Chapter 1: The Ethical Dimension of Human Existence

Identification Questions:

1. What is the primary concern of ethics, involving the recognition of good or bad behavior?
- Answer: Determining what is acceptable and unacceptable in human behavior.

2. What is the term for judgments of personal approval or disapproval based on sensory experiences?
- Answer: Aesthetics valuation.

3. Which type of valuation is concerned with assessing right and wrong actions?
- Answer: Etiquette valuation.

4. In the context of ethics, what does the term "normative" refer to?
- Answer: Prescribing what we ought to maintain as our standards or bases for moral valuation.

5. What is a moral dilemma?

- Answer: A situation where conflicting moral principles create a challenging choice.

6. What is the primary role of reasoning in ethics?

- Answer: The process of using critical thinking to make ethical decisions.

7. Which Greek philosopher introduced concepts like eudaimonia and arete in ethics?
- Answer: Plato.

Enumeration Questions:

8. List the three kinds of valuation discussed in ethics.

- Answer: Aesthetics valuation, etiquette valuation, and technical valuation.

9. Name the four cardinal platonic virtues introduced by Plato in ethics.

- Answer: Wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice.

10. Enumerate the three parts of the self according to Plato's philosophy.
- Answer: Passion/emotion, will/desire, and reason or intellect.

11. What are the three factors that Plato believed lead to justice?
- Answer: Teamwork, equality, and leadership.

12. List three sources of authority that influence ethical behavior.

- Answer: Law, religion (divine command theory), and culture (cultural relativism).
Multiple-Choice Questions:

13. Which branch of ethics primarily deals with the study of how people make moral valuations without
making judgments about what is right or wrong?
a) Aesthetics
b) Descriptive ethics
c) Normative ethics
d) Etiquette valuation
- Answer: b) Descriptive ethics

14. What is the primary concern of cultural relativism in ethics?

a) Prescribing ethical norms universally
b) Acknowledging aesthetic differences
c) Recognizing the authority of law
d) Criticizing Plato's theories
- Answer: b) Acknowledging aesthetic differences

15. Which ethical theory suggests that individuals always act in their self-interest and seek to maximize
personal gain?
a) Divine command theory
b) Cultural relativism
c) Psychological egoism
d) Normative ethics
- Answer: c) Psychological egoism

Chapter 2: Utilitarianism

Identification Questions:

1. What principle in utilitarianism aims to maximize the total happiness of the members of the
community?
- Answer: Greatest Happiness.

2. What is the term used to define what is good and bad in utilitarianism?
- Answer: Moral Right.

3. What is the concept that represents the aim behind a person's actions, whether good or bad?
- Answer: Intent.
4. In the context of utilitarianism, what is the principle concerned with justifying one's rights and
equality?
- Answer: Justice.

5. What principle in utilitarianism differentiates between actions that promote happiness and those that
promote unhappiness and pain?
- Answer: Utility.

6. What is the term for mental pleasures in utilitarianism?

- Answer: Higher Pleasures.

Enumeration Questions:

7. List the components of the Felicific Calculus, a framework introduced by Jeremy Bentham to evaluate
pleasure and pain.
- Answer: Intensity, Duration, Certainty or uncertainty, Propinquity or remoteness, Fecundity, Purity,
and Extent.

8. Name three notable works by Jeremy Bentham, the philosopher who significantly contributed to
utilitarianism.
- Answer: "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," "The Panopticon," and "Theory of
Fictions."

