THE JO U R N A L

O F TH E

BOMBAY BRANCH
o,

R O Y A L ASIATI C SOCI ETY .

1 2m m l m th e s u n tan) .

V OL V . .

A
C
‘

Bom b ay
I
P R N TED AT TH E

BO M BAY EDU CATION SO C IETY S PRES S,

’
BYC U LLA
.
 PREF ACE .

Fi fth V olu m J ournal, th e

’
In c o n c luding th e e of th e S oc ie ty s

Ed i to r w o uld tak e th is o
ppo rtunit
y of ac kno w le dgi ng, w ith

g ra te ful th a nk s, th e as sis tanc e h e h as de riv e d from th e diffe re nt

g e n tle m e n w h o ha v e c o ntrib ute d to th e p ublic atio n si nc e h e h as

h a d th e h o nou r to be S e cre ta ry of th e S oc i e ty ; m o re
p arti c ularly

to th e Re v Drs
. . Wilso n and S te v e nson, th e form er H onora ry
P r e side nt and th e latte r late P reside nt of th e S oc ie ty , to w h ose

i
e x e rt o ns and w illingne ss at all ti m es to ai d in th e m anage m e nt

of th e So ci e ty, and th e adv ance m e nt o f its o b e c ts, inde e nde ntly

j p
of th e i r v alua ble c o ntri bu ti ons to th e J ournal, th e Socie ty m ust

e v e r re m ain i nde bte d.

Wh ile av ailin
g h i m se lf o f th is op po rtunit
y also to apo lo gize

fo r th e de lay w h ic h h as a tte nde d th e p ubli c ati o n of th e las t

N u m ber, th e Edi tor w o uld o bse rv e , th at i t h as be e n oc c asione d

by an inc re ase of duty ove r w h i ch h e h ad no c o ntro l ; bu t

h e trus ts th at e re lo ng th e Soc ie ty w ill, b y th e assistanc e of

G o v e rnm e nt, be e nable d to

p rov ide aga inst s uc h c o nti nge nc i e s,

a nd th us find m e ans o f i nsu ring th at stab ili ty and c om p e te nce in

e rfo rm anc e o f i ts Se cre ta ry dutie s, w ith out w h i ch th e b e st
’
th e p s

e n d e a v o u rs o f th e S oc ie ty m ust always be de pe nde nt on ch ance

fo r a s u c c e ss ful issue .

Bo m bay , In July 1 8 5 7 .
 CONTENTS OF VOL V . .

No . X V II I .

Ar m o u r:

I — H istorical Nam
. es and Facts containe di n th e Kag h e ri
( K e pi
ne r
y) wi th T l ti I pp d d
nsc ri t ons rans a ons a en e .

By th R J S V e DD ev . . TE E N S O N, . . .

l I — O th Na i k C
. u I e ip ti By th R JS
s av e - nscr ons. e ev . .
'
rs

V D E N SO N ,

III — G l gy f th N gp St t By th R S H
.

. eo o o e a ur a e. e ev . . I S LO P .

I V —.Th A i t I e i My th l gy
nc e n L tt t th R ran an o o : a e er o e ev .

D W H r . y P id t f th S i y By
I LS O N , onora r re s en o e oc e t .

P f N L W
ro esso r G f C p h g . . ESTE R AA R D, o o e n a e n,

H yM b ono rar em er

V — B i f N ti
. r ef P i d f th L g g
o ce s o ll d e rs an, an o e an ua e ca e

Z d By J R en . E q f ly O HN O M E R, s .
, o rm e r

P id f h S i ty Cres e nt o i d by th R t e oc e . om m u n cate e ev .

D W H r y P id t I LS O N , o nora r re s en ”

lld th Nl
.

VI A D. ip i
- f th S l w t L k
e scr t on o l e a t- a e r a e ca e e u ,

i t d sth tu aI th e f K tty on By M j e s m us o a a war . a or

GF . B b y A y P li i l Ag t Ri
U LU A M ES , om a rm , o t ca en , wa

K t an a

II — B ddhi t C T pl
. u h Ci
s f B it lb i
a ve - d em es 1n t e rca rs o a a ar an

D l b d i H H h Niow ata D ii
a , By n . . t e za m
’
s om n o ns .

W H B . Eq S g. B by A y
R A D L E Y, s .
, u r e o n, om a rm ,

h d t H H th Ni
attac e S i o . . e zam
’
s e rv ce

"U L — D ip i f
esc r f th l g F
t o ns f F ili d
o som e o e ar e r o rm s o o ss ze

F i gf i S
ora m i d w i th O bn
’

ti
era hi n n ; se rva o ns on t e r

I l St t nte rna By H J C Eq A i
ruc u re . . . A RTE R , s .
, ss st

tS g B b y E t bli h t [Wi h Pl t ]
an ur eon, om a s a s m en . t 8 a e
 CO NTENTS .

Anrrc nn
'

IX — . D esc ri
p tion of O rbi toli tes M a la ba ri ca illustrative , of

th e S pi ral, and not C o nce ntric Arrange m e nt of

C h am b e rs in D O R m
’
GN Y s
’
Or d er Cy cloc téguea . By
H J . . Cu rra n, Esq .
, Assi stan t S ur e o n,
g B by
om a Es
tablish m e nt. [Wi th a Plate ]
X .
— Note o n an a pp are ntl y ne w ge nus of Gas te rop od . By
A . H . Lu '
ra , Es q .
, MD . .

X L— O n a Fossil Fis b d f th D i h from th e Ta le -lan o e e cca n, n

th P i l f I di By C l l v
e en ns u a o n a . o o ne ns ,

GS Wi th D i p ti
. f th Sp i
. By Si a e sc r on o e e c m e ns . r

P MGE . DEG S [E t t d f . . GE R I O N ,
’ ‘
. . x rac e r

th Q t ly J l f th G l gi l S i ty f
e ua r e r ourna o e eo o ca oc e o

L d ] on on.

XII P t ipt t th G l gy f th N gp S t t
.
- os scr o e eo o o e a ur a e.
”

By th e Re v S Hrs no r
. .

No . X IX .

I .
—Sah yadri Inscrip tions By th e Re v . . JS V. TE E N S O N, DD .

Pr id es e nt

II .
— S um m ar y of th e G y f I di b tw th G
eolog o n a, e ee n e anges,

th e Id n us, an d C p C i
a By H J C
e om or n . . . a u r nn,
'

Esq .
, Assi stan t S g B b y E t bli h
ur eon, om a s a s m e nt .

[Wi th M a
p and

III —D. escri tion o f

p th e C av e s of K oolvee , i n Malwa . By
E I M PEY, Esq , Re si e nc Surge on, n
. . d y Id o re

IV — p
De scri tiv e Notice s of Anti uiti e s in i n
. q S d C . o m m uni

cate d by H B . . E F R E R E, Esq
. .
, C i i om m ss one r in
Sin d
V —Ab stract
. of th e P roce e di ngs o f th e S oci e t y for th e
Ye ar 1 8 5 2 -5 3

No X X . .

—
L Th e Tith y as or B ddhi t d th
Tirth akas of th e u s s, an e

Gy m noso phi t f th G k Dig b J i

—
s s o e re e s am ar a ns.

By th e R J S V
e v. D D P id t
. TE EN S O N, . .
, re s en .
 C O NTENTS . v ii

A R TI C L E p A GE
II B ddhi t
.
— u s Anti q ui tie s Chi
in na . By th e Re v . J .

S V TE EN S O N , D D, . . P id t res en

III .
— An Accou nt of th e Ancie nt and Rui ne d C it y of

Si d By A F B
Brah m inabad, iu
Eq n . . . E LL AS I S , s . 4 13
IV P ti g Vi it t th S h y ad i C
.
- ar n By th R J
s o e a r ave s . e e v. .

S V D D P id t
TE EN SO N , . .
, re s en

V N t
. F -
h w t I f i i th I l d f B
o e s on re s a er n uso r a n e s an o om

b y —N l O g i ti
a . By H J C o .
, r an sa on . . . A RT E R ,

Eq A i t tS g s H C S B by
.
, s s s an ur e on . . .
, om a

V I — F th
. Ob ur ti h R i d C ity f B h
er se rv a ons on t e u ne o ra

i b d i mSi d By A F B
na a Eq
, n n . . . E L LA S I S, s .
,

B b y Ci il S i om a v e rv ce

V I L— R h d Di
esearc i i A y i esd B by an scov er es n ss r a an a

l i By Si H C R W
on a. r . . A L I N SO N ,

&c .

VI I I .
—O u th e Avasti i, and th e Ze n d and P hl a av i Language s .

By P rofessor S PI E GE L , in a le tte r to th e Rev . J .

MU R R AY M I TC H E L L ,

IX — Rev ie w of th e p re se nt state of O rie nta l Anti q

, u arian,

and G g e o ra phi d with th W t

cal Re se arc h conne c te e es

o f I di n a d th
an dj i i g C t i By J H e a o n n ou n r e s . O N

WI LS O N , DD F RS H
. y P id t f h . . onorar re s en o t e

S oci e t y
X — . D p
e ve lo m e nt of t e en
h R t ll nd it N le -ce a s uc us I n

Ch a ra b By H J C Eq
oe r ti ci lla ta, Rox . . . A R TE R , s .

A i t t S g H C S B by
ss s an ur eo n om a “

Si d
. . .
,

XI N i. Hi t i l d A tiq i f Pl
- ot ce s, s or ca an n uar an, o ace s I n n .

C i t d by H B E F
o m m u n ca e Eq C . . . R E R E, s . om

i Si d
f B eth B
i i m ss o ne r n n “

igh,i R
. .

X II — D ip ti f th
esc r C on y o e aves o l n

E I M P E Y , Esq
.

X I II . O u th e Ultim ate
- tru ctu re S of Sp ongi lla , and A di d
tional hw t I Notes on F re s a er nfusoria i n th e slan I d
f B
o b y By H J C
om Eq
a . . . A RTE R, s .
, Assistant
S g H C S B by
ur e on . . .
, om a

X IV .
—E t t f
x rac R p t A trompt d a e or on t em s m a e to su p ply
A d wi th W
en t By Li t t II S a e r. e u e na n . T . C . W IL

E
K I N S, ti E gi Adx e cu C ve n ne e r, e n. om m u n c a e i t d
by th G t e ove rnm e n
 C O NTENTS .

A RTI C LE
XV .
—Le tte r from F . B RO U GH TO N , Esq .
, Assistant S ur eon
g
H C
. . S .
,
W I LS O N H onorary Pre
to th e Re v Dr . .
,

side nt on C ave -Te m p les nea r Wagotu n

,

X VI — O u Contrib utions to th e G e ology of Ce ntral and West

.

I di By H J
BA
e rn n a. . C A R TE R , Esq ”

t
.

XVII .
— O u th e Transi tion of Tra p i nto Lateri te .
y ssi s

ant S ur e on
g F . BRO U GR TO N , Ci vil S urge on, K ol
h apoor
XVIII — Ab t
. s ract of th e P roce e di ngs o f th e S ocie t y for th e
y e ars 1 8 53-5 4 , 1 8 54 -55, and 1 8 55
 LIST O F PLATES .

Pu t
}
To m en P AG E
z
I .
— P lan of th e C ave -Te m pl es at NIisi k 41
J
F ac-si m iles of I p
nscri ti ons i n th e C ave s on th e Il ds an

of Salse tte
(
D itt o In th e C ave s ne ar Nik (Tfll
as . o o ow .
)
“T bl a e s of Le tte rs and sylla les b as e x hi bit d e i n th e
C ave - I p
nscri ti ons .
(T o follow .
)
“
IL — F ossil F oram ini fe ra in in S d
V
I p
Fac-sim ile s of nsc ri ti ons in th e aves at K arlé n C
{
D h
itto at Rora , i n th e out e rn C oucan ( T S h
o follo w . .
)
Ditto at Bja a.
(To follow .
)
V
Ditto at Juni r ( Di tto)
“I II —Plans
. .

of th e Cav e - e m T pl es at Junir .
(To follow ) .

V I V — Dia ram
g. ex hib iti ng th e Ig ne ous and S di
e m e ntar y
Rocks of I ndia
1 Ma of I di T f ll
p n a .
( o o ow .
)
V D .
- rawi n s
ill t ti g us ra ve o f th e Anti q uities of Si d n

VL — B ddhi t A hi t t
u s rc e c u ral Re m ai ns near Jerruc k .
( Not

pi d) r nte .
 JOU RNA L
OF TH E

BO MBA Y BR A N C H
O F TH E

RO YAL A S I A TI C S OCI ETY .

J U LY ,
1 8 53 .

AR T . I — H is torica l N a m
. es a nd F ac ts conta ined i n th e K ala hari
( K e nn y ) I nscr ip ti ons wi th Tra nsla ti ons ap p e nde d . By th e
Re v . J STE V ENS O N, D D
. . .

Prese nte d 1 4 th O c to ber 1 852 .

I T h as b e en well b d by M P i
o se rve r . r nse ,
p h
t at as long as th e
stu dy f I di o n an An tiq i ti
u fi it lf t
es con ne s se o th e illus tration of I ndi an

t y i p d t d th t ”
h is or , t osse sse s li ttle attrac ti on foi th e ge ne ral stu en , an a

an i t t i thi
n e res bj t i ly w k d wh th h b
n s su ec s on a a e ne en e re as een

di d
sco v ere pl ibl p i t f
som e ti b tw th l g d f
aus e o n o conne c on e e en e e en s o

I di d th ti l hi t i f G
n a an e ra ona dR Di
s or es o i ree ce an om e .
”
sc ov e r e s,

h w
o lik th
ev e r, h d f e ose i I di A h l gy
e m a e, orm an e ra n n an rc aeo o .

M P i p g th d th i t g
r . r nse adh l ft t
e re th li ttl
e v n a e , an th as e o o ers e m ore an

th gl
e i g f th g p
ean n s o db t f hi l
e ra est d ly d
an u or s am e n e ear e ce ase ,

hi l
s ze a d d w ld t han ll w d
ar our ou th no t i av e a o e e ven ese o re m a n.

W h e f q li t
av e no t t b i g f w d wi h th
nam es o e ua n e resl dy o rn or ar t ose a re a

i t d
n ro uced t th ti f th li t
o y p bli f E p
e no ce o e Ch e rar u c o uro e no an

d g p t t i d tify with th S d
ra n a o en tt f th G k e w d an raco us o e ree s, as as one

by Si W illi r J A ti h am g d
ones ; no k by d
n oc us e n rave on our roc s com m an

Journal As Soc . . Be ngal, vol. viii . p 1 66

. .
2 H IS TO RI C A L m u ss AN D F ACTS [J U L Y

of th e lord p aram ount of I di

n a, as i n th e case of Mr Prinse p .
’
s di sc o

ve ri es . Still w h e av e nam es i nte re sti ng to t h ose wh o wish to follow u

p
th e fe w ddf
re cor e I di hi t y d acts of n t an d fi it s or , an com e o som e e n e

l i t th p
a c us on as oby wh th p p f whi h d
e e rsons om , e ur ose s or c , an

h ti
t e b t whi h th
m e a ou k bl
c ti k w h C
ose re m ar a e e x cav a ons, no n as t e av es

o fW t I di w
e s e rn n t d
a, A d e re e x e cu e ti g p i wi th h
. n as a conne c n o nt t e

d h dd dw t
re cor s an e by th
o n i t o wus l th i g e anc e n s, e e arn som e n

o f h ligi
t e re p f i f h ous ro ess on ig f th o V li di t g e sov e re ns o e a or ens

A d n a rae , wh di g t Pli y h d i h i ti thi ty f tifi d t w

o, ac cor n o n , a n s m e r or e o ns,

an d y f h d d th d f t tw th d l y d
an arm o a un re ousan oo , o ousan cav a r , an a

th d l ph t li g th M h a i h t G t Ki gd i
ousan e e an s, ru n ov e r e a r s ra or re a n om , n

t
an e x e nt to whi h i t g i i c d ti d th P hw tt i d
a a n n m o e rn m e s, u n er e es as , a a ne

an d i di t d i t l i t th
v n ca e s c a m it b o e nam e ears .

App ly th
are nt t i t hi t i l
e m os anc e n k i th t s or ca nam e on our roc s s a

o f h f t e C h a ky
am ous h p pt d p i
na a, t e i i t fre c e o r an r m e m n s e r, or a

w hil f th
e, o b ti d Ch d g pt H i
e a ove m e n one ti d dan ra u a . e s m en one un e r

h i g til
s en f Da il (S
e nam e o D i il ) m Th a C h A ky
a ns . r m a . e nam e na a

is a p t y i d K tily th fty) h i ll d i th pl y
a ron m c, an au a e cra , as e s ca e n e a

o f h M d
t e Ri k h
u ra i i d tly s asa, i k s g
ev i h i enby h i a n c nam e ve n m s

e ne mi Hi p p
es . s w Vi h
ro e r nam e g p t d D a
as il t
s nu u a, an r m a se e m s o

h b ave
g til
ee n a pp llenti q
e a i l t t e t h a S on, e i D a i d d
u va e n o e anscr t r v a, an

th e m o e rn *
d T il ll f th w d b i g di lly th
am , a o ese I or s e n ra ca e sam e . n

i t ti
anc e n it i w ll k w th t ll B h
m es s e no t n th S h fh a a ra m ans o e ou t o t e
N b dd w
er u i l d d
a e re g t h
nc u e P h D i i
am on d W h h e unc rt v a . en t en
Vi h s
g p t
nu u l ft h i ti
a e t w t s na k h i ve f t o i n p o d se e s or une n cam s an

t h i g til
c ou r s, s en d hi
e nam e se rve i th w y th t
m as a surnam e , n e sam e a a

our F h S tt I gli C b l d d y th h b
re nc , co , n s, um e r an , an m an o e rs av e ec om e

th pp ll ti f i di id l F th tw i ip ti i wh i h
e a e a ons o n v ua s . rom e o ns cr ons n c

hi s nam e i f d it pp th t h w
s ou n , a i h b it t f K ly d
e ars a e as an n a an o a na

( C lli a ) d
ng h , an t i p b b l
e nce noy K i mB a hro f a th C h i t a oncan r m an o e

p w t i b wh
a n r e, by f h o are t ar l tf B h e m os num e rous c ass o ra m ans

b tw hi d G Th i i th t ib th t i th P P h
e ee n t s an oa . s s e r e a , n e oo na es

w as,
g l t th
av e ru e rs M a h i E
o p i e d i arN 6 t a F ) . i rp m re , an n n arnav s
-
ro

d d th
u ce t l b t d I di
e m os ce e t t ra e f n d ti an ds a e sm an o m o e rn m e s, an a

p f t K ily f h i
er ec au t k d p li y I
a or s croo d with th t di
e o c . n accor ance e ra

ti b C h a ky f
ons a ou t na d p
’
a s ll t d by Wilf d i
am e an e nance , co ec e or n

vo l i . f h
x. A i ti R
o t e h it i th i t ti g t fi d
s a c e searc e s, s ra er n e re s n o n ,

In th e Mah avanso, d i ln is translate d Malabarlan, th ough doub tless Hi ndus

from both si des of th e Pe ni nsula we re i nclude d .

1 Th e nam e of th is state sm an was Balnj i J andrdh an Bh é nu, th ough , like m an y

great m en i n Indi a, h e is se ldom m e nti one d by th is h is p roper nam e.
 I N TH E K A N H ERI I NS C RI PTI O Ns . 3

tht a th e onl y
pith t by whi h h i d ib d i
tw o e e s i ip ti c e s e scr e n o ur nscr on

( N o 1 5.
) l bare t d t h g hce e th w
ra e ld d p i fi
rou d T h ou t e or ,
”
an ur e .
”
e

tw i o ip i
nscr t i t ly d di ti
o ns con a n m e re f t h a y f e ca on o a cav e o t e m e m or o

Da il with
m a, yi g by wh ou t sa W n l f th t j t
om . e are e t, e n, o con ec ure

th at som e one o f hi d d t s t t B ddh i

esce n an s, a c onve r t i g o u sm , on e n e r n

th e p i th d d t d h i p p y t th
r es oo , ev o e ti s f ro e rt t o e e x cav a on o a m onum e n

t hi g
o st p g itre a Th ro e n or h by whi h t d ig t h i
. e nam e c ose n c o es na e m

m a
y b i d
e co ns d h ppy e re it a t ia p li t
one , as t h i con a ns a com m en o s

ti
na v e l d whil p i ti g t
an , e ill t io n n F th
o one h us r ous m an . rom e c arac

ter o f th l t w
e
ye i f
te rs, th t th i
e m a i p ti w n er
g d h atly e nsc r on as e n rav e s or

a ft th
er t f th Ch i ti
e com m e nce m e n o e rs an e ra .

Th dy e y th nas t d d h M y th t f d d by Ch d
at succee e t e au r a, a ou n e an ra

g up t d
a, an d h th i d ki
un e r g f w h
t ei h A k B r ddh i b
n o th c ,
'
so a, u sm e cam e e

t t
s a e re ligi i I di i on ll d th S g
n n a, Th f s ca d f thi y le e un a . e ou n e r o s ro a

h w P h p i t F h i th pp d g Mit w f dly
o use as us am ra . rom m e a en a e re as con e sse

g i ven to d w
som e , an p b b ly b by
as t if t
ro a ll f h i orne m os ,
no a , o s suc

ce ssors i h li
n t e sam e It i lth gh ne . dj t t
s, a ou com m on as an a unc o

p p ro e r nam e s onth th id f I di bye o er s th ie o d n a, no m e ans so on s an

th f
e re ore th i p pti i f
e re s a resumf y h i g on h n av ou r o an one e ar n su c

a nam e b l gi g t th y l f ily Th d Mit i th Mih f

e on n o e ro a am . e w or ra s e r o

h
t e dm o d Mi h
e rn, an f th i t P i
t ras o I S i t ite anc e n , e rs ans . n anscr m eans

a fi dr en di , ppli d
an s apith t t th e bigi p il
as an e e o e su n, as e n n a s ec a

th w ld f i d i pti it i t b t k i it
’
m anne r e I
or i
s r en . n our nscr ons s o e a en n s

or igi l na d , i
an it d i ti not n Th s th p pe r va ve se nse . us e ro e r nam e

R hi ni i t
o -m lit lly ra th f i d
e ra f R hinim eans f th l e r en o o , one o e unar

co ns e t ll ti a di ons, an f th Wh t
s a nam e o hw igh t
e m oon . a e v e r, o e v e r, m

h b th k f ily f th p
av e een e ran or w i h Mi t
am f i gp t f
o e e rsons t re orm n ar o

th i e r nam e , m e n ti di i ipti
one n ou rf b f
nscr th ons, nam e s o m em ers o e

ro ay l f ily am d bt dly i ib d th k t K d l (C l )
are u n ou e nsc r e on e roc s a r en ar e e .

O th n b li k
e o e t id th st pl th i i ipti whi h h
ou s e e em e e re s an nscr on, c ,
w en

trans a el t d i f ll w,
‘

s asTh o hi f Ag i it (P é i t Agi it )
o s e c e n -m ra r cr -m ra ,

so n o f h G t t Ki g Bhuti (P é i t
e re a n t d thi li w d
r cr e re c e s on-cro ne

pill Th ar .
”
fJ g it
e nam e o l d bt f th
a s -m f ily
ra a so, no ou one o e sam e am ,

i i
s nsc rib d th e f th pill
on ft
e t i g th
ou r Bhutiar a er en er n e cav e .

In th e Mah avanso, C i 1 , 3, we h ave p ordno for p a rdno, and x l, 26 , 29,

. . .

- f I scri p
sona rno fo r m u m ; an d p o kh a r a fo r p us h ka ro ,p a ss i m I n N o 1 5 o o ur n . .

ti ons th e re is ih for w an d i n N o 1 2 Si m as a co m .m on no un fo r m ; i S ee al so

V ararnch i , 1 6- 9, . e x te ndi ng th e p ri nci p le to o th e r wo rds besi des th ose m en

tione d . Th e inscri p ti on would, inde ed, see m to gi ve Goti , instead of Dh o ti , b ut as

th e g and M are ver y si m i lar , I sup pose th at ei th e r th e ori gi nal artist or th e cop yist
h as m i ssed th e sm all distingui sh i ng stroke .
4 m s ro nc
'
L N A M ES AN D F AC TS [J U LY

was t h e n, p b bly
ro a , th e pl e x cav ator of h
t is cav e te m e .
* As from
Wil Vi h
son s
’
P a s dP i
nu p U f l T
ar na, anb l i t pp t h t h
r nse
’
s se u a es, a ears a e

re ig d b t B
ne a ou 7 0 th . t h c . b , t d b t th t
e cav e m u s av e ee n e x cava e a ou a

p i d Bh i i w
er o . l d fi
t lp ti
as accu se d hi p i o i i m m ora rac ce s, an s rm c m ns

t e r, V d asu d d hi
e v a, dm ur e re d d h i th P hp m , an asce n e s rone . er a s

Bh i ti lik th
l , e t t f th fi t Egyp ti
e cons ru c or py id d th o e rs an ram , an e

fi i h f S i tP t d p pi it f lt h bj
’
n s er o ti
an e e r s, s g i
rre ut a s r o re v o am on s su ec s

by l i f ev e s o d y f h i g ifi t w k d th
m en an m one or s m a n ce n or s, an us

hi p i
s i i t
r m e wm t p t d t d th h i
n s er as d em p th e o e ro ne m , an usu r e

sov e re ig ty n .

Th t i p t t
e m os m K égh i ( K
or an
y) k
nam es on ou r th er e ne r roc s are ose

o f G t i p t
au a m dY d y
-
S i S i t K ni tw f
u ra an a n a ig
’
r - a - ar , o am ous sov ere ns

o f th A dl e dy ty f ki g th t ti d by Pli y l b t d
'
n l ra — nas o n s, a m en one n as ce e ra e

i h i ti
n s — dp h p l
m e, an hi d th t f B li fi t
e r a s a so a ig f t r , a o a n, rs sov e re n o

th e race . Th i h f i d y i i i h P i
e re s m uc con us on an m an om ss ons n t e urt ns

i l ti t th A dh ig i l i h
’
n re a on o e se
y t nt t t tw
ra so v e refi t ns e n re a on o e o rs

ti
m e n one d ki g th i p ty n s
g e re t T h
s a i
re t y nea r a re e m e n . e nam es n m

co py f th vay whi h w
o e h p p ty f C l
u, c lK dy d
as once t e ro e r o o one e ne , an

i th B
n e band ram di g t Wilf d g a, ac cor tly wi th th n o or , a ree e x ac e nam e s

on k
our roc pt h t S i i t p d
s, e xce t a t
'
bfr s rans ose , so as o co m e e ore

Y d y wh i h t
a n a, i th
c , l oo,
g t T
s h g h e h tw
usu a arran e m e n . ou t e o

nam es o o f ll w th Y d y i
one ano t i d t b th e r, b ta n a ly s no sa o e e son, u m e re

conne c e t d with G t i p t th t h w li k ly h i g
au a m - du ra, so Th a e as e s ran son . e

fi t f th th
rs o ki g th ig d b tw th w y d th pt
e re e n s at re ne e ee n em s a e e sce re

tw ty ight y
en -e d th t tw
ears, an ly h Th tw th e ne x o on se ve n eac . ese o, e n,

w e re i ll p b b ility b th
n a ro a l fY d y roTh e rs or tw u nc es o a n a. e sam e o

nam e s occu r a a n ng i i th ti t N a i k th
e sam e conne c th on a s ov e r e cav e e re

m os t t th o igh t whi h i th
e r id t h
, b c t d by th C
s e re sa o av e e e n e x cav a e e om

d i C hi f f th l tt f th tw p i
m an e r n e o e B id a er o th l ft ese o r nces . es e s, on e e

p h f th g t
orc o e t K é nh i ( K
rea
y)
cav e a th f g f th er e ne r e ra m e nts o e

inscr ip ti h w th t th y th l
ons s o pi d th
a ep iti F e re a so occu e e sam e os on . rom

th e or igi l P a i t f G t i p t
na r cr th Bhag t h by t p i
o ua a m - u ra
, e av a as rans os

ti on f d G ti p t p h p i t ti lly t
orm e om a - u ra
, l th l ti
e r a s n en ona , o co ncea e re a on

su b i ti g b tw th A dh
ss n e ee n ig d th f
e
’
d f B ddh
n ra sov e re ns an e oun e r o u

ism wh,
f ily
ose thi
am hb nam e Th f th
s m onarc tw e ars . e nam es o ese o

ki gn s are so ve r y p li th p e cu k w t I di hi t y
ar, no o er e rso ns no n o n an s or

or t di ti
ra b i g ith th
on e ar n h th e th t th b er p i ti g
e one or t e o e r, a e are o n n

f th ti ffi i t t id ti fy th w ith th h '
o em ou s su c en A dl o en em e n l ra m onarc s

ti
m e n one d i th P i It h l b n e ur na. l ti ti d by as a so ee n se v e ra m es no ce

True th is ki ng i n th e Puré ns i s called Deva-Bh uti , b ut Dev a i s so com

m on a p nom en and cognom e n to

ro ki ngs, th at i ts p rese nce or abse nce i s im m ate rial.
 I N TH E K A N H ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 6

o th ers, h t th
t a e latte r of th e b
a ov e m e ntione d ki ngs is d btl th
ou ess e

I di
n an sov e re ign m e nti one d by D G es ui gnes, wh o se nt an b ytem ass o

Chi na, an d of h w om it i p i lly s s ec a re m ar e k d th t h a e was of th e

religion of F0 ( B d dh ) u a , and nam e d Yue gnai .

Anoth e r ce e l b t d hi tra e bd k i th t f
s ori cal nam e i nscri e on ou r roc s s a o

B ddh gh h wh i l i d by th i h bit t f th E t
u a os a, o s c a m e e n a an s o e as e rn

P i l th i p tl d wh th C yl
en ns u a as e r a os ffi
e , an l t d om e e one se a rm trans a e

into Pdli , p b bly

or m ore pil d f fl i g t diti th
ro a com e rom oat n ra ons, e

Atth k th a a a , t th yi g f B ddh ft h i g b f
or com m e n on e sa n s o u a, a er av n , e ore

leav ni g I di t i it th i i l p bli h d
n a o v s l e r k i df s e, f hi u s e se v e ra w or s n e e nce o s

ne w ligi
re d i on, p p iti an hi n f o ligi i t
os th on to s orm e r co-re on s s, e

Bfih r m a ns Wh th h f
t e d f S i d B h I di
er e e v e r re urne rom am an urm a to n a,

as th C yl e e ffi onese a t it w p b bly b f h i d p t
rm , or no , as ro a e ore s e ar ure

th t h w
a e t d w ith K e h i
as connec e d h th li d b t n er an as e m us av e ve a ou

th ti w i h th fi t f th b d A dh h h ’
e sam e m e t e rs o e a ov e na m e n ra m onarc s, e

w as p b b l i i wi h h i i t
ro a y , n un on t li p ti g B ddh i m , ns rum e n a n ro m ot n u sm

i W t
n I di
es e rn n a .

Th h
e re b th
as f
e e n ano hi t i l i t t g d
e r nam e o som e s or ca n e re s e n rave

on th K an e h i k w hi h h w h b blit t d th t f
er roc s, c , o e v e r, as e en o e ra e , a o one

o f th M h ak h t p
e a s f a ra i g wh i
as, a race h b gi i g f o sov e re ns o n t e e nn n o

th Ch i ti
e rs ig d
an e ra re th t y neh I d dG j a t
ove r e cou n r on t e n us an u ar t, a

fi t pp
rs a tly
are n d p ti t pas f th B t i
e u h P hi
e s or sa ra s o e ac r an or rat e r art an

m onarc h b t f w d i dp d t
s, u a te r ar s ig s ? wh ppas n e en en sov e re n o a e ar

t h
o t d d th i
av e e x e n e w y f tl e r B b y Th i
s a as ar a e ast as om a . e re s an

inscr i p ti by i i t f
on f th
a m n s er o i t t Ke h ione o em ov e r a c s e rn a n er ,

an d wh l a o e t d t N i ik by th
ca ve w as e xca va e i l w f f a ls e so n- n- a o one o

th e sov e re ig f hi dy ns oty 1 t s nas .

I n one o f th i ip i he ti
ns cr d f Si g pé l
t ons w e av e m en on m a e o a ara a,

a ki d f High Ad i l t p t t t di g l hi
n o m ra o d by ro e c ra n v e sse s on t s, nam e

Pt l y th Pi t C
o om e t pp ll ti it ti d t d
ra e oas , an a till e a on con nue o e se rve

th E gli h
e n t d
s t th roo e t f ou bb ose nes s o se a ro e rs .

W h e h
av e f K ly i n
t e nam e s o W i (B i )
a dl a asa asse n , an

Na ik i t d
s d i h i ip ti
n ro uce d S p é g p b bly S p NE
n t e nscr ons, an o ra a, ro a u a, .

o f P oo na, and th t w I ano t i d tif

er Th hi ll i
o ll d
n canno en v. e s ca e

K h di w
an a, an d i M athi Ka h i
s no nam e n ar n er .

Th p e h wh
e rsons, dh t t b
e n, t dw
o ca use dt f t e cav e s o e e x e cu e e re ca e s o

th y l A dh f ily g ld ith f K la d Nai k d th

e ro a
'
n ra am , o sm s o a an s , an o er

d t
evo e es, wh t i g th p i th d th
o on e n e r n di p d f th i p p ty e r es oo us s ose o e r ro e r .

Mah avanso, ch ap . x xx vi i . near th e e nd .

t J ournal As . Soc Be ngal Ap ri l 1 8 38

. of , .

2 Bird on th e C aves of Weste rn India, p p . 60 , 6 1 .

6 H I S TO RIC A L N A M ES AN D m or e [J U LY

I h ll w d
s a no e n e av ou r to colle c t th e inform ation furni s h d by
e th e
i nscr i p ti i l tions n re a on to th e d e sign of th e cav es, a nd th e i nstituti ons
c onne c e t d wi th th em .

