EFFECT OF DRUMSTICK TREE (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT

THROUGH DRINKING WATER ON THE GROWTH

PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL
(Coturnix japonica) FED WITH
COMMERCIAL RATIONS

KEANU JAMILI ABELLA

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Animal science

JUNE 2022

i
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
University town, Musuan, Bukidnon

Collage of Agriculture
Department of Animal Science

APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate thesis attached hereto entitled, “EFFECT OF

DRUMSTICK TREE (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT THROUGH DRINKING
WATER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix
japonica) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATIONS” (Research no.20484), prepared and
submitted by KEANU J. ABELLA, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Animal Science), is hereby endorsed.

GORAM C. BALANSAG, MS _________

Chair, Thesis Advisory Committee Date

ANDRIAN D. RAGANDANG, MS _________

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee Date

WINSON M. GUTIERREZ, Ph.D. _________

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee Date

Recommending Approval:

WINSON M. GUTIERREZ, PhD _________

Department Chair Date

SYLVIA MINDA T. DARGANTES, PhD _________

Research Coordinator Date

Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

of Science in Agriculture (Animal Science).

Approved:

MARIA ESTELA B. DETALLA, PhD _________

College Dean Date

Noted:

JUPITER V. CASAS, PhD _________

Director for Research Date

ii
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Keanu J. Abella also known as “Kyan” was born on September

25,1999. He lives at Purok 7, Dabong-dabong, Mailag, Valencia City,
Bukidnon. He is the older of the only two sons of Darwin A. Abella and Benie
J. Abella.
He finished his Elementary Education at Sunbeam Christian Academy
of Bangcud Inc. in the Year 2012. In his Junior High School Education, he
graduated at Bukidnon State University at Malaybalay City Bukidnon at the
year 2016.
He also finished his Senior Highschool at Bukidnon State University at
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon at the year 2018.
He attended his first tertiary studies at Central Mindanao University
(CMU) taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Animal Science.
In his college years, he became an excellent and competitive student, he also
participated in various activities like Street Dancing. He is a member of the
Organization of Animal Science Major Students (ORGASMS) in year 2018 to
present.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

No one who achieves success does so without acknowledging the help

of others. The wise and confident acknowledge this help with gratitude (A.N.
Whitehead). This piece of work will not be made possible without the help,
love, and support of the people who have contributed a huge role for the
success of this study.
First and foremost, the author would like to express his immeasurable
deepest gratitude to the one who made all the necessary things possible, for
the motivation and inspiration in every single pinch of the day and for pushing
him up and giving him solution in every dark situation, the author of all
creation “Our Almighty God”.
The author wishes to extend his gratitude and appreciation to the
following people for their valuable support, inspiration and assistance in the
pursuit of this undergraduate study and making it a success.
To Sir RICHMOND M. JOROMAT, as his first adviser, for the guidance
and for imparting his guidance and knowledge in a short time he is been with
the author. To Sir Goram C. Balansag, his current adviser, for accepting the
author as his advisee. For being considerate all the time, for the patience,
guidance, corrections, suggestions and checking the authors’ draft to improve
the study’s content. To his past panel members, Sir JOHNNY M. CALLEJO
and to his current panel members Sir. ANDRIAN D. RAGANDANG and Dr.
WINSON M. GUTIERREZ, Department Chair of the Animal Science, for their
support and guidance.
Endless thanks and gratitude to his parents Darwin A. Abella and
Benie J. Abella, for their financial support, love and care, and for the unending
prayers. To his cousin, Danny Jones A. Gallano for the encouragements and
support. Lastly to his fellow classmates for being there. Thank you.

KEANU JAMILI ABELLA

iv
 ABSTRACT

EFFECT OF DRUMSTICK TREE (Moringa oleifera) LEAF EXTRACT

THROUGH DRINKING WATER ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF
JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica) FED WITH COMMERCIAL RATIONS
BY KEANU JAMILI ABELLA, Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Animal
science), Central Mindanao University, March 2022.

Adviser: Goram C. Balansag, MS

This study was conducted to determine the effect of drumstick tree

(moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water on the growth
performance of Japanese quail (coturnix japonica) fed with commercial
rations. It aims to determine the total weight gain, average daily gain, Initial
weight, Final weight, average feed consumption and feed efficiency of quails
per treatment, treatment consumption, and return above feed cost and
supplementation cost.
It was conducted at Purok-7, Dabong-dabong, Mailag, Valencia City,
Bukidnon, Philippines on November 2021 to January 2022. The experiment
was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The different dietary
treatment were as follows: (T1) 1000 ml (Control), (T2) 950 ml + 50 ml
Moringa oleifera leaf extracts, (T3) 900 ml + 100 ml Moringa oleifera leaf
extracts, (T4) 850 ml + 150 ml Moringa oleifera leaf extracts.
Based on the result, no significant differences were observed with the
addition of Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking
water on the growth performance of the Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica).
Thus, Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract does not have an effect on
the weight and weight percentage of the growth of Japanese quails.

