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EFFECT OF DRUMSTICK TREE (Moringa Oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT THROUGH DRINKING WATER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix Japonica) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATIONS
EFFECT OF DRUMSTICK TREE (Moringa Oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT THROUGH DRINKING WATER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix Japonica) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATIONS
JUNE 2022
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Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
University town, Musuan, Bukidnon
Collage of Agriculture
Department of Animal Science
APPROVAL SHEET
Recommending Approval:
Approved:
Noted:
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
Initial Weight 17
Final Weight 17
Average Body Weight Gain 18
Average Daily Gain 19
Average Feed Consumption 20
Feed Efficiency 21
Treatment Consumption 22
Return Above Feed Cost 24
LITERATURE CITED 28
APPENDICES 31
DOCUMENTATION 40
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LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
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4b Analysis of variance on the average daily weight gain
(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 36
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
PAGE
2 Hatching of chicks 41
3 Brooding day 1 42
4 Brooding day 8 43
5 Preparation of Treatment 44
6 Treatment 45
7 Weighing of birds 46
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1
INTRODUCTION
Quails belong to very small groups of birds and partridges. They have
a distinctive body shape and a small, powerful frame. About 20 varieties of
quails are present all over the world, while 70 domestic quails are kept as
poultry birds. An estimated 1.4 billion quails are farmed annually for their meat
and eggs. Quails (Coturnix japonica) are known as gaming birds and are used
for recreational sports and leisure purposes, yet quails are more than game
birds. Raising quails is a profitable activity, as birds are easy to feed. It does
not entail the building of large holding pens. It only requires minimal
resources, but can provide instant returns. Indeed, quails can stand well with
chicken as a source of healthy meat and eggs (BD, 2020).
Today, many people are unfamiliar with the breeds of quails being
raised in Philippines. The most commonly farmed species of quail is the
Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) domesticated around the 11th century in
Japan. Originally this species is kept as songbirds which are brought to
Europe but now they are bred for their meat and eggs. Quails are infected by
typical diseases of poultry but somewhat they developed immunity to certain
diseases. Japanese quails mature in around 6 weeks and is typically in full
egg development at 50 days of age. With due treatment, hens were expected
to lay 200 eggs in their first year of lay. Life expectancy is just between 2 and
2 1⁄2 years (Randall, 2006).
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) is a widely grown crop in India,
Ethiopia, Philippines, and Sudan. The tree is being grown in West, East, and
South Africa and tropical Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Florida, and the
Pacific Islands. Many researchers have noticed their nutritional and medicinal
benefits (ABBAS, 2013). In certain parts of the world, Moringa oleifera is an
important food source. Since it can be cultivated cheaply and easily, and
leaves preserve a lot of vitamins and minerals when dry. Moringa can avoid
both extreme drought and moderate frost and is thus commonly cultivated all
over the world. Each part of the tree is ideal for both nutritional and
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commercial purposes, with its high nutrient values. The leaves are high in
nutrients, vitamins, and other valuable plant materials. Extracts from the
leaves are used to treat starvation, which raises breast milk in lactating
mothers. It is used as a possible antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
anti-diabetic, and anti-microbial agent.
Up until now, Moringa oleifera has been limited in its use on farm
animals to boost productivity and health conditions. While Moringa oleifera
has been shown to have medicinal significance for the health of livestock, the
use and mode of action of Moringa oleifera in poultry rations are still being on
the process (Shad, 2019). Taking this into consideration, this study will show
the effect of Moringa oleifera as a substance mix in the drinking water of
young chicks’ Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There is a demand for quail eggs and meat that marketing is not
something to be worried about. In streets, stores, restaurants, hotels, and
bars, quail eggs and meat are in great demand. Quail eggs can be sold fresh,
boiled, salted, pickled, or as “balut” (Lesaca, 2019). In spite of the economic
potential of quail farming, it has not attracted the interest of large-scale
investors and producers because of lack of information, particularly on
feeding. This is the motivation behind the project of the Department of
Agriculture-Livestock Development Council to develop modern yet simple
strategies for raising quail (BD, 2020).
that produces eggs and meat with a distinct flavor (Vali, 2008). The Japanese
quail is now bred around the world and it originated in China and Japan, and
the quail industry offers a strong source of income and jobs in low-income
countries. According to Dr. Lauren Edwards (2019), The Japanese quail is a
surprisingly diverse animal. Its small size, rapid growth rate and high
production efficiency make it an ideal species for use on the farm and in the
laboratory. In some countries, quail are farmed for release as game birds.