1 . Th e m ost im p orta nt of th e cav e s is t h at calle d th e C hiy a t a

G ihr a ( P Gh )
r é cri t C h e tiati d di t d t h
ar , an e x cav a on e ca e o t e re ce pi t on
i i t i
n anc e n t m e s o f dag b th p t ti f th t l a o a, e re re se n a on o e um u us or

m o un d d e re c te
y p t i
ov e r an f th i or f B on ddh o d i e re m a ns o u a, an n

l t ti
a er wh i
m es,
g w h i p w
en m a e - i t d d ors f h i g f t
as n roh u ce , o t e m a es o e

g
sa e I t .
y th f
m a b i d d
e re ore h B d dh
e cons i t t p l e reI t h as t e u s em e . n e

l g
ar e K
ca v e at
y th p
e ne r b b ly , ll d d t
e one i h ropp p l t
a a u e o n t e co e r- a e

insc r ip ti th M h i Vih i
on as ew h a l t h f th t t r, d e dag b * ave a t e ar es en a o a,

an d h i d f th p h i
on eac s e o ki d f e orc l , l n a n o rece ss, a c o ossa

i g
m a e f B ddh o w i hu h i l ft
a, h d ti d t s h i he l d d an ra se o s s ou e r, an

th igh t wi th th p l
e r
p t w
e d h
a m p ot t en i h
o ar s w y t e s e c a o r, n t e sam e a

as th B ah e r f h p m ans o t d y t ep d th h d wh re se n f i g
a ex an e an e n con e rr n

a bl i g Th i i f it p t f i g f B ddh d will
e ss n . s s a avour e os ure o m a es o u a, an

d p t d i f D Bi d w k th ’
b f e ou n re th
res e n e fi t pl t n e rs a e o r . r s or on e

cav e s Th . b lit l d b t h t th tw i
e re can e t e
g ou f d t
t a e o m a es re e rre o are

th i
ose m e nt one d i th i ipti , n th e p h nscr h igb on on e orc , as av n ee n

t d by f h E p Y d y S i Sa K ni O ly
'
t
cons ru c e l ti a re a on o t e m e ror a n a r - t- ar . n

th e ll i
sm a g t t h
m a es t p f t
a h p il l e o i s h i
o t i e ars are n t e n e r or,

an d w hi h b i g i
, c ib l h
e n i
nacce ss Ke l e ld e re , as n r e n, co u ne v e r

h b bj t f w hip b l g t th
av e een o ec s o ors it w
, e on igi lly o e cav e as as or na

t
cons ruc e t d A i ddl i d i . m
g t h i h
e -s ze
g i d d
m a e on till i h e r t s e , an s n t e

p h i p ly i d t h b d di d t B ddh by B ddh
orc , s ex re ss sa o av e e en e cate o u a u a

g h hos T h a. ll
e re are som e sm a i g f B ddh d er f l l
m a es o g u a, an o se v e ra ar e

d k p b t ll i th p h d th it pp
oor- ee e rs, u a n e orc w ,h ll an us a ears, as e s a se e

m ore p ti l ly ft w d wh w p k f th h l gy th
ar cu ar a er ar s, en e s ea o e c ro no o , at

im a e
g
- w h i p w ors t i n t d d
as no t K h i ( Kro u ce y) ill th a an er e ne r t e co m

m e nce m e n t f th fifth o t y f e Ice n ur ll th ld t B ddh i t

o our e ra . n a e o es u s

cav e s a t Ell t thora, i

oo , g T h i
e re are no l y p l t
m a es . e re s on one co m e e

tem pl et K i nh i
ca v e a d h d b
l er , a sec on d t i l ft a ee n c om m e nce o ts e ,

b t u i i
re m a ns fi i h d t t
n an un n s e Th y ll s a e t h . igh t e ve r sm a cav e o t e r

m a
y l b d
a so de p
eem et i w h th
an e x ce i d a g b on, t h i e re e re s a o a, as e re s

l i th
a so n f y f th g t
e re e ctor o e re a cav e .

Th i e re th i g i th
s no i i pti
n n th e t l d t th
ns cr ons on ese cav e s o ea o e

id e a, as D B i d pp r. d f th i t i t f Mith i w hip
r su ose , o e n e rm x ure o a ra c ors on

thi id
s s f I di wi th B ddhi
e o n a Th u i g f th sm pith t M i t
. e m e an n o e e e ra

Ddgob a is 11 Pan and S ingh alese word, supp ose d to be deri ve d fro m D eh agop a ,
th at wh i ch conceals or cove rs th e b od y .
”
Tops i s a corrup ti on of S trip e , an

rti ficial m ound

”
a .
 I N TH E K A NH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 7

on our roc k s b
dy pl i d d it h b h w th t it
h as e e n alre a ex a ne , an as een s o n a

i
s use d i it igi l n ff i d
s or dd na t th se nse o Th r en , an oe s no m ean e sun . e

B ddhi t l ity p i d i d d i f i w hip h g d f th

u s a a , n ee , an n e r or ors to t e o s o e

B ahr d th
m ans an Hi du b t t y p ti l d i y b
o er n s, u no to an one ar cu ar e t a ov e

th e re st Th ly tw
. th ti d e on t hi bj t I h
o au en c ocum e n s on t s su ec av e

b bl t fi d th p p pl t b
een a e o n , are i d d th i ip
e co e r- a e a ov e m e nt one , an e nscr

ti i
on n h B ddhi t
t e y t h t p f th Na a Ghat p b
u s m onaste r a t e o o e n , ro a

bly j dgi g f
, u th pp n f th l tt
ro m th ld t
e a th i id
eara nce o e e e rs, e o es on s s e

o f I di n I tha . f b id B ddh th f ll wi g bj t f
n e orm e r, es es u a, e o o n o ec s o

w orship i k d D (G d ) Y k h Siddh Vidy dh G

are nv o e e va o s , a s a, a,
'
ti ara, an

dh Ah i (p b bly Ap ) Bh d a Pu gé Bh d é P d i Ka y
arr a, ro a sa ras , a r - r , a r a m , v a

V j pagi ( I d ) Vak (S a ra ti ) Ké i V
n raé
( y ) I , aras va , n ua s . n

h l t i
t e ip ti
at e r th i I dnsc r S k h g (B l a ) V i d
on e re s n ra, an ars a a a ar m a , i su e va

( K i h
rs ) C h na d a S i y (, t M i t ) t
an rh b lit t
l r a d f no ra e n a nam e o e ra e , a ter

w hi h i c L k p al s Y V o K b th V
a a, R a
am a, aruna, u e ra, e asu s, am ,

L k h i K ai V S dh ji ( G dd f Twi ligh t
’
a s m , um r , ara, S i an e , o e ss o r

S arasv ati All th . i t V di g d ese b l g t

are t h anc e n e c o s, or e on o e

t w o
g t d
re a t f thm o w hi pp
e rn f K i
se c s h do e ors e rs o r s na an

Durgé
2 . Th e secon d class of cav es are th ose w ic h hw ere form e rl y pp a ro

pitdrn e ti h ll d
as i th
conv oca i ip ti on d a s, an are n e nscr ons nam e

Bhi k h S gh g ih (P é i t Bhikh S gh Gh ) Th h ll
s u - an a- r a r cr u - an a- ar ese a s

w d by th p i t wh
e re use th y di d ligi
e tt
r es s d en e scusse re ous m a e rs, an

w l pl
e re a so f bly f li t i g t th i t ti
ac e s o asse m f th i or s en n o e ns ru c ons o e r

spi it l p i
r ua
* I su i t e tl t
e r ors .h h ll w f i h d n one ns anc a eas su c a a as urn s e

w ith t d h f th i k t t p I th i ipti
sea s an couc es or e s c o re s u on . n e nscr ons

on th p h f th g t t pl th
e o rc o f igh t ei p re a em e e nam e o e or n ne e rsons

d d h p b bly f d ki d f P hay t C itt

are recor e ; t ese ro a orm e a n o anc a or om m ee

f th
or
g t f ll th
e m ana e m e n fi i f th li gi t b l i h
o t at e a a rs o
'

e re o us es a s m en s a

Kanh i ( K y) er— i il t p il t thi d y i l ti t

e ne r as m ar cus om re v a s a s a n re a on o

analo ous insti tutions am on

g g th e Hiudfis .

3 . I d wi th th h ll w th ll f
ntim ate l y connec te ll e se a s e re e ce s or sm a

com p i f t
an es i di i d l k Tho pi ll d Bh ik h
r es s or n v ua m on s . e se are ca e s u

G ihr ti ath y ll i th id
som e f th l g
m es d e are ce s n e s es o e ar e cav e s, an som e

ti ll
m es sm a p t ti ti ly d t h d f
se ara e ll h e x cav a ons, en re e ac e rom a ot e rs,

an dh i g h p t t
av n At K a l
eac th y a se tly f ara e e n rance . r en e are m os o

th l tt
e d ipti a erd t Kanh i f th f escr I thi k it li k ly
on, an a er o e orm e r. n e

th t th w d L n
a ew ppli d t ll f th
or ti fi i l
e a, no w fi t a e oa o e se ar c a cav e s, as rs

A curi ous se t of bro nze figu res, re p rese nti ng a num be r of Burm ese Rah aus
listening to th ei r teach e r, was la tel p resente d to y our m use um .
8 H I STO RI C A L ru n gs A N D m ore [J U LY
gi ve n to th e se gro ttoe s, and t at it is h d e rive df rom a S anscrit w or d wh i h c

signi fie s m e di tati on or re ose )

“ p
d Viha ( Ffl t ) whi h i f q tly d y I pp
Th e wor r l c s re ue n use , m a , su ose ,

l b
a so ppli d t y e a f th l g f th
e b o an ti d one o e ar e r o e a ov e m en one e xcav a

ti b t it
ons, th ut f t th t t d by
se e m s ra k th er o re e r o em as e nan e m on s an

as m e re cavesI f t i t p p ly . i h bi t d
n t y
ac , ro er m e ans an n a e m onas e r , a

pl pp p i t d t th pl
ace a bl
ro r a e i f ligi t dyo d e e asura e e x e rc se o re ous s u an

m e ditati on.

4 . We h av e ne x t cav e s, or p ortions of caves, d e v ote dt o th e use of

e stab lish m cnts for th e su pply of resi d t en s and trave lle rs wi t hf d oo .

T h ese are m e ntione d d un e r th e nam e th y e still h e ar i n th e t y

coun r

aroun d Aunasatra, or i ts e q ui vale nt Satr sé la

’
. S e v e ral es a t bli h s

m e nts of hi ki d
t s n are m e nti one d if I m ista k e not, no le ss th an
four difie re nt
'

su c h cav e s are re fe rre d to i n e x tant inscri ti ons p .

In m o e rn d ti m e s m an yA
bli h d by th P hw
nnasatras we re e sta s e e es as

on th g t e d l di g t P (P ) d th f th th t
rea roa s ea n o una oo na , an ose o em a

w i t
e re anc e n d h df (
,i a
an ) l d f
a th i
ree pp t i
n mt t th i an s or e r su or , ex s o s

dy
a At th
. t b li h t
e se ly B ah
es a s p i d d wi th
m en s on r m ans are rov e

i i
ne ce ssar e s, as n anc e ni t ti ly B ddh i t p i t w m es ppli don u s r es s e re su e

from th f t i I t i th B
e re ec or es h i kh i . l wh i s th i e i p ti s i s a one o n e nscr on

are i it d t nv e d i th
o com e an pply f th i w t re ce v e e su o e r an s .

5 F . f q ar m oret ti i re d i th i ip i f t b
ue n m en on s m a e n e nscr t ons o es a

li hs t f
m en s th di t ib ti f w t
or e s r l th u igh t b i g
on o a e r, no e ss an e e n

p ifi lly
s ec ca d d Wh re c or e A .t i ti d th i
e re an unasa ra s m en one , e re s

ge ne rally if t lw, y no t da w i th i t i t
a s, conne c e f th pp ly f a c s e rn or e su o

w t a er b t th u b id l i t
e re are es t t d wi th th
e s se v era c s e rns no conne c e e se

t bli h
es a ts wm e n s, as
y b ly pp
e m a f h f t
re asona h l y su ose , or t e u se o ose a

i it
v s wh w ors t o itl d t th b
ere no fit f th
e nt f t i
e Th
o e e ne o e re e c or e s . ese

i t
c s e rns are sm a ll t k f th fan s o f t wi d fi i l g
re e or d ou r ee e, ve or s x on , an

as m an y d p h w d t f th lid k th h ill id Th y
ee , e e ou o e so roc on e s e . e

ge ne rally ly f ll
are ne ar d I p p th u w t , ant h g h th su o se e a e r oozes rou e

t p
ra kf roc b d h
rom ppli h w t
a ove , an i d by
t us su es t e as e occ as one

p ti B t th i
e v a ora on . ut b li th t wh th hill w
e re s re ason o e eve a en e as

t t d wi th
e nan e k th w m on s, tt d t p tt d w w t f
e re as an a e n an re se n o ra a er or

th e use f i it o d t fill p th
v s ors, an i t wh it b
o h td
u e c s e rn en e cam e e x aus e

fro m th dj i i g i l t whi h till hibit th

e a o n n r vu e , t f b k c s ex s e re m nan s o ro en

em b k t h wi g th t th w t w d
an m e n s, s o n db ki i t
a e a er as am m e ac n anc en

Th e word is i n Pracri t fivi, and i n Marath i fl at Th e S ansc ri t word re fe rre d to

W a S ee Translati on of th e Kalpa Si I tra, p and th e

'

is ,
from th e root ,
. 1 0 7,
Né sik I nscri p tion, No 1 3, . of Bre tt .
 Is Th e K A NH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 9

ti m es ,
'

to afio rd a su
'

pply wh en th e tank s faile d . In our day it is a

'

com m on h
t ing in th e h ot season for e ne vole nt i ndi vi uals to stati on a b d
p erson o n th e roa wit d hp h
itc e rs full of wate r, sufi cie nt to last t ro ugh h
th e day, to su pply t ll wh rave ers o m ay stan di n nee d f h o suc re fres h
m ent. S h i tit ti uc ll d i S
ns u it
ons are . ca e di n anscr P pa ( N !
ra S an n

M thi P hi ( f t) I th p i i l S
ara o tu . it f n f
e rov nc a anscr o one o ou r

i
nscr i p ti th y ons, d P iy Bh aj y ( m m ) h i h
e are nam e an a an a , w c

li t lly pl f th di t ib ti f w t B t th ”
e ra m eans a ace or e s r u on o a er . u e

nam e th y g elly i i th i
e ne ra ipti i P dh i
re ce ve n P dh i ( i l e nscr ons s o , or on m
or W ) f whi h th
, rom b ti d M thi w d i i d tly
c e a ove m e n one ara or s ev en

d i d Th w d 31 !
er ve . 3m
e th
or li gor d i th , In e m ascu ne e n e r, n e sam e

l g g
an ua e , m eans th ll t h d d th t f t t
e sm a re nc m a e aroun e roo o a re e o

t i th
re a n w t e ppli d t it f th w ll
a er su e o i i th rom e e or re se rvo r n e

ing f i t d ily
”
m orn or sd a ll use , an a sm a

I nm y py f C l co
g h P li V
o b l y (
ou C l
’
b s ap 8 3 oca u ar , o um o, .
,

S dh i i gi on f t lt k
s ve n i i
or a na ura k Bt an or reservo r n a roc . u

th e rea di g f n w d i t o w ll
ou r t bli h d f
or s it f qoo t e es a s e rom s re ue n use

i th i
n e i pti
nscr t Na ik d i th
ons a th sdi t i t w ll t
, an n e o er cave s r c s, as e as a

Kfigh i t p er , it f o
y h e rm
g i th o th g anphy b i g c an e d n e or o ra e n m a e.

Th S e it W w t
anscr wi th th p p i ti 9 will gi
a e r, i t bl e . re os on , ve a su a e

p i
rm i ti f ve w d
or ou r or .

6 . At f th one o th Ch i k K fih ap
e cav es, S él e ti d v ara a an
’
a, m e n one

i I
n nscr i p ti N 1 0 th on w o t bli h
.
, t th
e re i i
as an es at s m en , as e nam e nt m a e s,

for th di t ib ti
e t th
s r k f ll
u on o fe y Th
m on s o sm a sum s o m one . e

w d Ch i
or va ro m eans a ra
g h p i f l h , wor suc i d d a e ce o c ot as as cons ere

su i t bl f th w
a e or f B ddhi t di t d Ch i i f d
e ear o a u s m en can an va r , orm e

from it , h
m eans suc di t b t f th t d th i ip ti
a m en can u rom a an ano er nsc r on

it ppa e ars th t i t w l th p p
a as a so f f h e b f ro e r nam e o one o t e m em e rs o

th K m i y l A dh f ily d I l d th t th f d ti ’
e a or ro a n ra am ; an conc u e a e oun a on

from whi h f d w c ppli d f th pp t f thi i tit ti p h p

un s e re su e or e su or o s ns u on er a s

o w d it
e igi t Chi
s or i K gi n o Th pp i ll d K ebap n
var ar l . e co er co n ca e a a

( S ans K
. i h é p n) w rs f th l
a a f 2 d E li
as o
g h y b
e v a ue ot . n s m one , or a ou a

F re nc h It w
sous . i d till l t ly i B as co ne b y d d th a e n om a , an nam e e re a

dh bbé
a dw i
, an l tw pi as h lf
n v a ue A odi g t th cs , or a an anus . cc or n o e

Mh a av anso fi ti l f th
one ar W jj i h y
c e w o t h t th e k a e res as, a e m on s

as ek d th l ity e g
a th th i, g t
am on
g i th o K i h a
er
p A n s, g o ve em a l an . m on

our J i it w ld b t y t l t k h i b t t
a ns ou e con rar o ru e o as suc a co n, u no

”
Th e Engli sh reader m ust not h e re th i nk of o ur word p ond,
for alth ough

th e resem blance is striki ng , and th ere m ay be a f undam e ntal connec ti on, th is is

not one of th ose term s wh i ch in later years h ave been borrowed from our language .
lo HI B - J
TO RI C A L n u ns s un s acr s [ U Lr

wrong to rece i ve it if ofiere d

'

. Was th e aski ng, t h

th e gist
e n, of th e
offe nce , o r was th e rule afte rwar s re lax e d d It coul not, w d h en t ish
i nsti tuti on was d b h ti l t i wh t p bli i tit
origi nate , e e re ca o re ce v e a a u c ns u

ti on w t bli h d t b t w
as es a s e At th o di ti es o f B ddhi t p i t
. e or na on o u s r e s s,

l
a so, th i i f th thi g gi
s s one o e th t i di t th t th y
n s ve n em , o n ca e a e are

th f w d t b
e nce or ar pp t d by l
o e su or e a m s.

7 Att h d t th
. ac e ti o t bli he m onas t t Ka h i th c es a w s m en a n er e re as

a g d p
ar e n d i g ro fl w
uc n d so m e
g t b l o d e rs an d d w i th ve e a es , an su rrou n e

a f e nce . I f th n one o i p f t i ip tie m tier ec t b nscr ons m en on seem s o e

d f ill g (N 1 2) tt h d t th t pl d i t i i g l
m a e o a v a e o . a ac e o e em e, an s s n u ar

h t th l g ill g ll d Vih a (th M t y) t thi d y

t a ra er a ar e v a e ca e r e onas e r o s a

i t
e x s s on th d t T h t di t
e roa o f b t i
anua , il f
a a th s ance o a ou s x m es rom e

e x cava ti by th p thw y
ons e a ll ill g
a ; so m e sm a e r v b t th y a es are ne are r, u e

are am on g th h ill d p
e A l
s, an
g i f
oor w t . w i th y
ar e rese rvo r o a e r, a ve r

o ld b k t bl th lti t t i ig t p t f th i fi ld
em an m e n , e na es e cu va ors o rr a e ar o e r e s

i th d y
n e r th i g th
season, g h
a n , g h i ou y th com m on e nou n m an o er

p t
ar s o f I d i by n a, thnoi i d th
m eans so W t Gh aont s s e e e s ern s.

It i t i p b bl th
s no m ro a th t th e, ill g e n, w thi a d t g t
e v a e rs o e s a van a e o

th i f e r ti
orm e r c onne c with th t y
on Th g ti g f ll th e m onas e r . e ran n o a e

t
re n s o f ill g f thav a e pp t f ligi
or e su t bli h or t i o tillre ous es a s m en s s s a

c om m on hi g i I di t n n n a.

8 Th
. t i
e m os f t f ll cur ous t d wi th Ki gh i i th
ac o a connec e er s e

ll g d
a e e i t th
e x s e nce i i t ti e re f th i l bl
n anc e n li f t th
m es o e nv a ua e re c o a oo

o f B ddh u I a. f i
n one o ip ti ( N 7
ou r ) th nscr w h i h
ons o . e cave ov e r c

it i s e n rave
g d i ll d t h S i k
s ca e d ty l WW e
'
a ) t h
a- a B ddh -
a eg a , e u a

t th C
oo av e ,
”
p b bly b ro tha li w th ecause t p ily d p it d e re c as e re em orar e os e ,

w hil th t p th e e o e, p d t th p l f th h
e re com are o i w hi h e o e o e eav e ns, n c

i t w fi lly l dg d w b i g p p
as na o e , d Th fi l l dg t f th
as e n re are . e na o e m en o e

t th w
oo d btl i th t p p d by D Bi d pp i t th
as ou ess n e o e O e ne r. r o os e e

g re a t t p l em pp f
e cav e , as a th i p t t
ears pp p l
rom t i ip e m or an Oo e r- a e nscr

ti on, o f whi h th i c f i il i h i w k
ere s a Th
ac s m tb e n s or . e re m us e som e

i p f ti
m er ec i th t ons py f th i ipti whi h p t it b i g
n a co o e nscr on, c re ve n e n

sa ti f t i ly t
s ac or l t d th rans a e
gh t b t i t g rou l i w t oui t
; u s e ne ra m r s no

di ffi lt t cu t i o d th t
asc e r a n, an i p t i gh t f a no t i ns e c or m or a m om e n m ss

it is am th w d ( m, e ) B
or a dh a i y l g l tt i g n d t ve r ar e e e rs s e n rave a

th b tte of it om Thi w d
o . t k s or i t thm eans a d it i us , or can ne oo ; an s

w thy f
or ti o th t it i
no ce f thi p i a f t th th t th f
s o s s e c es o oo a e am ous

C yl D l d i pp d t b th gh i lity it b
e onese a a a s su ose o e, ou n rea e no m ore

th an a pi f i y C i th wh t ti i g pl thi Ka b i
e ce o v or . once ve , e n, a a s rr n ac e s g er

j gl t p t th h bit ti f tig
un e, a rese n e ad f a li t y Hi du
on o e rs an o a so ar n

d t with h i w nd h lf wh s d i il i h t nd w
e vo e e, s co a e r ca , o e om c e sa u , a co
 I N TH E K A NH E B! 1 NS C R I PTI O NS . 11

h ouse a cav e , m ust t enh h ave b ee n, wit h crow s of d pilg i rm s fl ockin

g i n
from K al
y an and all
th e ne ig ouring ci ties hb . It m ust th e n h av e

ex h i b it d e a sce ne p d unexam le now, e x ce t at th e p p bli

u c ex hibiti ons of

th e B ddh u t th i
a - oo C yl n e on, or at Jg a annath , origina lly , Ih as av e

else wh e re sh w t b p b bl
o n o eB ddhi t pilg i g d
ro a e, a pl ace of u s r m a e, an

no t lik
un e ly b ti g t f
oas lin f th g t f
, oo, o d f th i
so m e re c o e rea oun e r o . e r

re ligi on . It i p p hw
s t ro e r,ti th t D B i d did
o e v e r, t di
o no ce a r. r no s

cov e r am o n
g th l b l h b h
e v a uat t li h t esy th ie li k t
rou th * o an n e a oo
g g g .

I i
t s ev id t h w en f , hi o ti
e v er, th t th rom th s narra b ve , a e re m us av e ee n

acce ss t it o t i i t ti
s sanc um by n anc e n td p g m es som e se cre oor or assa e .

pl t i h t
a a e d by fi
n a c arac e r m ore m o e rn i t i w f d v e or s x ce n ur e s as oun

i th
n e sam e d th t t i d th m oun ba f
con a ne dt i e one a ov e re e rre o nor s
i t b
t o pp d th t h li w i
e su ose a su c ibl t h p i t- W1
a re c as nacc ess e o t e r es 9, 19

so high ly d it Wh th B ddhi t w p
re v e re nce . en t d i I di e u s s e re e rse cu e n n a

it i s no wi b d t pp th t th p i
se a sur o su li whi h
ose a ld b e rec ous re c, c cou e

so eas ily l d d
conc ea e bi t f b , an i y w ld it littl
as a o one or v or ou ex c e so e

sus p i i c o n or p i d i ty g H
cu i du t i w
am on d w h
n il th sec ar es, as re m ove ,
e e

g o l d d j
an w l w h i h e ig h t
e s, d g h c f
m ty f t h f i ti
e n an e r
g p i t t e sa e o e u ve r es ,

w ere l ft b h i d
e Th C yl e n .
t t h i e i d t e h oneseb b g
ooh t s sa o av e een rou

from th th di f I di t C yl b t
e o er s e o n 310
a o It i e t on, a ou A. D . . s no

lik ly h w
e , if th
o li w
ev e r, lly i
e re d f c I d i t h t
e re re a i t w l d carr e rom n a, a ou

b e ll w d t b
a o e d w hil B ddhi fl i h d d
o e re m ov e e u sm our s e an as o ur

ins cr ip ti p it till fl i h d t l t t y l t th C yl
o ns rov e s our s e a eas a ce n u r a e r, e e ones e

m a y h d t
av e anted th l f
a e t h t he rem ova w ll i t ko th e oot , as e as m s a en e

q uar e rt w h it e nce th t i t i t
cam e b y d t h
so b a d f p s no e on e oun s o ro

h bili ty th t th i
a
ya b i d t
e rs m a i l K é u h i li
e our T h l g en d ca e r re c . e e en s
,

h wo l ti t th p
e v e r, re a tive f h
o e li f th b dy f B ddh
reserva on o t e re cs o e o o u a,

g i v en i th A nth k th e t p t
a a d t th
a, canno ti i ty d i t i p
re e n o au en c , an s ro

b bl th t th w hip f li
a e a e w ll
ors th t f i
o re g w
cs, as b t e as a o m a es, as u a

lt
a er a ddi i t th t t on t f B ddh i
o e e ne s o u sm .

It w ld b i t ou ti g if w e ld p iti ly d t
n e res n i ewh c outh os ve e e rm ne o e

arc hit t w th t p i t d d th
ec s e re a su ti n
er n en e Th ly l ese e xcav a o s. e on c ue

w h e t
av e h i i th o t ti th
s s ti f
e m e n on ti t t Ea l re e d m es o an ar s a r e" an

Ké nh i w h i er , f th Ka l i
o n one o ip ti ( N e 1 1 f B i d
r e n nscr ) i i d ons o. o r s sa

t b
o G k (Y ) d i N 7 f i ipti h i ll d
e a ree avan , an n o. o ou r nsc r ons e s ca e an

ar sti t H i . d Dh k k t Dh k k t wh i h I thi k y
e s nam e anu a- a a, or e nu a- a a, c n m a

t df X wi h few lib ti h
°

s an or t e nocra e s, t e ve n ft t k i th er er es t e n ars o e n a en n e

I n o ne of th e urns dug out of th e m ound he ysa s th e re was a sm all gold box ,

contai ni ng a fragm e nt of wh i te cotto n rag ( q u ery , th at i n wh i ch th e tooth was

o rigi na ll y wrap t] acc om panie d by a pe arl, a ruby , and som e i

p es
e c of go ld .
”

Bi rd s ’
C a ve: o f Weste rn I ndia , p . 1 .
 - J
12 H I S TO RI C A L Na m e s A N D s a c rs [ U Lv

transfe re nce of nam e s from one language to anoth e r * Was h e .

‘

th en a

G k B ti
re e or hit t wh p i t d d th
ac r an arc ec ti g f th g
o su t er n e n e e e x cav a n o e rea

t
cav e - em pl t Ka l d di d h k t i t li h i
e a r e n, an i e se e o m m or a ze s nam e n con

ne c ti onwith th i t ti g ese ti
n e re s n It h b l g d t d e x cav a ons as e e n on un ers oo

th t th
a i t Hi du
ose anc en i whi h h n G k l tt t p d
co ns, c av e ree e e rs s am e on

th em d i th i p i i y f G k ti t d D Wil l t ly
, e r ve e r su e r or t rom re e ar s s ; an r . son a e

t ld
o usth t h p t th p i i y f th Adj t p i ti g t
a e sus e c s e su e r or t o e un a a n n s o

an ythi g n l wh i
see n e seI di i d t B t i p i t d
e re n n a, s ue o ac r an su e r n e n e nce .

Th d l d i t ti
e e c are f th n e n on ot f th g elly i e x cav a ors o e cav es e nera s

r esp t t B ddh d g d t h i p i th d B t t th
ec o u a, an re ar o s r es oo . u a e sam e

ti m e i t i w thy f s or k th t i fi f th l g i ipti
o rem ar a l g n ve o e on e r nsc r ons, a on

with th d p t i ’
th ese , l f the i
re m ov a f th o e s ns o e ono r s are n s s a

d l d
e c are f thcause ot b li h t f the es a ligi h s m en o e re ous ouses .

Th l g g i whi h th i
e an ua es nip ti c w itt e
g lly
nscr ons are r e n are enera

i
v ar ous s a h d f P a it wi th f w i S it Th S it i
es o r cr , a e n anscr . e anscr s m ore

or l p bt g d
e ss ure , u d t ly l d B ah
as oo as m o e ra e wg lly e arne r m ans no ene ra

w itr e N. f th P a i t i
one o ip i e pp h th Pfili i p i y
r cr nsc r t ons a roac e n ur t ,

an d ly q l th M ig dh i f th
scarce e ua J i w k d Hi du d
e a a o e a n or s, an n ra

m a ti p c Th y
oe m s . ll t h e b w itt i p ly ll q i l
see m a o av e e en r en n ure co o u a

di l t pp hi g wh t
a e c s, a roac n t th
som e d t g th a neare r o e m o e rn on u es an

th b
e a ov em e n ti d l i l l g g d Th g l p i ipl
one c ass ca an ua e s o. e e ne ra r nc e s,

hw o f th Pali G
e ve r, o e ppli bl t th ll Th l
ram m ar, are a ca e o em a . e ru es

o fV araruchi p d di L as e x I ti t ti
oun e Li g n P d i ti asse u s
’
ns u ones n ual; r cr cc

will g lly
e ne ra bl th S it h l t pl i th t th t
e na e e anscr sc o ar o ex a n e e rm s a

occu r, th g h th P
ou a i t h e i h
r cr d pp h i as l v ar ous s a es, a roac n
g c ose r, or

di g g
ve r i f th
n f t
ur h er d t romg e sacre on u e .

Th h t t i whi h th i ipti
e c arac e rs, oo, n w itt yc e nscr ons are r e n, v ar

c ons id bly e ra di g t th g f th i ipti — f

, accor n o e a e o pl e nscr ons as, or exam e,

i th f
n e ti f th l tt
orm a a
on o dw d l
e ewh i h i e rs
p i lly t an , an a so, c s s ec a o

b e no et d di g t th p i f th w it
, accor n o ef i t i th
rov nce o e r e r, as or ns ance n e

m uc h g t d pth i th G j ati h t f ll th t k th t
re a e r e n e u ar c arac e r o a e s ro e s a

com e b l w th li e o i t l
e dt
ne , as na ,
‘

, an .

Th ly p i t th t
e on w
o n i t ab t no h d i th h rem a ns o e ou c e on s e c ro

no ol gy I . f thn none o ki ipti f

e roc I k tinscr ons, as ar as can m a e ou , s
th e re an y d t i th i w
a e, e d fi g er [ D n t t N a i k d
or s or Ca l ures . a es a s an r ee

w ere a ft w d di er d
ar s will pp
scov e re i f t p p ] b th p
, as a ear n a u ure a e r, u a

p ily thi w t i ppli d by th pp pl t b

s an s su e i d f di e co er- a e a ove m ent one , oun n

t Most reade rs are aware of th e Wfi i n Has ti n use d for -

Warre n Hasti ngs .

I was once som e wh at p uzzled on h earing of h i gh English a uth ori t

a y calle d th e
S h eep , and not a li ttle am used wh en I found out th at i t was th e C W th at was
m eant .
 I I: TH E K ANH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 13

th e to p p d by D Bi d th pl i ly i
e O e ne r. r e re a n n wor s w e rea d d sam va tsa r e

sate day p a ne /Ia ch a tvé ri n s ad u tta re , i . e . afte r th e com pl tie on of th e

year two h d d un re and fort -fiv e y ; givi ng us A D 1 8 9 fo r th e ti m e . .

w h en th e t p w e d e pas conse crate dp d , and th e re ci ous re li c e osite in

it Th
. t ll ti
e co ns e d whi h thi t k pl w p b bly P hy
a on u n e r c s oo ace as ro a us a,

b i gi g t th l tt h lf f J
rn n us o Thi i th p i d f th g t
e a er a o une . s s e er o o e re a

f ti l t J g
es va ath
a d f a ann hi f f ti l t P dh p i th, an o our c e es va a an ar i r, e c om

m ence m e n t f th B ddhi t W o d j t t th b gi i g f
e u s asso, an us a e e nn n o our

p i di l i
er o ca d P h y i th
ra ns f th an t t us f th t p a s e nam e o e cons ru c or o e o s.

B ddh gh h l ft I di f C yl
u a os a di g t th M h
e n a or e on accor n o e a av anso

Ch p a ii i
. xx x v 4 10 .d th
,
fn A th i .
g D h . t p i th , an ere ore e m a e e se u n e

grea t t p l em t h b e m us t d h t ti ave p i t th t
e e n ex ecu e som e s or m e rev ous o a

dt
a e , as it lik ly h t h
se e m s un t d t Ka h i ft h i l b
e t a e re urne o n e r a er s a ours

i C yl
n e dB on an urm a.