9. What are the two sovereign masters that govern one's actions, according to Jeremy Bentham's
utilitarian philosophy?
- Answer: Pleasure and Pain.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

10. According to utilitarianism, what is the primary aim of moral actions?

a) To prevent unhappiness
b) To maximize total happiness
c) To satisfy individual desires
d) To avoid pain
- Answer: b) To maximize total happiness

11. What is the principle introduced by Jeremy Bentham to quantitatively evaluate pleasure and pain?
a) Felicific Calculus
b) Moral Right
c) Intent Analysis
d) Utility Assessment
- Answer: a) Felicific Calculus
12. Who supported Jeremy Bentham's principle of utility and argued that quality is preferable to
quantity when measuring pleasure and pain?
a) John Stuart Mill
b) Immanuel Kant
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Aristotle
- Answer: a) John Stuart Mill

13. In utilitarianism, what does the principle of the greatest number emphasize?
a) Selfish acts
b) Maximizing one's happiness
c) Sacrifices for personal gain
d) The happiness of the greatest number
- Answer: d) The happiness of the greatest number

14. According to John Stuart Mill, what is the core of judgments of justice?
a) Felicific Calculus
b) Moral Rights
c) Utility Assessment
d) Intent Analysis
- Answer: b) Moral Rights

15. What principle did John Stuart Mill propose as the only legitimate use of power in a civilized
community?
a) The Principle of Utility
b) The Harm Principle
c) The Felicific Calculus
d) The Principle of the Greatest Number
- Answer: b) The Harm Principle

Chapter 3: Natural Law

Identification Questions:

1. What is the theory of ethics that posits human beings possess intrinsic values governing reasoning
and behavior?
- Answer: Natural Law.

2. Who was the prominent Italian Dominican friar and philosopher who played a significant role in the
development of Natural Law theory?
 - Answer: Thomas Aquinas.

3. What term is used to describe the capacity of a being to receive some perfection or perform some
action?
- Answer: Potency.

4. What does "Final Cause" in Aristotle's philosophy refer to?

- Answer: The end or goal of an object, or what the object is good for.

5. What is the first part of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" concerned with?
- Answer: It emphasizes the harmonious relationship between God's governance and human freedom.

Enumeration Questions:

6. List the four causes in Aristotle's philosophy.

- Answer: Material cause, Formal cause, Efficient cause, and Final cause.

7. What are the four inclinations Thomas Aquinas identified as part of human nature in the context of
Natural Law?
- Answer: Inclination to preserve one's being, inclination to engage in sexual activity and reproduce,
inclination to pursue the truth, and inclination to live in society.

8. Name the three parts of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" and briefly describe what each part
emphasizes.
- Answer:
- Part 1: Emphasizes the harmonious relationship between God's governance and human freedom, as
well as the ultimate purpose and order within the universe.
- Part 2: Focuses on the acknowledgment of human dependence on divine grace for ultimate
happiness and salvation, emphasizing the significance of divine intervention.
- Part 3: Highlights how God's grace and redemption from sin are made possible for humanity through
Jesus and the importance of receiving Jesus and adhering to His teachings.

Multiple-Choice Questions:

9. What does Natural Law theory emphasize?

a) Intrinsic values governing reasoning and behavior
b) Cultural relativism
c) Moral relativism
d) Divine command theory
- Answer: a) Intrinsic values governing reasoning and behavior
10. Who is the philosopher credited for introducing the concept of potential and actuality to the
development of beings?
a) John Stuart Mill
b) Thomas Aquinas
c) Aristotle
d) Plato
- Answer: c) Aristotle

11. Which inclination in Thomas Aquinas' Natural Law theory involves the pursuit of truth and
knowledge?
a) Inclination to preserve one's being
b) Inclination to engage in sexual activity and reproduce
c) Inclination to pursue the truth
d) Inclination to live in society
- Answer: c) Inclination to pursue the truth

12. In Aristotle's philosophy, what is the efficient cause of a table?

a) The wood from which the table is made
b) The table itself
c) The carpenter who made the table
d) The purpose the table serves
- Answer: c) The carpenter who made the table

13. Which part of Thomas Aquinas' "Summa Theologica" emphasizes the significance of divine grace and
divine intervention in achieving spiritual fulfillment and salvation?
a) Part 1
b) Part 2
c) Part 3
d) Part 4
- Answer: b) Part 2

14. According to Aristotle, what is becoming?

a) The state of existence
b) The arrangement or shape of a thing
c) The process of change and transformation
d) The end or goal of an object
- Answer: c) The process of change and transformation

15. What is the ultimate source of divine guidance and transcendent good in Thomas Aquinas' Natural
Law theory?
a) Human intellect
b) Intrinsic human values
 c) A loving God
d) Cultural norms
- Answer: c) A loving God

Chapter 4: Deontology

Identification Questions:

1. What is a rational will in the context of deontology?

- Answer: A rational will is one that consciously chooses methods to achieve a goal and complies with
rules applicable to all rational wills.