Keyword: Growth performance, Moringa oleifera, Coturnix japonica,

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

Objectives of the study 3

Time and Place of the Study 3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4

Philippine Quail Industry 4

Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) 4
Drumtick tree (Moringa Oleifera) 5
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) as feed 7

MATERIALS AND METHOD 9

Facilities and Equipment 9

Experiment Design and Treatment 9
Care and Management of the Experimental Units 11
Preparation of the Treatment 11
Feed and water management 11
Data Gathered 12
Statistical Analysis 16

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 17

Initial Weight 17
Final Weight 17
Average Body Weight Gain 18
Average Daily Gain 19
Average Feed Consumption 20
Feed Efficiency 21
Treatment Consumption 22
Return Above Feed Cost 24

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 27

LITERATURE CITED 28

APPENDICES 31

DOCUMENTATION 40

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

1 Chemical Composition (%) of Drumstick 10

tree leaves
2 Composition and guaranteed analysis of 14
chick booster mash
3 Composition and guaranteed analysis of 15
broiler starter crumble

vii
 LIST OF APPENDICES

PAGE

1 Experimental lay-out in a Completely Randomized

Design 32

1a Average initial weights (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 33

1b Analysis of variance on the average initial weights

(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 33

2a Average final weights (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 34

2b Analysis of variance on the average final weights (grams)

of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 34

3a Average body weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 35

3b Analysis of variance on the average body weight gain

(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 35

4a Average daily weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 36

viii
4b Analysis of variance on the average daily weight gain
(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 36

5a Average feed consumption (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 37

5b Analysis of variance on the average feed consumption

(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 37

6a Average feed efficiency (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 38

6b Analysis of variance on the average feed efficiency

(grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 38

7a Total water intake (ml) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix

japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with
varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf
extract through drinking water. 39

7b Analysis of variance on the water intake (ml) of Japanese

Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water. 39

LIST OF FIGURES

ix
 PAGE

1 Graphical result of the return above feed cost (Php)

Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water. 26

2 Hatching of chicks 41

3 Brooding day 1 42

4 Brooding day 8 43

5 Preparation of Treatment 44

6 Treatment 45

7 Weighing of birds 46

x
 1

INTRODUCTION

Quails belong to very small groups of birds and partridges. They have
a distinctive body shape and a small, powerful frame. About 20 varieties of
quails are present all over the world, while 70 domestic quails are kept as
poultry birds. An estimated 1.4 billion quails are farmed annually for their meat
and eggs. Quails (Coturnix japonica) are known as gaming birds and are used
for recreational sports and leisure purposes, yet quails are more than game
birds. Raising quails is a profitable activity, as birds are easy to feed. It does
not entail the building of large holding pens. It only requires minimal
resources, but can provide instant returns. Indeed, quails can stand well with
chicken as a source of healthy meat and eggs (BD, 2020).
Today, many people are unfamiliar with the breeds of quails being
raised in Philippines. The most commonly farmed species of quail is the
Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) domesticated around the 11th century in
Japan. Originally this species is kept as songbirds which are brought to
Europe but now they are bred for their meat and eggs. Quails are infected by
typical diseases of poultry but somewhat they developed immunity to certain
diseases. Japanese quails mature in around 6 weeks and is typically in full
egg development at 50 days of age. With due treatment, hens were expected
to lay 200 eggs in their first year of lay. Life expectancy is just between 2 and
2 1⁄2 years (Randall, 2006).
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) is a widely grown crop in India,
Ethiopia, Philippines, and Sudan. The tree is being grown in West, East, and
South Africa and tropical Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Florida, and the
Pacific Islands. Many researchers have noticed their nutritional and medicinal
benefits (ABBAS, 2013). In certain parts of the world, Moringa oleifera is an
important food source. Since it can be cultivated cheaply and easily, and
leaves preserve a lot of vitamins and minerals when dry. Moringa can avoid
both extreme drought and moderate frost and is thus commonly cultivated all
over the world. Each part of the tree is ideal for both nutritional and
 2

commercial purposes, with its high nutrient values. The leaves are high in
nutrients, vitamins, and other valuable plant materials. Extracts from the
leaves are used to treat starvation, which raises breast milk in lactating
mothers. It is used as a possible antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
anti-diabetic, and anti-microbial agent.
Up until now, Moringa oleifera has been limited in its use on farm
animals to boost productivity and health conditions. While Moringa oleifera
has been shown to have medicinal significance for the health of livestock, the
use and mode of action of Moringa oleifera in poultry rations are still being on
the process (Shad, 2019). Taking this into consideration, this study will show
the effect of Moringa oleifera as a substance mix in the drinking water of
young chicks’ Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
 3

Objectives of the study

The general objectives of the study aimed to determine the effect of

drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water on the
growth performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed with
commercial rations, specifically this study sought to answer the following:
1. Determine the total weight gain, average daily gain, Initial weight, Final
weight, average feed consumption and feed efficiency of quails per
treatment.
2. Determine the treatment consumption of quails.
3. Determine the effects of varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf extract
through drinking water; and
4. Return above feed cost and supplementation cost.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted at Purok-7, Dabong-dabong, Mailag,

Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines on November 2021 to January 2022.
 4

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Philippine Quail Industry

Quail meat is currently in high demand in both the Philippines and

other countries. As a result, more poultry farmers are beginning to raise this
type of bird. Some breeds or types, on the other hand, are noted for laying
more eggs and producing more meat in less time. In a research study
conducted by BPI-NSPRDC, quail raising is one of the most promising
livelihoods as the demand for cheap eggs and meat is high, with no
compromise to health benefits. Quail eggs and meat are also good sources of
protein. According to NSPRDC, 100 ready-to-lay quails are enough for a
family to earn an additional income of about PhP 1,000 a month from egg and
meat production (Lesaca, 2019).