Y d y S i wh pp i th p h i ti wi th
’
a n a r , ose nam e a e ars n e orc n connec on

th t f h i
a o l ti wh d di t d th i
s re a gon, th t B ddh
o t
e ca e e m a es e re o u a, se n an

em b y t C hi
as s o di g t th p i t d py f D G ig i
na, accor n o e rn e co o es u nes n

A. D . 4 08 Bt th i i thi
. ub id ly typ g phi l
e re s n s num er ev e nt a o ra ca

e rror, as th ig i wh e sovere ig th b d n n i d di d ose re n ese am assa ors arr ve

no t d th th
asce n till 4 24
e Th d t hrone th f i A. D. . e a e as, e re ore, n ou r

lib y py b
rar co t d t 4 2 8 ( I b li
ee n corre c eby th l t C l K dy ) o , e eve e a e o . e ne ,

th t th I h ll h id th
neare r e ru , s a e re cons er e true
num b r L t
ers pp th e b y us f Y d su
y ll d by
ose th e em ass o a n a, ca e e

Ch i Y g i t h
nese ue i d i China , i th o d y f hi
av e arr v e n na n e sec on e ar o s

re ig w hi hn, tb f c f th t th
canno h ig d
e ly
ar rom e ru , as e re ne on se v e n

y ears ;th k i g b k by th h lp f th R d liff py f th

en, re c on n ac e e o e a c e co o e

M ty i t d i Wil
a s a, c Vi h
e P é n w b gh t t withi i
son s
’
s nu ur n, e are rou o nsx

y f th
ears o l i f th ig f th g t Sat K ni t wh
e conc us on o e re n o e re a ar , o om

a ll th P a gi e p i d f fifty i y
ur ns ve a th ti wh
er o th o -s x e ars, as e m e en e

re li f B ddh w d p it d i th t p
c o u a If h w
as e w t k th
os e n e o e .
, o e v e r, e a e e

rec k i g f th t P fi d b gi th A dh dy ty with B 2 2
on n o a ur n, an e n e
'
n ra nas . c .
,

w h ll b b ght i t th ig f th Si t K i t th th li t
e s a e rou n o e re n o e aru en on e s .

Se e for th e basi s of th is calculati on Be ntly s Hi ndu Astronom

’
y , and Pri nce p
’
s

U Tab les , p 1 8 , part i i

seful Th e late st day was J une 29th , as th e Hi nduye ar
. .

began on th e 23rd J anuary fro m A D 44 to A D 29 1 As th e luck iest day i s th e . . . . .

earliest, we j
co n e cture th e date to h ave be e n J une l 6th A D 1 8 9 . . .

t Th e ori ginal in Des Guignes, vol. p i . . 45 , th e re ign of Tai -tcou

unde r

V s n-h om -r r, wh o i s sai d to h ave seconde d th e th rone i n A D 4 24, to h ave di e d i n

. .

45 3, and to h av e re igned 30 y ears , is as follo ws

L ’
an 40 8 on voi t arri ve r a la C h i ne des am bassade urs da pays de K i a-p i -li ( )
a
”
dans 1 I nde , o h
’
est ls Mogol, avec des p resens pou r os Pri nce .

( )
a Le Roi se nom m ai t Yue-gnai . On re m arq ue q u il sui vi t i n re ligi on
’
de Po .
”
 14 n I s ro a I C A L NA M ES A ND m ore
'

Sa ns c a rr I ns c a rr rro ns '
.

I .

Th e m ost im p ortant of th e S anscrit I nscriptions i s No 2 . of Mr .

B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile s, and No 6 of late. p x li . i n Dr . Bi dr
’
s w or k I . t is
u nde r th e m iddle -size di m a e of
g Buddha in th e re ce ss of th e p h orc of

th e grea t cave o n th e ri
gh t . In De vam igari i t is as follows

an m ifi m [ w ] Fam e: m W FR W EIW
fi
[ ]{ m
z l
m am a3 M
Tra ns la tion .

A re li
g ious assi na tion of an i m age to th e lor
g ( Bh agav an
) th e d by
c om p h
assionate te ac er and v e ne ra le m onum e nt of re ligion s
’
is ci le , b d p
th e S aky
’
a m e ndi cant Buddh agh osh a , a j so ourne r on e ar th d , an a

pi i th b dy
r sone r n e o ; th e sam e wh o c om p d ose th e institu te s of th e
l d B ddh
or u a.

Th e le tte rs in b rac ke ts are su ppli d wh e , e re le tte rs se e m to h b ave een

o blit e rate d B tw
. e e en m and ( 1 i n line l st Dr . Bi d h r as a le tter, and

Mr . B p
re tt none wh t l g
. Th e
b t p s lac e se e m s so m e a ar e , u on e rso na

i p i I ld h dly hi k th t i
ns e c t on co u h dh d l tt
ar
g dt n a t ev er a a a e er e n rave

i it
n Th fi t
. ppl t p i lly
e rs th p di g l tt i
su e m en , es ec a as e re ce n e er s

d btf l d
ou t gi
u , ti ti f ti
oe s no b t it i th b t Ive m e e nld re sa s ac on, u s e es cou

th i k f n o .

Th w d m e i h t k
or p i ly d sh wh ff
e re a en ass v e , an m e ans e o su e rs

from y p thy wi h th g i f f th f f i i th
s m a t e fr e s o o e rs, rom t n e se nse o

c om p i i afi u
ass on. th B h m y i ’
t di g t teh ra m ans sa s no acco r n o e

K di b t th
au m u l ,
w p h p t th
u e t iru e s th y e re er a s no e n so s r ct as e are

no w Qw fi i t.
y b w ll t ti m a f ll I de t d t
as e o m en on once or a u n e rs an o

th i g d di d t h it bl p p ”
m e an a n ligi e cate I o c ar a e or re ous ur oses . n

M th i ( n d
ara
“
h ity i th
i f l gi i g p p ly
m eans c ar n e se nse o a m s v n , ro e r
”
th e re li i ous act of giv ing
g .

II .

h
T is inscri tion p h h i N 6 f M B tt i i p f t d th
, w ic s o . o r. re
’
s, s m e r ec , an e

first li ne so nea rly bli t t d th t M B tt h

o t t pt d t t k
e ra e a r . re as no at e m e o a e

it . An att pt w
em d by D B i d wh p b bly it w l
as m a e r. r , en ro a as e ss

b k
ro e n, an d th lt will b f
e resu d i Pl t li N 8 f h i w k e ou n n a e x . o. o s or .

Th e re th e i p t will b
ns e c or th i glik h w d K h t p y
o se rve som e n e t e or s a ra as a,
 In m s x a na aaI I NS C RI PTIO NB. 15

and from th e form of th e le tte rs Ih ave no d bt th y b lo g t

ou e e n o th e
Gujari t typ e . Th e language is an atte m p t t S it b t
a anscr , u eau scarce l y
be calle d p ure . Th e last line is as follows

Transla ti on .

Th e c h arita bl e esta bli h s m e nt of a pl ace for th e di t ib

s r ution of wate r,
by S ate raka, th e Ministe r in th e
’
Basse in province of th e Satra p .

Th is i nscri ti on is p ove r a wate r ta n k , but i t pp a h

ears t at v isitors h ad
wate r se rve d o ut to h
t em . Th e le tte rs i t an d i tI p artic ularl y e x am ine d
pe rsona ll y , and h
t ink t hy e are corre ctl y gi ve n i n Dr . Bi d pl t
r
’
s a e.

PaAc nI r I N S C R I P I I ON S
' ‘ ‘
.

I .

Th e first of th e se, or No 1 in Mr . . B ’
re tt s fac-si m iles, i s inscri bd
e on th e

inne r w all p
of an O e n ve ran a -looki n dh g pl j ac e us t to th e le ft of th e gre at
cav e , and w ich h th i it e v s or re ac h bf h
es e ore e com es to th e te m pl e.

At t h e oute r e dg f thi e o s co urt are two c iste rns ; i n th e i nne r w ll th

a e re

are tw o ex cav ations, form ing sm all room s, wi t raise e nc es, e x actl h db h y
suc h as are now in ndia constructe I for th e fire- lace in c oo ing d p k
roo m s . O ve r th e one of h
t ese m ost to th e le ft is th e following

M m im
‘

m m w afn

Transla tion .

Th e religious assignation of a ciste rn, fitted to last a t h ousan d

seas ons, by S am idxibh a, a gol sm d it h of K lyag (C lli
a a a an ) .

Notes .

Th e wor fi d t is p eculi ar h
to t is i nscri tion, y e t i t is e vi p d tly
en

derived from W , w ic h h d
is foun i n th e lace of it a ov e p b . Th e
wor dm (t housan d) i s to be ta k e n as ex p ressive of an unlim ite d
num b er.

II .

h
T is is inscri tion No 3 of M r p . . B ’
re tt s, and is onl y a 1i ttle to th e
ight d bf
,

r of th e above, ov e r a secon sm all room , si m ilar to th e one e ore

FE m i niva n we e n i e “ -
16 m s ronI C A L N
'
A M ES A ND m or e [J U LY

Trans la ti on .

P eac e . Th e re ligious assignati on of a re fe ctor y by K n k a a a, a bra

zi e r of Nasi k .

Th e figure S tik whi h I h vas d dP

a. i l ky fig
c av e re n e re eace, s a uc ure

am o n g ll H ai du d n p i llys, an
g th J i es If th
ec aC h i am on e a ns. e nese

au th itior
g di
e s re g th ar i t n f D f R w
e e x s e nce oh b l octors o eason, ose e m em

w asthi y ti
s m s b f th ti f B ddh
c cross, * e ore t b d p d d e m e o u a, are o e e en e

on, th ld b
e se cou th th th
e no o J i t wh ert d tt
an e a ns, o ose se c , an no o

th e B ddhi t p p th k d g with wh Al d h
u s s ro e r, e na e sa e s om e x an e r t e
G t re a i
cam e t t d
n con ac f wh Gl , f ll w d h i
an one o om , a e nus, o o e m ,

ev id ly b l g d
e nt Th J i
e on e i t d th
. h d d y b f th
e a ns e x s e re e un re e ars e ore e

B ddh i ts ? d thi
u s an
y h g i i s m at t h d bl B ddh
ave i t ve n r se o e ou e u s

c h l gy th
rono o : big e pp i ti t th ti f P h
one e n an a rox m a on o e m e o ars

v an dth th f , ed f Jiioun e r o d th th t th t f G t
a n sm ,th an e o er o a o au am a, e

f d f B ddhi m i
oun e r o u sm lf . f pp ll ti b t s an u nusua orm or an a e a v e, u

i d tly d i d f b ) it y h w ”
is ev en e r ve f! rom i b rass m a , o e ve r, e a

p t f th
ar o e Th nam ew d as i . f an pl f p
e or s or , a ace or su

pl f pplyi g
ace or su iti t
n di t
nece ss bf pl i d
es o m en can s, as e ore ex a ne .

Th e sm a ll pp tly w th kit h
room s a are n d th l g e re d e c e ns, an e ar e cove re

p i
s ace , o e n n ron
p f t th d i i g , e nn room .

III .

Thi i ipti
s nscr (N 1 8 ) ion i li d
o. i dd l i ds i n one
g ne un e r a m e -s ze m a e

o f B ddh u th
a, on f th g t e scree n o th t di i d th h ll i i d
e rea cav e a v es e a ns e

from th p eh orc th h , d f th d k p
ov e r e th l ft
ea s o e oor- ee e rs on e e .

i ts h a i r $1 “ t w e s at

Transla ti on .

To th e Tria d . A religious assignati on to t h ose ( or from t h ose ) wh o

are e m ine nt am ong th e followe rs of th e S aky
’
a re ligious di ipli
sc ne .

Ih av e h
d wh th I h ld k thi
esitate g th S i t e er s ou ran s am on e anscr or

P é it i
r cr i pti I f th thi d yll bl f
nscr ons. th d b d e r s a e rom e en can e re a

{a i t d f 0
ns e a ll th oth h g y b dily d t d
, a e o er c an e s m a e re a m a e o re u ce

it t So it th t
anscr i ti ; t th d l b i ge ppli d Th
erm na on a e en a so e n su e . e

m ark f th i ti i fig
or e l t b t
nvoca on t q it i l s a ure , a m os , u no u e, a c rc e ,

wi h th
t t il eti d a t k
con ly i dditi
nue so as o m a e near , n a on, a

J our Ro . yal As . Soc . of London, No . x ii .

1 K alpa S utra, Preface x ii . to xi v. , a nd Trans Royal As Soc

. . . vol. i .
p 5 22
. .
 I N TH E x A NII s nI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 17

se m i-c i rcle , c onc e ntri c wi t h it I th i k it i

: n n s an a , as i t re sem bl e s not

a little h
t at le tte r in som e o f th S h lph b t
e ou t e rn a a e s, and i n th e Marat i h ,

as wri tte n by h ildc re n on h i d b d f thi i

t e r san - oar s, or s nv ocatio n onl y .

IV .

N . B — Th e
. i nscri pti on No . 4 of Mr . B re tt s
’
fac-si m ile s, bi e ng

m uc hb k ro e n, w ill be give n afte r Nos 1 1 , 1 2 , . an d 1 3, from w ic h h it can

be so fill d e u
p a s to conve i ts g y
e ne ral se nse .

Th e i nscri pi t on No 5 , . and i v . of Pl t l f B i d
a e x . o r , is e n rav e
g d on

a sm a ll d ag b o a, c ut ou t of, bu t not se p d f th
arate rom , e le ft wall of th e
p h
orc of th e gre at cav e , j u st as one e nte rs . O v e r th e dag b o a are

h
t re e um b re lla-s hpd a e figu res , rising one a ove anot e r and tw o b h
hum an figu res, p
le aning u o n th e se c on , are la i ng ol of th e d y h d
thi dr . h
T is is p b by
ro a l p
a re rese nta tio n of th e t re e w orl s, and h d
of de v o te es esca pi n
g from e art ht h o eav e n.

Th e inscri tion p
ii w m fi e ( on: a n
'

Transla tion .

(Th e i m a
g)
e of t h ose wh o, by re li ion,
g h b av e ecom e guiltle ss and p u re .

Notes .

Th e p h p h ld b (D di t d) t th
translation, e r a s, s ou & e e ca e o ose c.

Th e in i thi i ip ti
n h s lly
nscr d l w li b pp h
on as an u nus ua cu rv e o er m a roac

ing th f e wh it b
o rm i l H
e re l w ld b
e com e s c rcu ar . arm e ssue ss ou e a

lite ra lt l ti
ra ns af wfi m b t E gli h w d
on o y it f , u no n s or can conv e s orce .

It is f th
o ne o di l i t B
e c ar
g ddh i t
na J i d B
v r ue s ah am on u s s, a ns, an r

m ans, an d p h ibit th ki lli g

ro i y w ysi j i e
g y li i g n t , or n an a n ur n , an v n crea ure .

V .

h p
T is i nscri ti on (No 7) is i n th e first . cav e on oin
g g pu th e hill f rom

th e gre at cav e to th e first tie r of cav e s o n th e le ft b k a n of th e m i le or

riv ule t Afte r asce n ing th e ste

. d p h
s, ow e v e r, th e vi sitor m u st turn to
th e rig ht , so as to com e b k ac agai n till h e is alm ost ove r th e pl ace

from w hi h h c e starte d , to find t i s h cav e .

Fm !m am i tem w i i fs m
’
e m

V m efi a
gm t
filfis gm ? fit ne s s !
at e s agave a tte s t
 18 n i sr o a IC AL NA M ES A ND F ACTS [J U L Y

Trans la ti on .

P f t O Th ligi
To th e ig ti
er ec f d i t
ne . e re ous ass na on o a cav e an c s e rn

by h h l kill d i
Ri s i- dl i g
a a, s f G lin k f th
e i ty n sacre earn n , son o au a a, o e c

of K ly i n kill d i
a d l i g l g with h i tt d t t t
, s e n sacre e arn n , a on sa e n an s , o a one

th i p i A i h tibl t i h d p it d
’
f or t e r are n s s ns . n ne x aus e re as u re s e re e os e ,

an d th t th f th e bl p
oo g kill d
o i d i di
e v e ne ra e e rso na e s e n sac re sc e nce s

pl y it i fl e i th h ly fi ld d th p l
a s s n u e nc bli gn e o e un e r e o e -re se m n m onu

m en t Wh t th. 0 !y k wh k p th pp i t d i i
a e n, e m on s, o ee e a o n e se ss ons s

th di ti g i h d i th w k hi p
e re s n us e f K b i th n t e o r m ans e ve n o u e ra, or n e m os

spl did pp l ? H ppy i th

en a f bd d p i
are h th a s e m an o su ue ass ons, w e er a

religi t d t
ous s u e n wh h p f t k wl dg f th ti
, or one o as a er ec no e e o e m es .

Th e le tte rs of t is inscri tion are h p o fte n indistinct, t h gh it i

ou s not

i n th e least e fe ctive Th e t of d . loo k lik

s e a I , and in th e si x th

li ne w e h
I pp I } f h d 31 m f
av e , su ose , I or y an or am ver

d btf l b t th tw w d h w
ou u a ou e se m o i th b gi i g f
or s, o e ve r . n e e nn n o

th thi d li
e r Itk t b ne a pti f a W i th
e o e a f
corru on o . n e se nse o

m 31 whi h f q tly i th i d th i i p ti
“

; 1 3, c occu rs so re ue n n s an o e r nscr ons,

i th S
s e i t h ! (V
anscr hi i i ll d h ld araruc th . an s ou m ean e sam e as

its“ “
kill d i th V d b t i gi i Wil
one s e n e eDi as, u s ve n n so n s
’
c

ti onar
y t i t h
a se c ar an, no ti T h b a d b t e ref t h c .
”
e re can e no ou o e

t
corre c ness f g d o d so p l i uar e d t h f w i
anth t hex anat on, an , e re ore , e

ra di l i g f th w d it gg t th t t
ca m ean n o e or ti th
, w su es s a a one m e e re e re

Bé h r kill d i th V d
m am s e wh w n t i e th gh e as, th ti l o e re se c ar an, ou no e re ca .

Bt u i o ur i p ti t
nscr h h t th w B ddh i t th f t
o ns e ac us t a e se e re u s s e re o re a one

ti i th
m e, ny f t h e eth B a
e o h th w
e o h j i d th
er B ddh r i t m ans, ose o o ne e u s s

w t i w d
e re no h ti
v e e asth p e re wh wbcs, m ore G ai an e rsons o no e com e os ns

or Bi dgi b t wa r s, ly l k d
u e re m e re t i Th i pp itioo e on as se c ar an. s su os on,

l
a so, i f li
s use u pl i i g th i t n ex b tw th tw p ti
a n n e n e rcourse e ee n e o ar es

ex hibit d i th pl y f th T y t If th di g i th d f
e n e a o e o -car .
”
e re a n n e en o

th f e h li
ourt i t it i t b
ne s correc pl i d f V , h i ii 4 1
s o e ex a ne rom araruc .
, as

usua l Th w d f fi j i d with th p ith t t“ i

. e or l , o ne yf q t e e e a , s ver re ue n .

ly du se l ,
i th a so, i i p ti n It ig ifi
ese p p ly pit l
nsc r ons . s n es ro e r ca a

t k p p f th i ipti t N i ik N 6
”
s oc ,
d an m eans, as a ears rom e nsc r o ns a zs , os.

an d7 t h , ob ave f y t t b t h d I pp
e e n a su m o m one no o e ouc e su ose ,

e x cep t i t n e x re m e cases t ! y b d i d . f Wi t t hm a e e r ve rom , a oo , as

W b e com es d l g ly K an “ i n V ane a oush i ii i 6 4 d : araru c .

, an

ii 2. i. i i v i t ( f sl b , (
asT i T th q i: t d w i th
e com es . o ose ac ua n e

th S e it th
anscr th b tit ti
e o W fe r su s m & w ill
u d il
ons, as
y rom , c . re a

su gg t th
es l f th
e m se ve s romt n l ti O th l t w e d p
ra s a on. n e as or com are
 I N Tn n K A NH ERI I NSC RI PTI O NS . 19

Esth e r i . 1 3, 9 3 bi e ng ta e n k for tim e i n ge ne ral Th e a t rice. h

re p e ate d is si ngular, b ut i t m ay h e inte n dd e for G IN or i t i m agi ne I .

VI .

Th e inscri p ti on No 8 , w i c
. h hi s ov e r a ciste rn, ne x t follow s

Tra ns la ti on .

A re li gi o u s assi gna tion of a ciste rn by S ulé sa-dat, son of

’
Roh i ni m itra,
a
gol sm d it h of K h am alaka .

Notes .

Th e nam e of th e a o e of t bd hi d i d btf s onor s ou ul, and th e first le tte r

m a
y be G or W accor di g t i h
n di g h w
o e t e r rea n , o e v e r, t h e re is no pl ace

now in e x iste nce w i th w h i h I id ify i t

c can e nt , unless it be a town

b twe e en Saté rs an dP ll d K
una ca e l arm a a .

V II .

h
T is is No 9, . and of th e sam e nature as th e p re ce di ng

Tra ns la tion .

Th e tan k Sam yakup é saka, s ille

of k di n sacred le arning, of th e town

of S pa
o r . A re ligious assignati o n .

Th e d h
nam e of th e t td tonor Th ere m e ans cons an e vo e e . e re is a

cons id bl t w thi ty il b y d P n t th
e ra e o n r th t m es e on u a o e sou -eas
, calle d
S i p S p b t wh th thi b th t w i t d d
l s , or o a, u e t I er s e e o n n en e or no cannot

any y t, e
p b b l i d
no m oretifi ti gg t i t lf
ro a Th e en ca on su es s se . e re is a

R kh i ti
a s as n m en d th R y ll d wa
onen f
In wh e am a ana ca e t, rom om th e
nam e o f th ill g p b bly d i d I f
e v a e Is t N g ro a e r ve . n re e re nce o e am , th e
t ermh ppli d t B ddhi t f th B ah i i l t wh
e re a e o u s s o e r m n ca cas e o h ad
t di d th
s u V d
e I y f th be e th t i t i
as, q it k
m a ur er o se rve a s u e u n nown

am on
g th M i thi B dh e f th pam t d y r m ans o e rese n a .
20 m s ro nIoA L N A M ES
'
A N D F A TS C [J U LY

V III .

Th is is NO 1 0 of Mr . . B tt i re
’
s nsc r ip ti ons, and h as, from fracture
of th e stone, a goo d m an y bl k an s .

[ Fe st w
] ees in
1 s ne w
we J a nna am “ ( Fa n a s
( wm i m am s warm flfflflfi l ‘

vr

6m i n“
first ! e x te nt
1m m

s “ s i n a las i s [ wa r ]
i
( fit Fe m
wafn i ag as an a ngz [ Fa ]
’
fl
e nafim fim m rfq m c s i te a s [m m ]
g
i t s an“ Fags “ fm fi w at a s

ne w fi rs t“: ( a a e a t e m ( a: a! w
"

Tr a ns la ti on .

[To th e P e rfe ct O ne .
] Th e re li
gi ou s as si
gnati o n Of a cave and

w ate r ciste rn, by Dh e nukakati, ( X e no crate s th e arc hi te ct, fo r th e

di ipl sc e s of th e sta bl h ly p
e, o , e rfe ct, re v e re n d B ddhi t t h
u s eac e rs, alo n
g
wi h h t t e com p y an of th ose e nti re l yf d re e from fe ar, and also fo r all

wh o follow th e se lf- e n d yi ng ( J ati

) re li
g ion 0 y e . m onks i n th e fo u r
q u arte rs
( of th e w or ld) , now a s h e lte r h as een b p ro vi ddf e or m on k s

[to cance l ] th e d bte of m

y p are nts . C om e th e n hi h t e r,
y e m en di cant

pi r e sts h e re an ine x h b au sti le tre as ure i s dp

e os fi d
te or th e p i ly
r e st

bli h
asse m es e re is a h ll t bli h d
a es a s e for B ddh i t p i
u s r ests h e re , th e

B ddh t th
u a- oo -cav e

Th e nam e of th e d onor ph
in t is i nscri tion i s th e sa m e as th at

on th e K i rle n roc k s th e fi t yll bl h

rs s a e e re h as th e v o we l e, i t is
som e ti m e s a . Ih av e p re vi o us ly d m a k e re m ar s On it . Th e c o nc lu di n
g
w or d of th e first li ne , and co m m e ncin
g o ne o f th e se co nd, I u nde rsta n d
as m o dificati o ns o f Hi m and w in th e latte r is according to Rule i v .

7 . Th e form e r, h ld b m Th w d f thh owe ve r, s d ou e C u . e or s o e se con

li ne I d
un e rstan d
pti f m g E l 9 93 1 d i as c orru ous o f or i , 1 33 an E m t.
th h
ou g q none o tly wi h hf th l em s uare e x ac t t e ru e s .

Th w d M e E! I tor l t if i w w i fi tflf m Th J ti rans a e as t e re

’
. e a

li gi i th J i b ti '
re w on s no f ligi
a com m o n nam e t t it or e a n re o n, u n our ex

m us t th B d dh i t t
m e an wh i h th ew d u b q lly ws ll o c e or ua e
y , m a e e

appli d Th id f d bt i th
e . e f i i f
ea od i th ld e n e se nse o s n s ou n n e O

M ath i li t t
ar di l p i i t d d by E p
e ra ure , an s no no v e ex re ss on n ro uce uro e ans .

I M athi 1 b
n ar dily 5?
i — fi a f h i th
e com e s as i K a i re a as or er s onc n
 IN m s K A NH E II I I NS C R I PTI O Ns . 21

Maré th i to h
t is day . In ai m s we h av e th e S ansc rit i t c h ange d to
1 1 , as in th e ca se o f ti t .
( Vara ru c h i iv . Afte r e m for K W .
,

th e n i s p e c u liar, and h as a tu rn to th e ri
gh t i nste a d of th e ci rc u lar

te rm i na ti o n, w i c i t co m h h I h
m onl y h as i n th is i ns c ri p tion . Th is ave

t k
a e n as a w
a, w hi h if i
d w ld b
c , kd t thi g i e re u se , ou e m ar e som e n n

ht wy
t a a .
y P hp i
b h
er a s k f li i d
t th m a h e t e m ar o e s on, an en t e
D ag i i h ld b a n Wh i h I '
e van t r s ou w y i b e k . t c e ve r a t e ta e n, canno

i
co nc e v e f y th
o ani g p ob b l b i i d
e r m e an n
g d h t g i so ro a e e n nte n e as t a ve n

i h l i
n t e t rans at o n Ch i i f th y l A dh f ily i
. var ti d o e ro a
’
n ra am s m en o ne

p i l ly i N 1 2 f M B
a rt c u a r n o f . i il t th P é i t
o r . re tt s
’
a c -s m e s, o ur en r cr

i ip i
nsc r b t h
t o n, Ih tk h w d u e re
pp ll i (
av eS a en t e or es an a e at ve . ee

Wil S i Di ti y )
so n s
'
ansc r t c o nar .

IX .

Th i hi h i N
s, w 11 d h
c s t whi h i o .N 1 2 f ll , an h t e ne x , c s o .
, o ow e ac

ot h i h
e r, h
w t p i a s i g o rt s ll i ac e i h p h
nte rv e n n , ov e r a sm a c ste rn n t e o rc

o f l g
a ar ill h l f b k f th
e ca v e , st i l t
on d till f h
t e e t an o e r vu e , an s art er

to w ard h s t th h th
e so u i d b t an ose m e nt o ne a ove

Fe nwa s m s ] i n [ i ts e r ] m e ans
ga s as

we we s as s G Q IB Q fi i ] gum s 8 “ s a w s i t a r
‘

r m are [m u a tfam ] F ? ) a ne w i fs !“
q é vrm um i n
i m fi a t [ as ] i t fi rs t i s a s a re; fa i rfug u e
“
Fe 3 1 q a raq i : s i ze s e e FTG an“
( as? m fa i tw {at
‘

Tr a ns la ti on .

To th e P e rfe ct O ne . Th e re li
gi o us as si
gnatio n of a cave , a w ate r
c is te rn, a se at, a c u
p b oard, and a ro w o f c o uc h es fo r th e sic k . T h e se

h av e b ee n
[b e s tow e d
] fo r th e sa nc ti [fic atio n
] of re li
gio us
[de v o te e s
]
and w ise m e n, alon
g w i t h th e ir atte ndants, by Dh a rm
[ ana k] a sk ille d

in sac re d le arni ng so n o f Say ai na Sarvam ai ] ( B

, ata o f Ye s [ assc in) , ne ar

K aly a
[ ]
n . C om e hi h t e r all
y e m on s k from th e fo ur q uarte rs
( of

h e av e n ) to th e h ou se e stab lis h e d fro m re

g ard to th e ( do nor
’
s ) fat h er

and m o th e r . C om e hi h t er fro m e ve r yq u arte r, for h e re , too, is dp e os ite d

an im p ih
er s able tre as ure

Th e di ti
s n u is
g hi ng of a tow n from ot e rs h of th e sam e nam e by
m e nti oni n
g so m e h pl
ot e r ace ne ar i t, is ver y c om m o n at th is day
am on
g th e M arzi th as . Ne ar th e b gie nni ng of th e t hi d r line th e tran
p
scri t h as T a, w i c h h I h av e c o nve rte d into 111 1 , by th e sli
gh t est
22 H IS TO RI C AL N A M ES A ND F AC TS [J U LY

im agi na bl h e c pp t th wh k w th
ange , as will
i t a ear o ose o no e anc e n

c h tarac e rs f h b bi i I ld k th i g d th
o t e a ov e com nat on cou m a e no n , an e

id f
ea o ti fi ti
sanc f th pi h di ca i th
on M hor e r e s t oo s com m on n e a av anso .

i i !i M a hi i th
“
n ar ll i d
t th w d
s p l tf
e sm a ra se e ar en or oo en a o rm on

w h i h Sh fl d p i t h i y I h j t d th t it i
'

c ro s e os t e r m one . av e con e c ure a s a

ki d f p b d f pl i g y ti l
n o cu oar ,ti i di t
or ac n an ar c es o n no n m m e a e use .

f ! i th
g ra t nt df f um i
e co n rac te i M é th i f orm o s s com m on n ar or a

t di
e h ig ik
ou s arass n Th M atha f q ly p fi
s c th
ne ss . e ar s re ue nt re x e

i w l a d t w d p i g with w l i di t i t
“
se m vo e s an 4 o or s o en n a vo e ; n som e s r c s

it i d
s lw y
one it I a id t
a sb G i ft ! i
. th
s e cons er o e s n e

se nse f h i g g d t f wh i h M éth i B ih
o
“
av n re ar o, or c ar ri m ans u se

“ an m f -
s I hi h ( t h .
i t d1
“ “
l t e r, i
“
e re ,
”
an e v e n,
” “
a so,
”
are

c o m m on M ahi w d arth w f t p i i l th l t l i l
or s e t o orm e r rov nc a , e as c ass ca .

X .

S fee h p i ti
or t f th i th l t
e osb on o s e as num er .

( fi rst s ta rt s w as 15:a Farm “ wa t e rs ! m

e G Q WW 1 “ w i ll ( a fi F
s ai [ we ] i fe
t Ga a m e n
“
Iw i i i w ri sm vfi r arfv m m am ! fi m v “ fi rs t an?!
-
1 : m m im m m e m e s i sm as U fae r! Fa ts ( i n gen e? !
Fem Fl i e rs ( a 1 m m Farm s a m t w a s te s h a rt ( s m ut fi rst
1 m was
Trans la ti on .

H i e re , n th e loft y day and nig h t l dgi g pl f

o k i n - ace or m on s, s th e
B ddhi t
u s m en di cant alm s- ouse , h in wh i h th f
c ki g e use o co o n -v e sse ls is
gi v e n, also m one and m ats for y th eltit d th t tt d f
m u u es a a en or th e
confessional se rvice , uring th e tim d e of th e annual session co nne cte d
h thi
w it s cav e ; also on b tho side s of th e m onaste r y is groun d fill d e

with h p c am aca tree s, and swallo w -w ort, and also a re fe ctor y i th

n e

ou te r court ; all a re ligi ous assignatio n . H e re , too, is th e bl de ov e

i ne x h austi bl e tre asure , th e p rocu re r of final li b e ration, in a m ost e x ce l

le nt p
a artm e nt . H tw
e re h it b l are o c ar a e e sta bli h
s m e nts ; th e s uare q
re fe ctor y c onne c e t d w i h th t t e ou te r c ou r s of th e m onaste r y and th e
pi td
a n e q
s uare l dgi g p l
o n d w d by D
- ace e n o e asakarni and C h i vari K arni .

Th e w or d Chi vari m e ans a B ddhi t di t d i d i d f

u s m en can , an s er ve rom

m a ra
g of clot h , or su c h pl i g a t B ddhi t p i t
a n arm e n as a u s r es

m ay w e ar . In th e conclus on i it pp th t C hi
a i i th p p ears a v ar s e ro e r

nam e of one of th e An
’
dh ra ro a y l f ily wh am n w K ni b t, ose sur am e as ar u
 m w e x a nn s ar I NS C RI P I I O NS ’ ‘
. 23

at th e com m e nce m hnt It k a e p li i y

it as a com m on nam e . In th e re m nar

b ti K ah ap (S
o serv a o ns lfl lfl m ) h b
ag l
am dy pl i d. l
'
as e en a re a ex a ne .

Th w d fi ni a i M a hi i th
e or l g
s i i ar t h tt l ti n I e se nse ve n n e rans a on

fl
.

h gi
ave h J ive n i g f fi n
t e ( S
a n m ean n M ) t o w er am . o a ,

th gh wi h
ou t i d p d t B ddh i t
t ou fi
n e e n en i Th J i h u s con rm at on . e a ns av e

a re
g l u ar l f i
annua b t I h t h
c on e ss on, d h t d B ud av e no ear t a m o e rn u

dh i t h s s
y h
av e a nt Th y
s uc igh t h w
c us om h .h d i t i e m , o e v e r, av e a n

i t ti
anc e n b t i f th
m es
g i i
u t h t l t
ei b
se nse bj t d ve n n e rans a on e o ec e

to, som e h g l id
suc w i i g e ne ra ligi i t
e a as ti y b a tn on re ous ns ru c on m a e

b ti t d th gh th t d
su s tu e , t ou it th d i ti a f th w d
oe s no w ll su e e r va on o e or so e .

