). News feature: Foreseeing fires. Proceedings of the
Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., & Streets, D. G. (2011). Sulfur dioxide and primary National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117,
carbonaceous aerosol emission in China and India, 1996-2010. 21834–21838.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9839–9864. Merganičová, K., Merganič, J., Lehtonen, A., Vacchiano, G., Zorana, M.,
Ludovisi, R., Tauro, F., Salvati, R., Khoury, S., Mugnozza, G. S., & Sever, O., Augustynczik, A. L. D., Grote, R., Kyselova, I., Mäkelä, A.,
Harfouche, A. (2017). UAV-based thermal imaging for high- Yousefpour, R., Krejza, J., Collalti, A., & Reyer, C. P. O. (2019). Forest
throughput field phenotyping of black poplar response to drought carbon allocation modelling under climate change. Tree Physiology,
front. Plant Science, 8, 1681. 39, 1937–1960.
Lundin, L., & Forsius, M. (2004). International cooperative programme Mesas-C arrascosa, F.-J., de Castro, A. I., Torres-Sánchez, J., Triviño-
on integrated monitoring of air pollution effects on ecosystems Tarradas, P., Jiménez-Brenes, F. M., García-Ferrer, A., & López-
(ICP integrated monitoring). In J. Sliggers & W. Kakebeeke (Eds.), Granados, F. (2020). Classification of 3D point clouds using color
Clearing the air: 25 years of the convention on long-range transbound- vegetation indices for precision viticulture and digitizing applica-
ary air pollution (p. 70). United Nations Economic Commission for tions. Remote Sensing, 12(2), 317.
Europe. Michel A., Prescher A.-K ., Seidling W., & Ferretti M. (2018). ICP forests
Lyons, P. C., Okuda, K., Hamilton, M., Hinton, T. G., & Beasley, J. C. brief #1. https://icp-forest s.org/pdf/ICPForestsBriefNo1.pdf
(2020). Rewilding of Fukushima's human evacuation zone. Frontiers Mikkelsen, T. N., Clarke, N., Danielewska, A., & Fischer, R. (2013).
in Ecology and the Environment, 18, 127–134. Towards supersites in forest ecosystem monitoring and research.
Maas, R., & P. Grennfelt (Eds.). (2016). Towards cleaner air. Scientific as- Developments in Environmental Science, 13, 475–496.
sessment report 2016. EMEP Steering Body and Working Group on Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Malley, C. S., Sinha, B., Cooper, O. R., Schultz, M.
effects of the convention on long-range transboundary air pollu- G., Neufeld, H. S., David, S. D., Sharps, K., Feng, Z., Gerosa, G.,
tion, Oslo, xx+50 pp. Harmens, H., Kobayashi, K., Saxena, P., Paoletti, E., Sinha, V., &
Maass, M., Balvanera, P., Bourgeron, P., Equihua, M., Baudry, J., Dick, J., Xu, X. (2018). Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Present-day
Forsius, M., Halada, L., Krauze, K., Nakaoka, M., Orenstein, D. E., tropospheric ozone distribution and trends relevant to vegetation.
Parr, T. W., Redman, C. L., Rozzi, R., Santos-Reis, M., Swemmer, A. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6, 47.
M., & Vădineanu, A. (2016). Changes in biodiversity and trade-offs Milović, M., Kebert, M., & Orlović, S. (2021). How mycorrhizas can help
among ecosystem services, stakeholders, and components of well- forests to cope with ongoing climate change? Sumarski List, 145(5–
being: the contribution of the International LongTerm Ecological 6), 279–286.
Research network (ILTER) to Programme on Ecosystem Change and Mitchell, M. J., & Likens, G. E. (2011). Watershed sulfur biogeochemistry:
Society (PECS). Ecology and Society, 21(3), 31. Shift from atmospheric deposition dominance to climatic regula-
Mac Nally, R., Cunningham, S. C., Baker, P. J., Horner, G. J., & Thomson, tion. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 5267–5271.
J. R. (2011). Dynamics of Murray-Darling floodplain forests under Monks, P. S., Archibald, A. T., Colette, A., Cooper, O., Coyle, M., Derwent,
multiple stressors: The past, present, and future of an Australian R., Fowler, D., Granier, C., Law, K. S., Mills, G. E., & Stevenson, D.
icon. Water Resources Research, 47, W00G05. S. (2015). Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban
Maja, M., Kasurinen, A., Holopainen, T., Kontunen-Soppela, S., Oksanen, to the global scale fromair quality to short-lived climate forcer.
E., & Holopainen, J. K. (2015). Volatile organic compounds emitted Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 8889–8973.
from silver birch of different provenances across a latitudinal gradi- Moura, B. B., Alves, E. S., Marabesi, M. A., Souza, S. R., Schaub, M., &
ent in Finland. Tree Physiology, 35, 975–986. Vollenweider, P. (2018). Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes
Mäki, M., Aaltonen, H., Heinonsalo, J., Hellén, H., Pumpanen, J., & Bäck, injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic
J. (2019). Boreal forest soil is a significant and diverse source of Forest of southern Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 610,
volatile organic compounds. Plant Soil, 441, 89–110. 912–925.