There is a demand for quail eggs and meat that marketing is not
something to be worried about. In streets, stores, restaurants, hotels, and
bars, quail eggs and meat are in great demand. Quail eggs can be sold fresh,
boiled, salted, pickled, or as “balut” (Lesaca, 2019). In spite of the economic
potential of quail farming, it has not attracted the interest of large-scale
investors and producers because of lack of information, particularly on
feeding. This is the motivation behind the project of the Department of
Agriculture-Livestock Development Council to develop modern yet simple
strategies for raising quail (BD, 2020).

Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

The Japanese quail is classified as a member of the order Galformes,

family Phasidae, genus Coturnix, and species japonica of the family
Phasidae. The usefulness of this bird can be attributed to a number of factors.
For starters, it has grown in economic importance as an agricultural species
 5

that produces eggs and meat with a distinct flavor (Vali, 2008). The Japanese
quail is now bred around the world and it originated in China and Japan, and
the quail industry offers a strong source of income and jobs in low-income
countries. According to Dr. Lauren Edwards (2019), The Japanese quail is a
surprisingly diverse animal. Its small size, rapid growth rate and high
production efficiency make it an ideal species for use on the farm and in the
laboratory. In some countries, quail are farmed for release as game birds.
Combined with a comparatively recent domestication period, the life-history
pattern means that Japanese quails are prone to a variety of welfare
challenges in commercial agricultural systems. According to Maurice Randall
(2006), they are infected by typical diseases of poultry but are somewhat
immune to the disease. Quail are fairly disease resistant.

Drumstick tree(Moringa oleifera)

Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) is often known as the “miracle tree,” it

is because every part of the Moringa tree is beneficial for humans and
animals. The leaves, roots, bark, seeds, and seed cake can be used for a
variety of things, including food, medicine, and water purification. The name
“Drumstick Plant” or “Drumstick Vegetable” comes from the shape of its seed
pods, which resemble drumsticks. They start out green and turn brown as
they mature, eventually reaching a length of 12 inches (30 cm) according to
(Sutton, 2021). Moringa oleifera's nutritional values are very popular. Six key
nutrients have been identified as a good source: carbohydrate, particularly
dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, minerals, lipids, and water. Moringa oleifera
has a rich protein, starch, and low-fat fibre characteristics. Leaves with a
variety of basic amino acids have been reported to be a strong alpha-linoleic
acid supply (Moyo, 2011). As a nutritional source for livestock, Moringa
oleifera is very useful as its leaves are very nutritious. Moringa oleifera leaves
are the most nutritious component and are a valuable source, including
essential nutrients, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, pro-vitamin A as beta
 6

carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein (Leone, 2015). Moringa oleifera,

has nutritional, pharmacological and antioxidant properties, thus having
several medicinal applications (Roopashree, 2017).
A study shows the effect of Moringa Oleifera processed as a leaf meal
as a feed on the productive performance, carcass quality, and blood
constituents of young Japanese quails (elkloub, 2015). The findings revealed
that birds fed MOLM (Moringa Oleifera leaf meal) acquired considerably
higher body weight and body weight than birds fed the control diet. For all
levels of MOLM, Plasma AST and ALT have reduced. This suggests that
MOLM has some properties that can enhance the health of the liver. Plasma
cholesterol was lower in all therapies compared to control. The study
concluded that the best level occurred by using 0.2% Moringa oleifera leaf
meal in the diets of the Japanese quails.
Moringa oleifera seeds are widely used in water and effluent treatment,
for their coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation properties, their ability to
improve water quality, by reducing organic matter and microbial load, with
special applicability in intensive animal production systems, such as
aquaculture (Raimunda, 2017). Moringa is a potential plant that could be used
to enhance immune response and to improve intestinal health of broiler
(Yang, 2006).
Regarding on the amounts of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the diet, an
author stated Moringa leaf meal can be utilized at levels as low as 6% in the
diet of growing layer chicks, 10% in the diet of laying hens, and 5% in the diet
of broilers on their performance (Abbas, 2013). This shows that Moringa
oleifeira can be added to the diets of poultry and has an effect on the
performance of the poultry. According to Yameogo (2011) Moringa oleifera
leaves had 27.2% protein, 17.1% fat, 5.9% moisture, and 38.6% carbs on a
dry matter basis.
A study by Alabi OJ (2017) on the effect of aqueous Moringa oleifera
(lam) leaf extracts on growth performance and carcass characteristics of
hubbard broiler chicken where fresh drumstick tree leaves were air-dried in a
laboratory for five days and ground into fine particles using a simple hammer
 7