2. In deontology, what term refers to the concept of obligation and the responsibility to act with good
intentions?
- Answer: Duty.

3. What are maxims in deontology, and how are they characterized?

- Answer: Maxims are arbitrary rules of conduct characterized by being subjective principles of action
or personal rules we live by.

4. What is the principle that suggests one should "act only by that maxim through which you can at the
same time will that it become a universal law"?
- Answer: Universalizability principle.

5. In the context of deontology, what does autonomy refer to?

- Answer: Autonomy refers to the individual's ability to be self-governing, self-legislating, and to give
the law to themselves.

Enumeration Questions:

6. List the four key elements of Immanuel Kant's "Categorical Imperative" as outlined in his
"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals."
- Answer:
- Action
- Maxim
- Will
- Universal Law

7. What are the two categories of human choice described by Kant, and how do they differ?
- Answer: Kant distinguishes between free choice, which is determined by pure reason, and arbitrium
brutum, which is determined solely by inclination or impulse.
Multiple-Choice Questions:

8. In deontology, what distinguishes human choice from animal choice according to Kant?
a) Human choice is irrational, while animal choice is rational.
b) Human choice is solely determined by impulses, while animal choice is guided by reason.
c) Human choice can be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal choice lacks
rationality.
d) Human choice is subject to external authority, while animal choice is autonomous.
- Answer: c) Human choice can be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal choice
lacks rationality.

9. What is the universalizability principle in deontology?

a) The principle that states every action must benefit the majority of society.
b) The principle that actions should be guided by personal preferences.
c) The principle that suggests one should act only according to a maxim that can be a universal law.
d) The principle that emphasizes autonomy and self-governance.
- Answer: c) The principle that suggests one should act only according to a maxim that can be a
universal law.

10. What does rational permissibility refer to in deontology?

a) The intrinsic quality of an action that is objectively and unavoidably sensible.
b) The acceptability of an action based on cultural and spiritual influences.
c) The capacity to recognize and feel morally wrong actions as a source of subjective pleasure.
d) The principle that actions should be guided by subjective preferences.
- Answer: a) The intrinsic quality of an action that is objectively and unavoidably sensible.

11. Which of the following is NOT one of the four key elements of Immanuel Kant's "Categorical
Imperative"?
a) Universal Law
b) Maxim
c) Autonomy
d) Action
- Answer: c) Autonomy

12. What is the fundamental focus of deontology?

a) Evaluating actions based on their consequences.
b) Emphasizing cultural and moral relativism.
c) Emphasizing the importance of duty, moral obligation, and good intentions.
d) Prioritizing individual happiness and personal preferences.
- Answer: c) Emphasizing the importance of duty, moral obligation, and good intentions.
13. What is the key characteristic that distinguishes a rational will from animal impulse in deontology?
a) Rational will is solely determined by impulses, while animal impulse is guided by reason.
b) Rational will be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal impulse lacks rationality.
c) Rational will is subject to external authority, while the animal impulse is autonomous.
d) Rational will is driven solely by immediate impulses, while animal impulse is guided by pure reason.
- Answer: b) Rational will can be influenced but not determined by impulses, while animal impulse
lacks rationality.

14. In deontology, what is the primary emphasis of a formal moral theory?

a) Providing specific moral commands.
b) Offering procedural frameworks for determining moral rules.
c) Focusing on subjective moral preferences.
d) Promoting cultural and spiritual influences on morality.
- Answer: b) Offering procedural frameworks for determining moral rules.