Manaka, T., Imamura, N., Kaneko, S., Miura, S., Furusawa, H., & Kanasashi, Moura, B. B., Alves, E. S., Souza, S. R., Domingos, M., & Vollenweider,
T. (2019). Six-year trends in exchangeable radiocesium in Fukushima P. (2014). Ozone phytotoxic potential with regard to fragments of
forest soils. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 203, 84–92. the Atlantic semi-deciduous Forest downwind of Sao Paulo. Brazil.
Manninen, T., Stenberg, P., Rautiainen, M., Smolander, H., & Voipio, Environmental Pollution, 192, 65–73.
P. (2003). Estimation of boreal forest LAI using C-band SAR. Mozgeris, G., Brukas, V., Pivoriūnas, N., Činga, G., Makrickienė, E.,
In Environmental Science, Mathematics IGARSS 2003, 2003 IEEE Byčenkienė, S., Marozas, V., Mikalajūnas, M., Dudoitis, V., Ulevičius,
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5082 DE MARCO et al.
V., & Augustaitis, A. (2019). Spatial pattern of climate change ef- Pastorello, G. Z., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah,
fects on lithuanian forestry. Forests, 10(9), 809. Y. W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A., Humphrey, M.,
Mushinski, R. M., Phillips, R. P., Payne, Z. C., Abney, R. B., Jo, I., Fei, Isaac, P., & Papale, D. (2020). The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the
S., Pusedef, S. E., White, J. R., Rusch, D. B., & Raff, J. D. (2019). ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific
Microbial mechanisms and ecosystem flux estimation for aero- Data, 7, 225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3
bic NOy emissions from deciduous forest soils. Proceedings of the Pecchi, M., Marchi, M., Burton, V., Giannetti, F., Moriondo, M., Bernetti,
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(6), I., Bindi, M., & Chirici, G. (2019). Species distribution modelling
2138–2145. to support forest management. A literature review. Ecological
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, Modelling, 411, 108817.
J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, Peláez, L. M. G., Santos, J. M., Albuquerque, T. T. A., Reis, N. C., Jr.,
T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., & Zhang, H. (2013). Andreão, W. L., & Andrade, M. F. (2020). Air quality status and
Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, trends over large cities in South America. Environmental Science &
G.-K . Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Doschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, Policy, 114, 422–435.
V. Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate change 2013: The physical Pellegrini, A. F. A., Refsland, T., Averill, C., Terrer, C., Staver, A. C.,
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment Brockway, D. G., Caprio, A., Clatterbuck, W., Coetsee, C., Haywood,
report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 659– J. D., Hobbie, S. E., Hoffmann, W. A., Kush, J., Lewis, T., Moser,
740). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO97 W. K., Overby, S. T., Patterson, W. A., Peay, K. G., Reich, P. B., …
81107415324.018 Jackson, R. B. (2021). Decadal changes in fire frequencies shift tree
Naidoo, S., Slippers, B., Plett, J. M., Coles, D., & Oates, C. N. (2019). The communities and functional traits. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5,
road to resistance in forest trees. Frontiers In Plant. Science, 29(10), 504–512.
273. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00273 Peng, X., Sonne, C., Lam, S. S., Sik Ok, Y., & Alstrup, A. K. O. (2020).
Nakahara, O., Takahashi, M., Sase, H., Yamada, T., Matsuda, K., The ongoing cut-down of the Amazon rainforest threatens the
Ohizumi, T., Fukuhara, H., Inoue, T., Takahashi, A., Kobayashi, H., climate and requires global tree planting projects: A short review.
Hatano, R., & Hakamata, T. (2010). Soil and stream water acidifi- Environmental Research, 181, 108887.
cation in a forested catchment in central Japan. Biogeochemistry, Peñuelas, J., Poulter, B., Sardans, J., Ciais, P., van der Velde, M., Bopp, L.,
97, 141–158. Boucher, O., Godderis, Y., Hinsinger, P., Llusia, J., & Nardin, E. (2013).
Niinemets, Ü. (2010). Responses of forest trees to single and multi- Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and
ple environmental stresses from seedlings to mature plants: Past managed ecosystems across the globe. Nature Communications,
stress history, stress interactions, tolerance and acclimation. Forest 4(1), 2934.
Ecology and Management, 260, 1623–1639. Peñuelas, J., & Staudt, M. (2010). BVOCs and global change. Trends in
Nilsson, J. (1988). Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen. In P. Mathy Plant Science, 15, 133–144.