mill. 60 g of the ground particles were then soaked in one litre of water for 24
hours then filtered. The extracts then diluted and added to the drinking water
of the experimental birds. The result shows that when compared to the
control, up to 90 ml/litre of aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be added
to the drinking water of broiler chickens to reduce feed consumption (12.83%)
and enhance feed conversion efficiency (9.11%). Thigh weight was similar up
to the 90 ml/litre inclusion level, and no significant variations in any of the
other carcass characteristics were found. The author’s study shows that
Aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used to replace synthetic
antibiotic as growth promoter.

Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) as feed

The application of natural herbs to enhance production performance

and health status has created an important demand in poultry production
(Shad, 2019). For people in a remote area where the city is far and need to
travel from mountains to mountains just to get or buy commercial products to
enhance the productivity of their poultry farm. Moreover, commercial products
are also expensive. Using things in your backyard like the Moringa Oleifera is
one way to save expenses and time. Moringa oleifera leaves can be used as
a useful resource of dietary supplementation for livestock as well as poultry
(Moreki, 2014). Moringa is described as "nature's pharmacy." It is best
recognized as a natural energy enhancer and a good source of nourishment.
In the indigenous system of medicine, different portions of this plant are used
to treat a variety of diseases (Ganguly, 2013). Moringa oleifera is a highly
useful food source with all of the necessary medicinal and nutritional
characteristics for human and livestock consumption. There has been a surge
in interest in using M. oleifera to improve the performance of ruminants and
poultry farms. The increased popularity of Moringa oleifera as a feed
supplement in poultry nutrition needs further research into its nutritional
 8

content as well as its effects on haematological parameters as a measure of

both the leaves' nutritional and therapeutic effects (Sekken, 2015).
 9

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Facilities and Equipment

Poultry facilities and essential equipment such as brooding house,

rearing pen, waterers, feeding trough, bulbs, pail, stick broom, clean empty
sacks, old newspaper, record book, pen, measuring pitcher, measuring cup,
and digital weighing scale were used during the study.

Experimental Animal, Design and Treatment

A total of sixty (60) heads, day old quail birds regardless of the sex was
used in the study. The birds were allowed to acclimate for 21 days before
commencement of the experiment. The birds were randomly distributed into
four (4) dietary treatments which were laid out in Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three (3) times with five (5)
birds per replication. The following experimental treatments were used for the
study.

Treatment 1 = 1000 ml drinking water (Control)

Treatment 2 = 950 ml drinking water + 50 ml aqueous Drumstick tree leaf
extracts
Treatment 3 = 900 ml drinking water + 100 ml aqueous Drumstick tree leaf
extracts
Treatment 4 = 850 ml drinking water + 150 ml aqueous Drumstick tree leaf
extracts
 10

Table 1. Chemical Composition (%) of Drumstick tree leaves

Moisture (%) 9.533

Crude protein (%) 30.29

Crude Fiber (%) 9.81

Ether extract (%) 11.34

Soluble carbohydrates (%) 29.3

Ash (%) 7.64

Fat (%) 6.50

Neutral detergent fibre (%) 11.40

Acid detergent fibre (%) 8.49

Acid detergent lignin (%) 1.8

Acid detergent cellulos (%) 4.01

Condensed tannins (mg/g) 3.12

Total polyphenols (%) 2.02

Source: Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves

(2011)

Care and Management of the Experimental Units

 11

Four (4) pen units, with an area of a half square meter each that could
accommodate five (5) quails were constructed. The walls and floors of the
pens were disinfected after washing with detergent and water. Old
newspapers spread on hay/straw as litter materials were used for the first 21
days of the chicks’ life. Clean and disinfected feeders and drinkers were set in
a place accessible to the birds. Each pen unit were properly be labelled for
easy identification of each treatment group. In addition, a traditional charcoal
pot or light bulbs were placed at a strategic area of each pen unit. Lit charcoal
pieces are placed in the pot to burn and release convectional heat to the
surrounding to keep the chicks warm. Chicks require heat for the first 2-3
weeks when feathers are developing. The pens were randomly stocked with
quail birds at 5 birds per unit.

Preparation of the Treatment

Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves were obtain within Bukidnon locality. The
leaves were air dried for 5 days, 60g of ground Moringa particles were
immersed in one liter of water. In order to isolate the debris from the filtrate
(extracts) and the extracts in a clean bottle, the preparation were then purified
using cloth and diluted using tap water.

Feed and water management

Experimental quails were given ad libitum access to feed. Commercial

feeds were made available at all times throughout the full course of the trial.
There were two parts to the feeding. Chicks were given chick booster mash
from 1 to 14 days in the first phase, and broiler starter crumble from 15 to 45
days in the second phase. Water were available all-day throughout the
 12

duration of the study using drinking pot. It was given on the 21st day the
drinking water with an aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts.