Th t e d pl t
re e an ti d i th t t b th highly t d by
an m e n o ne n e ex are o es e e m e

th B ah
e r f th p m ans o td y — th l tt e i th rese n l p i y ig t a e a er s e aac e aa an e a .

fli th s t y f t pl i t i f h
e sanc uar o a em I d t d e or n e r or o a o use . un e rs an

fi i m th as d t
e v e ran a or t Th di g m i p b bly
ou e r cour . e re a n s ro a

corru p t d Of h e . pti fim f
su c it corru d1 “ f Fa“ I
ons as or an or

can o n ly y th t th f sa w ld p
a i M athi w h
e orm e r a i f ou ass n ar e re s ra

q tl
ue ny p fi d t w re l dxeth t i t h
o vo l t t th
e s, K i p b
an b l y a n e a er e s ro a

o blit t d i th d G é ti f tw b i g th S it
e ra e . I s e m o e rn uze r or o, e n e ansc r

fi
'

p t
co rrud W h eh . th A e dh p
av ei D k
e re ano i er
’
n ra r nce , as a
'
arn , con

t d wi h th
nec e t Th i l g e cav e s t y till . t i s k
ar e m onas e r s re a ns som e m ar s

o f h i gb av n pl t d d p i t de en as ere an a n e .

XI .

Th is inscrip ti on ( No 1 3) is in . a cav e on th e opp osi te o r rig h t id s e

of th e riv u le t, a high
little er u
p t h an th e p rec e di ng, and ne ar ly i n a

line wi t h th e G i h
o sa n s
’
ouse .

Th is i s No . 1 4 f Pl t o a e x li v . of Bi d r .

Fa un
m m an Fi fi : a w s“ ea
"

“ fa x a s i nfsnm a m “ fi n e am
al ae “ w a s a r e vft m
g m m 1
a fi vh v 3 m
fg m m a m a ft fzt m “
gu m W W I?
: sh a m “ a “ ( an
st 1
5m
( i an fiw m a firat 6 1 9
m m ! “ (w [ G ] i fi m m a vi v zfi m v fifi ‘

fi gural vfz z rtva v ara w ?!fwa 3 m m H!

‘

W a! w fivfi ( an m vnvvrr t e a m a ? ! ,

s i re ? an ?!c i r s e u m w a rm
‘ ’
"

m m wa s!v i i am in ( a

s w ( t! fi rs t
a i ? “ gs “ fit was: Fagi n “
 24 m s ro m c a r.
'
na m e s A ND m or e [J U LY

Tra ns la ti on .

To th e P e rfe ct One . Ki ng Gota m ip utra s im e rial

’
p ( d e sce n ant d )
S ri Ya dny a Sé takarg i h ad a
’
ne
p h
e w nam e N
[ ga ak and a] d and su rnam e d
Ana, w h o h ad a b andone d th e w o rl d , and w as s k ill d ie dl i gn sacre e arn n .

By h is so n Apare nn, (surnam e d) Au aja, a e vo d t l g w ith h ie e, a on s

atte n ants, d and also by

th e m o st e x c e lle nt A nan a,
'

d f th l dy h i
son o e a s

m oth e r, along w i t h Dh ulakarm , A nanda

' ’
s
guar di df
an, an d gh t our au e rs,

Hijarag a alo n
g w it h Dh arm adrav
y a and also

h
t is cav e and scre e n, d e s ti ne d fo r w o rsh i p , w e re form e d and b e stowe d
as a gi ft i n th e anh a ill t K
o c o v e r th e de ficie nce s o f th e
( do h
no rs
)
’

p are nts ; and to b e a p

lace for th e e ne fit o f m on s from th e fo ur b k
q uarte rs ( o f th e w orld) . T h e re fore c om e h ith e r all
y e m ulti tu de s .

P e ace . H e re is th e true i ne x h au sti le tre as ure , b h e re is an e sta bli h s

m e nt for th e di t ib s r u tio n o f m o ne y and th e su pply f p o i

rov s io ns . To
th e S pi i t r ua d ig hi
l di re c ts rs i i th i y i ur n t e r se ss on n e ra n se as o n s

gi ve n to e ac h d ily h d d g a H l i i t i i
a u n re roa ts . e re a so s ns ruc t o n n

d
m e ic ine , an d t th b tif l p t
a ll d Fi ld T w
e pply f
e au u s o ca e e o n a su o

ve
g e ta bl es . H i th d ligh t f th
e re s bl d p i t th tt d
e e o e asse m e r e s s, e m a e

h ai r asc e ti c s c oo n - er
’
li g h b f lt k t p ti l , u se u o m on s a ar cu ar se aso ns .

Th e first line , th oug i n i sti nc t is h d , p b bly I h gi

ro a as av e ve n i t, fe m

S aw , do u tle ss b ultim a e t ly f ro m
3 1 , i h M ahi w d
s t e ar t or fo r ne ph w e .

1 m m I d t dt b “ un li g t
e rs an
gu o e 11 19 ,
“
vm a case , as m m e ans
“
tra
lli g f pl th N i k i ip ti
”
ve n b tf
or e asu re it t ; u rom e as nsc r on m us m e an an

asce ti D b t tt h t
c . f h p p
ou i
s a
g d ac o som e o t e re e r nam e s v e n, an so m e

are o blit t d Th f S at K
e ra e i ph w i t k f
. e nam e o a am
’
s ne e s a en ro m th e
ip i wh b ig fv rm I w ld i p ‘

ne xti nsc r it i t on, ere s u nam u ous . a ou nte r re t as

f th h dfii y ” ”
t fi Q ,
t fe i f fi n ue e n o e e ar . m s or , e c e nc , and
”
q ua for v r a,
g
“
a co ve ri ng . a w ?! is for w i fe, 11 s q is from
i
ar c re w, v fi ni i s fo r s f a i i , w
’

hi h c 1s th e a dj e ctiv e of um h vw m Wi lson s ’

S ans c ri t Di c tionar y . “ W is for 3 1 1 1 1111 11 1 1 . Th e “N E T-i m ay b e

v e ge ta bl es
g e ne ra lly , or th e arom atic le af c h w d with b t l
e e e e nu t, li m e,

a nd clov e s , by th e native s of I din a .

Th e las t line i f th e w ords b b e rou

gh t b k t th i S ac o e r ansc ri t fo rm s,

fl
,

will stan d —
th us z a fi unk m
-
; FT
al t t 9 1 1 1 : “ fi n fi fl
3 at
’
fi
fim fi .

Th e fi flflis in H indi calle d K h e tp apadé and in Marat i , h

I n th is, and m os t i nstance s wh e re th e Marath i i s re fe rre d to, Moles worth ’
s

Di c ti onary wi ll co nfi rm wh at is sa i d , th o u
gh, resi di ng m ore th an a q uarte r of a

ce ntur y am ong th e p e op le , and spe aki ng th e ir language, I can sp eak from p e rsonal
e xp eri ence on thi s subj ec t .
 in m s x a s n nnr m sc nrr rrons
'
. 25

and is coolin and anti

g bili ous. In re fe rence to th e nam e c uf f, and th e

Ih av e assu m e d th h at t ese se ctaries h ad an e xistence in th e earl y ce n

turie s of ou r e ra, w hi h I b li c e ev e h t em to h av e h ad, th gh p h p

ou er a s

h
not t e n ac kno wl dg d
e ei , e ve n n th p e artial way t h t th
a ey now are by
th e B ahr m ans h F i f”
ere . or se e Wilson s Sanscrit Dicti onary
’
. Th e

ch angin
g i t to an, or vic e m od, and kee ping n m i d
in Vararuch i
’
s rules.

X II .

p p d
We are now re are to exam ine No 4 of Mr fac-sim iles, . . B re tt
’
s

p p h
th at of th e i nsc ri ti on on th e le ft orc of th e great cave , as from th e
b py
last we sh all be a le to sup l e noug at least to lea us to its general h d
pur ort
p .

h
T is is No 1 1 . of Pl t a e x lii . in Bi d r .

m im h h w e wfv flw ]
m m
[m w
-
w w ]
i t m at h s 3 m m i n t]
m m i fiv n [m v m ]

m e i w w aa fii fi i w vv ]
M i fifi m m fi m i m ]
m fim m ww ] fl
h um m u aw m ]

N W
9
an n u i t vfir a r w rh
fi m
wh wmgn flm
m fa a i n m ww m t h ]
i wfit m fi am fain m
‘

it
nu m é t w w w m z:
w mg w fi m m f t fi m ]
m m w fim m fitv m a fl
W tfin m i a wt i vfitfi s

fi wfivfai w
‘
‘
m

Transla tion .

K i ng G te [ iputra s im ’
p e rial d escendant S ri Yadnya] Slit Kam i
‘

i
m
26 m s ro m c u
'
. N A M ES AN D m om s
'
[J U Lv

h ad [
a neph w e nam e dNgk a a anda, wh o in th e fore st] fre q u e nte d by
th e fea th d t ib
e re r e [ l i d
re c a m e lan d for a fie l d and g d
ar e n ] to o bt i
a n

groce ri e s and agricultural p ro [d uce ] and also b e stowe d th e ne igh

b ouring v ill [ age ] of An [ anga ] for th e be ne fit of h is kin d d re ; and i n

u ni on h hi b h [ wi t s ro t er Anan d a, and along ] w it h Gajase na and also

G j i [t d di t d
a am ra e ca e as a re ligiou s assignation tw o] im age s B ddh to u a .

[H w e
eret b li h d as s a s e als o a re fe ctor y] fe nce di n an d d d wi h
a orne t

figure s of lions, for th e com p y

an of re ligi ous te ac h e rs, for th p p fe u r ose o

pu ttin
g a sto pto m y p t t ig ti O t f ll thare n
’
s ransm ra on . n accoun o a e

c hild [d d d f ] th l dy Aj y d y b th
re n e sc e n e rom d e a e
’
zt an m ro
’
e r s sons an

f ily
am
y f
, com e y q t t hi e romt i h d j y
e ve r u ar e r o t s m ou n a n ou se , an en o

a h ppy h a H i d th bd i g p i t f t bli h d i t
om e . e re n ne ea -su u n r es s o es a s e v r ue ,

( T h ) th
e ros, b l A h l th b
e v e ne ral G p l th bel V ij c a a, e v e ne ra e O a , e v e nera e a

y i
am t th ra, b l B th
e b l
v e ne ra d t D h pea l e, e v e ne ra e e v o ee arm a a

Ap are nu f N g k d son d S poi t th l ig i g

a ai d t h an a, an am a a e re ous u e, e

v e ne ra bl S h l (Si h l l g wi h b dy f th ight
e e a o n a a bl a on t a o o o er e v e ne ra e

p i t fill d with g t p i t d h w ld id i th
r e s s, e re a com as s on ow ar s t e or , res e n e

sacre d K gh hill wh i f a a g w t
,
h on o t i p pp ose c rcum e re nce ro s e m un a n e e r,

w hi h i c l d wi th i l f p i kly p
s e nc ose d fill d i id w i h a c rc e o r c e ar, an e ns e t

t i th d ligh t f g
u rm e r c, e e o sa e s .

Th e filling u
p of th e p p ro er nam e s at th e b gi i e nn ng is, I thi k n ,

pl d b y d d b t wh w f th l t i
ac e e on ou en e re e r to e as nscr i p ti on, an d id
cons er

th t th a l tt dd d
e e ly pl t th li It will b
e rs a e e x act com e e e ne . e b d
o se rv e ,

th t th f S it K ph w i t k f b l w li 1 8 ’
l
a so, a i
e nam e o a am s ne e s a en rom e o , ne ,

wh it i
e re i j d S h filli g p i q i d th t th
s u n n ure . o m uc n u s re u re , a e trans
l ti
a b y d th p p
on, e on i t e ht b dp ddre Y t
e r nam e s, s no m uc o e e en e on . e

I thi k it will b
n d d p b bl i e ti
conce w ith th e d as ro a e n c onne c on e w or
i nfi m : f r wfiw d i f! f
or z
i fi l T h pp ly i g f w t
an t or I . e su n o o at o

m a k t th w d f ill g i t ly w t bl i th
e ou e or or v a e s no sure un arran a e , as n e

f orm e r d i th Na ik i
an ip ti
n i t i p l i ly gi
e i f ll
s nscr ons s a n v en n u .

Infilfi h t I th i k b i t p t d
e pith t f B ddh wh
n n e r re e as an e
'

m us , , e e o u a, ose

f it
av o ur b d K p il t i t f t
e a o e, d th a lfil w h av as a, re e rs o ; an e ‘
E e av e

h d a ft f
so o th fi t l tt
en f th w d g l th t lit l d b t
or e rs e e rs o e or a , a t e ou can

b t t i d f h i b i g th w d i t d d
e e n e r a ne o t A g sth J e n th e or n en e . m on e a ms e

w d 3 : ppli f q tly t h ”
or 3 a es i
e ve n
g t tm o re re ue n o an m a e an o a

t empl th gh it igi l i g w p b bly D g b Th

e, ou s or na m e an n as ro a a a o a .
”
e

l dy Aj ya t h b Ap th d w ’
a e se e m s ob t A av e een are nu s m o e r, u as nan a as

h i M i téj
s h lf b th
c a, ly h a th b
- ro i d twi er
”
on , s e m us av e e e n m arr e ce .

“FR I d s t
un e r n
g t d fi n ! t b f n t K l e , an
i
o m ea o e or , as a ar e n
 I N ru n K A N H ERI I NBC RI PTI O NB.
27

Ki ng Bh uti is
d Bh ti S di ffi lty h b f lt with th
calle e . om e cu as e en e e

l t tw li
as b to p i f th t
ne s, u ip t wi th th t
a com l ti ar son o e ransc r e rans a on

will b t bl S it h l t j dg h w f I h h it th
es e na e a ansc r sc o ar o u e o ar ave e

se nse Ih . t th gh t i t f fii
av e noi t i p t tou y y th i g o su c en m or a nce o sa an n

i it i di ti
n s v n B id ca pt i f! f i ifi by
on . es t i f
e s, e x ce or l an e x e ns on o

S t ii 4 3 t th w d th th
u ra . o o ti er d th h g or s an ose m e n one , e c an e s are

XIII .

h
T i s inscri pti i on s m ore b k pp
ro e n, a are ntl y , ev e n t h an th e last . It is
on th e r igh t p h f thorc o e l g t pl
p
ar e em e , and one cannot h lpe sus e cting

th t
a t th a ti f th
e m e o ti e B ddhi t p
b th w p p ly u s e rsecu on, o e re u r ose

i j
n ure d l g pi
, as f ar e th t h b wh lly d t h d
e ce s rom e s o ne av e e en o e ac e .

O wi g t th i i
n o t th i i i p ti
s c rcu m s ance h b gi i th iddl s nsc r on e re e ns n e m e .

M B tt di d t t k i t fi t wi h th
r . re no t
a eb t i t i
ta i p t t irs t e re s , u as s m or an n

conne c ti wi th th p
on di g I h ed t ip t d t
re ce n l ti , av e m a e a ranscr an rans a on,

as f ar asI f wh t can, o i d M B tt h a l i
re m a nst k an r . re as a so s nce a en a

f
ac-s mi il f it It i
e o b d 1 0 i Pl t lii f Bi d
. s nu m e re n a e x . o r
’
s .

Fa n 1 1 1 fi t t g e tm
’

m
‘

n v érFs m
‘

t j '
a

at W fi fi i
‘

[ J r n r m ne vm

[t ] i fls tra w n ew w e as:
[ a t ] t m m 2 fl m v vfir m fi fa v fl
[v l z gv v t fi flfifaw vt i fl fi e
' ‘

“
nfi a v [fi l m i vw i ti a- e i:
fa P fit
‘‘
rm u n

Tr ansla tion .

following reli
g iou s assign ations ( e long to t is loca lit b h y) .

Adorne d with a radianc e vi e ing wi t h h

t at o f th e solar ra s in th e y
p rese rvi n
g sanctu ar y c onstruc e t d f B ddh i t g by
or th gl y
u s sa e s, e or

of re li gion, is dp e osite d an i h tibl t

ne x aus ll p t ti g de reasu re , a - ro e c n , an

de liv e ri ng from pi I
ra ne . n th p ep ity i g
ros e r t y f B li -e nsur n m onas e r o a

th e re is, conne c e t d wi th th e t pl th h ll f t ll
em e, O eh a or rave e rs . n t e
site b l ngi
e o n g t th od i i e v ne K i th i th h
am b t wi g
e re s e -
ea en e s o
v n cave
28 m sro ru c u . NAM ES A N D r ac rs [J

te m pl e of th e gle n T ere is, near th e leasant roa

. h p d close to th e si te

of th e K
di vine ante ra, w e re th e eo le wors i th e h p p hp ve ri ta bl e treasure
re li c, Dh uli K argi
’
s granar y and store -h ouse . Above all, t h e re are

d it b l t
th e fam e i g w h i
ver h t i w hi p ad i t e reasure m a es c su s a n ors an v r ue ,

and b l d by th p i h d with th h d i th ttit d

are e ov e e r e st oo , e an n e a u e of

b t wi g bl i g B l w th i f d b th
es o n ess n s jwl . e o e re s oo a ov e e re are e e s.

Th e inte ntion of t is i nscri ti on h p seem s to h av e b ee n to re ci te th e

difierent institutions at K e ne ry
'

esta bli h d by
s e th e K gi f
ar am il y , and

to e x alt abov e t h em all th e tw o colossal im ages of B ddh

u a, m e nti one d
p arti cularl yi n th e last i nsc ri ti on p P b bly it y . ro a m a be p oM ble ,
by -and-b e
, y to i de nti f y th e pl h p k f m
ace s e re s o en o . 1 !is writte n

m and m wh en a ppli d t th c l b t d ity

e o e e e ra e c of h
t at nam e
th e Maré th as write i t m m H it i t b t k
. e re s o e a e n as a com m on

noun. Th e wor d 3 1 11
‘

in S anscrit m eans a son-i a -law .

”
In old

Marath i th e te rm inati on t was com m on, and i t i s still use d in res p ec t

of som e wor d s . It p re v ails also in th e Te li nga language , and I conce ive

h e re to be a te rm ination d e riv e d fro m t ht a source , and th e wor d to

be ren e re d d , as it woul be d in Te lugu, di i v ne .
”
d
Accor ing to th e
Bhag avat, th e first A n dB '
dh B k
ra sov e re i n
g was nam e alin, and ali a w ill

th ben dj ti d i d f th t
e an a ec ve I thi k it p b bl th t
er ve rom a nam e . n ro a e a

h i h
e s f dt
e re re erre y t p t f th~

p i
o th t di i e th
, e x ce or e e e v ne , e nam e

i t lf i t
se t fi
s oo com m on ythi g d p h p it will b f t t o x an n an , er a s, e sa e s a

p t
rese n t t l yno d w y
o th i g a t i o t h i n anh d i n as ce r a n on s ea , s nce

K t an e ra, wh h th o pith t as t dily b i d tifi d

e sam e e e , canno re a e en e

wi th y f t
an h P o i ig e T h l
uran c sov e redi g p t — th t wh i h ns . e conc u n ar a c

m en ti th i
ons g
— i th e t i
m a es p t t p t f sth i i i
e m os
p ti m or an ar o s nscr on.

m i f th sS or i t
w et h i f p
ansc r i g t ly i t F t b t e ass n no on n o , u

also i nto w and at .

In com p aring th e transcri t p accom p yi g thi p p an n s a er wi t h Mr .

B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile late l y m a e, d th e f ll wi g diff
o o ppn e re nces a ear

Line 2, le tte r l st, w is given for I , and th e last le tte r is u ; line 3,

th e 5 th and 6th le tte rs are om i tte , d and b lanks su pply h i pl
t e r aces ;

line 4 , th e 6th le tte r is om i tte line 5, th e 6th le tter h as m ore of th e d

a line 8 , th e last le tte r is sim l l ; line 1 0, le tte r 3t d, th e a is py
m ore di ti
s nct ; in th e last li ne th e 5 th le tte r from th e end is b k ro e n,

but m ust be fit or ft ; th e ne x t two h ave t hi h d

e r ea s also b k ro en,

b ut m ust be I or S om e slig ht h c an es
g in th e translati on y b e m a

nec
e ssary if th ese re adings in th e second and last lines are adap ted .
 1a m a xm nxm 1 Nsc a1 r r1 0 Ns
'
. 29

h p
T is inscri tion and th e ne x t bl e ong to C h anakya . T hy
e

num b d by M B
ere r . re tt 14 and 15 .

em xv rla
Trans la ti on .

To th e P erfect One . To Di m ila, th e m en di cant asce tic of Kal an, y

“ ( firm q rfi m w e m
[ i r l i tw m fii ri s w
‘
'
FE

Tra ns la tion .

To th e P Da
e rfe ct O ne . To m ila, inh a itant b of K alydn, fam e d
h
t rough ou t th w ld d p ifi d
e or , an ur e , th e re li
gi ous assignation of a cave

and ci ste rn n i th K h hill P e au a . eace .

Note s .

Th e y q ti th t
onl ue si i g d t
on th tw i
a ip ti
can ar se n re ar o e se o nscr ons

i —d th y
s o f t th f
e re e r Di il t o b B ddhi t
e am ous m a, or o som e o scu re u s

p i t ? I pp th
r es su f dt t h b
ose e t
cav e t d re e rre o o av e e e n cons ru c e a

id b l ti ft C h a ky d th by ’
cons e ra e m e a er t t hi na a s ea , as a m onum e n o m

one f hi do d t d t C h a ky b i g p t d
s esce n an s ; an as o na a e n re re se n e as a

B ddhi t p i t th ll ti f t diti
u s r es , d by Wilf d p ti g
e co ec on o ra ons m a e or re s e c n

hi m i th A i ti R
, n e h l i h w th t h fi i h d h i lif
s a c e se arc e s , vo . x .
, s o s a e ns e s e as

a p it t t th l t Th d B ah
e n en a e eas f . w ld e m o e rn r m ans, o course , ou ne ve r

ll w th t
a o h h t b
a suc B ddhi t wh t th f t ight
a c arac er ecam e a u s , a ev e r e ac m

b e ; d an f hi d
one d t ight y t lly
o s l d
esce n an s m ve r na u ra conc u e or

su gg t thest th ati i f h i ge t p asce

g i t h d t k
c sm th o s re a ro e n or a a en e sam e

course as hi w d h d l d hi t
s o d pt th y t f G t
n, an a e m o a o e s s em o au am a .

It i y lik ly h t h d di ti h ld h b
s ve r un e t a suc d a e ca on s ou ave e en m a e,

an d h p i
suc d i g dt
ex ress ons b p i t Th
use , n re ar o an o sc ure r es . e

form f th l tt
o the e f h S e rs, it d ti i rm
e use od 1 f wh i h t e anscr a ve na , an , or c

1 w ft w d
as a b tit t d ll p i t t
er ar s su s p ti ly ly d t u e , a on o a com ara ve ear a e.

X VI .

No 1 6 of Mr
. . B re tt s
’
fac-si m iles .

w fs i i m m fitm rh a

« m urm u E
rs F
30 m aro m e a n NA M ES A N D ra o rs
' '
[J U LY

Tra nsla ti on .

P eace . To th e P e rfe c t one . To th e bli h d p i ipl

m e n of e sta s e r nc e s,

th e savi ours from fear, and wh o t t wi th

are con e n d t thi g th m o e ra e n s, e

re li
gious assignation of a
g rotto by th High Ad i l U g P
e m ra ra. e ace .

I w ld w it i S
Th e last p art of th e first li ne ou r e n anscri t th us z —W
1
W 1 P h p th l tt .p i h t h ld b m
er a s
ju i th e a er e t e s ou e
'

, e

ch i h f th i f i d Th fig S tik i h
er s e rs o e r f d
r en s .
”
e ure vas a s e re so orm e ,

th t b th t th b gi
a o i g ad th d thepp p k h ld b t
e nn n an e en e u er ea s ou e o

th e le tte rs .

XVII .

Th is (No 1 7 . of Mr . B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile s) is foun d on th epp p t u er ar

of a sm all di g b o a, in a ver y sm all cav e , a fe w p ace s to th ight f th

e r o e

great cav e , and m a

y ver y re a dily b p e asse d, u nle ss th e i it i l k
v s or s oo

i ng out for i t, as it lies a little off th e foot- p tha .

M im e v um wm w
uv vtfa uw m v vu
«n ews m an

Tra ns la ti on .

To th e P e rfe ct O ne . Th e by th g ld
re ligious assignati on e o sm i th
Dh arm anaka of a fear- d t yi g ligi g tt with dag b
e s ro n re ous ro o, a o a, for
th e te ac h e rs of e sta bli h d p i ipl f ll f h ly d d p
s e r nc e s, u o o ee s, re se rve d
from fear and dis ease .

Th e u se of I for W in th e wor df or
g oldsm h
it i s re m ar a k bl e , and we
s h ldou now say it ch aracte rize d an in h bita ant of th e nor th p e rn arts of

th e M arat i h coun r t y , or of th e Ga nge tic p rovince s . In th e se con d

li ne w e h av e 1 for I , w hi h c i s th e p re se nt custom in Mdrath i, p es e

c i all
y in th e onca n C . w as a pti corru on of m i . I n th e K lp a a

S 1i tra i t is corre ctl m y , bu t thi I thi k

s n m ere l y a corru p ti on of th e
sam e wor d . In th e t i r h d line th e first le tte r is u, and not 8 , as I
as ce rta ine d on p e rsona lly e x am ini ng th e i nscri ti on p . 31 can o nl yb e

for
i n, th e corru pti on of S
th e ansc ri t
i n, a tum ulus, and h e re a ppli es

to i ts re p re se ntati v e th e dag b o a. For th e las t le tte r se e Vararuch i ii .

14 and alth ou
gh h i s Rule iii 1 2 giv e s for th e first
. yll bl
s a e
9 6 y et in
th is i nstance we m ust su pp ose a furt h er corru pti on : in Mari th i
i t is i v .
 -
1 1! Ta x ru m m m I NSC RI PTI O NS . 31

III XV .

h p
T is inscri ti on h as no tb t k by
e en a en Mr . B re tt . It is No . 20 of

D Bi d w k
r. r
’
s or , and on th lfi h d e e : an of th e rivule t. It is m uc h
b k t th b gi
ro e n a e e nm ng, and one or two lines are e ntire l y gone .

fl m w fism e
fi fi i
’
m [ w ] m v v 1 ta

i rrfsa m m fs s t v fz s s v e a fl
M m fi m v m w rz

wm w ww fwfir

Transla ti on .

Th e re li gi ous as signati on of a re ligi ous cav e and w ate r-ciste rn by

w h en h e was p uri fie d and i ni ti ate h f d . A ouse or m on s k from
th e four q ua rte rs (of th e e art h) is h t bli h d C
e re e s a s e . om e all
y e of

h is race fro m g d t (
reh ar o t e d onor s )
’
f th d ha e r an m ot e r, e v e n to th e
se ats for th ebly wh asse m o se e k p i it l
s ip ir ua e m anc at on. H e re is
tr ul y an i h tibl t
nex aus e re as ure .

m is a Ji a n w or d , th at in th e com m e nt to th e K lp a a Sii tra

is inte r p re te d ini ti ate d, i n Gujaré th i fi at fe l fl O wi
. ng to th e
im m rfe c ti on of th e i nscrip tion ge ne rall , and th e o sc ure ne ss of som e y b
of th e le tte rs,Id b h h Ih
ou t w e t e r d
av e h i t th e i e a in th e last line bu t

one Th. ly w w d i F i na
e on ne t y or f th fi l
s ar a e rm v er com m o n or e na

t t
s a e of b li g th J i
ss am on d B d dh i t — e
g h fa ns an d u s s am on t e o rm e r, an

l
a so am o n g t h N p l B d d h
e i t e i g au t t f up k w s s, m ean n a s a e o su re m e no

l dg
e d b li
e an p b bly with p t
s s, ro a i g th l tt se ara e c onsc ou sness am on e a e r,

or B ddhi t p p
u s s ti f d i
ro e r, cessa d i wi h ion l rom e s re , an un on t un ve rsa

t
na u re f th fi t p i i pl f th B ddhi t lik th t f K pil
or e rs r nc e o d e u s s, e a o a a an

Th l i
a e s, i t ll t i b d
s an n e tt ec - m ue -m a er .
”

Th till
e re are sf w b k i ipti f i il f whi h
a e m ore ro e n nscr ons, -
ac s m es o c

will b f d i D Bi d w k Th y N 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 2 23
e oun n r . r
’
s or . e are os .
, , , , ,

25 2 6 f h i I
, o i p ti s f th K
nscr y C N
ons f th
rom h e e ne r av e s. one o e se av e

b t k by M B tt O
ee n a en i i g th
r . wi th
re . dg f n e x am n n em so m e e ree o

care, I fi d h w d e m fin w fai t fv fw “ m
n suc or s as , d
,
’
, . . an

so on, i g i thoc cu rr n p i g th t th i g l i p t i th
n em , rov n a e r e ne ra m or s e

sam e wi th th l dy t ose l t d N
a rea w p p h b
rans a e . o ne ro e r nam e s av e ee n

dt td
e ec e
y f , t li it
or an d b i d thac l dye pcl d b ef ,
th es e ose a rea ace e ore e
32 H I STO RI C A L NAn ns A ND m ore [J U LY

d
re a er ; and th ere fore an
y atte m pt at t hi e r restorati on d th woul , ough

succe ssful, be p d ro ucti v e of no a v anta e .

g d Th b k i ip i
e se ro e n nsc r t ons,
h
notwit standi ng, m ay h lp t
e o a classi fication o f th diff t e e re n cav es,

w h en a pl an of t h em all is ex ecu te d . Th e first in th e list, h ow

e ver, b eing in th e c h aracte r of th e 7th or 8 th ce ntu r y , and m uc h
p oste ri or y to an of th e rest, m a
y a m d it of ex planati on, w h en th e
Adj h b
unta inscri ti ons p i d whi h i th
av e tyl
e e n e x am ne , c are n e sam e s e.

Ih w itt
av e t D Bi d t h
r en o t i p
r. ir t k fo av e an e xac m re ss on a en or m e

from th pp pl t f d i th t p whi h if it i b f th
e co er- a e oun n e o s, c , arr v e e ore e

p bli ti f th i p p I h ll l t l t d dd
u ca on o s a e r, s a a so rans a e, an a as an

App di en x.

APPENDIX .

N th i g o d d i b t i i g p t th d f M y 1 8 53
av n succe e e n o a nn , u o e en o a ,

wh th i p p
en i p s i g th
a er g h t h s p as s n th py f th
rou e re ss, ano e r co o e

insc rip ti h pl t d g
on on t f th K anh i ( K
t e a e
y) u t p b
ou
y D o e er e ne r o e r.

Bi d I w gi
r , no t t ip t d t
ve as corre c l ti f it a I ranscr an rans a on o as

a bl f pl t l ii N 2 8 f h i w k th
e rom a e x v . o. Th i o ip s or on e cav es . e nscr
ti oni i S s it n d h g t p t f it i th
anscr , an ffi i tly
t e rea e r tly ar o s ere su c en correc

g i ven f t l i
or B t h
rans at on. f w p l i w h iu h i th f
t e re are a e ac e s n c , e e r rom

th f lt f h
e au pyi t th d y f h igi l th h t
o t e co s , or e e ca o t e or na , e c arac e rs are

so mi p f t th er ecthi g b d f th with t
at no n can j e m a e o em ou som e con ee

tura l h g c H p pily th w d f th d t (wi h th light p

an e s . a e or s o e a e, t e s e x ce

ti f 1 1 wh i h l k lik W ) th
on o 1 , c oo sf th d h
e f
. e nam e o e onor, t e nam es o
m os t f h bj t f w hip h f t f th d p i ti g th f
o t e o ec s o ors , t e ac o e e os n ere o a

su pp d t th f B ddh d h
ose oo o ti g u tt
a, an f hi t e e re c n a m onu m e n o one o s

di ipl th p i t hi fly i p t t i th i ipti with th

sc e s, e o n s c e m or an n e nscr on, e

e x cep i f th t on of th ig i g
e nam e o h ily d t
e re nn m onarc , are eas m a e ou

th ghou f th i som e o
g y d d i p tie p i th
m a ert p t, diman e scr ve e e s, re se n

culti e s in th e de cy ph e ring of th e le tte rs as we ll as in th e constructi on .

Iw as not aware till I

h ad fini s e m y la ours t at a translati on of hd b h
hi i
t s nscri tion p h ad b een giv e n in th e J our . As . Soc . B e ngal, p 97.

b ut afte r a care ful com p arison did I not se e any re ason to c an e h g

an ythi g I h d w itt ( p t i th fi t li
n a r e n, e x ce n e rs ne to a o t 3 1 1? dp for H i d,
“

w hi h I h d p
c i ly gi a ) h l t
re v ous v e n, m uc e ss o ac ui e sce in th e ge ne ral
q
p p t f th t i
ur o r o a v e rs on.

A th s l th
e re t p
are t Ki h se v e ra o er o es a n e ri, woul d it t b no e wort h
whil t p e f th d
o o e n m ore o wh t ti q em , an see a an u arian r c i h th y es e contain ?

[ 1 ] M im
i n rdsfi m vi w m m fit
W i m vfift uv fixfi
 1 141 m s x ANnnru m sc aum ons . 33

m m m m wfi m é fi vfi u
5 w fi
171 fi w
1 11 611 61? fsfafm fi l m f wfi s fi m firdm i s an F“
film m ush S h im v

a ir m an: t w fvr m .
m flwm = €fi W e!

Trans la ti on .