(Ed.), Air pollution and ecosystems (pp. 85–91). Springer. Perera, A. H., Sturtevant, B. R., & Buse, L. J. (2015). Simulation modeling
Noce, S., Collalti, A., & Santini, M. (2017). Likelihood of changes in for- of forest landscape disturbances. Springer International Publishing.
est species suitability, distribution, and diversity under future cli- Perino, A., Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. M., Fernández, N., Bullock, J.
mate: The case of Southern Europe. Ecology and Evolution, 7(22), M., Ceauşu, S., Cortés-Avizanda, A., van Klink, R., Kuemmerle, T.,
9358–9375. Lomba, A., Pe'er, G., & Wheeler, H. C. (2019). Rewilding complex
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., & ecosystems. Science, 364(6438), eaav5570.
Hayasaka, T. (2007). An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic Pliūra, A., Jankauskienė, J., Bajerkevičienė, G., Lygis, V., Suchockas,
emission sources for the period 1980–2020. Atmospheric Chemistry V., Labokas, J., & Verbylaitė, R. (2019). Response of juveniles of
and Physics, 7, 4419–4 444. seven forest tree species and their populations to different com-
Ohashi, S., Kuroda, K., Takano, T., Suzuki, Y., Fujiwara, T., Abe, H., binations of simulated climate change-related stressors: Spring-
Kagawa, A., Sugiyama, M., Kubojima, Y., Zhang, C., & Yamamoto, frost, heat, drought, increased UV radiation and ozone concen-
K. (2017). Temporal trends in 137Cs concentrations in the bark, sap- tration under elevated CO2 level. Journal of Plant Research, 132,
wood, heartwood, and whole wood of four tree species in Japanese 789–811.
forests from 2011 to 2016. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Pope, R. J., Arnold, S. R., Chipperfield, M. P., Reddington, C. L. S., Butt,
178–179, 335–3 42. E. W., Keslake, T. D., Feng, W., Latter, B. G., Kerridge, B. J., Siddans,
Oksanen, E., & Kontunen-Soppela, S. (2021). Plants have different R., Rizzo, L., Artaxo, P., Sadiq, M., & Tai, A. P. K. (2019). Substantial
strategies to defend against air pollutants. Current Opinion in increases in Eastern Amazon and Cerrado biomass burning-sourced
Environmental Science & Health, 19, 100222. tropospheric ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 1–22.
Paoletti, E., Alivernini, A., Anav, A., Badea, O., Carrari, E., Chivulescu, S., Porté, A., & Bartelink, H. H. (2002). Modelling mixed forest growth: A
Conte, A., Ciriani, M. L., Dalstein-Richier, L., De Marco, A., Fares, review of models for forest management. Ecological Modelling, 150,
S., Fasano, G., Giovannelli, A., Lazzara, M., Leca, S., Materassi, A., 141–188.
Moretti, V., Pitar, D., Popa, I., … Hoshika, Y. (2019). Toward stomatal– Pourret, O., & Bollinger, J. C. (2018). “Heavy metal”—What to do now:
flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES ap- To use or not to use? Science of the Total Environment, 610–611,
proach. Science of the Total Environment, 691, 516–527. 419–420.
Paoletti, E., Bytnerowicz, A., Andersen, C., Augustaitis, A., Ferretti, M., Pulford, I. D., & Watson, C. (2003). Phytoremediation of heavy metal-
Grulke, N., Gunthardt-Goerg, M. S., Innes, J., Johnson, D., Karnosky, contaminated land by trees—A review. Environment International,
D., Luangjame, J., Matyssek, R., McNulty, S., Muller-Starck, G., 29, 529–540.
Musselman, R., & Percy, K. (2007). Impacts of air pollution and cli- Qiao, Y., Feng, J., Liu, X., Wang, W., Zhang, P., & Zhu, L. (2016). Surface
mate change on forest ecosystems—Emerging research needs. The water pH variations and trends in China from 2004 to 2014.
Scientific World Journal, 7, 1–8. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 443.
Parent, M. B., & Verbyla, D. (2010). The browning of Alaska's boreal for- Qiu, Y., Guo, L., Xu, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Chen, M., Zhao, Y., Burkey,
est. Remote Sensing, 2(12), 2729–2747. K. O., Shew, H. D., Zobel, R. W., Zhang, Y., & Hu, S. (2021). Warming
Parrent, J. L., & Vilgalys, R. (2007). Biomass and compositional responses and elevated ozone induce tradeoffs between fine roots and
of ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae to elevated CO2 and nitrogen fer- mycorrhizal fungi and stimulate organic carbon decomposition.
tilization. New Phytologist, 176, 164–174. Science Advances, 7(28), 1–10.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5083
Reis, C. R. G., Pacheco, F. S., Reed, S. C., Tejada, G., Nardoto, G. B., Forti, Schaub, M., Häni, M., Calatayud, V., Ferretti, M., & Gottardini, E. (2020).
M. C., & Ometto, J. P. (2020). Biological nitrogen fixation across Ozone concentrations are decreasing but exposure remains high in
major biomes in Latin America: Patterns and global change effects. European forests ICP Forests Brief. ICP Forests.
