Ethics Questions and Answers Chapter 1-6
Ethics Questions and Answers Chapter 1-6
Identification Questions:
1. What is the primary concern of ethics, involving the recognition of good or bad behavior?
- Answer: Determining what is acceptable and unacceptable in human behavior.
2. What is the term for judgments of personal approval or disapproval based on sensory experiences?
- Answer: Aesthetics valuation.
3. Which type of valuation is concerned with assessing right and wrong actions?
- Answer: Etiquette valuation.
4. In the context of ethics, what does the term "normative" refer to?
- Answer: Prescribing what we ought to maintain as our standards or bases for moral valuation.
7. Which Greek philosopher introduced concepts like eudaimonia and arete in ethics?
- Answer: Plato.
Enumeration Questions:
10. Enumerate the three parts of the self according to Plato's philosophy.
- Answer: Passion/emotion, will/desire, and reason or intellect.
11. What are the three factors that Plato believed lead to justice?
- Answer: Teamwork, equality, and leadership.
13. Which branch of ethics primarily deals with the study of how people make moral valuations without
making judgments about what is right or wrong?
a) Aesthetics
b) Descriptive ethics
c) Normative ethics
d) Etiquette valuation
- Answer: b) Descriptive ethics
15. Which ethical theory suggests that individuals always act in their self-interest and seek to maximize
personal gain?
a) Divine command theory
b) Cultural relativism
c) Psychological egoism
d) Normative ethics
- Answer: c) Psychological egoism
Chapter 2: Utilitarianism
Identification Questions:
1. What principle in utilitarianism aims to maximize the total happiness of the members of the
community?
- Answer: Greatest Happiness.
2. What is the term used to define what is good and bad in utilitarianism?
- Answer: Moral Right.
3. What is the concept that represents the aim behind a person's actions, whether good or bad?
- Answer: Intent.
4. In the context of utilitarianism, what is the principle concerned with justifying one's rights and
equality?
- Answer: Justice.
5. What principle in utilitarianism differentiates between actions that promote happiness and those that
promote unhappiness and pain?
- Answer: Utility.
Enumeration Questions:
7. List the components of the Felicific Calculus, a framework introduced by Jeremy Bentham to evaluate
pleasure and pain.
- Answer: Intensity, Duration, Certainty or uncertainty, Propinquity or remoteness, Fecundity, Purity,
and Extent.
8. Name three notable works by Jeremy Bentham, the philosopher who significantly contributed to
utilitarianism.
- Answer: "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," "The Panopticon," and "Theory of
Fictions."
9. What are the two sovereign masters that govern one's actions, according to Jeremy Bentham's
utilitarian philosophy?
- Answer: Pleasure and Pain.
Multiple-Choice Questions:
11. What is the principle introduced by Jeremy Bentham to quantitatively evaluate pleasure and pain?
a) Felicific Calculus
b) Moral Right
c) Intent Analysis
d) Utility Assessment
- Answer: a) Felicific Calculus
12. Who supported Jeremy Bentham's principle of utility and argued that quality is preferable to
quantity when measuring pleasure and pain?
a) John Stuart Mill
b) Immanuel Kant
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Aristotle
- Answer: a) John Stuart Mill
13. In utilitarianism, what does the principle of the greatest number emphasize?
a) Selfish acts
b) Maximizing one's happiness
c) Sacrifices for personal gain
d) The happiness of the greatest number
- Answer: d) The happiness of the greatest number
14. According to John Stuart Mill, what is the core of judgments of justice?
a) Felicific Calculus
b) Moral Rights
c) Utility Assessment
d) Intent Analysis
- Answer: b) Moral Rights
15. What principle did John Stuart Mill propose as the only legitimate use of power in a civilized
community?
a) The Principle of Utility
b) The Harm Principle
c) The Felicific Calculus
d) The Principle of the Greatest Number
- Answer: b) The Harm Principle
Identification Questions:
1. What is the theory of ethics that posits human beings possess intrinsic values governing reasoning
and behavior?
- Answer: Natural Law.
2. Who was the prominent Italian Dominican friar and philosopher who played a significant role in the
development of Natural Law theory?