A d orati on Bl d D i g th ig f th f t t
to th e Eve r e sse . ur n e re no e or una e

K i p K am
r a h pl ti f th y tw h d d d f y
a, on t e com e on o e ear o un re an ort

fi th
ve , w i th
ere g t
as t yni th Ke h hi l
re al ( ) m onas e r n e au a a son ,

f
av our e d by B ddh d d P hy
u a, fan d ght f nam e us avarm an, o a au er o a

lt d S é i K a f th
’ ’
ki nsm an o f th e ex a i t i
e A dh bh it
r m m a, o e v c o r ous n ra r a

f ily
am H . h p f pi y i
e m a ea d t o sbl l y cer , n a m anner ue o a no e a m an

o f h ligi
t e re f th ll bl
on o d p w f l h th p e a -
f t f ld
esse o er u e re , e osse ssor o en o

ight h l d th S i ky h d p f B ddh d
’
m , t e or
g t
, t e lt a sa e, l e rue an e r ec u a, an a so

i th
n id t f
e m l it d
s o f tt d t whil f
a m u t u i g t th e o a e n an s, e o rm n a e sam e

ti pt l f th p p i g d light t th f B ddh t b
m e a re ce ac e or e ros er n e som e ee o u a, es a

li h d
s e d
a sacre tf th m onu m
g h i f l y d iea i p l th or f e sa e s
’
c e a sc e, e so n o

th l dy S a d ti i th i d t f p li h d t y ytl
'
e a ra va , n e m s o o s e s one s, a ve r cr s a

sea o f light d di tan ti i di ti g l

ra ance , t bili ty ad a m e n ca n ov e , s a , an

While
D Y k h Siddh Vidy i dh G dh Ahi Bh d a
e v a, a s a, a, f ara, an arva, , a r

Pum a Bh d P d i K a y V j p i i Va h K é i
, a ra a m d th , v a, a ra zp , c , n na, an o ers

t d by hi ki
ve ne ra e j y th l i p di d i g h
t s nsm an, en o em se v e s n ara se , ur n t e
h
t ousan d l i i h f h C l ti l D lph i
re v o ut o ns l g h ll n e av e n o t e e es a o n, so on s a

thi f i lk
s sea o hi h t yi ld wh t
m i d i d B ddh
, t s cow t a e s a eve r s e s re ,
u a,

h j y
t e th
o w d f l h
o u s, hi f f g th p l ( d hi h
e on e r u , t e c e o sa e s, e o e rou n w c

th w ld
e or l ) d A d
rev o v es l g h liq i d t
, gi
en ure . n as on as t e u s re am s ve

bi h t th p w
rt o ed l gu rey f y d h
at e r casca e s, so on m a am e carr ow n t e

w
re no f th
n o b l t h ly b f t b f th b fit f
e e ne v o e n , o e ne ac or, orn or e e ne o

oth d igh tly

e rs, an d P hy (th P t t )
r nam e us a e ro e c o r .

5
34 m s K A NH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS .
[J U LY

Ta x Ta x .

'

otes .

Th e re igning m onarc h at th e dt a e of th is inscri tion w e p h av e se e n

re ason to b li
e e ve was th e great Sat K am i . Th e surnam e in our te x t
is e quivale nt to K arui ; and p hper a s a n, li k e th e sum !of th e Bhag avat,

i s no m ore t an h t a ranslati on of th e less com m on w or d m ! y t th r e e

rea di ng is d btf l
ou u , and th e le tte rs as t hy e stan d w ld gi W ou ve or

1 1 . Am on
g th e le ss com m on nam e s
gh
i ven o o
e re ec s o o rs t bj t f w hip ,

Alzi m ay m e an an
y of th e se r p e nt race , Va suki, Ananta, & c , or . a

p
se r e nt ge ne rall y I d fi t . re a rs a nvil, a f em a le
f ri e nd, and a ppli d e

h
t is te rm to th Ap e —h saras e nce an e rror h as cre pt i nto th e 8 th p g a e

of th e fore i
g g p
o n p th a er on e K éuh e ri cav e s ; th e D e vana ari
g was
am e n e dd , and th e translati on le ft as it stoo d at first : h
t is, t h e n,

q
re ui re s to b e corre c te d . m s is S arasv ati ; K dnlnh is m ost lik ly e

Vy asa ; Bh adra Panzais Annap urué . In re fe rence to Bh adra Padm i

it m a
y p h p ber a s e two nam es, and m e an S in and V ish nu ; but th e
re adi n g i d bstf l ou u ; and i f th e last wor d h ld b d P k hl s ou e re a a s ,

as I now incline to d rea it, th G d w ill b i t d d

en aru a e n en e .

By M alcara I w ou ld h rat er un e rs an d t d th h ly S i a e e av e n
’ ’
s um ra

th an pi Ca r corn, u n e ssl hi t s was th e first of th e conste llations

at th t p i d
a er o h h th
, or y h th e one un e rd w ic e ce re m on e re

h e re m e n ti dw p
f d (S Vi h P
one as B k ii i
e r orm e . ee s nu u rana, oo . 0 . x .

an d Pi p U f l T b
r nse l p t ii’
s p F
se u W l flfil f th a e s, ar . . or o e

origi l I h na b tit t d fi t t fi l d h t l t d if it w
, av e su s u e il , an av e rans a e as e re

fW tfflf l 1 h gh p h p it bl
1 igh t b d i d
t ou se nse m er ve
‘ '
rom , , a su
e r a s, s a e e

from at wi th F! p fi d
“
M i th f
re y xe . d , n e se nse o
“
carr ov er,
”
u se

ti ly whi h i th t t i d b tf l WN h ih “ ”
fig ura ve , c l
18 n e ex , s ou u . S I E, ov e , c er s ,

& w ld b f lly
c . ou the igi l l tt
e u b t th g l
neare r i or na e e rs, u e e ne ra se nse s

not t i lly di ff
m a er a t T th i di fii lti I d
e re n t f l it
. o o er m nor cu es o no ee

y p ti l ly t f
ne cessar ar cu ar o re e r.
AM . II . O n th e N és i k C a re I nscrip tions
- . By th e Re v .

J STE V EN S O N D D
.
, . .

Prese nte d 1 7 th Fe bruary 1 8 53 .

O ns na v a r ro ns '
ON r m ; D ATE S FOU ND 1N r nn C Av n
I N s c a 1 P r1 0 N s ' '
Ar NAs 1 x .

Ta 5: diffi d with I di h l gy it h l g b
cu lti es connec te n an c rono o , as on een

see n, can on ly b l d by th id f i
e so ve i pti th w i tt e a o nscr ons, as e r en

ti i h
no c e s are e t e r t g t th t i l t i
oo v a ue or
g t h fi d foo eo re ca o an e con e nce o

th i q i
e n ft t th
u re r a It w i h h per ru f th wi g . ddias n t e 0 e o ro n som e a

t i ona l ligh t thi w ll on th bj t th t I l t ly l id

s, as e as on o er su e c s, a a e a

b f th S i y
e o re be i oc e t th hi t i lso m e o se rvat ons on t i d e s or ca nam e s co n a ne
i th K inh i ( K
n e r
y) I i p t
eri I w e ne r t f l i d i
nsc r ons . as no succ e ss u n s

cov e r ni g th y d t lth gh t h
e re an i i p ti a e, a t h pp p
ou l t e nscr on on e co e r- a e

d g p
u t f th t p i 1 8 39 wi h
u ou o d t f S t 24 5
e o s n p d t a a e o am v a , corre s on

i gt
n 1 8 9 i w hi h
o A . D ti. i d f
, n b i g h t th t
c m en on s m a e o cav es e n t e re a a

p i d th w light th bj t Th i ipti
er o , ro s on th e su t
ec . e nsc r ons on e cav es a

Né ik w hi h I
s , tp tc
gg d i
am t a l ti g I fi
rese n d t i en a e n rans a n , n con a n

fi d t
ve Th fi t whi h i i I
a es . ip ti
e rs N , 1 i gi c t ths n nscr on o. , s ve n a e

b gi i g i w d d fig
e nn n n d t th or s an d gi ly i fig ures, an a e en a a n on n u re s .

I N 2 th
n o . tw d t b t b th
e re are ly i fig o I N 12
a e s, u o on n u res . n o .

th i
ere wh i h i gi
s one , ly i w d c d ths i ve n oni N 7 n or s, an e re s one n o. .

I l ki g f th
n oo nk f p i , or t th K d l
e sa e o i ip ti com Ifi d ar son, a e r e n nscr ons, n

d t i N 3 d 1 8 b th f th i w d d fig
a es n os . an , o d th o th em n o r s an ures, an e se e

sam e dt l t i a es, a m os N 12 d2 , p ti ly Th fig i
as n our os . an re s e c ve . e ure s n

a ll f th
o f th ese are o h t th gi by M P i p i e sam e c arac e r as ose ve n r. r nse n

vo l ii f th
. v J l f th A i ti S i t f B g l pl t
. o e ourna o e sa c oc e v o en a , a e xx .
,

th gh ou t ll q it th no a Owi g t h u e ll f th
e sam e . b n o t e sm a ness o e num e rs,

I w t fi f pi i th t th d t h d f
as a rst o o n on ly t th
a ese a es a re e re nce m e re o e

y f th ig f th p ti l
ears o e re ig
n o l b t d i th i
e ar ip
cu ar sov e re n ce e ra e n e nscr

ti on, an dh f li ttl l d th i i i d d th
e nce o e v a ue i f an s s, n ee , e case n re e re nc e

t th
o d t i N 1 2 d th
e a e n p d
o i .
g d t f,
N 3
an t e corres on n a e o o . a

Ka l d th t l in N
r cn, an 7 B t w
a h a soI f d p ti
o. l ly. u en oun , on ar cu ar
36 o nse nv a r ro ns on m a [J U LY

e xam ining No 1 , t . h t th
a e sov ere ign Gotam i p utra, t h ere e xtolle d as

ki ng of ki ngs, and re igni ng from th e Hi m ala as y t o C yle on, an d wh ose

q ue e n cause d th e cav e on w ic h h th e inscr t on isip i engrav e dt b o e

e x cav ate dw , as a di fie re nt
'

p e rson from th e one wh ose nam e is m e nt onei d

in th e dt I a e, saw m y ori
gin al i e a to b e o du nte na le G o tam i wh lly b .

p u tra, wh ose nam e is so ofte n m enti one in th e ins cri ti ons, w as oned p
th e A dh ra sov ere igns ; bu t in th e leas t like Pudum ayi,
’
of n no nam e

or Pudu m ava, son of Vdsava or V as iva, from h

w ose y
e ars th e inscri tion p
is dtd a e , is containe di y Th i p t t
n any of th e lists of t h t dy
a nast . e m or a n

q ti th
ue s on wh t i th
e n arose , h f d t ? I ti g
a s e e ra ere re e rre o n cas n

b t f i f ti
a ou or thi bj t I f d th t th
n orm a on on f th s su ec , oun a e son o e

su pp d i tit t f th Bl bh i w
ose ns u or o d P d A di ty Ite a a e ra as nam e a m a
’
a .

th en d th t th
oc curre i q ti t b th Bl bh i
a e e ra Cl l n ues on m us e e a a . o one

Td o t i d f
as ce r a ne i ipti di d by h i i th g t
rom an nscr on scov e re m n e rea

tem pl t P t S ath i whi h d t i gi i th Bl bh i

e a a an om n , n c a a e s v en n e aa , as

w ll e i thas n S t d H ji
e com m on th t th i q
am v a ti an e ra eras, a e e ra n u es on

com m ences A A .i g th D . thi t b th f ssu m n , en, s o e e e ra o our

inscr ipti th 19 h y
on, th t
e t i d i it ip ti r
ea ,-N 1 will a con a ne n nscr on o.

f ll i
a 337
n A . C l l ti g by th d t il d y gi i th M t
D. . a cu a n e e a e ears ve n n e a

y
s a P a f
ur na th b gi i rom
g f t h A dh edy e t y t t
nn nh fi t o e
’
n ra nas o e rs

y f G t ip t w fi d th
ear o o am f th
u ra, ig t b 340 y e n ? e sum o e re ns o e ears

S bt ti g 1 8 y f th ti th dy ty l d b f
u rac n ears or e w m e e nas ru e e ore our e ra, e

o bt i an A 32 3 f . th
D .b gi i g f thi or ig e ig e H nn n o s sove re ns
’
re n . e

re ig d i ne ll w ty n ay wh i h will gi
t en -one 343 ears, c ve us A. D .

f th l t y
or e f hi
as ig b t ear o th i t f th s re ig f ll h tn, u as e em s o ese re ns a s or

by tw ty y en f th t t l w
ears o t pp th t the sum bo a , e m us su ose a e num er

o f th y e i ears f th ig h
n som e o b il d d th th
e re gh ns as ee n curta e , an us ou

th ere w diff ere a f f w y b tw th P

e re nce o a d th e ears e ee n e urans an e

i
nscr ipti it w ld b
on, ily t d f
ou d th gh with P i
e eas p accoun e or ; an ou r nse

w d t th i f th A dh dy ty h ll till ’
e a e e r se o 22 w e a ra nas , e s a s
no t d th li it f G t ip t
e x cee e igm A th s o f th d to am u ra s
’
re n . no er o e a es,

th t f N
a o 2 f th Nd i k i
o. ipti
o i tw ty f e
g
s i i g nscr ons, s en - our
, 1v n us A . D.

34 2 N 1 8 f Ke l
. o. th o G t ip t i
r e n 1a t i d d e sam e o am u ra s no , n ee ,

di ti tly
s nc ti d ig i g b t thi i t b i f d d th
m en one as re nn , u s s o e n e rre . an e era

i th
s e th t f th
sam e as f i ip ti w
a o till th e wi thi
orm e r nsc r on : e are s , e n, n

th li it f th P
e m s o i h l gy Th e ddt i N 2 i
uran c c rono o . e se con a e n o . s

on ly gi i fig v en b tI n pp th y t b 2 4 f th
ure s, u su ose e ears o e , rom e rese m

bl th fig b t th th
ance e ures l whi h h
ear o th t e l o er num era s c ave a va ue .

Tod s Raj asth au, ’

v ol. 1 p 80 1
. . .

t Se e Wilson s V ish nu
’
Parana, p p 473, 47 4, note 63. .
 m e n: c Av s 1 Nsc nrrr 1 0
- Ns . 37

Th e y ear, d t will b th
th e n, of th e latter th t f th
a e, e e sam e as a o e

form e r, an d ly th on h d d y diff t e m ont s an a s e re n .

I ll f th
n a o d t th ese f h y
a es th f t ight
e seaso n o d th t e e ar, e or n , an e

dy
a ly on g i are th t
ven t h t ti
so th aH i d a i t
t ah i p t f m e e n us n s ar o

I di di d t k by th Th we i
n a no re c on m on s. h f e re re s x se asons, eac o

h
t em t i i g i
con a n n f t igh t s x d h f t ight fift d y b t
or n s, an eac or n een a s ; u

i th S t p i
n e a ra ipti whi h w
nscr p b bly g d b f th t
ons, c e re ro a e n rav e e ore a

p i
er o d th, m on d t p
s are use t Al , thas a
g h t h P i
rese n i t w d
. ou e racr or s

P d u um i yi dP d an a whi h u um d i th igi l
v a, c are t y
us e n e or na , are no ve r

t f
re m o e P ro m th P é it
aum a d P d e th
r cr S it w d y t
, an a m a e anscr or s, e

th erei diffi lty i ki g t Va

s som e cu nm a V d n d Va d
ou sav a . asu e v a an su eva

are nam es ve r y g t h H
com m on am on i d k i g d b th e f n u n s, an are o am ous

i
nam es n connec on ti wi h th lg d f K i h
t e Va e t
en s i o r s na . sav a, oo, s a

nam e o f I d dV
n ra, an f th asu d it i p b bl th
a nam e o e su n an s ro a e, at

from f t
re e re nce th f th
o one or o d iti th er o w b twdese e es, e nam e as es o e

on th h i q ti Th
e m onarc n u es Vj y on. w hi h h b ie nam e 1 a a, c e e ars n

Td A l i i d tly ly i h i T h C
’
o s nna s, s ev en
p t t m e re g an e e , m e an n e on

queror H i
.
”
p p s p b b
ro e rly w nam eS i dh ro a f d i th as
’
r ara, as oun n e

co p p p l
e r-t i i
a ep i nsc r t ons .

B t wh t i
u a p i lly t b t d i th t i th Ayi Akb i
s es ec a o e no e s, a n e n ar ,

a pi r nc e d th nam e S d h
e re d bt tha rau-
s e na S idh , no ou e
'
r ara

f W th pp pl t i i d t h ig d t
’
S e na o a en s co e r- a es, s sa o av e re ne a

O j i
u e n, d t an h o d d t th th
av e succe e i e 20 1 o e rone n A . D . .

Th f h
e f hi p i
at e r o i t ll d by F i h t B a d
s r nce s ca ( V d
e er s a s eo au

d ) th
e va , y e ve r w i q
nam e t f th gh e are n d u es
g o , ou re m ov e one e ne ra

ti on f th ur b k F i h t k h i ig t C j Wilf d
er ac . er s a m a es m re n a anou or ,

hw fo ev e r, Hi d w k
rom a d th Vik
n u or U p dkh ya
nam e e ram a na, con

l d th t h
c u es ig d i G j at
a e re ne d th t h i p t i
n u ar i l p , an i a s a r m on a ossess ons

w e reth f Blh d
ose o Bl bh i Th k i g f th t
a ra, or a a . till e n s o a race are s

rem em b d i G j at th G d bh
e re n u ar as ig e d th iar a y a sov e re ns, an e r m one

ll d th G d/ i P i
ca e e a tc p * Li ttl
a s a, or asse s w igh t b di p
’
e nce d . e as e m e s ose

t t
o rus tt y o an f th t d
one oi ti th ie se ra ons, ly p li e r concurre nce se e m s on ex

ca bl th pp i i f t th lyi g t th b tt f th
e on e su os t on o ru Van a e o om o em . sava,

too, as a p t y i d i d f V i q i l t t A di ty
a ron m c e r ve rom asu , s e u va e n o
’
a .

T o account f th f or G j ét e nam e o ig pp i g w k
a u ar sov e re n a ear n on or s

t d i th D
e x e cu e n w e
y pp
e ccan, t h t th B
e m a l b h i ki su
g w ose t a e a a n s e re a

fi trs ly on th i, as i di t e r th
nam es
g l n f th d
ca e, p i e e ne ra s o e e ut es or

S t p f th P thi
a ra s o e h wh w y t d d
ar an m onarc s,
g t ose s a e x en e ov e r a re a

p t f W t I di d wh
ar o es e rn n i
a, an d h i g h bl d th
o are m e nt one as av n um e e

As . Re s . C al . e dn . i x p p 1 49 and 1 63
vol . . . I h ave not, h owe ver, be en .

able to o btai n a co
p y of th e work m enti oned i n th e te x t .
38 o ns na v u m Ns O N TH E [J U LY

’
A ndh ra K ni k i g i th
or set ar n s, n e Girnar i nscri tion de cyp h e re d p by
Mr . Pi r nse
p th t by h h lp f a t e e o th e ti t S K
am i m onarc s, a o u t th e h b
tim e i q n i h y d d th
u e st on, t e re n e re e m se ves l i d p d n e e n e n ; an t d th t th i a e r

alliance i h h A dh ki g w t d by i g th q f
’
w t t e n ra n s as c e m e n e m arr a e , e ue e n o

Gota m ip u tra, w h o caused th e cav e to be e x cav a e t d b i g p b bly

, e n ro a a

d ghau i t
te r f h Bl bh i
or s s e r o h wht e a a m onarc o es a t b li h d th w s e e ne e ra .

Th p b b ili y f th i
e ro a t pp i i i i
o d f h w it f th
s su os t on s ncre ase rom t e r er o e

i
nsc r ip ti p t ip i whi h h t th t h w t th
on s
’
o s scr t, n d f c e sta e s a e ro e e re cor o

G otam ip u tra s
p w
’
d gl roy t h e ss an d f P d th or f a t e c om m an o a m a, e son o

Va sav a, h G j i ki g Th
t e u ara t l th h w f h Id P
n . us, a so, e ov e rt ro o t e n o- ar

th i anki gd ill f ll b d t d t th
n om w a to t f h Bl b hi
e a e a e com m e nce m e n o t e aa

e ra, e s at b li h d i s e y f ht t i
n m e m or 3 1 9 th o i l t a e ve n , n A . D .
; e nom na

sov e re ig y t l nt t h i g b
, a e as i t i d i
, I di th q t
av n e e n m a n a ne n n a re e uar e rs

o f t y f
a ce n u r it ati te ri i P i
s ex nct on n e rs a .

Th l i w h i h th d
e num e ra s n i h i ipti c w i tt
e ate s n t e se nscr ons are r e n are

w orthy f i Th y o no t c e .
g i ed i g t y t
e ars are f t i v e n ac cor n o a s s em o no at on

no t y diff t f h i t
ver e re n rom l pl i d by M P i p
t e anc e n nu m e ra s e x a ne r . r nse

i pl t
n a e xx l i i f h Jl A S
. vo . v . fB gl
o tI ef t th
. s . oc . o en a . n re e re nce o e

d il i
em - unat o ns orf t igh ddy or n h d i f ll w d whi h i
ts, an a s, a m et o s o o e c n

th i p d with th t pl y d i W t I di d ll
e m a n co rre s on s a em o e n es e rn n a, an a

ov e r th t y
e cou n r f I k w f f ti f
, as ar as y d w ight no , or rac ons o m one an e s,

as will b f
e se e n th pp d d t bl I th S t p i ip i
ro m e a en e a e . n e a ra nscr t ons ,
h w th
o e v e r, l d t p th diff t
e num e ra s use f y o ex re ss e e re n su m s o m one

th e re m e n ti d p li At fi t I ld d t i
one are e cu ar hi g. rs cou e e rm ne no t n

b h i igi b t
a out t e r or n, f l
u i ti on If d a m ore care u e x am na on ou n a

t i ki g
s r n blre se m b tw th h t d ti g h d
ance e e en e c arac e r e no n a t ousan

( S h
a )
asra d th an B t i S e d T h i i
ac r an d d t ire v e rse . s n uce m e o e x am ne

th e res t f h o d I th i k i t
t em , an di gly p b bl h t th y n ll e x ce e n ro a e t a e are a

d i df h
er ve rom t Th B t i
at sou rce . T p d i S it J e ac r an e, ronounce n anscr

or D k will ec , p t w ll h fig whi h i fi t i 1 5 1 0
re re se n e t e ure , c s rs n or

( D h
as ) T
a h i g f 5 (
e sP h ) i th
n or P th ld I d i 1 ia nc t d a s e , or e o n an 1 nve r e .

Th B t ie d bl T l pp h y ly t th 8 f
ac r an ou e a so a roac e s ve r near o e o our

inscr ip ti if t d
ons, as t 7 It w ld pp
o e no e th th t h 3 3 . ou a ear, e n, a t e
B i l tt h d b i t d d i t th S t p I di i ipti
ac tr an e e rs a e en n ro u ce n o e a ra n an nscr ons

as i l
nu m e r ca yp h Th y t l i th i t R
c e rs . e d
s s em , a so, s e anc e n om an an

G k re e — th
one i wh i h th
at n diff t ig f th 1 i t c e re are ere n s ns or e n e ns,

h d d d th d
u n re s an p t d i l t ti b i g I h
ousan s our re se n ec m a no a on e n , as av e

no ti d l whce e se p i ly d i ti f th S i di
ere , a com arat ve m o e rn nv e n on o e c n an

m e rc h t f th i ddl g (S Jl K y ] A S B b y
an s o e m e a es . ee . e s s . oc . om a ,

Jl As Sec
. . . of Bengal, vol . v1 1 . p 34 1
. .
 A
N SIK -
C A v a 1 N sc n1 p r1 0 N s.
'
39

vo l iv. .
) F u tu re re searc h will p b bly h w M ro a s o , as r . Prinse p h as d o ne

wit h a fe w of h
t em l dy th t th
a rea ld I di
, a e o n an num e rals are also

ancie nt le tte rs .

O as x a v u m N s O N r n n NAs rx I NS C R I PTI O N S , w rr n TR A N S LATI O N S .

[Pre se nte d 1 7 th M arch

T h e re are th ree p i ip l
r nc a cav e s at Nasi k , e ac h of t h em containin
g
insc ri ti ons p of co ns id bl hi t
e ra e s ori cal im p ortance . Th e ot e rh ll sm a er

ex cav atio ns and th i ie r ip ti nscr ons are of le ss inte re st, a lth gh th y

ou e

sup ply one or two facts . Th e first of t h ose cav e s— t ht a m ost to th e

le ft— w as e x cav ate d by d or er of q
th e u ee n of Gotam ip utra, th e ce le

brate d A nd
’
h ra m onarch , m en ti d bf
one e ore in conne ction wi t h th e
Kagh e ri ( K e ne r
y ) i nscri ti ons p . W h e av e in I nscri tion p No 1 first .

an e u lo
gi um on h ki
t is ng, and ne x t one on h is q u ee n . I n th e form er

b d i whi h pi d
.

th e e x te nt of h is em re is
l f th E t escri e , n c se ve ra o e as e rn

an dW t p i
es e rn p ifi d ; w h il th P
rov nce s are s e c iy é t h S h y ad i e e e ar tra, e a r ,

th M l y
e th M h
a a a, d d Hi al y e a ti
e n ra, an id t b d m a a m oun a ns , are sa o oun

hi s em pi At th re . ti h i id t he sam e d d t bj ti thm e e s sa o av e re u ce o su ec on e

sov e re ig f C yl no dd i b k th S ythi G k d P i
e on, an r ve n ac e c ans, re e s, an e rs a ns ;

p b bly i i d p i lly f th Bl bh i
ro a n a es ec a ig wh t b li h d
o e a a sove re n o es a s e

th i d p
e d
n e fW t
e n e nce o I di by h ki g ff th y k f f ig
e s e rn n a s a n o e o e o o re n

d i ti At h i pit l ity whi h h w i t

om na on . s ca a c d f , c , o e v er, s no nam e , our

g t
rea i ti t ti ns i d u t h b
ons are pp sa t d by h i o — av e e en su or e m one , a

h pit l f th i k d i fi
os a or e sc d h l f h y thi d
an n rm , a se con a sc oo or arc er , a r

an i ti t ti
ns f B ddh i t l
u on i g or d thu f ths B h i l
earn n , an e ou r a ra m an ca

co ll g e p ti g wi h
e rese n t i t n ti g pi t
us f h
t a m os n e res n c ure o a um ane ,

en ligh t d d lib l g
e ne , an t Thi i th i
e ra ip ti
ov e rnm e n bf . s s e nscr on, as e ore

m en ti d th t i d t d f th Bl bh i
one , a s a e d p ti l ly i t
rom te a a e ra, an ar c u ar n e re s

i g l
n , ht
a so, on t a t Th d i ipti i d d f l by
accoun . e se con nsc r on s a ee o sa e

th igi l p p i t t G t i p t i h i h h k ’
e or na ro r e or g t w o o am u ra s a e n , n c e m a e s ov e r

t hi
o i p p t ity i
m n l g l ty l th t w ld
er e u , n a di g W t
e a s e a ou not s race es

m i t H ll ll h i igh t i th fi ld i whi h th
ns er a , a s r in t d
e e n c e cav e s e x cav a e ,

f th
or id
e ti co nsf th h d d p
e ra on o Thi d re e ti un re ru ees. s ocum e n s

l bl
va ua d e, ast ti g th j t p i ip l f g
e m ons ra n ti e
g dus r nc es o ov e rnm e n n re ar

t p i t p p ty
o r va e t d by th
ro e r h dhw ht h
ac e on ose m onarc s ; an s o s t a t e

E gli h w
n s t th fi t wh
e re no i I di e p t d i di id l
rs o, n n a, com e nsa e n v ua s

wh p p ty w q i d f S t t p p
ose ro er as re u re or a e ur ose s .

Th i e ip ti k d 4 5 6 7 i ib d th t l
nsc r ons m ar e , , , are nscr e on e ce n ra cav e

o f th g ep nd h w
rou i t t ,h b
a s o t d by th o i l w
ave f ee n ex cava e e son- a - a o
40 OBS ER V AT I O NS ON r a n [J U LY

one of th e K sh atrap as or St p a ra s of th e P thi ar an m onarc s, h w h o,

b
a out th e com m e nce m e nt o f th Ch e ris tian e ra, re igne d over Weste rn
I din Th e K sh atrapa s
a.
’
nam e is Nah ap dna, and th e sov e re ign s
’

K sh ah arata Ne it e r of . h I di Th l tt h w t h ese nam es is n an . e a e r, o e ve r,

i
s no t li k Ph h t
un e d yra t i p b
a e s, an b ly h i t d d f
m a t h no m ro a e n en e or e

four th P thi ar h fhtan m onarc wh ig d b t th y o t a nam e , o re ne a ou e ear 11 . c .

22 Th
. i lw
e son- a - a d U h dé t f Di k w
nam e id tly
s ava a, son o na a, as e v en

from th Hi d d w th g l wh f ght hi b ttl

e se nam e s a n u, an as e e ne ra o ou s a es

for hi — f t w thy f
m a ac ti i or ti wi th tho i f th
no ce , n connec on e r se o e

Bl bh i
a a h Hi wif t
m onarc s. d D k h it a h d
s e, oo, nam e a s am r , a no

d b t I di
ou an nth wh an m oigh t t i p b bly ber, t d wi th
o m no m ro a e connec e

th y l S g f ily h tly b f th t ti
e ro a un a am , ig i g i M g dh
s or e ore a m e re nn n a a a,

an d wh w Mit
ose su rnam e It ight p h p as b d d ra df. m , er a s, e e uce rom

th I e ip ti
nsc r N IV th t U h
on O .dé t d d h i f th i l w
.
, a s av a a su ccee e s a e r-n- a

for a ft erti i g
m en p di i f h i i t M l b t id th
on n an e x e t on o s n o a a ar o a e

K h t iy (N i ) l g i t th b lli
s a r a a r ru e rs, a a ns ti f th p i e re e ous na ve s o e rov nce ,

id t h y f Abh i ék p f d t P h k ’
h ie s sa h d th
o av e a e ce re m on o s a e r orm e a us ur

( P k ho ) y ur t th ey i q ti
e ce rem on ig h t th n ue s on m m e an no m ore an a

ki d f p i l th k gi i g f
n o s ec a i t y
an s I N IV f
v n wh or v c or . n O . .
, rom e nce

th hi t i l f t d d d h i i d t h b
ese s or ca ac s are e t lib
uce l, e s sa o av e ee n m os e ra

i hi l g
n s t B h
ar e sse s t P bh a
o d th
ra m ans, f th i h ly a ra s, an o e rs o e r o

pl whil f th th i ip ti h pp t h b
ace s e, rom e o e r nsc r ons, e a ears o ave ee n e ve n

m ore p f i h i d ti t th B ddhi t p i th d Th l g
ro use n s ona ons o e u s r es oo . e ar e

sum f oilli a m f g ld h
on o q lt o illi m o d h lf f
urs, e ua o a m on an a a o

E gli h
n s y i id t h b d t d t th i pp t Th
m one , s sa o av e ee n e vo e o e r su or . e se

are th i e i pti nscr th t t i th

ons i a l d i d I
con a n e cur ous nu m e ra s, e r ve , as

a pp h d f B t i l tt
re en , rom bf
ac r an ti d N IV le e rs, as e ore m e n one . o. . a so

q i t with th i p t t f t th t M l b w d p d y f
ac ua n s us e m or an ac a a a ar as a e e n e nc o

th I d P thi
e n O- ar E pi d th
an p b bly th H
m re ; i w
an us ro a e m m co n as

i t d
n ro uce d i t th p i l Th f th t di t t
n o e e n ns u a . f th e ar es s an cav e o e

wh l g o e p th t t t th igh t w
rou , a m os t d by o d f th e r , as e x cav a e or er o e

wif f th C d i Chi f f Y d y S i th d d t f ’
e o e om m an er n e o a n a r , e e sce n an o

G t ip t
o am wh u ra, i 42 8 f o, tn b y t Chi A O our e ra, se n an e m ass o na . s

thi s cav ew d i th as m a e th y fhi

n ig it p
e se ve n
y b b ly h e ar o s re n, m a ro a av e

b t d i
e e n e x cav a e 4 33 fn A t .h d d d tw ty y g
D .
, or our ee n un re an en ears a o .

It i h w s, o t be v e r, ll t d th t th
o e reco i di p y f 42 yec e , a e re s a scre anc o ears

b tw thi h l gy f d d th
e ee n s c rono o d f Ch i, o un e d th t on e recor s o na, an a

d i d f P i l l ti (p g
e r ve rom uran c ca cu a wh i h w ld gi ons 39 1 a e c ou ve A . D .

Th th e o h th
e r cav es th fp
ave on i i l h i f ( Ray ) em e nam e s o rov nc a c e s s

o r asce ti f wh cs, o w ly l omth t th e on ti i q ti

earn a e e x cava ons n ue s on

w e re execu e t d by th f Bddh i t p i t em or u s r es s. .
 -
NAS I K c a v a m som p rro Ns
'
. 41

On th e w h ole , we find t h t B ah a r m ans and B ddhi t

u s s, h
in t ese e arl y
years of ou r e ra, li v e d i p wi th
n eace one anot e r, and were h b th f
o avore d
and p rote cte d by th e re igning sov e re igns and th at am ong th e form er

th e Sansc ri t d i w iti g d th P a it by th l tt
language was use n r n , an e r cr e a er ;

th tw l g g
e o p b bly h ldi g h
an ua e s, ro a pl t , oth th t n t e sam e ac e o one ano er a

th Se it d
an sc r l
an d t p t
v e rnacu ars Th P a it l h d dif
o a re se n . e r ct , a so, a

f t di l t
ere a dI i pti
a ec s ; an N V d VI
nscr t i onsb t ti lly os . . an . con a n su s an a
h
t e sam e thi g p t d i
n di ff
re t w d
ea e b i n p b b ly w i tte re n or s, e n ro a r e n,
,
g
f th
o i th l g g f G j at
em n e d th
an ua e o th i th t f th u ar , an e o er n a o e

D di l t whi h
e ccan, a ec s h h diff d th y d w
c see m e ve n t e n to av e e re , as e o no ,

th gh i
ou l dg
n a N
ess II l p t it t y i diff t
e re e . o . . a so re ea s s s or n e re n

w d p b bly f th
or s, ro a or e sam e reason.

[ N B — L t
.t pp d t b blit t d
e e rs su o se l d tho e o e ra e are e nc ose us

th b tit t d f l tt
ose su s u epp d or eth e rs su ose e rroneo us us

I N sc m m ON No . I . 1N DV E AN A GAR I .