Science of The Total Environment, 746, 140998. Schindler, T., Mander, Ü., Machacova, K., Espenberg, M., Krasnov, D.,
Rinnan, R., & Albers, C. N. (2020). Soil uptake of volatile organic com- Escuer-Gatius, J., Veber, G., Pärn, J., & Soosaar, K. (2020). Short-
pounds: Ubiquitous and underestimated? JGR Biogeosciences, 125, term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a ri-
e2020JG005773. parian forest soil-stem continuum. Scientific Reports, 10, 3204.
Rizzetto, S., Belyazid, S., Gégout, J.-C ., Nicolas, M., Alard, D., Corcket, E., Schlutow, A., Schröder, W., & Scheuschner, T. (2021). Assessing the
Gaudio, N., Sverdrup, H., & Probst, A. (2016). Modelling the impact relevance of atmospheric heavy metal deposition with regard to
of climate change and atmospheric N deposition on French forests ecosystem integrity and human health in Germany. Environmental
biodiversity. Environmental Pollution, 213, 1016–1027. Science Eurrope, 33, 7.
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., III, Schmitz, A., Sanders, T. G. M., Bolte, A., Bussotti, F., Dirnböck, T.,
Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. Johnson, J., Peñuelas, J., Pollastrini, M., Prescher, A.-K ., Sardans,
J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, J., Verstraeten, A., & de Vries, W. (2019). Responses of forest eco-
H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., … Foley, J. A. systems in Europe to decreasing nitrogen deposition. Environmental
(2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461, 472–475. Pollution, 244, 980–994.
Rodman, K. C., Andrus, R. A., Veblen, T. T., & Hart, S. J. (2021). Schultz, M. G., Schröder, S., Lyapina, O., Cooper, O. R., Galbally, I.,
Disturbance detection in landsat time series is influenced by tree Petropavlovskikh, I., Von Schneidemesser, E., Tanimoto, H., Elshorbany,
mortality agent and severity, not by prior disturbance. Remote Y., Naja, M., Seguel, R. J., Dauert, U., Eckhardt, P., Feigenspan, S., Fiebig,
Sensing of Environment, 254, 112244. M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Hong, Y. D., Kjeld, P. C., Koide, H., … Zhiqiang, M.
Rogers, B. M., Solvik, K., Hogg, E. H., Ju, J., Masek, J. G., Michaelian, (2017). Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Database and metrics
M., Berner, L. T., & Goetz, S. J. (2018). Detecting early warning data of global surface ozone observations. Elementa, 5, 58.
signals of tree mortality in boreal North America using multiscale Schwede, D. B., Simpson, D., Tan, J., Fu, J. S., Dentener, F., Du, E., & Vries,
satellite data. Global Change Biology, 24(6), 2284–2304. https://doi. W. (2018). Spatial variation of modelled total, dry and wet nitrogen
org/10.1111/gcb.14107 deposition to forests at global scale. Environmental Pollution, 243,
Saitanis, C. J., Agathokleous, E., Burkey, K., & Hung, Y. T. (2020). Chapter 1287–1301.
8. Ground level ozone profile and the role of plants as sources and Serengil, Y., Augustaitis, A., Bytnerowicz, A., Grulke, N., Kozovitz, A.
sinks. In Y. T. Hung, L. K. Wang, & N. Shammas (Eds.), Handbook of en- R., Matyssek, R., Müller-Starck, G., Schaub, M., Wieser, G., Aydin
vironment and waste management, Vol. 3: Acid rain and greenhouse gas Coskun, A., & Paoletti, E. (2011). Adaptation of forest ecosystems
pollution control (pp. 281–324). World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc. to air pollution and climate change: A global assessment on re-
Saitanis, C. J., Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Feng, Z., Paoletti, E., & Agathokleous, search priorities. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 4, 44–48.
E. (2020). On the atmospheric ozone monitoring methodologies. Shestakov, A. L., Filippov, B. Y., Zubrii, N. A., Klemola, T., Zezin, I., Zverev,
Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 18, 40–46. V., Zvereva, E. L., & Kozlov, M. V. (2020). Doubling of biomass pro-
Salojärvi, J., Smolander, O.-P., Nieminen, K., Rajaraman, S., Safronov, O., duction in European boreal forest trees by a four-year suppression
Safdari, P., Lamminmäki, A., Immanen, J., Lan, T., Tanskanen, J., & of background insect herbivory. Forest Ecology and Management,
Rastas, P. (2017). Genome sequencing and population genomic 462, 117992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117992
analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch. Shi, C., Watanabe, T., & Koike, T. (2017). Leaf stoichiometry of deciduous tree
Nature Genetics, 49, 904–912. species in different soils exposed to free-air O3 enrichment over two
Sandermann, H., Wellburn, A. R., & Heath, R. L. (1997). Forest decline and growing seasons. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 138, 148–163.
ozone: Synopsis. Springer. Shifley, S. R., He, H. S., Lischke, H., Wang, W. J., Jin, W., Gustafson, E. J.,
Santini, M., Collalti, A., & Valentini, R. (2014). Climate change impacts Thompson, J. R., Thompson, F. R., Dijak, W. D., & Yang, J. (2017). The
on vegetation and water cycle in the Euro-Mediterranean region, past and future of modeling forest dynamics: From growth and yield
studied by a likelihood approach. Regional Environmental Change, curves to forest landscape models. Landscape Ecology, 32, 1307–1325.