- Answer: Thomas Aquinas.
3. What term is used to describe the capacity of a being to receive some perfection or perform some
action?
- Answer: Potency.
5. What is the first part of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" concerned with?
- Answer: It emphasizes the harmonious relationship between God's governance and human freedom.
Enumeration Questions:
7. What are the four inclinations Thomas Aquinas identified as part of human nature in the context of
Natural Law?
- Answer: Inclination to preserve one's being, inclination to engage in sexual activity and reproduce,
inclination to pursue the truth, and inclination to live in society.
8. Name the three parts of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" and briefly describe what each part
emphasizes.
- Answer:
- Part 1: Emphasizes the harmonious relationship between God's governance and human freedom, as
well as the ultimate purpose and order within the universe.
- Part 2: Focuses on the acknowledgment of human dependence on divine grace for ultimate
happiness and salvation, emphasizing the significance of divine intervention.
- Part 3: Highlights how God's grace and redemption from sin are made possible for humanity through
Jesus and the importance of receiving Jesus and adhering to His teachings.
Multiple-Choice Questions:
11. Which inclination in Thomas Aquinas' Natural Law theory involves the pursuit of truth and
knowledge?
a) Inclination to preserve one's being
b) Inclination to engage in sexual activity and reproduce
c) Inclination to pursue the truth
d) Inclination to live in society
- Answer: c) Inclination to pursue the truth
13. Which part of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" emphasizes the significance of divine grace and
divine intervention in achieving spiritual fulfillment and salvation?
a) Part 1
b) Part 2
c) Part 3
d) Part 4
- Answer: b) Part 2
15. What is the ultimate source of divine guidance and transcendent good in Thomas Aquinas' Natural
Law theory?
a) Human intellect
b) Intrinsic human values
c) A loving God
d) Cultural norms
- Answer: c) A loving God
Chapter 4: Deontology
Identification Questions:
2. In deontology, what term refers to the concept of obligation and the responsibility to act with good
intentions?
- Answer: Duty.
4. What is the principle that suggests one should "act only by that maxim through which you can at the
same time will that it become a universal law"?
- Answer: Universalizability principle.
Enumeration Questions:
6. List the four key elements of Immanuel Kant's "Categorical Imperative" as outlined in his
"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals."
- Answer:
- Action
- Maxim
- Will
- Universal Law
7. What are the two categories of human choice described by Kant, and how do they differ?
- Answer: Kant distinguishes between free choice, which is determined by pure reason, and arbitrium
brutum, which is determined solely by inclination or impulse.
Multiple-Choice Questions:
8. In deontology, what distinguishes human choice from animal choice according to Kant?
a) Human choice is irrational, while animal choice is rational.
b) Human choice is solely determined by impulses, while animal choice is guided by reason.
c) Human choice can be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal choice lacks
rationality.
d) Human choice is subject to external authority, while animal choice is autonomous.
- Answer: c) Human choice can be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal choice
lacks rationality.
11. Which of the following is NOT one of the four key elements of Immanuel Kant's "Categorical
Imperative"?
a) Universal Law
b) Maxim
c) Autonomy
d) Action
- Answer: c) Autonomy
2. Which Greek term is equivalent to the highest good or ultimate purpose in virtue ethics?
a) Hedonism
b) Eudaimonia
c) Telos
d) Arete
Answer: b) Eudaimonia
3. In Aristotle's ethical framework, what is the ultimate goal for human beings?
a) Wealth and material possessions
b) Pleasure and hedonism
c) Eudaimonia (happiness and well-being)
d) Fame and recognition
Answer: c) Eudaimonia (happiness and well-being)
5. According to Aristotle, how does one arrive at their highest good (eudaimonia)?
a) Pursuing pleasure and hedonism
b) Following social conventions and norms
c) Engaging in rational activities in accordance with reason
d) Accumulating material wealth
Answer: c) Engaging in rational activities in accordance with reason
6. What is the term used to describe the mean or intermediate state between excess and deficiency in
virtue ethics?