W [ W U 1:l m inin “
g
t o: Fawn vi filth tzQ ffi e are u ( i !firs t!gas
‘

tu t t

fi wfi fir fiv
an m sm w m
-
m afi w w u w fi r

( " m i n i an m e Fl am
v m ft wm a s: m fitfi a w
W m ufi t
Gz firft wi u w? ) m vfirs m m firafn m
we ft n u « a rm
- -
: ( a 1) a n Fan s Pre v ( we ft!

m m “ wi n te rs wt f s firi m m
’

g t

we m i ni s m ean s c a 1 1 11 ns vfs z rvwwt e

1 1 ge
m m
m

ga m es w aw m u m 1m m a
ge

( tu ft W i fe ( m a lfo rm ation a rv ft fua

42 o ns na vAr m Ns O N r a n [JU Lr

s wa m

wt fr e t“ m N W g fil fim fi
e at fit
n v

m 3 m m s u nfisfim ts ge l fi gi rfe fm s Fs fir m
M ar a st
g i fl e i ts ? “ 11 m m u ll um
fw r fim m m um

i n“
film s v t fi rfi fiu 1 i n «v i i i “ I n !

Transla tion .

To th e O m nisci e nt . I n th e nine tee nt hy ear ( 9)

1 of th e se con d
m ont h ( )
2 S of th th i t
um m e r,
( )
on1 3 f h e f t t
r e en th d y a o t e or u na e

Pda m a, so n o f k i g Vi (nth i lig i i

sar a,
g ti w d
s re by t h ous ass na on as m a e e

q ) f h k i g f k i g G t ip t wh w y w i l
ue e n o t e n O n s o am u ra, ose s a 1m v e rsa

l d t d b y d h Hi fly t h M
or ex en s e on t e dM d
m a as t i
o t e e ru a n an ara m o un a ns

an d wh p o th l g
ossesse s p ed iar e
g l w i h i t i
re v e nue - ro uc n d rea m , t s un te

p i
ro v nce s f M o d k S ugé h t K
a a, k A p
’
aur st A p ra, u u ra, ara a, nu a,

V dh bh
i ar wh i lOd f ll th
a ; o si l f r o t i a f th V i dhy
e c rc e o m oun a ns, o e n a

th S hy h ill M h d S i t th ’
an d P iy a ar tra, dK h
e a a an au a s, anc u an r s a na, e

M ly M h d
a a a, a dS
e n ra, an h t gi i t i T wh
'
res a d
r m oun a ns . o ose com m an s

V dj
ar l d f h
a, or i l f L dk (C yl )
o t e c rc e o b i wh i a a t d
e on su m ts o s v e ne ra e

i th
n e regi f p on o l t w h
ure S i y w
o use s, t t h gg t i
e re fi r a en a t e su es on o

C h h i y ( U tt
l a K ) wh p p ity d b ty
ara uru , o se d i d
ros er
'

an e au are a m re

wi th i ll th
n a i l f th e c rc e oh fill d wi h th th e t liq i d
ree seas, d e t e ree u s, an

e ve n w i hi t h wh l l n t e bi i ti g b ty d h i h w
o e unar o r t, u n n eau an e ro sm , s o

i g hi
n lf h
m se b th i t ki g p d d f di g h i p i ti
s e ro o n a n u an e en n s os on

p i
osse ss n
g li k th
arm s b dy f th e
p e t o h o l e d
se r e n m onarc , m usc u ar an

roun d l g l g d b tif l wh d li h i p i f f
, ar e , on , an e au u o e v e rs s ca t ves rom e ar

by p i g h i h d th w t th t b t k
o ur n on t e r an s ei ty wh
a er a e o ens se cur ose

h i p tl
m ot e r s s d i t
o e ss, i p an h b l h i h
s s er
g ly f d
rre iroac a e a v o ure n

re s ec
p t f th oth bj
e t f h
re e o p ec s i t d O f y
u m an d u rsu , an o c o untr an

ti m e h i g h i f h d d d with ff
av n s ore ea d th
a o rne i p i l sa ro n an e m era

i
p g t
m en w h i t i hi
o m a n a ns q i ity i pl s d p i
e uan m n easure an a n ; a

K h t iy fl i g li k th g d f l
s a r a, am n bd i g S k (S y hi )
e e o o ov e , su u n
'
a a c t ans .

Y avana
( G k ) d
re e P h l
s , ian
( P i ) a p d i
avan g i h i ty t h
e rs ans s en n n c ar e

n h h d j tly
re ve ue e a q i d i li d t p th li f g d
us ac u re ; nc ne o s are e ve s o oo m e n,
 Nas rx C AV -
E I NS C RI PI I O NS
‘
. 43

e ven w e n h th e y h ave com m itte d a crim e ; p rom otin th e

g incre ase of th e
fam ilies of h i gh a nd low ; wh o could p rognos ti cate from ir b d s, from th e
aspe ct o f th e h
e av e ns at ni g t, and from ress and w ate r h d wh o h as
esta blis hdh e o use s for c h arita ble h
re fres m e nt, and sta bli ng for cattle

at w h ose fe e t th e no bl es from all th e p rov inces com e to bow dwo n, and

bf e ore h w om th e four m d
h l wh i
i xe castes p ros trate t e m se ves o s sur

roun e d d by p i t h da w i th r es i d bd
oo d , by lf d m y i n s su
g it ue se - en n r es

wh ose unsu bd d i t i ue ig b l d d
v c or ous e ns t d by n, l esse an conse c ra e so e m n

ce rem on e s, i i h ld p bys ei t u t d d b a w h
v r u ous h s an ar eare r o as a

num e ro us ro a cou nc yl il f f bl bi th i t o m en o d f ip
no e r , v r uous, an o r e

i t ll t wh
n e ec dh t l w d q ity d i th yl f g d
; oa e res o a an e u , an s e as um o oo m en

wh oh t bli h d i th
as es a f ts e t pit l (f ) i i t t
n e or una e ca f a our nst u e s, one or

th i k
e s c di fi an f n rm h , one f B ddh i ti l l i g d
or arc e rs, one or u s ca earn n , an

one f Bahor i l li t
r t
m an ea wh igh t i q l t th t f Ra
e ra ure ; ose m s e ua o a o m a.

K n Aj
ea v A, Bh i
r una, o r wh l b t f ti l p f
m ase na o ce e i ra e s es v a s, e r orm s sacr

fi ce s, o ff bl ti
e rs o d a k f t p ons, an d f gl y q l t
m a es e as s osse sse o a or e ua o

th t f N bh fig N h
a o a h J j y Vik adity Y yati B l
a, a us a, anm e a a, ram a, a , or e ar

a
r m a wh f ose d f p l t p l d wh p i i l
am e re sou n s rom o e o o e , an ose ra se s ce e

b t d by th
ra e b d d i d t ibl i p h ibl t i hi g
e u n o un e , n es ru ct e, ncom re e ns e , as on s n ,

fi l w d (G
v e -c a e d ) th R d Siddh Y k h R k h h Vid
aru a , e u ras, as , a s as, a s as as,

h yadh aras,Bh dt ,G dh as d Ch i p an l g wi th th
arvas, an q i m s, a on e e uan m ous,

a pp tit t i i g p i bd i g p y ( f Ri h i ) wh i h bit
e -
e res ra nn . ass on-s u u n com an o s s , o n a

th e m oo n, sun, s ars, an t d pl t wh i f th a ne s f t o t s o e num e ro us or una e

f ily f S i S at K ni It w U akh lé h i hi f q d
’ ’
am o r a ar . as m e , s c e uee n, an

f th f ily lli d t G t dB l S i b d wi th t th
'
t
m a ro n o e am , a e o o am a an a a r em ue ru ,

b tyo un , y d p ti
m e rc , an k bl f a h
e nce t iti re m ar awh h d e or e r aus e r es o a

overcom e s n an i d di d w w thy f sease , an q l t th t f

as or o a re ve re nce e ua o a o

th wif
e f M
e o th t ann,d th i ligi a ig ti
cause t b s re d ous ass na on o e m a e . .

( C om e ) i t h di
n ti f e th ill re ct i p
on o k f th K e h h ill
us r ous t th ea o e au a s, o e

q uee n s
g
’
tt l ro d b ti
o, c ean, anf lly g ild d T hi eau h u j y th e . s cav e e r m a es t e

q ue e n, an d h h f hi
t e m ot e r o j ty d th g d th f h i s m a es , an e ran m o er o s m a

j y g
es t i
, t t
veh w o t h y f osep i dor ti o — th ra se d i t
an ve ne ra on e m en can

p i
r est h d oo H .t h l f
e re t h h ly
e re 1s a sow h i h b i t
or h e o m en o n a t e cave a

pl i g i bl b d f tt d t pp t d byh
eas n , am a e an o a e n an s, subl j ty or e er v e ne ra e m a es

th q e ue e n O th i w p t i gK h n s co t i f- as ur i g n li an a m oun a n, orm n a re

g i ons b i d g r f th e th
or h b d f
e m oon, R hi i d (
e ill t
us ant d by th
o o n , an us ra e e

B ddi g t th i t t d i th S th w t gi i
u n - oo , s ua e n e h i g th
ou - es re on, s a cav e av n e

p i f (B ddh ) f t pl d p ll l t h th
re ss o n o u a s
’
ee , ace d p ara e o eac o e r, an o en

to all classe s .

Ih ave inse rted in p

arenth eses, form e d th us 80 7 0 11 11 le tte rs, in
44 o nsnnv A rm Ns O N r u n
'
[J U LY

b
su sti tution of h
t ose in th e p re ce di ng inscri pti on wh ich I pp
su ose e rro

h
neous, w e n th e e rror was of im h t q i ti p ortance e nou
g o re u re no ce .

Aft th er h l gy whi h h b
e c rono o l dy di
, c d th as t ee n a re a scusse , e m os

i p t t thi g i
m or an hi i n i p ti i th g g phy
n t s nscr di thi on s e e o ra an n s

Wil Vi h P a will f i h ll th light th t b th w

’
son s s nu u r na urn s a e a can e ro n

u p th bj t f w d t f d i th di ti y Th fi t
on e su ec , or or s no oun n e c onar . e rs

p i M nd k p b bly d ig t B g l It
rov nce , u e e, ro a M ud k
es na e s en a . oc c urs as a a a

in th R d dy
e g
m h E t
ana am on ti (V i h t eP i a p as e rn na ons . s nu ur n , .

1 93 , n . S ah t p b bly i l d d ll th S th
aurar s ra ro a nc u e a e ou ern

p t if t th wh l f G j dt d K k i th t it y f th
ar s , no e o e, o u ar an u ura s e e rr o r o e

Yad th t i
av as, ith tha s, t y b e t M th
er i th N th w t
e coun r a ou a ura, n e or - es ,

or th P i e l i
e n nsu a, th i ti diffs nce thi p i t
au Th w d
or es e r on s o n . e or

occu rs twi i th M h bh a
ce n li t e d th a a w t li k ly
rat ppli d
s , an us as m os e a e

t b th di t i t
o o ( V i h
s r c s. P i PP 1 8 7
s nu A p t w
ur na.p b , ara a as ro a

b ly th e t y f th
coun r Ap yt o ti d by H d t lyi g
e ar ae m en one ero o us, n

som e wh th b
e re k f th I d (Vi h P i p 1 8 9
on e an s o e n us s nu ur na, .
, n .

Th e A p it
nu av r as are ti d i th M h bh é t t t th m en one n e a a ra nex o e

M bh aru d f
aum as ; an th ti wi th Vi d bh
rom
(
e B conne cd on ar a e rar an

Kha d h) it lik ly f t th
n es , e t i re e rs th N b dd o It i
e coun r es on e er u a. s

ev i d t th
en th t
, ly di t t p
e n, a i on t f w hi h w s an p b rov nce s, m os o c e re ro a

bly l d by d p d t ki g
ru e e h
e n an ti d th n s, t l are e re m en one e ce n ra

M g dh i
a a pp d t b t w ll k w t q i ti
a s su ose o e oo e no n o re u re no ce .

It y b
m a b d th t t h
e o se rve i k i g tia d i th M
e re h s no n m en one n e a avan

ao wi th wh th om ig f C yl h
e so v e re ti d b i d tifi d
n o e on e re no ce can e en e .

Th i
e re hw s, o i t e v e r, V an f C yl
anc e n
g th
nam e , ara, o e on, am on e

B ddhi t f whi h it y h b d i d d ppli d

u s s, rom c m a av e ee n e r ve , an a e as a

g l
e ne ra t t C y l
e rm o i g e ( M h
one se sov e re l i p T h ns . a av anso, v o . . . e

fi trs t i
m oun a n ll d V ip hh ca t e t b th Vi dhy
rac d th
av a a m us e e n a, an e

ll d t th p
nam e a u e g of A g t i
e T h
assa e o t t i P i h fi t as . e ne x m oun a n, ar c a,

m us t l b th P y at
a so e W te p ti f th Vi dhy h i
ar ra, or e s e rn or on o e n a c a n.

Th S hy i th W t
e a a sGh t t th S th f B b y d th
e e s e rn au s o e ou o om a ; an e

K h w ld
ag a out b th hill b t Na ik d K y i th
see m o e e s a ou s an e ner n e

W t e s e rn Gh t d th p h t b h t f th t th
au s an e s urs t a ranc ou rom em o e

N th f B
or b y Th fi t pl wh th l g d b t P h d
o om a . e rs ace e re e e e n s a ou ars ur m

com m e nce t ff t th o a f pl ec i t P h é
e nam es o K h t t ac e s s a ars ur m s e ra, o

th S e th f B
ou b y i ty
o om h d d ila , n ne Chipl or a A un re m es, near oc a .

hill th Gh t l by i ti d th pl wh h d d
on e au s c ose s m en one as e ace e nce e or e re

b k th d th C h bit bl Si il l g d
’

ac d
e oce an, an m a e e oncan a a e . m ar e e n s are

re p t d f th t th S th d ppli d t th l liti b t
ea e ur er o e ou , an a e o o er oca es, u none

to th N th f
e or d it i f o hi
us ; th t th t
an S h yéd i i
s rom m a e e rm a r s

d i d Th M l y
e r ve . et in i Mlb
a a a m oun a d th M h d s i n a a ar, an e a e n ra n
 N AB
IK C AV -
E I NSC RI PTI O NS . 45

Cuttack, are too pl i ly d ig t d t

a n es na e o re qui re any noti ce h e re . Th e
S resh tagiri, too, i p b bly K il hill i n th e Him tilay as, b ut th e
’
s ro a a as, a

Mancha and
’
S ristana y id tifi d P h p th w d
are not so e asil en e . er a s e or s

h ld b j i d t g th
s ou e o ne d th o e p d w d ppli d t th
e r, an e com ou n or a e o e

Nilgi i th r s, ly i p t t hill th t O
e on m b tw th S hy d
or an a c m es e ee n e a a an

M ly Th g l d i whi h th t i
'

a a t
a m oun am s . e e nera or er n c e m oun a ns are

nam e d l tf a m os t th i
orces us l i M h o t bl
s conc us on d . anc a m eans a a e , an

th b t f th g dd f p p ity d y wh h
’
S i t
r s ana e reas o e o ess o ros e r an an one o as

l k d t th t d t h d
oo e a a e ac f t i with i t p k
e m ass o t di t m ou n a ns s ea s a a s ance ,

an d d d t it
asce n e t i o t bl l d
s will h dly
ex e ns v e ida e - an s, ar cons er

th e nam e wh ppli d t th Nilgi i f f t h d f

en a e o Hi du
e rs ar- e c e or a n .

In som e f th o th i ip ti
e o hw er th M
nscr h ons, w ll o e v e r, e anc a as e

as th K gh hill
e a a i d tifi d wi th th s are Gh t th t t i en e e au s a con a n

th e ex cav ati d i ons ipti an d thi nsc r

y b t h ons h an s m a e e case e re

l
a so . Th th e hree p b bly th
seas ere f lt w t
are ro a e as as o sa a e r,

f h w t
res d th f
a er, an e t ph d by th Hi du i t
roze n ocean, m e am or ose e n s n o

th S e f Milk
ea o Th .th ly w hi h
ese are l y y e l i
on ones c can a an c am to

an ti q i ty th
u th f e o i tier f th p our are i ti g i t i
nve n ons o f e rur e n m a na ons o

th e m od P a i w it Th
e rn ur n c i t J i wh
r e rs. th K lp e anc e n s ns, en e a a

Sfit w w itt
ra as r 4 1 1 th
e n, 13 q t f . c . t y ft
, ree thi uar e rs o a ce n ur a er s

inscr ip ti w on
g d h d
as e n rav e ly tw t h t f , lt a d t h ont f f ho se as, a o sa an a o res

w t a e r, an d th ti t Th
ree con ne n s t t th p i d i .q ti e cas e s a t e er o n ue s on se e m o

h av e b b t ight f p
e en u e df , i d our Th wh
ure an h t
our m xe . ose o av e no

b i I di q i b i f d h h i fi k i d '

een n n y a m a t re t t
u ret t o b l
e n orm e a e m os nsu era e n

f b h i i h f h ’
o a use am on g t t t te na t
v es s i t a A o a m an s m o
g er or s s e r. m on

th d iti
e e ti
es m e n d i thi i ipti th i t V di g d pp
one n s nscr on, e anc e n e c o s a ear,

an d th g w
e sa es h i h b i t th o n a d t b t t h
e sun, m oon,i an s ars u e re s no

trac e f o ythi g li k Mith i w h ip All h

an n e ra cd g ors . e re nam e a ree

ti ly with wh t w
en re p i ly b d thi bj t Th
a as re v ous o se rve on s su ec . e

te rm G dh i i thi i ipti
ovar an s in th sppli d t th
nscr on, as n o e rs, a e o e

hill wh th
e nce e t d
cav e s b t I h are t l t d it
e x cav a e , u av e rans a e

h e re as an a pp ll ti Th l li t i th b
e a ve . e ast dI ne o m e s ra e r o sc ure , an am

no t q it u th t I h
e sure h it th i d
a Y t I thi k i t
av e t lik ly
e ea . e n no un e

th t a m ost f th di ti g i h d B ddhi t pl
o e s n u s e f pilg i g b u t d fs ac es o rm a e oas e o

a t th oo th
or o li Th
er re t ti c f th g t
. p t f thi
e c ons ruc on o e rea e r ar o s

inscr i p ti i t diffi lt
on s no dI tl it t th j dg
cu , an t f th
m us eav e o e u m en o o e rs

t d t
o e e rmi h wf I h
ne o
g i thar i g T h l
av e
g th ven f th e m ean n . e en o e se

inscr ip ti w ons ld k ou ly i lik wh t I g

m a e an ana i th ss f th e a av e n e case o e

K e ne r
y t d
ones i de p h p
ous, an i t ti g t ll f w h i t
e r a s u n n e res b n o a or om can e

A su ppl em e ntar y inscripti on in a sm alle r c aracter, h h

wi t th e lines a
46 o nss nv A n o ns O N TH E'
[J U LY

goo d d lb k
ea ro en, follows Of t is . h Mr . B re tt h as take n a co py , bu t
not a fac-si m ile . I can on ly km a e out e nou g h of it to see h t it i
t a s an

ex pl anation of th e b
a ov e , or su c h a su ppl e m e nt to it as is com m on in

th e Ndsi k i nscri ti ons p . I t h as th e sam e dt

a e, b ut th e dt
a e is giv e n
onl yi n num e rals d wri t ! i
. ti d i it p b b y
A riv e r nam e s m en one n , ro a l

as o ne of th b d i f h fi ld ti d i t i ipti
e ou n ar e s o d t e e m en one n nex nscr on, an

th e f th
nam e i l t th t
o p t th
e r vu e t w d Nd ik a runs as e cav es o ar s s .

It i p i lly t b
s s ec a ti d h w o th t th w i t
e no Pd i
ce , o e ve r, a e r e r nam es a m a, n

wh 1 9th y
ose th i ip i e ari d t d th e ig by w h
nscr t on s a e , as e sov ere n ose

com m an d h t d Hi w d e ac e nam .

W Fe n
s
-
55 115or s are e I 11 1
3 m m Th i h w l ly th t th
. s s t h
o bs c ear f ily a e re m us av e e e n som e am

ti
conne c b tw th G j at ki g d th I di
on e ee n e h hu ar n an e n an m onarc , or e

w ldou t h no p itt d thav e f f

e rmig ig t fig
e i e nam e o a ore n sove re n o ure n
th w y it d
e a i th i i i p ti
oes n s nscr on.

No . II .

-
r ts t
i
a W
m us i c
inn i t m m fwm fi m t e m u at

w w wfi v ww fi w aw fn wt ( w 1 )
‘

W Q N EH W GN xi ii “
fa n sfi w n fi m m és s vfia fl

fir i fi w r fir uw fii w fv f fil i r m

w wfim u n t v e Fo rts W W '

FE fs wi nm c re ws s ta t e i n t ra ta m

m am
gu e v w m w [ w ] t fi w w af tt m m
g
-
m m fi m arl 1 m m
n w m fi m fir w a r- s wa m ww va m v m vs fil
u

u m fis w n w fr fi i U )
q ggm t s I
w m t n ufii u e fs m fic w fl t s m m u )
’
m
“ m m m m m fs v w m m wfi
“ s te r nu m ! t o . s w i m vfi m fi u s m i s wi '

we w m vw m fi i fi wm m W ( w)

firfiw m
w vfu tt fw wt m ui
a t i w fli fi x'

w m fi a ft fi u m vfa fii m i t t i m firm as !
i ge fim i fi ( ( m u s e .
 N SI K A -
OA v n 1 Nsc a 1 p r1 o 1vs
'
. 47

I p p i t f G dh
, th e ro r e or o t th d f Gt i
ov ar an, a e com m an o o am

p t S i S at K gi h
u ra r
’
d ar th i
, fi ld
av e m a e th l t d ov e r s e on e e e va e

G dh whi h i i by l w d
ovar an, c s m d t by
ne a d it
, an secure o m e sac re r e s,

an di s d with wild fig t
cove re pi g pl t d th h b ree s, cre e n an s, an o er e r s,

to Ri h d tt
s av a a wh d i d t pa, o it h i g p i d
es re o th osse ss , av n a m e e

p h urc ase m one y th h d d 300 ( p ) I ha d , re e u n re , thi ru e es . v e m a e ov e r s

m
y fi ld f e th h
or d d 3 00
re e
( p ) f
un re th , w h h i g b
ru e e s , or ose o, av n a an

d d th w ld h
oue e or w d th , ave cro f it f i ti n e I h gi
e ocean o s asc na o s. av e ve n

u p th i fi l d w
s i th e ll i t pp t a w i th s t a
y b t f
ur enance s,g i ou an su e r u e, n

p p t
er e u i ty w i th t , y tti g ou fi an t cu t li
n b l t o i
'

by
or rem nan , no a e o se zure

G ov e rnm e n t by l , f t h
no c ass o y l i d
m e n, i t f o av e an c a m m a e on ; ree

from ll ah d wb k i suc ira d l ac s l ll th t i

n se zure an t d sa e ; a so a a s connec e

with i t i p n i d th g
osse ss on t an i g it i f p p t i ty
e a ree m en conce rn n s or er e u ,

with t g il
ou d with d
u e, an id ti t ue by h p cons e ra on, cu out a s ar

i t
ns rum en t th h on f th e ligi ouse bl g Gi i th
or e re ous assem a e . ve n n e

d
m o e rn era 24 d i g th , d i l ti th d y by R h t
ur n e em - una on, e a , as ra,

th e tiasce P c. T th P f t O ea ce . Tho ig ti
e d d f
er e c ne . e ass na ou ee o

th high l d b l gi g t th
e an e onB ddhi t ti n o G dh e u d s asce c on ovar an, an

th h lth gi i g yl f B ddhi t ti
e ea - v n as um ord th g l u i s asce cs, an e or ous

f t y
re ec or t bli h d es a G dh
s e t th on ovar d f th i d an, a e com m an o e m n

su bd i g ti fi d wi th lif y l th f ki g G t ip S at
u n , sa s e e, ro a m o er o n o am utra
’

K gi wh
ar , b th l w
o o se rves f th S t t eH i thi
a s o lti t d e a e. e re n s u ncu va e

trac t f i o i m ligi
ne ig ti
s our re f f th
ous ass di t na on o a cav e or e m en can

p i t wh bid i thi pl
r es s, o a e ft h i g b d
n s d th w ld
ace , a er av n a an one e or .

It i th E t s e fi ld i th N th
as e rn e p t f th ill g th t i
, n e or e rn ar o e v a e, a s

g i v e n, an d t h i fi ld i i t d
s d e i d s f t
n en e h b li w
as a resh i h e nce or e asse m es c

m ee tf di i or d l f
scuss on, il t anti a so H l i h or s e n asce cs. e re a so s a ouse

for di i w hip H t l by h ity li it t th w h

v ne ors . e re , oo, c ose t e c m s, a e as er

m an s fi ld i
’
e h it bl i ti t ti f th
, s our c ar a e di t p i t
ns u on or e m en can r es s,

wh h o b d d th w ld d f th f t bli h d i t Th
av e a an one e or , an or ose o es a s e v r ue . e

p h urc ase m one y f th fi ld w th h d d 300 ( p ) d thi

o e e as re e u n re ,
ru e es an s

fi ld I gi
e i f ll p
v e o ve r i n wi th u t y d i t
osse ss on, f N p t ou an e ce , or e v e r . o ar

o f it p d s t b
ro uce d by y th
o e consum e t b t k w y f an o e r, nor o e a en a a or

G ov ernm e n t p p d wi th it
ur oses, l anf y i t f no c ass o m en m a n e r e re .

With t y ou h d wb k I gi
an suc rath fi ld i p
ac s, i d
v e ov er e e n osse ss on an

i
se zure A d thi .
g n t i f
s a re e m e n t i t f p p t i t y
n re e re nce d o , or er e u an

t p
o t d
re ve n it e ce l ti g d d h b
, as an e ve r as w itt by R h t
n ee , as ee n r en m e as ra,

i th y
n e 2 4 i th
e ar 4 th d i l
, n ti e f p i g em th fifth (5 th )
- una on o s rn , on e

dy a Th. ll nt e e x ce bl l dy p p ity b i gi g it f th
e ve ne ra e a
’
s ros e r - rn n r es or e
48 OBS ERV ATIO NS O N ru n [J U LY

dp e arte d pi it s r we re p e rform e di n th e 2 4th y e ar, in th e 6th d em i

lu nati on of th e winte r season, th e l oth day .

Th is inscri ti on is p e vi entl d y di id d i v e nto tw o p arts, th e one of w ich h

is li ttle m ore th an a re p titi
e on of th e h
ot e r in a diff e re nt di l
a ect of

Pracrit, but b tho contain se v eral u ncom m on w or d

h m s, suc as ,

q uas i W , at th e h h I h
m eani n
g of w ic av e
g d th
ue sse gh th rou e

S anscri t roots from w hi h I pp th d

c su ose em e riv e d I d p d tly f
. n e en en o

th ese wor d h s, owe v e r, th e ge neral m e ani n

g is eas ily d d d th
e uc e , an e

se nse c annot h t i h gi
m ate riall y di fi '

er from w a s e re v e n.

Th fi t p t f th fi t li
e rs ari w hi h h i
o ti e ight b rs ne, n c t e nvoca on m e

ex p t d i b k th t I
ec e , s so t k it t ti f t ily Th
ro e n, a canno m a e ou sa s ac o r . e

corru pti f S i nK ni th fi t i th l t w d f th t li
ons o ar ,
d e rs n e as or o a ne , an

th th
e o i th thi d w d f th
er n th li
e t h wh t w t
r or o e se ve n ne , eac us a e are o

ex p ti f ec t th w d
n re e re nce Th l d d will
o o f
er or s . e earne rea er see rom

th t e l ti wh t S
rans a it w d
on pp d t b a pt d i
anscr or s are su ose o e corru e n

thi d s t Ri h b d tt I
ocum e n . pp t h b h i p i l
s a a- a a su ose o av e ee n t e m er a

a en
g t f
'

hi ff i
or A ftt th th
s a h d ard I .h pp li d p
er e re e un re av e su e ru ee s,

as m os t p b bly d t d if y th i h d b
ro a u n e rs oo t it : an o er co n a ee n m e an ,

w ld
ou t li k ly h
m os b p d d th e av e w ti d
e e n ex re sse an e su m ne m en one

w ld h
ou p h d g d pi f g d i th t b
av e urc as e a l lity
oo e ce o roun n a arre n oca .

If I igh t i th
am rpl ti f th n l di ge ext wh i h h
ana on o e conc u n se n e nce , c as

no thi g n p di g t it i th fi t p t it t h b
corres on n o dd d n e rs ar , m us av e e en a e

at th d th f th E p
e ea dwg o e m re ss o a e r.

N III o . .

Thi i ip ti
s i fnscr d ll b tw th E p
on s oun d on a sm a cav e e ee n e m ress
’
an

S t p
’
a ra It i f ll w
s cav e . s as o o s

[ ] 1 fl
i fvv vr gw fim fiwue é w
[ ]
2 fi w ggfi vfiv m t s fi v i vfi t m
[ ]
3 v flfi fl W i fi ru w w m
fflj flf s s w w fi trw m
fl afl
’
[ ]
4 ‘ ’

Tr a nsla tion .

P eace . To th e P e rfect One . Th e cave of B ih p r as ati, skille d in

sacre d le arni ng . Th e fortunate De varko, son-in-law of th e fortunate
dy V
re ligious d la asanan a, of th e ci t y of Ch d p an ra ura, and Sadatava
D k b t w d thi
e v ara o, es o e s cave u p on th e four fam ilie s of d e vote d
ndi nt p i t f
m e th
ca r es s, rom e four quarters of th e world . Peace .
 m e n: -
cA v n 1 Nsc n1 p r 1 ons . 49

Ch d p an ra ura h d i p b bly Ch d h lf w y b tw
ere m enti one s ro a an ore , a a e ee n

Malligam and N ik as i th K lp Sut

. th
n w df
e a a ra 1 8 e com m on or or

in , and F1 31 1sby l d i bl f
a co m m on ru e
W Th fi t e r va e rom . e rs

word of th e seco n d li I pp t b i t d d f fun dj ti

ne su ose o e n en e or , an a ec ve

from i t . Th e nam es of th p wh d th i
e t b
e rsons o cause s cave o e e x ca

rate d m a
y also b id d
e cons wh t d btf l
e re som e a ou u .

NO IV . .

h
Th e fou r first lines of t is inscri ti on are in anscrit, and th e rest in p S
h
Praicrit, as we ll as th e t re e following inscri tions All ave re lati on p . h
to th e lar ge sses of a aon-in-law and aug te r of one of th e atra rule rs d h S p
[ 1 ] P
ets E m = m w m m “!
“ tw i l l Fai nt! m
i l flt
'

i fi i i m wvb vw i
‘

m v t t

fl wm vfin t

W W W ?" t au m vwfi i
‘

n m rm
a re ? “ ( m u n{m
-
ea nt 11 )fit

31 m wnm m m wwm w fi vfizm r

g
em fsm n a re ( a n v fn m
m
‘

w m t a rfs fii t ni r
fi rfi rw i m w rfir u nfi t m i n I
m a ht -
aw n I

W m m fv waft s o " as w arm

«I m m i? Forge “ um

Transla tion .

To th e P erfec t One . P U h
eace . s av adata, son of Dini ka, and son-in

law of th e Satra p (Vi cero y) N h p d a a na u n e r d ki ng K sh ah aratra, b e stowe d

p re senting of gold h ly pl
a th o ace on e riv e r Bdrnasoya,gav e six te e n

villages to th e g d d
o s B i h an r m ans, and y lyear fe aste d a h d d
un re

th ousand B ah
r m ans At th h ly pl
. e o ace Prabh fisa h e was at th e
exp e nse of th e m arriage of Brfl
i m ans , accordin
g to th e rite of th e sa es ,
g
50 o nsnnv x n o s s O N m s [J U LY

b ildi
u ngs for h ouse s of s e lte r h he m ade gar e ns,d tan k s, and wate ring

p l aces h p l h e ace f y b d
t ct h ar a iit bl Ib e P d fid i e rr - oa s on e r v e rs a, r a,

D g
am a e , T i p i K ga a D 6 , d H k aarve d p l f ,
th h ,
i t b
anl anu , an ace s or e c ar a e

di t ib i
s r fw t
ut on o b th i d f th i At tha e r on o d Ka d s es o ese r ve rs . e rou n v a a,

kh S pa g d Rd ti th h g ’
G ov ardh S ana, ~
uvam
’
-m u a, t or ra a, an m a r a, e ave o

i
v ar ous com p i i th ill g f th an es bli f th p
n e v p
a e,i t l or e asse m es o e oor, a ca a

o f hi ty tw th
t r - d g ld h
o ousanf Na dig o y It w m o urs o n e ra curre nc . as

thi h it bl p
s c ar a wh e i th G e rson dh f th t i
o, w hi h
n e ov ar an o ese m ou n a ns, c

re fl t th y f th tti g
ec e ra s o d hi e se t b n d d su n, cause t s cav e o e m a e,
‘

an

th t k t b
ese an s t d o At th d f h i j ty I w t
e e x cava e . e com m an o s m a es en

di fl t d p i f M l y d li Hi dh th
’

t o th e sa ec e t rov nce o a a a, o e ve r ra a, e

e x ce ll t en d f t t
an [G ] T h
or una e M l y t h y
ov e rnor . e a a ans at e ve r

soun d f ot pt t k t fl
our igh t rum H i g th e oo o . av n en re co

v e re d ll th fl t f th
a e ll t f t
e
'

ec s o t K h iy I w t
e e x ce en or u na e s atr as, en

m y w y a d , tan P h k w h
cam e I p f o d th i
os t f ara, e re e r orm e e r e o

Abhi k w y th th d w d tw ill g
’
se dg a, a n av e a a ree ou san co s an o v a e s.

Th i p s l wh
e rson, f th w f
a so, th ity f S t k ose d
a er as rom e c o a a a, an

m o th f th p
er o i f U tt a h b t w d fi ld
e rov nce o th B ih ar r a, es o e a e on e r

m an A h ibh i tis r f Vi ah i i dg, son o t th d j d p

r , an av e a cav e o e e e cte , o

p resse d d d i,t and l g w i th f

s resseth d p i , f a on
g ld our ousan e ce s o o

I thi
n
y s m th h l l b
cav e t h i i
e re s a
g b d f th Be d e n a s n-re m ov n a o e or e u

dh i t p i th d f
s r es th f oo q t f th w ld rom e our uar e rs o e or .