14(4), 1405–1418. Sicard, P. (2021). Ground-level ozone over time: An observation-based
Sardans, J., Alonso, R., Carnicer, J., Fernández-Martínez, M., Vivanco, M. global overview. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health,
G., & Peñuelas, J. (2016). Factors influencing the foliar elemental 19, 100226.
composition and stoichiometry in forest trees in Spain. Perspectives Sicard, P., Agathokleous, E., Araminiene, V., Carrari, E., Hoshika, Y.,
in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 18, 52–69. De Marco, A., & Paoletti, E. (2018). Should we see urban trees
Sase, H., Saito, T., Takahashi, M., Morohashi, M., Yamashita, N., Inomata, as effective solutions to reduce increasing ozone levels in cities?
Y., Ohizumi, T., & Nakata, M. (2021). Transboundary air pollution Environmental Pollution, 243A, 163–176.
reduction rapidly reflected in stream water chemistry in forested Sicard, P., Anav, A., De Marco, A., & Paoletti, E. (2017). Projected global
catchment on the Sea of Japan coast in central Japan. Atmospheric ground-level ozone impacts on vegetation under different emis-
Environment, 248, 118223. sion and climate scenarios. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17,
Sase, H., Takahashi, M., Matsuda, K., Sato, K., Tanikawa, T., Yamashita, 12177–12196.
N., Ohizumi, T., Ishida, T., Kamisako, M., Kobayashi, R., Uchiyama, Sicard, P., Augustaitis, A., Belyazid, S., Calfapietra, C., De Marco, A., Fenn,
S., Saito, T., Morohashi, M., Fukuhara, H., Kaneko, S., Inoue, T., M., Bytnerowicz, A., Grulke, N., He, S., Matyssek, R., & Serengil, Y.
Yamada, T., Takenaka, C., Tayasu, I., … Ohta, S. (2019). Response (2016). Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollu-
of river water chemistry to changing atmospheric environment tion, climate change and forest ecosystems. Environmental Pollution,
and sulfur dynamics in a forested catchment in central Japan. 213, 977–987.
Biogeochemistry, 142, 357–374. Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Carrari, E., Dalstein-Richier, L., Hoshika, Y.,
Sase, H., Yamashita, N., Luangjame, J., Garivait, H., Kietvuttinon, B., Badea, O., Pitar, D., Fares, S., Conte, A., Popa, I., & Paoletti, E.
Visaratana, T., Kamisako, M., Kobayashi, R., Ohta, S., Shindo, J., (2020). Epidemiological derivation of flux-based critical levels
Hayashi, K., Toda, H., & Matsuda, K. (2017). Alkalinization and for visible ozone injury in European forests. Journal of Forestry
acidification of stream water with changes in atmospheric depo- Research, 31, 1509–1519.
sition in a tropical dry evergreen forest of northeastern Thailand. Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Carrari, E., Hoshika, Y., & Paoletti, E. (2021).
Hydrological Processes, 31, 836–8 46. Testing visible ozone injury within a Light Exposed Sampling Site as
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
5084 DE MARCO et al.
a proxy for ozone risk assessment for European forests. Journal of Tănase, M. A., Villard, L., Pitar, D., Apostol, B., Petrila, M., Chivulescu, S.,
Forestry Research, 32, 1351–1359. Leca, S., Borlaf-Mena, I., Pascu, I. S., Dobre, A. C., Pitar, D., Guiman,
Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Dalstein-Richier, L., Tagliaferro, F., Renou, C., G., Lorent, A., Anghelus, C., Ciceu, A., Nedea, G., Stanculeanu, R.,
& Paoletti, E. (2016). An epidemiological assessment of stomatal Popescu, F., Aponte, C., & Badea, O. (2019). SYNTHETIC APERTURE
ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in southern RADAR sensitivity to forest changes: A simulations-based study
European forests. Science of the Total Environment, 541, 729–741. for the Romanian forests. Science of the Total Environment, 689,
Silfver, T., Heiskanen, L., Aurela, M., Myller, K., Karhu, K., Meyer, N., 1104–1114.
Oksanen, E., Rousi, M., & Mikola, J. (2020). Insect herbivory con- Tani, A., & Mochizuki, T. (2021). Review: Exchanges of volatile organic
trol of Subarctic ecosystem CO2 exchange in present and future compounds between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere.
climates. Nature Communications, 11, 2529. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 77, 66–8 0.