Data Gathered

The following data were collected and determined over a period of 24 days.
The use of weighing scale helps identify the weights of each bird. After
weighing the birds, each weight was tallied in the record book. The data
gathered will be derived using the following formula:

a. Water intake (ml) = amount of water given – water left over (ml)

The drinking water given to the birds in each treatment were measured
daily and the left over water were also measured. Water intakes were
determined by calculating the difference between the left over and the
initial quantity of water given

b. Average Initial Weight (g) = weight of the experimental animals at the

start of giving of treatment.

For getting the data of the average initial weight it was obtained during
the 21 days rearing period of the experimental animals. To calculate
the average, the weights of the five (5) chicks were added and divided
by the population.

c. Average Final Weight (g) = for the average final weight, it is weighed
on the final day.

The average final weight was obtained at the end of rearing period, on
the 24th day, excluding the brooding period. To calculate the average,
the weights of five (5) quails were added and divided by the population
 13

d. Average Daily Gain (ADG) = Final Weight – Initial Weight

No. of feeding days

The average daily gain of the experimental units is obtained by dividing

the body weight gain by the no. of feeding days.

e. Body Weight Gain = Average Final Weight – Average Initial Weight

Body weight gain is obtained by subtracting the initial weight of the

experimental animal from the final weight.

f. Feed Consumption (FC) = amount of feed given – amount of leftover

Feed consumption (FC) was determined by collecting and weighing the

leftovers in each cage the next day before feeding.

g. Feed Efficiency (FE) = Total weight of feed consumed

Total weight gain of birds

Feed efficiency is calculated by dividing the total amount of feed

consumed by the total weight gain of birds.

h. Return above Feed and Supplementation Cost = Gross return per head
– (Cost of DOC + total feed cost + total treatment cost)

Return above feed and added cost is obtained by subtracting the cost
of DOC, total feed cost, and total treatment cost from the gross return
per head of the broiler chicken.
 14

Table 2. Composition and guaranteed analysis of chick booster mash

PARTICULARS

Ingredients
Corn Meat and Bone Meal Lysine Sulphate
Cassava Meal Brewer’s Dried Grains & DL-Methionine
Yeast
Soybean Meal Crude Coconut Oil Choline Chloride
Full Fat Soya Crude Palm Oil Vit. Min. Premix
Rice Bran Toxin Binders Enzymes
Wheat Pollard Mineral Premix Fish Meal
Pork Meal Inorganic Phosphate Iodized Salt
Poultry Meal L-Lysine and L-Threonine Molasses

Antioxidants Limestone Mold Inhibitor

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS

Crude Protein 22.00 % min

Crude Fiber 5.00 % max
Crude Fat 4.00 % min
Calcium 0.90 % min
Phosphorus 0.55 % min
Moisture 12.00 % max
Source: SMFI (2017)
 15

Table 3. Composition and guaranteed analysis of broiler starter

crumble

PARTICULARS

Ingredients
Corn Fish and Pork Meal Iodize salt
Cassava Meal Poultry and Feather L-lysine
Meal
Soybean Meal Toxin Binder Lysine Sulphate
Full Fat Soya Meat and Bone Meal DL-Methinonine
Rice Bran Crude Coconut Oil L-Threonine
Wheat Pollard Crude Palm Oil Choline Chloride
Copra Meal Molasses Enzymes
Corn Germ, Gluten Limestone Mold Inhibitor
Meal
Corn Gluten Feed Inorganic Phosphate Antioxidants
Corn Bran Brewer’s Dried Yeast
Grains

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS

Crude Protein 21.00 % min

Crude Fiber 8.00 % max
Crude Fat 3.50 % min
Calcium 0.90 % min
Phosphorus 0.55 % min
Moisture 12.00 % max
Source: SMFI (2017)

Statistical Analysis
 16

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in completely randomized design (CRD)

was used. Difference between treatments means were compared using
Tukey’s test.
 17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Average Initial Weight

The average initial body weight of the experimental birds was

presented in Table 4 wherein the result, showed non-significant difference
among the four treatments. Treatment 2 has the heaviest initial weight of
28.60 grams followed by treatment 3 with 48.27 grams, Treatment 4 with
286.73 grams, and Treatment 1 with 45.67 grams. The initial weight of the
birds was measured on the 21st day after brooding period. Results in the
initial weight of birds were randomized through random picking. This implies
the homogeneity of the study.

Average Final Weight

Table 4 shows the average final weight of the experiment birds.

Treatment 2 showed the highest final weight of 142.47 grams, followed by
Treatment 1 with 141.40 grams, Treatment 4 with 136.73 grams, and
Treatment 3 with 139 grams. The result showed non-significant difference on
the average final weight of the birds.
This means that Moringa oleifera leaf extract does not affect the Final
weight of Japanese quails. These results contradict with the finding of (Kout,
2015) who mentioned that the inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaves meal with
0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% levels in the diet of the growing Japanese quails
significantly (P<0.05) enhanced their final body weight and body weight gain
compared with control group.
 18

Table 4. Average initial weights and final weight of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels
of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking
water.