Combined with a comparatively recent domestication period, the life-history
pattern means that Japanese quails are prone to a variety of welfare
challenges in commercial agricultural systems. According to Maurice Randall
(2006), they are infected by typical diseases of poultry but are somewhat
immune to the disease. Quail are fairly disease resistant.
mill. 60 g of the ground particles were then soaked in one litre of water for 24
hours then filtered. The extracts then diluted and added to the drinking water
of the experimental birds. The result shows that when compared to the
control, up to 90 ml/litre of aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be added
to the drinking water of broiler chickens to reduce feed consumption (12.83%)
and enhance feed conversion efficiency (9.11%). Thigh weight was similar up
to the 90 ml/litre inclusion level, and no significant variations in any of the
other carcass characteristics were found. The author’s study shows that
Aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used to replace synthetic
antibiotic as growth promoter.
A total of sixty (60) heads, day old quail birds regardless of the sex was
used in the study. The birds were allowed to acclimate for 21 days before
commencement of the experiment. The birds were randomly distributed into
four (4) dietary treatments which were laid out in Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three (3) times with five (5)
birds per replication. The following experimental treatments were used for the
study.
Four (4) pen units, with an area of a half square meter each that could
accommodate five (5) quails were constructed. The walls and floors of the
pens were disinfected after washing with detergent and water. Old
newspapers spread on hay/straw as litter materials were used for the first 21
days of the chicks’ life. Clean and disinfected feeders and drinkers were set in
a place accessible to the birds. Each pen unit were properly be labelled for
easy identification of each treatment group. In addition, a traditional charcoal
pot or light bulbs were placed at a strategic area of each pen unit. Lit charcoal
pieces are placed in the pot to burn and release convectional heat to the
surrounding to keep the chicks warm. Chicks require heat for the first 2-3
weeks when feathers are developing. The pens were randomly stocked with
quail birds at 5 birds per unit.
Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves were obtain within Bukidnon locality. The
leaves were air dried for 5 days, 60g of ground Moringa particles were
immersed in one liter of water. In order to isolate the debris from the filtrate
(extracts) and the extracts in a clean bottle, the preparation were then purified
using cloth and diluted using tap water.
duration of the study using drinking pot. It was given on the 21st day the
drinking water with an aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts.
Data Gathered
The following data were collected and determined over a period of 24 days.
The use of weighing scale helps identify the weights of each bird. After
weighing the birds, each weight was tallied in the record book. The data
gathered will be derived using the following formula:
a. Water intake (ml) = amount of water given – water left over (ml)
The drinking water given to the birds in each treatment were measured
daily and the left over water were also measured. Water intakes were
determined by calculating the difference between the left over and the
initial quantity of water given
For getting the data of the average initial weight it was obtained during
the 21 days rearing period of the experimental animals. To calculate
the average, the weights of the five (5) chicks were added and divided
by the population.
c. Average Final Weight (g) = for the average final weight, it is weighed
on the final day.
The average final weight was obtained at the end of rearing period, on
the 24th day, excluding the brooding period. To calculate the average,
the weights of five (5) quails were added and divided by the population
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h. Return above Feed and Supplementation Cost = Gross return per head
– (Cost of DOC + total feed cost + total treatment cost)
Return above feed and added cost is obtained by subtracting the cost
of DOC, total feed cost, and total treatment cost from the gross return
per head of the broiler chicken.
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PARTICULARS
Ingredients
Corn Meat and Bone Meal Lysine Sulphate
Cassava Meal Brewer’s Dried Grains & DL-Methionine
Yeast
Soybean Meal Crude Coconut Oil Choline Chloride
Full Fat Soya Crude Palm Oil Vit. Min. Premix
Rice Bran Toxin Binders Enzymes
Wheat Pollard Mineral Premix Fish Meal
Pork Meal Inorganic Phosphate Iodized Salt
Poultry Meal L-Lysine and L-Threonine Molasses
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
PARTICULARS
Ingredients
Corn Fish and Pork Meal Iodize salt
Cassava Meal Poultry and Feather L-lysine
Meal
Soybean Meal Toxin Binder Lysine Sulphate
Full Fat Soya Meat and Bone Meal DL-Methinonine
Rice Bran Crude Coconut Oil L-Threonine
Wheat Pollard Crude Palm Oil Choline Chloride
Copra Meal Molasses Enzymes
Corn Germ, Gluten Limestone Mold Inhibitor
Meal
Corn Gluten Feed Inorganic Phosphate Antioxidants
Corn Bran Brewer’s Dried Yeast
Grains
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
Statistical Analysis
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Table 4. Average initial weights and final weight of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels
of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking
water.