a) Virtue
b) Telos
c) Mesotes
d) Arete
Answer: c) Mesotes
7. Aristotle suggests that a morally virtuous person seeks to find the middle ground:
a) Relative to them as an individual
b) Relative to societal norms
c) Relative to the situation
d) Relative to their desires
Answer: c) Relative to the situation
8. Which element of the human soul is divided into moral and intellectual aspects in Aristotle's ethics?
a) Vegetative aspect
b) Rational faculty
c) Appetitive aspect
d) Philosophical aspect
Answer: b) Rational faculty
10. In Aristotle's virtue ethics, what is considered a character developed through habitual actions,
focusing on the right balance between feelings and passions?
a) Hedonism
b) Eudaimonia
c) Virtue
d) Arete
Answer: c) Virtue
15. What is the Greek term that represents the highest good and ultimate purpose for humans in virtue
ethics?
a) Hedonism
b) Arete
c) Telos
d) Eudaimonia
Answer: d) Eudaimonia
1. What are the four major ethical theories or frameworks introduced in this chapter?
- A) Relativism, Existentialism, Egoism, Nihilism
- B) Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Kantian Deontology
- C) Categorical Imperative, Social Contract, Golden Mean, Four Noble Truths
- D) Pragmatism, Hedonism, Absurdism, Idealism
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of moral valuation discussed in the chapter?
- A) Cultural level
- B) Personal level
- C) Social level
- D) Environmental level
3. What famous saying emphasized the importance of self-awareness, which Reyes discussed?
- A) "Know the Unknown"
- B) "Cogito, ergo sum"
- C) "YOLO"
- D) "Epimeleia he auto"
4. What term does Reyes use to describe the forces and events that shape an individual's identity
outside their choosing?
- A) External factors
- B) Cross-points
- C) Deterministic agents
- D) Unforeseen influences
Answer: B) Cross-points
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the four cross-points of identity identified by Reyes?
- A) Physical Cross-Point
- B) Philosophical Cross-Point
- C) Interpersonal Cross-Point
- D) Historical Cross-Point
6. According to Reyes, what is the role of the moral agent in the context of external factors?
- A) To reject all external influences
- B) To be entirely shaped by external forces
- C) To navigate the tension between external conditioning and personal freedom
- D) To disregard external factors completely
Answer: C) To navigate the tension between external conditioning and personal freedom
7. What does Reyes suggest about an individual's freedom and capacity for choice?
- A) Freedom is unlimited and unrestricted.
- B) Freedom is an illusion and doesn't exist.
- C) Freedom allows individuals to choose but is not unlimited.
- D) Freedom is purely a rational concept.
8. What is the space where ethics helps individuals figure out what's right for them, according to Reyes?
- A) A fixed moral code
- B) An external set of rules
- C) The intersection of past influences and personal choices
- D) A predetermined path
9. What does Kohlberg emphasize about the realization of an individual's freedom to determine moral
principles?
- A) It occurs instantly.
- B) It is entirely shaped by rational thought.
- C) It is unrelated to maturity.
- D) It happens in a process of maturity and is shaped by feelings.
11. What does Reyes emphasize about the role of ethics in an individual's life?
- A) Ethics imposes external forces on decision-making.
- B) Ethics is irrelevant to identity formation.
- C) Ethics is about finding the best way to live life, considering one's influences and dreams.
- D) Ethics is solely about following rules without question.
Answer: C) Ethics is about finding the best way to live life, considering one's influences and dreams.
12. According to Reyes, what is the relationship between an individual's choices and external influences?
- A) Choices are entirely a product of external influences.
- B) Choices are exclusively rational and not influenced by feelings.
- C) Choices must be made in the spirit of freedom, acknowledging the role of feelings and rational
thought.
- D) Choices are predetermined by genetics.
Answer: C) Choices must be made in the spirit of freedom, acknowledging the role of feelings and
rational thought.
13. What is the significance of knowing yourself, as per the ancient Greek saying?
- A) It leads to complete autonomy.
- B) It is irrelevant to ethical thought.
- C) It helps individuals make well-informed moral decisions.
- D) It restricts personal freedom.
Answer: C) To help individuals navigate the tension between past influences and personal choices.