TREATMENT Average Initial Average Final

Weight (g) Weight (g)
T1 = 1000ml (Control) 45.67 141.40

T2 = 950 ml drinking water + 50 ml 48.60 142.47

MOLE

T3 = 900 ml drinking water + 100 ml 48.27 139.00

MOLE

T4 = 850 ml drinking water + 150 ml 47.40 139.73

MOLE

F-test ns ns

CV (%) 6.74 4.80

ns = non-significant
MOLE = Moringa Oleifera leaf extract

Average Body Weight Gain

Table 5 presented the average body weight gain of the experimental

bird in which there were no significant differences among treatment means.
Treatment 1 had the highest weight gain of 95.73 grams, followed by
Treatment 2 with 93.87 grams, Treatment 4 with 92.33 grams, and Treatment
3 with 90.72 grams, respectively. The result reveals that Moringa oleifera leaf
extract does not affect the Body weight gain of Japanese quails.
The present study contradicts in the recent study of (Fouad, 2019),
Moringa oleifera leaves on the productive performance and some
physiological parameter of Japanese quails, the result showed that in body
weight gain and feed intake for chicks of treated groups were significantly
higher (P<0.05) than the control group. Supplementation of (MOL) with level
 19

3, 5 and 7g /Kg of diet led to an increase in body weight by 4.03, 8.85 and
18.9 %. Result showed that bird fed diet supplemented with (7g MOL/Kg of
diet) had significantly (P<0.05) the higher body weight gain compared with the
other dietary treatments. This improvement could be attributed to a reduced
bacterial load in the intestine that causes disease, as well as improved
intestinal lumen health, which improved nutrient absorption and utilization of
the dietary nutrients.

Average Daily Gain

Table 5 shows non-significant differences among treatment means for

the average daily gain (ADH) of birds. Treatment 1 had a higher average daily
gain of 3.99 grams compared to Treatment 2 with 3.91 grams, Treatment 4
with 3.85 grams, and with Treatment 3 with 3.78 grams. This indicate that
supplementation of Moring oleifera leaf extract did not affect the average daily
gain of Japanes Quails (Coturnix japonica).

In comparison to the control diet, (Ayssiwede, 2011) found that dietary

application of moringa leaf meal up to a level of 24 percent had no adverse
impacts on body weight, average daily weight increase, FCR, mortality, and
the weight of organs in Indigenous Senegal Chickens. (Olugbemi, 2011) also
said that when Moringa oleifera leaf meal was included in diets at a level
below 5%, the average daily growth rate was decreased, and the authors
proposed using a maximum level of 5% without harming broiler growth
performance.
 20

Table 5. Average body weight gain and Average Daily Gain of Japanese
Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement
with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.

Average Body Average Daily

TREATMENT Weight Gain Gain (g)
(g)
T1 = 1000ml (Control) 95.73 3.99

T2 = 950 ml drinking water + 50 ml 93.87 3.91

MOLE

T3 = 900 ml drinking water + 100 ml 90.73 3.78

MOLE

T4 = 850 ml drinking water + 150 ml 92.33 3.85

MOLE

F-test ns ns

CV (%) 6.53 6.53

ns = non-significant
MOLE = Moringa Oleifera leaf extract

Average Feed Consumption

Non-significant differences were observed in the average feed

consumption of the experimental birds as shown in Table 6. Treatment 1 has
the highest feed consumption among the four treatments with 635.00 grams,
followed by Treatment 2 with 634.27 grams, Treatment 4 with 625.53 grams,
and Treatment 3 with 593.60 grams, respectively.
Contradictory findings with respect to improvement in feed intake were
observed by (Safa, 2014) and (Hassan, 2016). The findings of the present
study were similar to findings of (Khan, 2017) which showed no improvement
in feed consumption between treatment and control groups. The higher feed
intake might be due to beneficial effect of Moringa oleifera leaf on microbial
 21

environment in the gut which improved the digestion, absorption and nutrient
utilization (Hassan, 2016).

Feed Efficiency

Feed efficiency is the ratio between the total feed consumed over the
total weight gain of the birds. The lower the value, the more efficient are the
birds in converting feed to live weight. Table 6 showed non-significant
differences among the treatment for the feed efficiency of the birds. However,
Treatment 3 had a higher feed efficiency value of 6.57 followed by Treatment
1 with 6.63, Treatment 4 with 6.76 and Treatment 2 with 6.79.
This implies that Treatment 2 more efficient than that of Treatment 1,
Treatment 3 and Treatment 4. Lesser feed efficiency means more efficient in
converting feed to weight gain. For fed conversion ratio (FCR), same results
were obtained by (Mahmud, 2016) who found that no significant difference in
the FCR quail birds fed different levels of MOLM as partial from soybean.
Also, (Nkukwana, 2014) found that no significant differences were observed in
feed intake between treatments during periods from 0 to 21 day and 0 to 35
day while, FCR was the highest (P<0.05) in birds supplemented with MOLM,
except for 3, 9 and 15 g/kg. (Paguia, 2014) found that using 0.20, 0.30, 0.40
and 0.50% MOLM in broiler diets did not significantly (P<0.05) influence the
broilers FCR.
 22