Simard, S. (Ed.). (2010). Climate change and variability. IntechOpen. Tenkanen, A., Keski-Saari, S., Salojärvi, J., Oksanen, E., Keinänen, M., &
https://doi.org/10.5772/1743 Kontunen-Soppela, S. (2020). Differences in growth and gas ex-
Šimpraga, M., Ghimire, R. P., Van Der Straeten, D., Blande, J. D., Kasurinen, change between southern and northern provenances of silver birch
A., Sorvari, J., Holopainen, T., Adriaenssens, S., Holopainen, J. K., & (Betula pendula) in northern Europe. Tree Physiology, 40, 198–214.
Kivimäenpää, M. (2019). Unravelling the functions of biogenic vol- Terada, H., Nagai, H., Tsuduki, K., Furuno, A., Kadowaki, M., & Kakefuda,
atiles in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems. European Journal T. (2020). Refinement of source term and atmospheric dispersion
of Forest Research, 138, 763–787. simulations of radionuclides during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Sniezko, R. A., & Koch, J. (2017). Breeding trees resistant to insects and Power Station accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 213,
diseases: Putting theory into application. Biological Invasions, 19, 106104.
3377–3 400. Terrer, C., Jackson, R. B., Prentice, I. C., Keenan, T. F., Kaiser, C., Vicca, S.,
Souza, M. A., Pacheco, F. S., Palandi, J. A. L., Forti, M. C., Campos, L. A. Fisher, J. B., Reich, P. B., Stocker, B. D., Hungate, B. A., Penuelas, J.,
M., Ometto, J. P. H. B., Reis, D. C. O., & Carvalho Junior, J. A. (2020). McCallum, I., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Cernusak, L. A., Talhelm, A. F.,
Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen in Sundert, K. V., Piao, S., Newton, P. C. D., Hovenden, M. J., … Franklin,
the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 230, 117502. O. (2019). Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of
Stankevich, S. A., Kozlova, A. A., Piestova, I. O., & Lubskyi, M. S. (2017). global plant biomass. Nature Climate Change, 9, 684–689.
Leaf area index estimation of forest using sentinel-1 C-band SAR Tian, D., Du, E., Jiang, L., Ma, S., Zeng, W., Zou, A., Feng, C., Xu, L., Xing,
data. In 2017 IEEE microwaves, Radar and Remote Sensing Symposium A., Wang, W., & Zheng, C. (2018). Responses of forest ecosystems
(MRRS) (pp. 253–256). IEEE. to increasing N deposition in China: A critical review. Environmental
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S., Fetzer, I., Bennett, Pollution, 243, 75–86.
E., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Wit, C., Folke, C., Mace, G. M., Torres, P., Rodes-Blanco, M., Viana-Soto, A., Nieto, H., & García, M. (2021).
Persson, L. M., Veerabhadran, R., Reyers, B., & Sörlin, S. (2015). The role of remote sensing for the assessment and monitoring of for-
Planetary Boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing est health: A systematic evidence synthesis. Forests, 12, 1134.
planet. Science, 347, 1259855. Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke,
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lükewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon, P. J., A. G., Lund, M. C., Solberg, S., & Yttri, K. E. (2012). Introduction
Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg, J. to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)
H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S., and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009.
Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvåle, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., … Wilander, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 5447–5481.
A. (1999). Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Szatmári, G., & Pásztor, L. (2016). Maps of heavy
North America and Europe. Nature, 401, 575–578. metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority
Strand, P., Sundell-Bergman, S., Brown, J. E., & Dowdall, M. (2017). On areas for detailed assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 565,
the divergences in assessment of environmental impacts from 1054–1062.
ionising radiation following the Fukushima accident. Journal of Tracy, S. R., Lilleskov, N. K. A., Postma, J. A., Fassbender, H., Wasson,
Environmental Radioactivity, 169–170, 159–173. A., & Watt, M. (2020). Crop improvement from phenotyping roots:
Suchara, I., Sucharova, J., Hola, M., Pilatova, H., & Rulik, P. (2016). Long- Highlights reveal expanding opportunities. Trends in Plant Science,
term retention of 137Cs in three forest soils with different soil prop- 25(1), 105–118.
erties. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 158–159, 102–113. United Nations (Ed.). (2000). Sources and effects of ionizing radia-
Sugai, T., Yannan, W., Watanabe, T., Satoh, F., Qu, L., & Koike, T. (2019). tion: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Salt stress reduced the seedling growth of two larch species under Radiation: UNSCEAR 2000 report to the General Assembly, with scien-
elevated ozone. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2, 53. tific annexes. United Nations.
Sverdrup, H., & De Vries, W. (1994). Calculating critical loads for acidity United States Federal Register. (2015). Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 225,
with the simple mass balance method. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Monday, November 23, 2015, Notices.
72, 143–162. Uppala, S. M., Kallberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Da Costa
Takahashi, M., Feng, Z., Mikhailova, T. A., Kalugina, O. V., Shergina, O. Bechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez,
V., Larisa, V., Afanasieva, K. J., Heng, R., Majid, N. M. A., & Sase, H. A., Kelly, G. A., & Li, X. (2005). The ERA-4 0 re-analysis. Quarterly
(2020). Air pollution monitoring and tree and forest decline in East Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131(612), 2961–3 012.