Notes .

It is diffi cult for m e at p rese nt to say w h th e e r th e fre q u e nt om issions

of th e pi
for 1 1 and ot e r
o nt h anom ali es, ble on
g to th e
gi nal, ori
o r are th e

faults of th e fac si m ile , as

- y p Ih ave not h ad an o pp ortuni t of com aring

th tw e Th tho . l f fW
e ra wi h th I i t d
e r anam o ous orm o I t e ‘ nse r e ,

Ih t i d t b l g t th
av e asce r a ne igi l d thi i p b bly th o e on o e or na , an s s ro a e

case wi th th l i o t f er Th w d th
unusua d or ncorre c orm s . e or ou san ,

wh i h f q c tly re i p b b ly
u en ti t b t k t li t
occurs, s lly ro a som e m es o e a e n, no e ra ,

b t fig
u ti ly f g
ura t y I h
ve t b b l t
or a b t i re a m an . av e no een a e o o a n

any hi g ti f t y l ti th g g phy f
t n sa s ac or l f th pl re a ve to e eo ra o se ve ra o e ac es

ti
m en d i th t t Th t t f th M h bh é t i Wil
one n e ex . e e x rac rom e a a ra n son s
’

Vi h s P i ginu b f th i h
ur na ti d B y
v es a num er o e r v e rs e re m e n one . aru aso a

i p b bly th V g
s ro a P gd a w hi h fl w f e th P iyat
ar asa or ar s s, c o s rom e ar ra

t i
m oun a ns P bh i i w ll k .w pl f p ilg ira
g t has t s a e - no n ace o r m a e on e coas

f G j it
o u ariP tt S ath Bh k h h y b Bh ij th
near a an om n . aru ac a m a e i , e

pi l f C t h
ca ta ot w i th t pa c i Th th , t
or som e o n n a ro v nce . e ree ne x nam e s

occur b f i N I S up k g R
e ore i t
n
g i o. t .
’
r a ar a, a ve n s
’
s s e r, ves nam e o

Né ik nd S p h ll d S pd g If w j dg f d ’
s , a u a, th s e re ca e or ra a. e u e rom e oun ,
 1m m : -
ca v e m sc m p n o x s .
'
51

Iba will e th e B b
ey a h or Vip as ti i n th e Punj1ib, and arade th e
’
P .

Pé rvati i n M alv a p . i is th e Tap ti ne ar urat Ré m e ti rth a m ay S .

ei th b th
er e e pld i th ki gd f O d
ace so nam e pl f th t n e n om O u e, or a ' ace o a

nam e on t e h G dé i l by Na ik O th
o ver , i i g w d
c ose t s . n e re m a n n or s no

i d i N
not ce I I th w light Né dig
n o . . can t hro b no . n e ra se em s o ave ee n

th e nam e o f t w f whi h th
a o n yw rom d th w h c e curre nc as nam e ; us e av e

S t Ch d
ura , d F
an ore , k b d p & I pp it f
an urn a a ru ee s, c. su ose re e rs

i h
e t er t A o dp ll d by h
nan a ura, so ca Ji d ft w d by th e t e a ns, an a er ar s e

Hi dun d V l bhi th pit l f h w ll k w

s na m e a a , ig ty f
e ca a o t e e - no n sov e re n o

th ta th N th i d
nam e on f th G lf f C
e or b y t N dga
s e o e u o am a , or o an m ,

th e sea t f o ig ty i th N th
a sov e re C n i ly
n t y e or e rn oncan, n an ear ce n ur

f
o ou r e ra . ( S J] B B R A S
ee p 4 . T
. h i g
. i q t
. i . . . e co na e n u es on

w p b bly
as ro a l bl th m ore th w
v a ua Si p e d an o e rs, as ere our cca ru e e s, an

w as li k ly f w h t i
e oh t i a ip ti i ll d t
n t e nex y g ld All nscr on s ca e re asur o .

thi h w
s, o i b t e v e r,j t s
y iuq i i h b
con ec ure f l m n u r es av e e e n u nsucce ss u

i li iti g f
ne c n ti rom
y p i ti i f
na ves an ti th bj t T h os ve n orm a on on e su ec . e

Bh td k w p b bly h i f th i l w d th K h t iy th N i
a ra a as ro a s a er n- a -
, an e s a r as e a rs

a ag i n t w
s h th b omigi l M l b ie a orh d lt d th na k i g a a ar ans a re v o e ; us m a n

th P thi
e ar pi t d t C p C i With th fifth li
an e m re e x e n o a e om or n . e ne

th P a i b gi
e r cr tth e l di g p t w p b bly w itt
ns ; e conc u ft w d n ar as ro a r en a er ar s

by B ddhi t whil th fi t p t i th p d ti f B ah
a u s , e e rs ar s e ro uc on o a r m an.

No V . .

h
T is inscri ti on im p y f ll w th p di g
m e di ate l o o s e rece n , and enlarge s on

th e d onati ons
'

to th e B ddhi t p i th d It d ll
u s r es oo .
, an a th e rem ainin
g
ones on t ish cav e , are in Pré crit .

[ ] I m z fih m q vwm ww fw fi s m fi wm
fwfil m ww m n
[ 2 ] ( su m m i ts m a in i ftm i t é t m ) ; Pum a
am a m
’

vfn us arvt i tv tw fi m ar
’
1 ° n o

[ 3 ] W “ 61" m m fitgw f afs s m fiav fa 1 1m

’
an
'

m a s
g
[ 4 ] wtfa u fnm wffi fir wfi w t ww r
wtfi t gi vm gm w wfi t t
[ 5 ] m u a rm i i c st e
.
"
m an ta
-
m ag n e ti s m{W
y n “w uss
c\

Transla ti on .

1 U sh vadAta constructe d thi B ddhi t p i th d

s cav e for th e u s r es oo

from th e four quar t f th w ld

e rs o dh b t w d p i e or , an e es o e u on t
as a pe rm anent ca
p it l th nd
a a g ld h h
G m )a ousa o m o urs ra »
52 o ns na v s rro ns o n m
'
a [J c ar

He gave also a m illion golb d f th d m o urs h to th e an s o ose

dw ll e G dh wh h b d d th w ld f
e rs on ov ar an o av e a an one e or , o

t y g ld
re asur w th
o , h h d d g t or eac a un re roa s,

and f th p o t g ld e ures o .

I th i
n y s m th i p
cave p ty f th e re di t
s a p i t ro e r or e m en can r es

h d wh h b d d th w ld t b di t ib t d
oo , o ave a an one e or , o e s r u e

am on
g th i di i d l B ddh
e i tnp i t v th t
ua k b i gu s r es s, e s oc e n

ath d illi
ousan h m th g t
ons l f ti l t
eac on e re a annua es va o

i
re ce ve ah d d g t (p p ly 30 hilli g
un re roa s, n ro e r s n s. or o e

g lod h ) d d
m o ur,i ily i an 8 d ) or nar s x. .

Th w ll i t t d
e e bly f B ddhi t B ah
ns ruc e asse m o u s r m ans conse

t d thi t
cra e sl ky d y i th 1 t y
reasure on a f th uc a n e s ear o e

d th b igh t f t ight f th
onor, on e r th K a tik or n o e m on r .

Th erew l gi as a sot B h g d d th g d
v en ov er th o a av n an e o s on e

1 5 th d y f th a i th l t y
o e f g ld h i th n e s ear, o o t ns ree

h d d d fifty th d
un re an w th h d d
ousan s or a un re

th d g ld h
ousan o m o urs.

Fe w ne w wor s d occur h
in t is i nscri tion p .
W for wi ll! is th e

annual o bl ti
a on to th e m anes of one s ancestors, o se rve
’
b d ove r all th e
h th
ea en worl d I . n li ne 4th th e m eani n of
g “ 51 !is d btf l ou u .

Hans, p b bly
ro a d d by th R y
originall d w th
intro uce e uns , an or

b t th
a ou e thi d f
r o w a
gold
th y wh th
m o hur i no as e e re e n, are e re n

t d
ro uce d Th i . i i w hi fly
s co n s no t t th S th i th M d c e cu rre n o e ou n e a ras

di t i t whi h w ld
s r c s, c t h w th t th I d S ythi l
ou se e m o s o a e n o- c an ru e e x

t d d
en e t th
e ven gi o d t h t
ose re th p di ti
ons, an ti d i a e ex e on m en one n

N IV w t
o. . as p o se cure at q t Th P dik t ki g th
e rm ane n con ues . e a a, a n e

go ld h t
m o ur aR 1 5 £ 1 l O
s .w ill , t to
or 3 a ? 2 ; s .
, am oun " or annas,

f-d .l th
ess g t
an a I t i w thy f
roa .k th t w hs h th
or o rem ar a e av e e re e

ru di t f th d i l y t
m en s o e f ll i
ec m a s s e m y t w ti l y
or sm a co ns, a s s e m no en re

l t
os g t
am onh H i du e n s.

No VI . .

Th e first two li nes of t is inscri ti on relate to th e Satra h p p d gh t

’
s au e r,

th e w ife of th e b
a o v e m e ntione dC om m an e r of d th e Forces ; th e rest to
th e General im h self . P p ly th
ro e r ere are tw o inscri tions p h e re .
 Nasrx -
cav e m sc a nm oxs . 53

{m fw w o o m m g fm e i i t n Ft n i fi wm ‘

m fir
“ ( n e w
a t ir in n
‘

o
,
m ar s m l ( m m m fi m
- ,
o u q ft i e w
we m m mi fv t w w w fi wfi i m v fi Hw fil
am t
, m w fi w c t tt wfv nfit

Trancla ti on .

[ 1 and 2 ] To th e P f t O Th ligi er ec ig tine f . e re ous ass na on o

l d d p p ty by th l dy D k h
an e ro e r it wif f e a a s am ra, e o

U h dat s av a f Di ik a, d d gh t
son of th n a, a n au er o e

S t p N h pa Vi y f Ki g K h h at
a ra a a na, ce ro o n s a ar ra .

3 and 4 T th P f t O
o e I th y
e r ec 1 ( ) i th
ne . th n e e ar I
, n e m on

V i akh th as w gi ft
, d f
e rell w by the re f e as o o s e son o

Di il i l w
n ta, f th Vi
son n- a
- y N h pa f o e ce ro a a na, o

Ki g K h h é t t h th d f th p i th d
n s a ar ra, ot e ousan s o e r es oo

wh f th f
o com e q t f th w ld thi
rom e our uar e rs o e or , s

ligire t b ous cave , id d i g th i y d

o e a res e nce ur n e ra n an

l dy c ou th dt m on h B ddhi t di t i
s an o ea c u s m en can sx

g t d th
roa s, an g t f t i onl h d d ef hrea es va a un re , rom t e
p it l
ca f illi
a sum o a m on

A th d K h p (g ld h ) h d p it '

5 and 6 ousan a tt ans o m o urs are e re e os

d w hi h
e , tt b c p d d df f d d
are no o e ex en e an or oo , an

t b p dd
o e ex di t tw th d
en e on m e n can s, o ousan ,

i f h d dg t t b p dd
n sum s o a un re roa s o e ex en e on

ph i
cam g l
or, d th ill
nc e nse , g d g y ar an s, e v a e , an ranar ,

igh t th
e d i
ousan l f th, y n v a ue o e curre nc

f NA dig
o Th b t w l f ll th
n e ra . w l e es o a o a e se as ce e

b t d by ra e l ligi a y
so e m n re ous cere m on , on a

l ky d y uc a .

Th e wor W i d t is p
d btf l f it i t p t ti
eculiar, and I am ou u o s n e r re a on .

fQ i
'
t w
I I s a s ran e
g d if i t i t p tior f “a I d t k w s no a co rru on o , o no no

wh t i t i
a Th 6th li
s . t e f t p f w ne h ip dsee m s o re e r o ex e nse s or ors , an

oth i i d t l it
er nc fen ap di Th
em s o di fl
i lti l i
ex h en ture . e re are cu e s a so n t e

num b dg
e rs anl i li 5th
e nera Th 1 i G j ath i
se nse w n ne . e s u ar e v e n no

f 2 nd th fig
or , a li k th e i tl Iure pp t b th yph f e e anc e n su ose o e e c er or

th e sam e .Th f“ I i h p li b t th i t
e sense o s ere e cu ar, u no o er su s .
54 o ns aav s rrous O N m
'
s [J U LY

No V I I. .

Th is is not hi h
ng m ore t an a re e ti tion of th e two p first lines of th e
fore going, on anot e r h p art of th e cav e , and th e d
re a e r is t h e re fore

d hi h f it t t Th l t l tt f th l t d 3 d
re fe rre t t er or s co n e n s . e as e e rs o e s an r

li nes,hw o i w ill pp
e ve r, are by p ing thi with
nco rre c t, as a e ar com ar s

th th
e o i ip ier nscr t ons .

Thi i th l t f th S t p i
s s e as ip io th l tt f whi h g
e a ra nsc r t ons, e e e rs o c a re e

no t ly on k bly wi h
re m ar a th b t l ith th t f h one ano e r, u a so w ose o t e

Gi rnar I ip i t l t d by M P i p d th f th l g d
nscr t on rans a e r. r nse , an ose o e e en s

o f th S t pe ia ra co ns.

N V III o . .

Thi i ip ti
s i
nscr f th i t di t ll
on s on one o e n e rm e a e sm a cav es .

fi n m i m t am

m fi g e w fi rm za w
i wm fi f t ww m vr na z
-
m a g n ifi e s n e w s we

Transla tion .

Th e re ligi ous assignati on of a cav e by R am anaka, b eare r of th e y

ro al

stan ard d f V lid t

, son okill d i d l i g It h b
e a a, s e n sacre e arn n . as e en

d
m a e ove r by h i t th di t p i th d d h h l dd d
m o e m en ca n r es oo , an e as a so a e

to th i h
e tibl
ne x pi l t k d gi
au s h d d g ld h
e ca ta s oc , an ve n a un re o m o u rs to

su pply th w t f th p i th d H i [th
e an s o bly] f h ly
e r es oo . e re s e as se m o o

m e n, w h k p th o i f th
ee i y d wh b i g b l i g
e se ss on o e ra n season, an o rn a e ss n

on [ R ] k th
am ana d a, e onor.

Th e w or d it em is h e re conv e rte di nto 511

Th e translati on of th e
11 .

last li ne , on accou nt of its b kro en state , i s onl con e ctural y

Th e figure j .

li k e i at th e e nd of line 4th I p sus e ct to be a nu m e ral for 1 00 .

No . IX .

h
T is i nsc rip tion is on a sm all cav e still furt h e r on.

fe w W T“ {ntfi rfiww a m use 21 3m W

rm “ E“
( fi i flww fi m fis m fi fi a fim w é we i fi wwfi fi fi i w m fi
’

at m xflé w m fi fiv p m w w fi g m m e fi
 A
N SI K c a v a-m sonrm o ns . 55

Trans la ti on .

To th e P e rfect One . Th is cav e w as e x cav ate df or re ligious p e rsons

i n th e w ild e rness, at th e e x tre m it y of th e m ountai ns, by I ndré gni datta,

son of Dh arm ade v a, d pi r nce re nant u n e r

g Datam itraka, of th e Nort h e rn

re g i on.I i d h ns i e dag b t e cav e s a o a, and t h e re are ciste rns also .

Thi s w cav e d f as p tt m a e rom re s e c o m y f th

a er and m ot e r, h and

g ift d et ll th
o f llaw f B dd h e o o e rs o u a, th e m e ndi cant p i th d
r es oo

from h f t e q t f
ourt h w ld uar e rs o e or , along wi t h e ve r y one wh o is
pur ifi d ed p an d by li i
re se rve
g re o n.

W W is p b bly m
ro a a r; Nea r th e e nd m m is su pp d t
ose o

be qi e u v ale nt to Fai th , in th e se nse gi ven . Th e trul V e dic y nam e s

of thi i p p i tt
s nsc ri ti o n t f B ah i th
o np o a conv er rom r m an sm as e e rson

wh d hi
o e x ca v ate P b bly h w d pt d by D t it k
t s cav e . ro a e as a o e a am ra a,

a p i i l j d by h i d Y éj i whi h
rov nc a ra a, an I d m m a e uv ar a, n c se nse un e r

t d Y
s an k If 5m m i f m th diffi lty will b g t i
ona e . s or , e cu e o ov e r n

th e w ysam e ly by d p ti
a , w h
nam e t b li a o on as e ave no re ason o e e ve

th t th
a d e t i ti
m o w tt d d t i th
e rn i t ti
res r c ons e re a en e o n ese anc e n m e s.

Dh k k ta wh
e nu a aw t ld w
, G ki omKa l i ipti e are o as a re e n one r en ns cr on,

h d H i du Ri h bh d tt
a a n ti d i th wh t d t h i
s a a a a, as m e n one n ano e r, o s oo o m

i th
n l ti f f th
e re a on o a er.

N X o . .

Thi i ip ti
s nscr t h b ont d t th see m sd f o ave e e n e x e cu e a e com m an o

som el lp i oca r nce .

m ne nt i n “ 3 1 6 m m “ “m
i
im a
m a “ ti n ga n “ fi fe e ff am t 33 1 m ti m e?

His son- in-law, M ah arh akasi, e xcav ate d h t is d

all- e sira bl e b b
h a ita le
cave in th e Manc h Hill a s, in h onor of K i ng Bh adré k araka, th e re tai ne r

of warriors, wh hi ose a r d
stan s on e nd wi t h d light e , and wh o is ev er
forem ost in th e con fl
i t
c .

Th is inscri ti on p y b m a e im p e rfe ct, but of t is I h am not certain.

ne w 1 re n e r d by w rm a .

No . XI .

h p
T is i nscri tion is of th e sam e ge ne ral c arac te r as h th e last .

m nu m i im wfi a
m
firm wfir w fw
 OBS ERV ATIO N8 O N THE

Trans la ti on .

Th e re nowne d Ki ng K apanaka bli h d thi B ddhi t t ple f

e sta s e s u s em , or

th e b e ne fit of h is m ot e r, h in th e wi ld th
e rness t i ty f th near e e x re m o e

m ountains .

Ih av e consi ere d d n ail!th e sam e as th e u n fit of No IX . .

, and

as e qi u vale nt to th e Vi l la,
”
w ich h in Marat i h d
woul be w ritte n
fi flifi l
‘
. If t is be h bj
o e cte dt o, th e wor d h ld b s ou e re n e re d d conse crate d .

No X I I . .

h
T is is ov e r th e cav e of th e wi fe of th e C om m an e r d C
in h i e f of th e
Em p e ror Yadnya S ri, ’
so ofte n bf e ore m e ntione d—th e last cave in
th e se rie s .

F i i
‘

[ ] 1 e w n r nm m m fie fi w m m m n
nm fi a fiw q
[ ] M
2 w i i ft c e m fiwm fim m am ft m m fim
m ai d e n
[ ]
3 i w fir ufi lm i éw “i n
Qw fit v gft e e v fnge i e fl
Trans la ti on .

To th e P e rfe ct OneChi f .
( h C
T is t d by om m an e r in d e
’
s cave ex cav a e

d ) f Bh g p Sé bh i wif f K i C
or e r o ava o a d i Chi f f
m ar , e o es
'
, om m an e r n e o

th E p S i Y d y Sat K gi d d t f ki g G t ip t
'
e m e ror r a n a ar , esc e n an o n o am u ra,

i th
n th y
e se v e n d i g th thi d (3 d) d i l ti f wi t
ear, ur n e r r em - una on o n e r, on

th fi t d y
e rs By Bp ki Y ti S j i S p ya d Sit l M i
a . o a a , a am un , a a , an a un s,

Bh ka i V ki ni by ll f th f
a u n — , a sa id d i i t th i a f t
o e a ore sa , a m ss on o s com or

a bl b d i g t d t th
e a o e s di t p i th d f th f
ran e o e m en can r es oo rom e our

q t f
u ar e rs oth w ld e or .

Th p p e f th p
ro e r nam es o ti d i th 3 d li f th i
e e rsons m e n one n e r ne o e n

cr ipti tt d d with diffi lti

on are a en eI h di id d th w d i th cu es . av e v e e or s n e

b tw y I
es a ld Th p
cou . t h b f ki d f
ese e rsons see m o av e ee n o a n o

P anch ay t C i tt t w h th fi i f th
a , or om m w
ee , i t
o t om e a a rs o e cav e e re n rus

e d Th
. igi l f e or i il gi naii d t i
ac-s m
g d th e h g ves i an no , an e c an e

i d ly
s m a e on j t Th w d m fiv I
on con ec ure . d t dt b e or un e rs an o e a

p i t
ass v e, now i th t di g th t th t i t i
s an n pp d t ath i e e rm na on seem s o ose o s.

N XIII o. .

Th i n l di g in
s co c u ip ti i i th n scr nd in S it
on s n e sam e cave, a anscr .

“ W WW
 s as rx c a v a—m sc arp rm ns '
. 57

Transla tion .

A religious assi gnati on of a pl ac e for d e voti onal m e ditation.

Notes .

Th e last w or dh e re m eri t, or a nt i, is p b bly th

ro a e original w h e nce

i i i, th e com m on nam e of su c h cav es, is d i d

er ve .

In co nclusi on, som e p

a olog y bye e x e cte
m a from m e for p d un e r d
k h t l ti
ta ing t e se rans a h p ons, pl d
now t at co ie s of fac-si m iles are ace

withi h f th l d w ld I h
n reac o e earne ly th or t y . h t av e on , e n, o sa , t a e ve r

i
s nc e I t I di
cam e o n l bl d i t
a, an uncontro a i h igi l e e s re o e x am ne su c or na

d t
ocum e n s as f th f ormd ti f h hi t y d i tit i f th
e oun a on o t e s or an ns u t ons o e

coun rt y h i fl as d n ue nce d p i gm e ; an l l d ,
t g f osse ss n som e oca a van a es or

th dy f h i ipti I h
e stu o t e se nscr d t l y th f it f y
ons, av e v e ntu re o a e ru o m

li
e sure h b f h S i ty H w f f p i f il i
ou rs e ore t e oc e . o ar a te r re v ou s a ures, n a

g t
re a e r o r l d g essI h i
e h i
ree , t t p t av e d d n t b l ft
s a em succe e e , m ust e e

t h j dg
o t e u f th
m e nt o b t I h ll t l t h
o ers ; u di t d th s a t a e as av e re c e e at e n

ti on o fO i t l h l r en a t th i p t t h i t i l b
sc o ars o e i g f
m or an f s or ca ear n o som e o

th i e i p ti
nscr d
ons on ou r cave s, an
y t h i d l d O
m a i us n uce som e e arne r en

t li t t
a s
g i
o vep f t
us ia f t h
er ec T h t
v e rs on
g l d i g o em . e rea ea n

h S t p f th I d P thi E pi h A dh
’
f t
ac s re a l ti t ve o t e a ra s o e n o - ar an m re , t e n ra

E p m erors, and Bl bh i iga a t p i tly b ght f w d

sove re ns, are oo rom ne n rou or ar

to a md it I pp h d f h it y d bt d wh th
, a re en , o es anc i t or ou , an en e anc e n

hi t y f I di i w itt will py i i t pl it bl t th i i
s or o n a s r e n, occu n a ac e su a e o e r m

p t or ance .

I l k f w d t f t pp t ity f l yi g b f th
oo or ar o a u ure o or un o a n e ore e

S i ty i il t l ti
oc e s m ar f th i
rans a i p ti
ons f o d t Ka l d e nsc r ons ou n a r e n an

J i d I t t l t b bl t
un r, an rus a so p ll th p bli h d pi
o e a e o com are a e u s e co es

o f th f e i i l with h
ac-s m es i i p ti h l whi h i p t
t e nsc r ons t e m se v e s, c , n re s e c

o f th t Né i k I h
ose a sb , bl y t t d ave e en una tl tt g t e as e o o, so as a as o e

as p f t py f th
e r ec a co o .b bt i d i th p t t t
em as can e o a ne n e rese n s a e

o f th k A th f i il
e roc s. s h p p ty f G
e ac -s m e s are t dt e ro er o ov e rnm e n , an

e xecu et d by th g t
anol Ierh de n em an, t h i g t h t t h
av e one no n m ore an o e

b t f y bility th t th lith g ph
es o m a se e a t d h i t k f ithf lly
e o ra e r e x e cu e s as a u .

Ih av e t no i e ve n
y w D n m a g i t o inp t t d w
e v anh t I ar ranscr correc e a

conce vei t b o pt i f w gl i g i t
e e rrors, e xce n a i g th t e ar n ns ance s, re se rv n a

f th t
or e l ti d th
rans a o n an t i th l tt f wh i h I h
e no es, n g l ly e a er o c av e e ne ra

li it d y lf t w h t w
m e m se o yt fi d h wh wI d
a as necessar d o x an s o o un e rstoo

m y t t ex t, tt no p ti g a t em p l i w h t
n O i o t l h
ex l kan w a r en a sc o ars no

b tt tl I
e er an t h th
can
é
eac em .
Aur . ll I — Geology
. o f th e n p a r S ta te . By th e Re v S . .

H I S LO P .

Pre se nte d Marc h 1 85 3 .

TH E co untr y aro un d Nag p ur h as rece i ve d m ore th an an av e rage

h
s are o f atte ntion from geologists ; and w h e n am ong t h ese I m e ntion

th e nam e of Dr . Voyse y , it m ay a pt t pp e ar p resum uous o p p ro ose . as

l no w d t t o, l o rave h g
o ve r d t e M y sam ebj t h w i
rou n th . o ec , o e ve r, n e

f ll wi g p p
o o n i t
a e r, h t d ib th phy i l f t
s no so m u c o f th
escr e e s ca e a u re s o e

di t i t
s rc , as to t th
e num e ra e g i i w h i h w i
e or an c re m a th i th l t tw ns c n e as o

y h b f d i it Th fi t f th f il f d th
ears a ve een o un n . e rs o e se oss s orce em

l
se ve s o u m
y tt t i a i J en 1 8 5 1
on nw h wunel k i g i p y ,
w i th en a n n com an

m y f i
r en d d ll an
g h
co R B
e a ue H t
t e i t h i
e v. d i t . ig hun e r, n e m m e a e ne

b h d f
ou r oo o idour H d it
re s t b
e nce . f thi a l k d f no ee n or s un oo e or

oc cu rre nce , an d th pp t iti w h i e O or u n jyd t es e f

av e s nce e n o e a seasons o

l i
re ax at on, an d i i
on ou r m yt fb
ss onar i g q i t d with o urs, o e co m n ac ua n e

smi il ar re li i h l li ti
cs n ot e r oca d I y dd es h d i t t
an b ,
f thm a a , a no een or e

co n r t i b ti u f ili t y f i d
ons o m wh ar ki dly pl d th i l bl
r e n s, o n ace e r v a ua e

g l i
ean n s
g i h fi
n t e sam e ld t d i p e l t h a t hour p t
s osad , e no e s ere rese n e

w ou ld t h
no b p d av e een e nne .

A th t p i d wh
e er o fi t di en yw
our d th t t f
rs sc ove r as m a e , e s a e o

k wl dg i g d t th p l t l gy f th N gp t it y
no e e n re ar o e a ae on o o o e a ur e rr or

I b lie h b thi M M l l
e v e to av e — ee n s i h p g r. f hi
a co m son, n t e ro re ss o s

inv e st ig ti a i t th
ons fn o il f th e E t oss s p i f th g t o e as e rn o rt on o e re a

b l i di t i f I di h d i 1 8 33 t d f hw t d p it t
asa tc s r ct o n a, a n race a re s a er e os a

l h h h f N k d ’
i
v ar ou s i t n e rva s t rou g th t th i e i
nor
g i t oth e zam s n om n o e

th p t f th N gp R j d i i th gh h d ’
so u e rn ar o e a ur a a s t om n ons, ou e oe s no se e m

to h av e sus p d i t e ctei t i th i d
s e x s e ncei t i i i y n f th p i t
e m m e l * a e v c n t o e ca a .

Ag i Li
a n t M
e u te nan y f unro som e t wi h th i p
e ars a i f
te r m e t e m re ss ons o

pi e ce s o f f i h
e rn dt
n t e san s one K i p ti whi h nea rfig d d zm , c w e re ure an

d e scr ib d i e h J n t e l f th B ourna b y B h f th R y l A i ti
o e om a ranc o e o a s a c

S i y 1 Th
oc e t .
'
lt f th i
e re su i tio f th s f hw t e x am d
na on o e re s a er an

d t f ti withi th N gp t t w th t Ch ik i b t
san s one orm a o ns n e a ur s a e as a n, a ou

Transacti ons of th e Geological Socie ty , vol . v . 9nd se ri es .

1 No v A pri l 1 8 43
. . .
 G EO LO GY OF r na m o r o n ar m s . 59

60 m ile s so u th of Nag p ur ci t y , was gi ve n as a localit y for th e Unto

Decca ne m ia P h y sa P ri m ep ii , P a ladi na De ccanensis and M e la ni a
,

qua dr i -li ne a ta an d i ng g
an a t, 1 6 m ile s neare r tH
h e ca ital, w as sai h p d
to b
a o un di n s ilici fie d woo d wh ile th e fragm e nts of fe rn di s cov e re d
near K é m p ti w e re su ose to a ro ac pp d
ne arest to th e Glossop terzlr pp h
Dana -aid e s o f Bo le
y F rom th e im e rfe ctne ss of th e latte r s e cim e ns,
.
p p
j
as fi ure d i n th e ou rnal, i t is di i cult to asce rtai n th e e x act c aracte r
g fl h
of th e fo ss il f d by Li t
ou n e u e nant M unro j dgi g f f il
bu t, u n rom oss s o f

th e sam e lo ca li ty th t I h a ave e x am ine d I w ld h d th

, ou j t azar e con ec ure

tht a th e ge ne ri c nam e m ust h av e b eenigh tly gi r th gh ven, ou not

th e s
p e c i fi c , as th e pl ant ca ll d Gl
e osso p t i D er sid by B y l am o es o e is
now a m d dt
i tte o be a Twa i op te n s
’

O ur firs t di
y f f il withi th t it y f N gp w f
scov e r o a oss n e e rr or o a ur as o

a Ph y i th f hw t d p it
sa , n e l d ire s t p hi ll b
a er te os il e nc ose n a ra a ou a m e

w t es f S i té b ldi
o th R i d a y d tw il i th
or e es di ti e nc , an o m es n e sam e re c on

from th ti ity
e I
n a ve cf w d y ft .t th pt w t
n a e a s a e r, a e sam e s o , e m e

wi th th fi tb e d t th
rs d f
ones an w k tw w bee , g h t ant a te r a ee or o e rou o

ligh t Té kli p l i
on b t 2 } il N W f N gp th fi t f it
a n, a ou m es . . o a ur, e rs - ru ,

an e n omt t Ab t th
os racon ti . f b i g th t
ou e sam e f m e, rom o se rv n e races o

i t
anc e n
g t ti ve th e aft l y y
on on d t d f w h
e so i t i g t
c a eh san s o ne u se or en n e

db d i
san - oar s h l w w l d t th di
n our sc oo s, y f Gl p t fi e e re e o e scov e r o oaco e s

an d P h y ll tl d o d
i e ca, an d l t Bh ké i il som e see s or se e -ve sse s, a o ra, s x m es

nor th f N gp o Sh tly ft M H t ll t d th fi t p i
a ur . or a e r, r
. un e r co ec e e rs S e c m en

o f l pt
co e o d b i g w j i d by C p t i W p h
e ra, an e n no A ti g J dg o ne a an a s are , c n u e

Ad t
v oca e of th N gp S b i di y F
e a y ur d i u s ti g ar orce , m an rare an nte re s n

f it w
ru s p dily dd d by h i l
e re s ee d l d ff t w hi l Li t
a e s ze a ous an v a ue e or s e eu e

nan t S k y f th M d E gi
an e , o w ith wh
e I i it d Sil w ida
a ras n ne e rs, om v s e e z ,

b t 1 2 il th f N gp whi h h yi ld d g t i y f
a ou m es nor o a ur, c as e e a re a v ar e t o

h
t e m os t b tif l p i e au f Gl u p t i h d h
s e c m e ns o i t f fi d i g osso e r s, a t e m er o n n

i th Ki p ti q
n e i m 9 il N E f N gp
uarr es, h fi t V t b m es i . . o a ur, t e rs er e ra r a ,

l g with tw fi
a on p i f Pfiy ll th
o d p f i
ne s e c e s o f ki d o e ca , an a ro us on o a n

o f d A K hfl
see . di 7 il t th f N gp
or ,M H m d y lf
e s nor o a ur, r . unte r an m se

di d i th
scov e re d h l th t
, n d li th d t t k f w
e re s a e a u n e r es e san s one , rac s o orm s,

t whi h h
o cb dd d av e ly f t
ee n a k d th i p i
e m ore re ce nt oo -m ar s, an e m ress on

f wh i p b bly Ph y ll th
o at s ro a di a i i t t th o w eca an n a m ss on our o e e st,

d t k th fi t ld
un er a e n e ft h
rs co t f
seaso n a er t e co m m e nce m e n o our

p l t l gi l l ti w t wi h b d
a aeon o o ca re ax a f fi h
o ns, l
e m e t an a un ance o s -sca es

i th f hw t
n e f re s ti t P h d i gh
a er orm a40 il WNW f
on a a a s n a, m es . . . o

N gp a S ur ti . ft om e t w m e a i d i
e r our re urnt e re ce v e an acce ss on o ou r

ll ti
co e c f h ll f
on o D J Mill th
s e s romf th l oth R gt M N I
r. . er, en o e e . . . .
,

wh h d fo ad th oun f hw t f e tisam e t M h h gh dé 1 00
re s a er orm a on a ac a o ,
60 G EO LO G Y o r TH E N AG PU R '
s ra rs
'
.
[J U LY

m iles nort h of N gp a ur, and also from Mr . S anke y, wh o h ad falle n

in w it h i t at Pilkap ah ad, 25 m iles to th e NW . . Th e sam e

ge ntlem h
an, along wi t Dr J d b q tly i it d M h . e r on, su se ue n v s e ac

h g di w
ah h
o a, i d di ti
e nce , t t h l
na f il f t h
on t d i t i t
o w h i h
e coa oss s o a s r c , c

th y w e th ere fi t t be i g t rs ti oth y trn d l d o w i h

no ce , e re urne a en t

m an y ll p we d h ll d p i
- re se rv e s f w d i il
e s an t wh t s e c m e ns o oo s m ar o a

occur i th n ighb e h d f N gp l g with f g t f th

ne our oo o a ur, a on ra m e n s o e

f hw t
re s k i whi h w d t t d p li f
a e r roc , n c f
as te ec e a ecu ar orm o e n om os

t racon D i g th fi t tw l
. ur n th e f b
rs ti w hi l di
e v e m on ti g s o o se rva on, e rec n

a tt ti en p i lly t th g i
on e s e c a f th
o dt
e d f hw t
or an sm s o e san s one an re s a er

form a ti w ons, ld t f il t
e c ou b no i lly th
a o o se rv e t occas ona e m ore re c e n

i
re m a ns o f q d p d ua ru d h ll th t w e s p tdt i
an s e s a e re re se n e o us n c om

p ti ly d d p it L t y whil t
ara ve m o e rn e os s . as lt e ar, e ou on ou r annua our

in a S E di . ti. f re c N gp on b id th di
rom a y f ur, t i es es e sc ov e r o an e x e ns v e

iron di t i t s rc d d by
, surrou n e t y b di g i l t i t a w i
coun r a oun n n a er e , e n

cre ase d li t f f il by ddi g

ou r s o oss if s i a d n som e con e rous re m a ns an

bi l f th d t
v a v es rom e san s one .