Treatment Consumption

The average water intake of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)

supplemented with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf
extract through drinking water showed a highly significant difference among
the treatment means as shown in Table 6. The highest water intake was in
Treatment 4 with 1472.00 ml followed by Treatment 2 with 1415.33 ml,
Treatment 3 with 1373.73 ml, and the lowest water intake was in Treatment 1
with 0.00 ml, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a highly
significant difference.
The present findings are in line with (Alabi, 2017) who’s observation in
his study shows that using 90 ml/litre of Aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract
in the drinking water of broiler chicken reduced feed intake (12.83 %) and
improved feed conversion efficiency (9.11) than control treatment. This
concluded him that Aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used to
replace synthetic antibiotics as growth promoter. However, The present
findings are not in line with Younis (2017) who also observed Moringa oleifera
water supplementation decreased F/B/W significantly than control treatment
with no significant differences between MW 2 and 3%. According to Onunkwo,
(2015) where they attributed their findings to Moringa oleifera’s leaf meal
harsh flavour which had lower palatability, resulting in lower feed consumption
in broiler diets.
 23

Table 6. Average feed consumption and Feed efficiency of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with
varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.

Average Feed Average Feed Treatment

TREATMENT Consumption Efficiency (kg) Consumption
(g) (ml)
T1 = 1000ml (Control) 635.00 6.63 0.00b

T2 = 950 ml drinking water + 634.27 6.79 1415.33a

50 ml MOLE

T3 = 900 ml drinking water + 593.60 6.57 1373.73a

100 ml MOLE

T4 = 850 ml drinking water + 625.53 6.76 1472.00a

150 ml MOLE

F-test ns ns **

CV (%) 6.84 7.60 6.43

Means with different superscription have significant difference

ns = non-significant
** = highly significant at (P <0.01) level
MOLE = Moringa Oleifera leaf extract
 24

Return Above Feed Cost

The return above feed in raising a Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf extract through drinking water fed
with commercial ration is shown in Table 8. It shows a higher value in
Treatment 1 with 20.93 Php. Treatment 3 had 7.47 Php, Treatment 2 had 7.27
Php, and Treatment 4 had 5.77 Php, respectively. The less return was in
Treatment 4 because it had the highest consumption of Drumstick Tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract. The average return of Treatment 4 was due to
the cost of supplementation used as well as the performance of the birds
influenced the decreasing gaining profit of the production. With a selling price
of Php 450 per kilogram, Treatment 3 had the highest gross income per head
with Php 62.55, followed by Treatment 4 with Php 62.88, Treatment 1 with
Php 63.63 and Treatment 2 had the lowest gross income per head with Php
64.11.

Table 8. Return above feed cost (Php) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)
fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
 25

drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking

water.

PARTICULARS TREATMENT
1 2 3 4
Average final weight 141.40 142.47 139.00 139.73
Price per Kilogram (Php) 450 450 450 450
Gross return/head (Php) 63.63 64.11 62.55 62.88
Cost of DOC/head (Php) 13 13 13 13
Feed consumption (g)/head
a. CBM (kg) 250g 250g 250g 250g
b. BSC (kg) 635.00 634.27 593.60 625.53
Price/kg of feed (Php)
a. CBM (kg) 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
b. BSC (kg) 33.00 33.00 33.00 33.00
Feed cost (Php)
a. CBM 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75
b. BSC 20.95 20.93 19.59 20.64
Total feed cost (Php): 29.7 29.68 28.34 29.39

Total treatment cost:

Treatment Consumption (ml) 0.00 1415.33 1373.73 1472.00

Price (Php 10.00/L) 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total Cost (Php) 0.00 14.15 13.73 14.72

Total feed and treatment 29.7 43.83 42.07 44.11

cost(Php)

Return above feed and 20.93 7.27 7.47 5.77

treatment cost (Php)
 26

70 64.11
63.63 62.55 62.88
60

50 46.31

40

30
20.93
20 16.09 16.58
12.85
10 7.27 7.47 5.77

Gross Return Net Income ROI (%)

Figure 1. Graphical result of the return above feed cost (Php) Japanese
Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement
with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.
 27

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This study was conducted at P-7 Dabong-dabong, Mailag, Valencia