F-test ns ns
ns = non-significant
MOLE = Moringa Oleifera leaf extract
3, 5 and 7g /Kg of diet led to an increase in body weight by 4.03, 8.85 and
18.9 %. Result showed that bird fed diet supplemented with (7g MOL/Kg of
diet) had significantly (P<0.05) the higher body weight gain compared with the
other dietary treatments. This improvement could be attributed to a reduced
bacterial load in the intestine that causes disease, as well as improved
intestinal lumen health, which improved nutrient absorption and utilization of
the dietary nutrients.
Table 5. Average body weight gain and Average Daily Gain of Japanese
Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement
with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.
F-test ns ns
ns = non-significant
MOLE = Moringa Oleifera leaf extract
environment in the gut which improved the digestion, absorption and nutrient
utilization (Hassan, 2016).
Feed Efficiency
Feed efficiency is the ratio between the total feed consumed over the
total weight gain of the birds. The lower the value, the more efficient are the
birds in converting feed to live weight. Table 6 showed non-significant
differences among the treatment for the feed efficiency of the birds. However,
Treatment 3 had a higher feed efficiency value of 6.57 followed by Treatment
1 with 6.63, Treatment 4 with 6.76 and Treatment 2 with 6.79.
This implies that Treatment 2 more efficient than that of Treatment 1,
Treatment 3 and Treatment 4. Lesser feed efficiency means more efficient in
converting feed to weight gain. For fed conversion ratio (FCR), same results
were obtained by (Mahmud, 2016) who found that no significant difference in
the FCR quail birds fed different levels of MOLM as partial from soybean.
Also, (Nkukwana, 2014) found that no significant differences were observed in
feed intake between treatments during periods from 0 to 21 day and 0 to 35
day while, FCR was the highest (P<0.05) in birds supplemented with MOLM,
except for 3, 9 and 15 g/kg. (Paguia, 2014) found that using 0.20, 0.30, 0.40
and 0.50% MOLM in broiler diets did not significantly (P<0.05) influence the
broilers FCR.
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Treatment Consumption
F-test ns ns **
Table 8. Return above feed cost (Php) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)
fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
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PARTICULARS TREATMENT
1 2 3 4
Average final weight 141.40 142.47 139.00 139.73
Price per Kilogram (Php) 450 450 450 450
Gross return/head (Php) 63.63 64.11 62.55 62.88
Cost of DOC/head (Php) 13 13 13 13
Feed consumption (g)/head
a. CBM (kg) 250g 250g 250g 250g
b. BSC (kg) 635.00 634.27 593.60 625.53
Price/kg of feed (Php)
a. CBM (kg) 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
b. BSC (kg) 33.00 33.00 33.00 33.00
Feed cost (Php)
a. CBM 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75
b. BSC 20.95 20.93 19.59 20.64
Total feed cost (Php): 29.7 29.68 28.34 29.39
70 64.11
63.63 62.55 62.88
60
50 46.31
40
30
20.93
20 16.09 16.58
12.85
10 7.27 7.47 5.77
Figure 1. Graphical result of the return above feed cost (Php) Japanese
Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement
with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.
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LITERATURE CITED
Abbas, T. (2013). The use of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets. Turkish Journal
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 492-496.
BD. (2020, June 29). Business Diary ph. Retrieved Jan 21, 2021, from
businessdiary.com.ph/: https://businessdiary.com.ph/11754/quail-just-
game-bird/
APPENDICES
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Analysis of Variance
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Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 97.477
CV = 6.74%
ns = non-significant
34
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 386.970
CV = 4.80%
ns = non-significant
35
Appendix 3a. Average body weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water.
CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant
Appendix 3b. Analysis of variance on the average body weight gain (grams) of
Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 337.347
CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant
Appendix 4a. Average daily weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
36
CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant
Appendix 4b. Analysis of variance on the average daily weight gain (grams) of
Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 0.586
CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant
CV = 6.84%
ns = non-significant
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 17903.320
CV = 6.84%
ns = non-significant
CV = 7.44%
ns = non-significant
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 2.077
CV = 7.44%
ns = non-significant
Appendix 7a. Total water intake (ml) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)
fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
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CV = 6.43%
** = highly significant
Appendix 7b. Analysis of variance on the water intake (ml) of Japanese Quails
(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with
varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.
Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01
Total 11 4591304.587
CV = 6.43%
** = highly significant
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DOCUMENTATION
41
Figure 6. Treatment
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