15. What does the universalizability test in deontology help determine?

a) The cultural relevance of a moral principle.
b) The subjective pleasure derived from moral actions.
c) The intrinsic quality of

Chapter 5: Virtue Ethics

1. What is virtue ethics primarily concerned with?

a) Rules and duties
b) Consequences of actions
c) Developing virtuous character
d) Ethical principles
Answer: c) Developing virtuous character

2. Which Greek term is equivalent to the highest good or ultimate purpose in virtue ethics?
a) Hedonism
b) Eudaimonia
c) Telos
d) Arete
Answer: b) Eudaimonia

3. In Aristotle's ethical framework, what is the ultimate goal for human beings?
a) Wealth and material possessions
b) Pleasure and hedonism
c) Eudaimonia (happiness and well-being)
d) Fame and recognition
 Answer: c) Eudaimonia (happiness and well-being)

4. What does Aristotle believe distinguishes a good person from others?

a) Wealth and social status
b) Physical strength
c) Rational activity performed well
d) Blind adherence to societal norms
Answer: c) Rational activity performed well

5. According to Aristotle, how does one arrive at their highest good (eudaimonia)?
a) Pursuing pleasure and hedonism
b) Following social conventions and norms
c) Engaging in rational activities in accordance with reason
d) Accumulating material wealth
Answer: c) Engaging in rational activities in accordance with reason

6. What is the term used to describe the mean or intermediate state between excess and deficiency in
virtue ethics?
a) Virtue
b) Telos
c) Mesotes
d) Arete
Answer: c) Mesotes

7. Aristotle suggests that a morally virtuous person seeks to find the middle ground:
a) Relative to them as an individual
b) Relative to societal norms
c) Relative to the situation
d) Relative to their desires
Answer: c) Relative to the situation

8. Which element of the human soul is divided into moral and intellectual aspects in Aristotle's ethics?
a) Vegetative aspect
b) Rational faculty
c) Appetitive aspect
d) Philosophical aspect
Answer: b) Rational faculty

9. What is the ultimate goal of developing a practical wisdom according to Aristotle?

a) Achieving happiness through hedonistic pursuits
b) Finding a static point between excess and deficiency
c) Identifying the mean relative to societal norms
 d) Knowing the proper way to carry out feelings, passions, and actions
Answer: d) Knowing the proper way to carry out feelings, passions, and actions

10. In Aristotle's virtue ethics, what is considered a character developed through habitual actions,
focusing on the right balance between feelings and passions?
a) Hedonism
b) Eudaimonia
c) Virtue
d) Arete
Answer: c) Virtue

11. What distinguishes moral virtue, according to Aristotle?

a) It is a state of character concerned with extreme emotions only.
b) It is a static point between excess and deficiency.
c) It is a mean relative to societal norms.
d) It is a mean determined by a rational principle.
Answer: d) It is a mean determined by a rational principle.

12. Aristotle's virtue of courage is described as:

a) Recklessness
b) Cowardice
c) A mean between cowardice and recklessness
d) Excessive courage
Answer: c) A mean between cowardice and recklessness

13. Aristotle's ethical framework is mainly focused on:

a) Following a set of rules and duties.
b) Maximizing happiness regardless of actions.
c) Developing virtuous character.
d) Achieving pleasure at all costs.
Answer: c) Developing virtuous character

14. Which of Aristotle's works is his most renowned work on ethics?

a) Politics
b) Eudemian Ethics
c) Nicomachean Ethics
d) Metaphysics
Answer: c) Nicomachean Ethics

15. What is the Greek term that represents the highest good and ultimate purpose for humans in virtue
ethics?
a) Hedonism
 b) Arete
c) Telos
d) Eudaimonia
Answer: d) Eudaimonia

Chapter 6: Synthesis: Making Informed Decisions

1. What are the four major ethical theories or frameworks introduced in this chapter?
- A) Relativism, Existentialism, Egoism, Nihilism
- B) Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Kantian Deontology
- C) Categorical Imperative, Social Contract, Golden Mean, Four Noble Truths
- D) Pragmatism, Hedonism, Absurdism, Idealism

Answer: B) Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Kantian Deontology

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of moral valuation discussed in the chapter?
- A) Cultural level
- B) Personal level
- C) Social level
- D) Environmental level