City, Bukidnon from November 27, 2021 and ended on January 6, 2022 for a
period of 45 days. This study aimed to determine the effect of drumstick tree
(Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water on the growth
performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial
rations. The average initial weight, average final weight, average body weight
gain, average daily weight gain, average feed consumption, feed efficiency,
and water intake as well as the assessment of return feed cost were the
parameters being considered in the study.
A total of 60 birds regardless of sex were used in the study. The chicks
were randomly distributed in to four dietary treatments and replicate three
times with five birds per replication following the Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). The four treatments were Treatment 1 control (1000 ml)
drinking water, Treatment 2 (950 ml drinking water + 50 ml aqueous Moringa
oleifera leaf extracts), Treatment 3 (900 ml drinking water + 100 ml aqueous
Moringa oleifera leaf extracts), and Treatment 4 (850 ml drinking water + 150
ml aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extracts). The analysis of variance in a
completely randomized design (CRD) was used to analyse all the variables on
evaluating the growth performance of the experimental birds.
Result showed non-significant differences in most parameters like the
initial weight, final weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, average feed
consumption, and feed efficiency. However, highly significant differences on
water intake mixed with Moringa oleifera leaf extract were observed. I
conclude that adding with varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf extract
through drinking water did not affect the growth performance of the Japanese
quails (Coturnix japonica) in this study. With the result on the study, using
drumstick tree leaf extract through drinking water was not recommended
because it could not affect the growth performance of experimental animals.
 28

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 31

APPENDICES
 32

T4R1 T1R2 T4R3

T4R2 T1R3 T3R1

T2R3 T2R1 T1R1

T3R2 T3R3 T2R2

Appendix Figure 1. Experimental layout in CRD

Analysis of Variance
 33

Appendix 1a. Average initial weights (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix

japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 44.40 47.60 45.00 45.67
2 50.00 43.60 52.20 48.60
3 50.00 48.00 46.80 48.27
4 48.60 43.00 50.60 47.40
CV = 6.74%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 1b. Analysis of variance on the average initial weights (grams) of

Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 15.503 5.168 0.690ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 81.973 10.247

Total 11 97.477

CV = 6.74%
ns = non-significant
 34

Appendix 2a. Average final weights (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix

japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 141.80 138.60 143.80 141.40
2 137.40 143.40 146.60 142.47
3 150.40 134.20 132.40 139.00
4 146.20 131.60 141.40 139.73
CV = 4.80%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 2b. Analysis of variance on the average final weights (grams) of

Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 22.277 7.426 0.918ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 364.693 45.587

Total 11 386.970

CV = 4.80%
ns = non-significant
 35

Appendix 3a. Average body weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through
drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 94.40 91.00 98.80 95.73
2 87.40 99.80 94.40 93.87
3 100.40 86.20 85.60 90.73
4 97.60 88.60 90.80 92.33

CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 3b. Analysis of variance on the average body weight gain (grams) of
Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 41.080 13.693 0.777 ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 296.267 37.033

Total 11 337.347

CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 4a. Average daily weight gain (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix
japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
 36

levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through

drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 4.06 3.79 4.11 3.99
2 3.64 4.16 3.93 3.91
3 4.18 3.59 3.56 3.78
4 4.07 3.69 3.78 3.85

CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 4b. Analysis of variance on the average daily weight gain (grams) of
Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 0.071 0.024 0.777ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 0.514 0.064

Total 11 0.586

CV = 6.53%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 5a. Average feed consumption (grams) of Japanese Quails

(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with
 37

varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract

through drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 680.20 593.60 631.20 635.00
2 643.20 600.40 659.20 634.27
3 602.20 577.00 601.60 593.60
4 700.60 589.00 587.00 625.53

CV = 6.84%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 5b. Analysis of variance on the average feed consumption (grams)

of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial
ration supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 3415.427 1138.476 0.617 ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 14487.893 1810.987

Total 11 17903.320

CV = 6.84%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 6a. Average feed efficiency (grams) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix

japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with varying
 38

levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through

drinking water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEANns

1 2 3
1 6.98 6.52 6.39 6.63
2 7.36 6.02 6.98 6.79
3 5.99 6.69 7.03 6.57
4 7.18 6.65 6.46 6.76

CV = 7.44%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 6b. Analysis of variance on the average feed efficiency (grams) of

Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration
supplement with varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera) leaf extract through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 0.095 0.032 0.941ns 4.07 7.59

Error 8 1.982 0.248

Total 11 2.077

CV = 7.44%
ns = non-significant

Appendix 7a. Total water intake (ml) of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica)
fed with commercial ration supplement with varying levels of
 39

drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract through drinking

water.

TREATMENT OBSERVATION MEAN**

1 2 3
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00b
2 1430.00 1434.00 1382.00 1415.33a
3 1491.20 1372.00 1258.00 1373.73a
4 1548.00 1434.00 1434.00 1472.00a

CV = 6.43%
** = highly significant

Appendix 7b. Analysis of variance on the water intake (ml) of Japanese Quails
(Coturnix japonica) fed with commercial ration supplement with
varying levels of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract
through drinking water.

Ftab
SV df SS MS Fc
0.05 0.01

Treatment 3 4553770.293 1517923.431 0.001** 4.07 7.59

Error 8 37534.293 4691.787

Total 11 4591304.587

CV = 6.43%
** = highly significant
 40

DOCUMENTATION
 41

Figure 2. Hatching of chicks

 42

Figure 3. Brooding day 1

 43

Figure 4. Brooding day 8

 44

Figure 5. Preparation of treatment

 45

Figure 6. Treatment
 46

Figure 7. Weighing of birds

1