Asia: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140288. Urban, M. C. (2015). Accelerating extinction risk from climate change.
Talhelm, A. F., Pregitzer, K. S., Kubiske, M. E., Zak, D. R., Campany, C. E., Science, 348(6234), 571–573.
Burton, A. J., Dickson, R. E., Hendrey, G. R., Isebrands, J. G., Lewin, Urban, M. C., Bocedi, G., Hendry, A. P. P., Mihoub, J.-B., Pe'er, G., Singer,
K. F., Nagy, J., & Karnosky, D. F. (2014). Elevated carbon dioxide and A., Bridle, J. R., Crozier, L. G., de Meester, L., Godsoe, W., Gonzalez,
ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern A., Hellmann, J. J., Holt, R. D., Huth, A., Johst, K., Krug, C. B.,
temperate forests. Global Change Biology, 20, 2492–2504. https://doi. Leadley, P. W., Palmer, S. C. F., Pantel, J. H., … Travis, J. M. J. (2016).
org/10.1111/gcb.12564 Improving the forecast for biodiversity under climate change.
Tamaoki, M. (2016). Studies on radiation effects from the Fukushima Science, 353(6304), aad8466.
nuclear accident on wild organisms and ecosystems. Global van der Linde, S., Suz, L. M., Orme, C., David, L., Cox, F., Andreae, H.,
Environmental Research, 20, 73–82. Asi, E., Atkinson, B., Benham, S., Carroll, C., Cools, N., & De Vos, B.
|
13652486, 2022, 17, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16278 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [13/03/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
DE MARCO et al. 5085
(2018). Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycor- Yu, H., & Blande, J. D. (2021). Diurnal variation in BVOC emission and
rhizal fungi. Nature, 558, 243–248. CO2 gas exchange from above- and belowground parts of two co-
Varghese, A., Ticktin, T., Mandle, L., & Nath, S. (2015). Assessing the niferous species and their responses to elevated O3. Environmental
effects of multiple stressors on the recruitment of fruit harvested Pollution, 278, 116830.
trees in a Tropical Dry Forest, Western Ghats, India. PLoS One, Yue, C., Cui, K., Duan, J., Wu, X., Rodriguez, C., Fu, H., Deng, T., Zhang,
10(3), e0119634. S., Liu, J., Guo, Z., Xi, B., & Cao, Z. (2021). The retention characteris-
Vuorenmaa, J., Augustaitis, A., Beudert, B., Clarke, N., de Wit, H. A., tics for water-soluble and water-insoluble particulate matter of five
Dirnböck, T., Frey, J., Forsius, M., Indriksone, I., Kleemolaa, S., Kobler, tree species along an air pollution gradient in Beijing, China. Science
J., Krám, P., Lindroos, A.-J., Lundin, L., Ruoho-Airola, T., Ukonmaanaho, of the Total Environment, 767, 145497.
L., & Váňa, M. (2017). Long-term sulphate and inorganic nitrogen mass Yue, X., & Unger, N. (2018). Fire air pollution reduces global terrestrial
balance budgets in European ICP Integrated Monitoring catchments productivity. Nature Communications, 9, 5413.
(1990–2012). Ecological Indicators, 76, 15–29. Zaehle, S., Friedlingstein, P., & Friend, A. D. (2010). Terrestrial nitro-
Wamelink, G. W. W., Mol-Dijkstra, J. P., Reinds, G. J., Voogd, J. C., gen feedbacks may accelerate future climate change. Geophysical
Bonten, L. T. C., Posch, M., Hennekens, S. M., & De Vries, W. (2020). Research Letters, 37, L01401.
Prediction of plant species occurrence as affected by nitrogen Zang, M. G., Zhou, Z. K., Chen, W. Y., Slik, J. W. F., Cannon, C. H., &
deposition and climate change on a European scale. Environmental Raes, N. (2012). Using species distribution modeling to improve
Pollution, 266(2), 115257. conservation and land use planning of Yunnan, China. Biological
Wang, X., Qu, L., Mao, Q., Watanabe, M., Hoshika, Y., Koyama, A., Conservation, 153, 257–264.
Kawaguchi, K., Tamai, Y., & Koike, T. (2015). Ectomycorrhizal colo- Zhang, M., Wang, W., Tang, L., Heenan, M., Wang, D., & Xu, Z. (2021).
nization and growth of the hybrid larch F1 under elevated CO2 and Impacts of prescribed burning on urban forest soil: Minor changes
O3. Environmental Pollution, 197, 116–126. in net greenhouse gas emissions despite evident alterations of mi-
Watanabe, M., Hoshika, Y., Koike, T., & Izuta, T. (2017). Combined effects crobial community structures. Applied Soil Ecology, 158, 103780.
of ozone and other environmental factors on Japanese trees. In T. Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng,
Izuta (Ed.), Air pollution impacts on plant in East Asia (pp. 101–110). L., Qi, J., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., He, K., & Zhang,
Springer. Q. (2018). Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010
Watanabe, Y., Ichikawa, S., Kubota, M., Hoshino, J., Kubota, Y., Maruyama, as the consequence of clean air actions. Atmospheric Chemistry and
K., Fuma, S., Kawaguchi, I., Yoschenko, V. I., & Yoshida, S. (2015). Physics, 18, 14095–14111.