Answer: A) Cultural level

3. What famous saying emphasized the importance of self-awareness, which Reyes discussed?
- A) "Know the Unknown"
- B) "Cogito, ergo sum"
- C) "YOLO"
- D) "Epimeleia he auto"

Answer: D) "Epimeleia he auto"

4. What term does Reyes use to describe the forces and events that shape an individual's identity
outside their choosing?
- A) External factors
- B) Cross-points
- C) Deterministic agents
- D) Unforeseen influences

Answer: B) Cross-points
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the four cross-points of identity identified by Reyes?
- A) Physical Cross-Point
- B) Philosophical Cross-Point
- C) Interpersonal Cross-Point
- D) Historical Cross-Point

Answer: B) Philosophical Cross-Point

6. According to Reyes, what is the role of the moral agent in the context of external factors?
- A) To reject all external influences
- B) To be entirely shaped by external forces
- C) To navigate the tension between external conditioning and personal freedom
- D) To disregard external factors completely

Answer: C) To navigate the tension between external conditioning and personal freedom

7. What does Reyes suggest about an individual's freedom and capacity for choice?
- A) Freedom is unlimited and unrestricted.
- B) Freedom is an illusion and doesn't exist.
- C) Freedom allows individuals to choose but is not unlimited.
- D) Freedom is purely a rational concept.

Answer: C) Freedom allows individuals to choose but is not unlimited.

8. What is the space where ethics helps individuals figure out what's right for them, according to Reyes?
- A) A fixed moral code
- B) An external set of rules
- C) The intersection of past influences and personal choices
- D) A predetermined path

Answer: C) The intersection of past influences and personal choices

9. What does Kohlberg emphasize about the realization of an individual's freedom to determine moral
principles?
- A) It occurs instantly.
- B) It is entirely shaped by rational thought.
- C) It is unrelated to maturity.
- D) It happens in a process of maturity and is shaped by feelings.

Answer: D) It happens in a process of maturity and is shaped by feelings.

10. According to Reyes, what is an essential element in maturity, especially in the realm of ethics?
- A) Strict adherence to rules
- B) Rational thought
- C) Shaping identity solely by external factors
- D) Recognizing the influence of feelings on moral choices

Answer: D) Recognizing the influence of feelings on moral choices

11. What does Reyes emphasize about the role of ethics in an individual's life?
- A) Ethics imposes external forces on decision-making.
- B) Ethics is irrelevant to identity formation.
- C) Ethics is about finding the best way to live life, considering one's influences and dreams.
- D) Ethics is solely about following rules without question.

Answer: C) Ethics is about finding the best way to live life, considering one's influences and dreams.

12. According to Reyes, what is the relationship between an individual's choices and external influences?
- A) Choices are entirely a product of external influences.
- B) Choices are exclusively rational and not influenced by feelings.
- C) Choices must be made in the spirit of freedom, acknowledging the role of feelings and rational
thought.
- D) Choices are predetermined by genetics.

Answer: C) Choices must be made in the spirit of freedom, acknowledging the role of feelings and
rational thought.

13. What is the significance of knowing yourself, as per the ancient Greek saying?
- A) It leads to complete autonomy.
- B) It is irrelevant to ethical thought.
- C) It helps individuals make well-informed moral decisions.
- D) It restricts personal freedom.

Answer: C) It helps individuals make well-informed moral decisions.

14. What does Reyes emphasize about personal freedom?

- A) It is unlimited and unrestricted.
- B) It is unrelated to an individual's identity.
- C) It allows individuals to choose but isn't unlimited.
- D) It is irrelevant in ethical decision-making.

Answer: C) It allows individuals to choose but isn't unlimited.

15. What does Reyes suggest is the main role of ethics?
- A) To provide a fixed path for everyone to follow.
- B) To impose external influences on individuals.
- C) To help individuals navigate the tension between past influences and personal choices.
- D) To restrict personal freedom entirely.

Answer: C) To help individuals navigate the tension between past influences and personal choices.