Morphological defects in native Japanese fir trees around the Zhong, Q., Shen, H., Yun, X., Chen, Y., Ren, Y., Xu, H., Shen, G., Du, W.,
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Scientific Reports, 5, 13232. Meng, J., Li, W., Ma, J., & Tao, S. (2020). Global sulfur dioxide emis-
Wei, W., Cheng, S., Li, G., Wang, G., & Wang, H. (2014). Characteristics sions and the driving forces. Environmental Science & Technology, 54,
of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petro- 6508–6517.
leum refinery in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Zvereva, E. L., & Kozlov, M. V. (2006). Consequences of simultaneous
26, 332–3 42. elevation of carbon dioxide and temperature for plant-herbivore
Wenig, M., Ghirardo, A., Sales, J. H., Pabst, E. S., Breitenbach, H. H., interactions: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 12, 27–41.
Antritter, F., Weber, B., Lange, B., Lenk, M., Cameron, R. K., & Zvereva, E. L., & Kozlov, M. V. (2010). Responses of terrestrial arthropods
Schnitzler, J. P. (2019). Systemic acquired resistance networks am- to air pollution: A meta-analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution
plify airborne defense cues. Nature Communications, 10, 3813. Research, 17, 297–311.
Wieder, W. R., Cleveland, C. C., Smith, W. K., & Todd-Brown, K. (2015). Zvereva, E. L., Roitto, M., & Kozlov, M. V. (2010). Growth and reproduc-
Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutri- tion of vascular plants under pollution impact: A synthesis of exist-
ent availability. Nature Geoscience, 8(6), 441–4 44. ing knowledge. Environmental Reviews, 18, 355–367.
Wiley, E., King, C. M., & Landhäusser, S. M. (2020). Identifying the rel- Zvereva, E. L., Toivonen, E., & Kozlov, M. V. (2008). Changes in species
evant carbohydrate storage pools available for remobilization in richness of vascular plants under pollution impact: A global per-
aspen roots. Tree Physiology, 39, 1109–1120. spective. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 305–319.
WMO, GAW. (2003). Aerosol measurement procedures, guidelines and rec- Zvereva, E. L., Zverev, V. E., & Kozlov, M. V. (2012). Little strokes fell
ommendations. GAW report. great oaks: Minor but chronic herbivory substantially reduces birch
Xie, D., Si, G., Zhang, T., Mulder, J., & Duan, L. (2018). Nitrogen deposi- growth. Oikos, 121, 2036–2043.
tion increases N2O emission from an N-saturated subtropical forest
in southwest China. Environmental Pollution, 243, 1818–1824.
Yao, Z., Zheng, X., Xie, B., Liu, C., Mei, B., Dong, H., Butterbach-Bahl, K., S U P P O R T I N G I N FO R M AT I O N
& Zhu, J. (2009). Comparison of manual and automated chambers Additional supporting information may be found in the online
for field measurements of N2O, CH4, CO2 fluxes from cultivated version of the article at the publisher’s website.
land. Atmospheric Environment, 43(11), 1888–1896.
Yoschenko, V., Nanba, K., Yoshida, S., Watanabe, Y., Takase, T., Sato, N.,
& Keitoku, K. (2016). Morphological abnormalities in Japanese red
How to cite this article: De Marco, A., Sicard, P., Feng, Z.,
pine (Pinus densiflora) at the territories contaminated as a result of
the accident at Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant. Journal of Agathokleous, E., Alonso, R., Araminiene, V., Augustatis, A.,
Environmental Radioactivity, 165, 60–67. Badea, O., Beasley, J. C., Branquinho, C., Bruckman, V. J.,
Yoschenko, V. I., Kashparov, V. A., Melnychuk, M. D., Levchuk, S. E., Collalti, A., David-Schwartz, R., Domingos, M., Du, E., Garcia
Bondar, Y. O., Lazarev, M., Yoschenko, M. I., Farfán, E. B., & Jannik,
Gomez, H., Hashimoto, S., Hoshika, Y., Jakovljevic, T. …
G. T. (2011). Chronic irradiation of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris)
in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Dosimetry and radiobiological ef- Paoletti, E. (2022). Strategic roadmap to assess forest
fects. Health Physics, 101, 393–4 08. vulnerability under air pollution and climate change. Global
Yoshida, N., & Takahashi, Y. (2012). Land-surface contamination by ra- Change Biology, 28, 5062–5085. https://doi.org/10.1111/
dionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant acci-
gcb.16278
dent. Elements, 8(3), 201–206.