H i g d th av n m a e k by w y f h i t i l i t d ti I
e se re m ar s a o a s or ca n ro uc on,

m a
y w b
no i fly g l r e t th p fi i l
ance a t t d p p e sui ti f
er c a ex e n an su e r os on o

th k i hi h th f il
e roc s n w c O e p i ip l b ti h
oss s occur . ur r nc a o se rva ons av e

b e en m a ed withi whi h h i g th
n an are a i y f N gp c f , it av n e c t o a ur or s

SE . . i p
c orne r, d s s re a q with id f 1 0 il At th
ov e r a s uare a s e o m es . e

sam e ti w h m e h d f ili ti
e av e ith ap lly ac by h id f e s, e er e rsona or t e a o

f i d
r e n s, f b o i g e com l n q i t d with th
m ore or t y i ess ac ua n e e coun r n a

t i gh t li
s ra f neN gp t w d th
rom f
a ur di l p i t t th o ar s e our car na on s o e

di t s ance o f 80 il p w d Thi di t
m e s or u ly ar si . t s s ance near carr es us o

th li i t
e m f th N gp
s o ki gd e a ll i d b t th
ur n t i whi hom on a s es u e e as , n c

di ti
re c th on f ti e i h f th
ron er s d f th pit l If
m uc ur e r re m ov e rom e ca a .

w i
e c once ve i l d w a c rc e d N gp with di f 8 0 il
ra n arou n a ur a ra us o m es,

an d th f f th t i l di i d d i t f
e sur ace o a p t by
c rc e vf li e n o our ar s m eans o nes

p i
ass n g th g h th rou i t y d t h d
e c t h d t
ue nor d w t t h an sou , an e as an es , en

th q d t b tw th
e u a ran e th d w t w ld b
ee n e sou pi d an es ou e occu e ex

l i ly by bl k
c us v e il d t p
ac k th t b tw w t d th
so an ra roc s a e ee n es an nor

w ld b ou hi fly pi d by th
e c e o ccu th gh t w d th
e t
e sam e , f ou o ar s e ce n re o

i l di ifi d by p t h d t wi h dy l
.

th e c rc e v e rs f e a c es o it
san s one , t a san oam on s

f
su r ace wh il h i i g tw w ld b
e t e re m a n n h t i d f th fi t o ou e c arac er se or e rs

30 40
or il by ig m es t ifi d d i
ne ous s rat k wh i h i e anl m as s v e roc s, c n se v e ra

pl p t d f
ace s ro ru e d d p il f th rom un e r t p t bl k
a ee so , or e m os ar ac ,

b tiu n som ei t d b y d whi h li

ns ances re i , lt et on f d c e occas ona rac s o san

t
s one i th a l w di t i t
e oa d er t ph i
s r c s, t t i th n m e am or c s ra a n e m ore

l
e e va e t d g i reb th ons,y f q tlyo d
ve r by d il nd l t i t
re ue n cove re a re so a a er e .
 s ee m r oa m u xo ns . 61

I n taki ng bi d i w f th k wh i h
a c om ne v e with i o th e roc s c occur n e

i l j t d
c rc e us i b d th f ll wi g
e scr e , t b th e d di g d
o o n se e m s o e e e sce n n or e r

i wh i h th y
n c d h th I R t f ti
e su c ce e — eac o er i ti g . ece n o rm a ons, cons s n

o f bl ck a d il b th b i g
or re so i d with k k
, o d th l tt
e n m xe un ur, an e a er

f q
re ue n tly t i i g t t
c on a n n f d d g l with th s ra a o i san f an rave , e re m a ns o

h ll
s e s d q d p d li ttl if t ll di i g i h bl f
an u a ru e s, e i ti g
a a st n u s a e rom ex s n

p i II L t it III O lyi g t p with d l IV F h

s e c es ; . a er e ; . ve r n ra no u es ; . re s

w t a er d p it V V i l t p th t h b i
e os . es cu ar y ra i j , d a as e en n m an case s n e cte

i t th
no p di g d i b i ly f
e re ce n , an igi s b q t h
o v ous o an or n su se ue n to t e

ov er ly i g t p n VI S d tra f ti. i ti g f l t
an s one pp orm a on, cons s n o s , u er

bd ht
e s, t a ti are ft som e d f i bl m es d f whi t
so d an d r a e, an o a e an re

l
co ou r, th t or h d d g itty d p d d by i b d
a are ar an r , an e rva e ron an s ;

2 dn , i ddl t t
m f fi
e s ra a , o fi il t t a d g d lly b
ne ss e i g s ru c ure , an ra ua ecom n

coarse th y as pp h th 3 d i f i b d whi h h
e a roac e r ,bl n e r or e s, c m uc re se m e

th pp
e u t t
e r one s, e x ce
p h t th y t i i ad w h i he
( )
4 ti c on a n no ron un e r c t

occ ur g d d
ree n an h l V I Ire L i ts f a es ; ti w h i h w i
. th i m e s one orm a on, c n

our i
area y t lli s d
cr s a i d wi h ne, an g i d V mIII xe t t m a ne s a ; an . m e a

m or phi d g iti k c an ra n c roc s.

I R t
. F ti
e ce n — l t orm a Bl k il ons R g
.
( is M . a th i ac so , or e ur n ar

K M )h ou rayi ld d g i as e ei t i p f t
no or an c re m a ns o our m h bt er ec rese arc e s, u

I f l p d d th t th wh w ll ppli d with pp
ee e rsua e a ose o are will y t e su e a aratus e

h h pl
av e t e f d t ti g
easure o i p i i l i it I h
e ec n so m e m crosco c an m a s n . ave

nev e r b bl t q i i th w g lly i d th y th t
ee n a e o ac u e sce n e no e ne ra re ce ve e or a

accoun s t f i t by d p i ti
or i w t e It os f on p b bl th t
n a er . se e m s ar m ore ro a e a

it i th p d t f l
s e ro i t g t ti
uc o i
ux u r an i t t ph whi h
ve e a on n a m os a m os e re , c

h as g w ro d d y
n an d i th l li
eca e ti w h i t in f d e T h
ocai p es e re s oun . s su

p iti w ld h
os on ou i wi th ll th
arm on se pp f ifi ti a e a e arances o strat ca on

whi h i t
c d bt dly hi bit d t th
un ou e ex ti p s, an it i i , a e sam e m e, re se rv e s s m

f R i w hi h h l t ly b h w by
.

l ity t th T h
ar o i e c orao z em o uss a, c as a e ee n s o n

Eh b gt t i
re n e r lf
o con a n se ve ra f P lyg t i d Ph y t li th i
orm s o o as r ca an o ar a .

I th k k
n e whi h i
un ur, i d wi th th l w c s p ti f th g
m xe e o er or on o e re ur,

b ones are occas o na i lly f d b t th gh th y l k i t oun u

g h ou e oo anc e n e nou

f rom h thi k
t e ti g f li c with w hi h h y
coa n o m e d th y d c t e are e ncruste , e o

no t pp a t diff f th b
ear o er f th rom d e d h p one s o e m o e rn ox an s ee .

B id I h
es e s, f d h
av e neve r i ounf f th
suc bd f re m a ns so ar rom e a o e o

m en as t f of th
ree m e pi i th t th y b l g d t i d
rom e sus c on a e e on e o an m s

i n a d ti t t om es c s a e.

2 d n Th . d il whi h g
e re solly t k ,th p l c f th e ne ra
g i a es e ace o e re ur n

dt
san s o ne an d t phi di t i t i
m e am or ti c th b k
s r c s, s som e m es see n on e an s

o f i r ve rst b f g t d p th
o e o It lt rea t et f q . tly wi th a e rna e s no un re ue n

lya ers o f l d nd g
oose san l wh i h a t in i ting fl i til h ll
rave , c con a ex s uv a e s e s
62 G EO LO GY o r r u n n e r v e su r e .
[J U LY

ofth e ge ne ra Uni o, Cy re na, and M e la ni e T ese s ells h ave un e rgone h h d .

h hy
no c ange si nce t e we re aliv e , save t at t e av e h h yh b
een su ecte to bj d
a tt i ti
r on, and bl hi g by w eac n d th t ph ate r an I th di t i t e a m os ere . n e s r c

w t f N gp
es o a th iur, f p
e r ve rs o b d f d d g vl
te n ex ose a e o san an ra e cc

m en e t d by ll q
a sm a ti y f li uan d i it h d
t o d tt f ih
m e , an n s ar e ne s a e urn s

i g bl k tw
n oc s th o or f t th i k f ree ee dt g
c l ot t h
san s one or con om e ra e , as e

case m a
y b I t h
e.i t n t th
s s ra u m K lé i b
ne ar t 1 0 i l e th o r r v e r, a ou m es nor

o f N gp a thur, b d
e re occurs an a un ance o f P l di M l i d Cy a u na, e a n a, an re na .

Th e se , u n lik th fl i til e e h ll b f
uv a e ti sdh e sd g e ore m en one , av e un e r o ne a

d id d h g I
ec e c an e . i t n som e h i iti fill d wi th th
ns a nce s t e r cav ili e s are e e s

ccona an d l t f th
ca care ous m at e r o t i b t i t th h ll
e m a r x, u n m os case s e s e

h as c pl t ly di pp
om e e d l i g ly th i t l t O th
sa e are , e av n on e n e rna cas . n e

b k f th S p
an s o e i T d kh i i 1 4 il N W f N gp
e r an r v e r, ne ar on a e r , m es . . o a ur,

th e re i s an accum u a l ti f h ll i gl d wi th b
on o s e Ths m h ll n e ones . e s e s are

p tly f fl i til h t i l di g U
ar o a uv a e c arac e r, d Cy nc u b t th n
’

m o an rano, u on e

o th er h d th y p tan e i l p p d
re se n a num e r caf h re on e rance o suc as are

g e ne ra lly f d i ounl t i i t ti
n ac us r ne s ua ons, su ch B i th L i d as e m a,
’

m nara , an

Pl a norbi Th y w
s . ligh tly p i fi d
e e re s Th b f di e tr e . e one s ou n n connec

ti on wi th th h ll i t d f j w t b
e se s e s cons s e d th o p t f a s, v e r e rae, an o er ar s o

m am m a a li b I g t t y th y w
ut re re o sa id t lly d t y d b f e e re acc en a e s ro e e ore

th ye ld b
cou i d
e e x am Ri i g t th
ne . f f thi k k
s n o e su r ace o a n un urace ou s

g i
r t y
t d p i
e t i t
os h p l ni f T
e a k li w
a n o b d t h i ,f e re o se rve e re m a ns o a

l g
ar e an m a i l th b , f wh i h w
e one s o pl t ly p t ifi d b t ft
c e re co m e e e r e , u a er

p t
e r i fi i h
cat on, d b a h ff
e e n so t d by th
m uc w h t
a f ll t
ec e e e at e r as o a o

pi ece s on big e n d Th re m ov e ll th b
. th t h
e se b
are a e ones a av e ee n

f
ou n d th f ne ar l w h
e sur ace , un e ss i l d p t f f e 2 i h
e re nc u e ar o a e m ur nc e s,

an d ph l
a a anx i h b one d di nc d t J y apé i C h ki 5
roa , scove re a un n ou ,

m il es w t f N gp es o I h w i li d t pp th t th y
a ur. am , o e ve r, nc ne o su ose a e

h db
a w h d
ee n as t f th f
e ou hw t d p it l d i t p
o e re s a er e os e nc ose n ra .

II L t it (i
. a er M éet h i Mn id
ar ) — T h i f i ur m c
p d '

c s orm at on s rea s ov e r a

l g
ar e area t th o t f N gp
e e as oIt i w k w
a t
ur t t h with
. s no no n o s re c

se v e ra li t l f
n e rva s P w i t C h é da
rom a di t
an o th d n th , a s ance nor an sou

o f at le ast 60 m ile s . It is also se e n at Mé h o nda , on th e K h anari river,

w ich h is to th e nort h of Pawani, and h ow far i t e x te nds nort h of h

t is
h as not y e t b ee n asce rtaine d ; but I b li e e ve it is foun d m ore or less
up th e We in Gangé till near its source , and j oins on h th wi t e large
d e v e lo p m e nt of th e sam e roc k th at c an be trace d in th J b lpe a a ur dis
trie t . Its b readt h from e ast to we st h as not b dt e en e e rm i ne d .

W he n such a large are a is assi gne d t thi k it i t o s roc , s no m eant t a ht

h
t e re is a great h k
t ic ne ss of it b d ywh
o th
se rv e e ve r e re on e surface .

In som e pl ace s i t is foun d of a th i k f5 f t

c d i th
ne ss o ee , an n o e rs i t is
 La m
'
arrs . 63

k nown onl y by p bbl h p d d l w h d t f th il

a few e e -s a e no u es as e ou o e so .

Bt i u n m any l li ti th o cab l k f l
es t i t e i i bl
oc s o ly th a er e are v s e on on e

i i g g
rsn d wh i h i
rou n , d with j gl whil i th lti t d
c s cov e re un e, e n e cu va e

h ll w th y di pp
o o s e d sa f il f d
ear un e r a sur ace so dy l y Th t o re san c a . a

th y e th
are hw e re , b
o t i d by i p ti g th b k
e ve r, can e asce r a ne f ns e c n e an s o

i
r ve rs n i l t i t di t i t wh
a er e th b w p
s r c s, k yb d t t d
e re e ro n orous roc m a e e ec e

t
a a d p th f 3 0 f t f th g l l l f th pl i L t i i
e o ee ro m e e ne ra eve o e a n. a er te s

se e n t o liov e rll t e af k It i q lly p t b

sor s o roc s. d s e ua re se n a ov e san

t
s o ne an d g i Th th
ne ss y th f whi h pp it t b th
. e eor , e re ore , c su ose s o e e

p d t f h l tt k d p d i lt g th wi h t f d ti
ro uc o t e a e r roc e com ose , s a o e er t ou oun a on.

T p i t
o o n t oub tt d f a e ti g f
er m o e o it i t accouny Bt i n or s no so eas . u n
a l t t
a e th
ou r
g h t
rou ph i di t i t
a m e am orb d i g i i c s rc a o un n n ron ore ,

wh i h w c l as h t i d by th
a so c t t f it l
arac e r ze i ti f ti e ex en o s ate r c orm a on,

th i d
e ea o cc urred t th t th tw ight p ibly b o m e a e t d wi tho m oss e conne c e

h th d fl t th t i — h t th f gi ‘

e ac o e r as cause an e ec tta , n s or , e e rru nous m a er

c om i g p f
n u ro m
g th t ll
am onif t t i g h t
e m e a by t h g y
e rous s ra a m , e a e nc

o fw t a e r, h i p g t d y d yi g k h f whi h
av e m re na e e ve r e ca n roc on t e sur ace , c ,

with th b q t i filt ti f i w ld th p t th pp
e s u se ue n n ra on o ra n, ou en rese n e a ear .

ance f l t it
o a e r e, w w fi d itas I th e no k f thi f ti n . n e roc s o s orm a on

eas t f N gp
o a f il h
ur no y t b
oss s di aved b tas d i d e ee n scov e re ; u am on

m i ne s h b av e p d i the e n O e ne I p i th t M M l l n em . e rce ve a r. a co m son

i f
n erre d h id ti ty f th d t f C t l with th t f S th
t e en o e san s one o e n ra a o ou e rn

I di
n a , co m m on ly ll d h di d d t f th i t
ca e t e am on f san s one , rom e e x s e nce o

di d t W i é d
am o n s a w
e r za b t 8 0 il S E f N gp
, a to n a ou m es . . o a ur .

O n recen tly i i ti g th t l v s lity M H t

n a dI f
oc a d th t th
, r . u n e r an oun a e re

w as dt
no san s one wh t i th ighb a e ve rh d d th t th g n e ne our oo , an a e em s

h d b
a t
ee n t d f
e x rac e l t iti g it rom lyi g qa t
a er k c r ov e r n uar zoze roc .

I am t nofl i i tly su c en t wi h d i d di i t t k y
conv ersan t am on str c s o m a e an

i
un v e rsa l ti
asse r on onth tt b t I w ld e m a gg t i t
er bj u ou su es as a su e ct

w h y f i q i y wh th
ort o n ur th ,
diti f
e er bl f th di e con y f on avora e or e scov e r o

di d i th p
am on s s e t f rese nce ,
y bj t nok i th
o tan su ae e n roc , e e r m e am or

p h i c o r se d i t y b t
m e n ar f f g i , l uy i ot h g i t
e rru g l t
nous c a n e r or con om e ra e

whi h c ti t t
cons th di d t i Th i i th i p i l ft
u es e am on m a rx . s s e m re ss on e on

m
y im d by n w h t I h ad f th d i av e d i
rea tO l o p lli e am on m ne s a va am a

an d K d i p tt on z e C dd p
a, ne ard th di d w hi g i h
u a a, an e am on as n s n t e

M h di S b lp
'
a ana , near am a u r.

III IV d V — I h ll t h
. . an . l g s a th no ly i g d
e re e n ar e on e ov er n an

un erd lyi g t p wh i h th y p t bj t i t ti g hi fly t
n ra , c , as e re se n o ec s n e res n c e o

th e m i l i t
ne ra o
g d t s ,
w i h i
o no th m f
com e th i p p t n e m o o s a e r.

Th is J ournal, No . v. 1 8 43 .
64 G EO LO G Y OF TH E N AGPU R s ra rn ' '
.
[J U LY

But be fore p roce e d di f ilif f h

ng to th e consi e rati on of th e oss e rous res

w t a er f i th
orm at onli b tw th I y b p itt d t f
at es e een em , m a e e rm e o re e r

to som e pp d p ifi d f i t th t pi k d p t Gid d b t
su ose e tr e ru s a are c e u a a , a ou

40 il m h f N gp O th p f t p hill
es sou t o a ur . th i p ln e to o a ra ne ar s ace

is a b id t b th t f Sh k J id wh f i p d f
tom , sa o e a o e ar , ose am e s s rea ar

an d w id g t h
e M l
am o n é f I d i
e N w b
usa m ld t l l t
nsh t o n a . e o e s us a

for tw l y h i e ve e arsd h i h b it d e s asse rte tK d i to av e n a e a cav e a a r ,

ne ar Ma g l f w hi h h
n a ur, di pp d d w
a te r c e sa e are , an as ne v er m ore

h d f P hp h
e ar o . er t C
a s l I di e f
cam e if w o t e ntra n a or e are o

b li t diti h i t l i li b i d t Gid d d tt t
e e ve ra on, s m or a re m a ns e ur e a a , an a rac

c row d f p ilg i s o b th Hi du d M l é Bt h ppily f

r m s, o n s an usa m ns . u un a or

th di f th
e c re t l
o i t d wi h h i
e m arve s assoc a e it i i t i d by t s nam e , s m a n a ne

th f ll w
e se f th P ph
o o e rs o f th e th w t th t th F ki
ro et rom e nor - es , a e a r

li dve d di d an
g th e d th
am o n t h i t b t il
eml i
, t i an h t p t a s om s ex s s n t a ar

o f th y A g th w d f l t i l t d f h i whil
e countr . m on e on e r u s or e s re a e o m , e

h i e id t h
s sa d lt t Gid d it i p t d th t d y B y
o av e we a a , s re or e a one a a an an

p d h i i g pl with b ll k l d wi h t g b t l t
asse s re st n ace u oc s a en t nu m e s, e e nu s,

an d th o h di ti Th F ki i t y with hi l
e r s uc com m o e s. e a r, as s cus om ar s c ass,

d dd h f h
e m an e a s t t are of th g i b gt b t th
e c on e n s o B y e on - a s u e an an,

l t t
re u c an p t w i th h
toi p p ar t y d t th s ti rod er d i g , an , a e sam e m e rea n to
t
e nco un e r th di w th
e m en pli d th t th b ll k w
cant s
’
ra , re e a e u oc s e re

l d
a e n on ly wi h t St l t th b j i d h i it t d
t s one s . one s e em e, re o ne t e rr a e

i t
sa n d h B y
, an d
t e hi an an ttl B t by d by th b l
rov e on s ca e. u -an - e e u

l k b g
oc s t e hibi y p t f h t t di t
an o ex t s m O
om s o ft t e u m os s re ss . ne a er

h f ll d w d th w ight f i w p d b d Th
ano t e r e o n un e r e e o ts no on e rous ur e n . e

B y an an, se e n i g hi i t k t d t th F ki d t ti g h i
s m s a e , re urne o e a r, an , e n rea n s

f gi
or tly b
v e ne ss, e arne s
g h t h i t w i hd w h i
e sou d t
m o t ra s curse , an res ore

hi w s t th i
are s i gi l o di i e r or At h i na con d b pti d th t on . s com m an e em e e

sac k d fill d hs, an w wi h l

e t em f thane ighb i g t
t eav es rom e ne ou r n rees,

wh i h f
c h h d d
, a te r d littl h i j y w f d t b
e a a v ance a e on s ourne , e re oun o e

a ll t d i t g ld
conve r e h n o d po Thm o ph i l d l
urs an ru e es . e s e r ca an ov a

stone s h tw wi th
at are no tt d m et d th p t th it bl sca e re aroun e s o are e v er a e

p ifi d f it th h B y l ft b hi d d t th i d y b wit
e tr e ru s at t e an an e e n , an o s a e ar ness

to h t h f th
e tru t i o Th i f bl
e h gh
transact i d by
on . s a e, t ou re ce ve

H i du wi th th i
n s ll f th e r u sua ll i id
ov e ly f or e m arv e o us, s ev e nt o a co m

m on o r igi wi h i il l g d
n t a s m t i P l ti ar e I t d f G id d
en curre n n a es ne . ns e a o a

II ill d M t C l f Sh k J id b ti t t th p ph t Elij h
re a o un arm e or e ar su s u e e ro e a ,

an d h t h t with h i t g d b t l t h g i t g
e m e rc an s nu m e s an e e nu s c an e n o a ar

d wi h l
one r t d th tw
m e ons t i i th i
an i f t e i d ti
o s or e s, n e r m a n e a ures, are en

ca l Aft thi I
. er d ly dd th t th
s ne e ll d p t ifi ti
scarce a th t a e so-ca e e r ca ons, a

a tt t hes lity f th
t e re a i l h ib i t t
o e m f h t
rac e e x
g b l t no race o t e ve e a e s ruc
 F RES H W A TE R F O R MA TI O N . 65

py d
t ure of ge nu i ne frui ts, but are sim l no ule s of z e olite , thth a av e

d p h h hy
issue fro m th e tra cavi ti e s i n w i c t e we re form e d .

Th F hw t e F ti
r es hi h lly d yi ld f il f it d
a er o rm a on, w c re a oe s e oss ru s an

o th g i i
e r or an s m s, ly t i wi h h g st p i ne ar
g co-e x e ns v c t t e re a ou t our n

o f b lt th
asa w t f N gp on Wh h ite i d es o a ur . et er eve r e x ste

wh h i w
e re t ere t p t b i s q i whi h I
no no ra o e see n s a ue st on c

s h ll a t p di
no B t it i
sto k bl f t h t
to sc uss . u s a re m ar a e ac , t a

wh th i
e re v e r lyi g di i p
e re i t th
s h f hw t
ov e r n or te to re se rve , e re t e re s a er

d p it i
e l
os t b f d l it h b b t p by h
s a m os su re to e ou n , u n ess as ee n u rn u t e

i i
n trus on o f ygd l id W h amd i w ll igh wi th t i t p
a o . e av e trace t e n ou n e rru

ti on f 1 00 ilor t w d Eli h p d h m
gh t h
es w h l o ar s c u r, an t ro u ou t e o e

di t diff i g ft i l
s anc e d p iti i w d pp
er n O e n n co ou r an co m os o n, n o ut ar a e arance

and i nw ard struc tu re , bu t still m ai nta i ni n

g th e sam e
g e ne ral re lation to
th e e nc lo s n i g ro c k s . I t is to be m et wi t h of all h ue s, and of all m ix ture s
of ti nts at one pl ace i t is calcareo us, at a oth e r si li ceo us, and a t a h t irh d
cla y y H it i y t lli th h ty d g i
e . e re s cr s a i
ne , e re c er , an a a n scor ac e o u s .

I n o ne s op t it i f ll f f il i th s u d
o ighb oss s, i gl li y i i
n ano er an ne ou r n oc a t t s

u tt ly d
er i d f ll evo f i t li f
o a I k w t i i i
trace s o anc e n e . no no one ntr ns c

f t
ea u re th t i h t i ti f i I j dgi g f it id tity h ly
a s c arac e r s c o t . n u n o s en , t e on

sure
g i d t u
g by i
e i t p
o i ti b
o t w th s d l t
s p osb on e ee n e no u ar ra a ov e

an d th i l e p b l w Th gh it t b p d
v es c u ar tra e o . ou m us e s re a ov e r v as t

t bl l d
a e - f diff
an s o t l ti y i t i
e re n l l
e e va i ly h
o ns, et s a m ost e x c us v e on t e

p t f th th w
e sc ar m e n s o q i y k wl dg f it G
e se at e can ac u re an no e e o . e ne

ra lly th i b dd d t t
e m e t e di t s ra um f 15 20 f f
oc curs a a s a nce o to eet rom

th flt t p f th
e a o i o j t t th pl wh th w t i h
e em ne nce , us a e ace e re e a er n t e

m onsoo n, runn n i gd w h l p h g th o d t
n t e g th ffi i
s o t e, as a e re s re n su c e nt o

m a k i p i e an m i t i gb
re ss on on i d wh it p
n erve n n d arr e rs, an e nce rocee s to

pl gh p th ft d p it d th till f
ou u e so e bj t ygd l id
os , an e s so te r su ac e n am a o ,

ti ll i t h th b tt l i g i t l b tw
reac es e o om , h eav n l li k an n e rva e e e n e ac ru nne e a

roun e d d t l I ki g y w y p h a us . nm a t y
n t tiou r y
a b u t e as ce n , ou r at e n on m a e

a t t d by
trac e b f bl k t th f t whi h h f ll
a num er o oc b
s a e oo , c av e a e n, o r e en

w h d d w
as e f o h i n, f h d p it
ro m Th
t e i s te o h t e e os . e se nc re ase t e ne are r

y ou a
p p h h roac t p d
t if h y
e e x ac d d ly s ot
y an
y b t e su en ce ase , ou m a e

su re , w h th y h e b er d i ou h av e o h j
se rve t p d t or not, t at ou a ve us asse
y
by h t ti fi d
e stra k d e p th d l b l Th h i k
ro c , an co m e u on e no u ar asa t . e t c

ne ss o f th d p it i e y i e os I g f
s ve r 6 7 f t
v ar o us . t ran e s ro m or ee to an

i h
nc Th f. e h b it igi l d l p t i h i p
o rm e r m ust av e ee n s or na e ve o m en n t s a1 t
of I di n d wha ; an it h b d d th h g
e re as been i re uce , e c an e m u st e attr

b t d t h ygd l id l i t i f b th I h igh b
u e o t e am a o a n ru s on rom e ne a . n t e ne o ur

h d f N gp
oo o i d a t ur
g th
t i k f
oe s no h f
av e ra e a c ness o m o re t a n o ne oo t

Wh it i g
e re t th
s pp p ti i g lly i d t d d h
re a e r, e u er or on s e ne ra n ura e , an t e

9
66 G EO LO GY o r TH E N AG PU R S T TE A .
[J U LY

lo we r rem ains soft . I t is in th e fo rm er th at m ost o f th e fossils are

fou nd t ,
h gh wh ou e re th e latte r co nsis ts of a g re e n an d p plur e c la y , th e

c alcareo u s nodule s, w ich hh av e b ee n aggre gate di n i t, for th e m ost p art

e nclose organic re m ai ns . Am ong th e fossils w ic h h hi t s form ation

yi lde s are th e following

lll a m m a li a dditi t h p t f f
or Rep ti li a d — In a on o t e ar o a e m u r an

th p h le b f ll d d t
a anx , h i g b f d t J yép a i
e ore a u e o, as av n een ou n a un n

C b ki hi h I i li d t f thi d p it th h b
on ,
w c am nc ne o re e r to s e os , e re av e e en

di d i it b t
sco v e re il w t f N gp
n , a ou p i f tb l two m es es o a u r, a ort on o e v er e ra

l
c o um n, i ti g pp ly f igh t
cons s t b n ,
d a tf f are nt th , o e v er e rae , an , no ar rom e

sam e p s b f i t b
ot, a nu m i dt hd d yf g
er o m nu e one s, n a e ac e an ver ra

t y
m e n ar t b l gi g ll p t f th
sta e , i
e on l t n Wh th
to a ar s o e an m a s ruc tu re . e er

th e se i f q d p d
re m a ns o l i ly f ptil
ua ru e wh th s are e x c us ve o re es, or e er

som e o f th y t l b em l im a I d t p
no ka so w l d g e m am m a an, o no ossess no e e

e nou
g h t w t y o p i i g p i
arran i i
m i t ex y th
re s t n an O n on nor s ne ce ssar a

I h ld i g th y t b
s ou , se e n i tt d L d e ared will o b e transm e to o n on, an soo n e

e x ami d by h ne wh p t t t th t k B t I y
t ose o are co m e en o e as . u m a

i
m e nt o n, th t th t h di d a
g th e i d i
ee tt th f scov e re am on em n ca e e orm e r

i t
e x s e nc e f i t th o l lity sau r ans t th b i g a ll d e o ca , one oo e n sm a an

obt ly i l with b b d p i t d th p i h i h i
use c on c a , a ar e o n , an ano er s e c e s, w c s

very b d b i g p i ly flt d l t h p d wi th th
a u n ant, e n c om arat v e a an ance -s a e , e

e nam e ll d i d f d ki h l
e s l e o T hi l a ar l y p
s s ate co ou r . o t s c ass a so m a , er

h p b f d l w h lf
a s, e re e rrei h l g b a g h t
c a li g h,t t a an nc on , rou to a

T l kh d
e an th ile w t i, f N gp ree w hil m th t t
es t es o a ur e e s ra um a

M h h gh d i h f i h d th i p
ac a o t i as pp ly f f h t
u rn s e e m re ss on, a are nt , o a re s wa e r
tortoise .

F atwa — Re m ai ns of th is class are fou n d at Ta li k and Mac hh a

gh daob , ut c hi fl
y e at Pah adsingh a . T hy e consist for th e m os t p t ar

of scale s, som e of G id th e ano and ot e rs h of th e C y l id d

c o or e rs . Th e
Ganoi dians are p b bly t b
ro a o e re fe rre d to th e Le pi dotoids, to h
w ic h
th e spi nou s ra s co e c e y ll t d w i th th e sc ale s m a
y h av e bl e on e
g d . Th e
alte rnate de p re ssi ons and e le vations, w ic h h radiate from th e c e ntre o f

th e C y l idi
c o yp d h 12 f h
an sc ale s, are b e autifu ll re se rv e som e av e o e ac ,

an d h
ll
ot ers a sm a O p i w p i td tt
e r num b er . ne s e c m e n, as as o n e ou o m e

by th w ll k w t li t D J d h
at e - no i t d p t f h
n na u ra s r . e r on, as co nst tu e ar o t e

l t l li
a e ra d ti ll b th
ne , an b h gh whi h th s flwd e ars e tu e t rou c e m u cu s o e

th ta i t d th
ano n e f f th b dy B h i bj t
e sur ace o e o . ut t e m ost c ur ou s o ec

th t h
a b as wi h i thi d p t ti
ee n m e t pi f f d t
t n s e ar m e n s a e ce o a roe ou n a

Ti kli i th tw l b
a , n f whi h th e th t h d bo o es o t d c e ov a a a e e n m a u re are

l d i d w hil
ca ce on se tl i t g ,
l li i g h
e cou n e ss m nu e ranu es are se e n nn t e

i
ovar an m e mb rane .
 r a s s n w a rs a '
no nu n i o n . 67

I nseam — Th e e x uvi ae of th is class are m ore num erous th an m ig t h

h b av e ti i p t d ee n an y c f d ly t Takli d
a e . Th e are ou n on a , an are

chi fly lyt f b l
e e f w hi h 9 p i h
ra o ee t e s, o b di d 7 c s e c es av e een scov e re ,

h i g w d d th i
av n re tig ti
ar e f M eH t S nve s a lli d
ons o r. un e r . om e are a e

to th B p ti d
e u h i th pi i f it
res ze , anot e r, pli h d n e o n on o s ac com s e

di scov e re r, i t d wi th th
s (
co nne c eft b d i d ) H t w h il e so - o e e e ro m e ra, e

tw o t b l t d ly t
u e rcu a e
y p i b ly h
e b l rag d m a th oss av e e on e to som e o er

f ily
am f th o t ib I
e sam e f th f it t br e . ti
n d one o e ru s, o e m e n one

b l w th w f d h ll w t b bi di g t g th
e o , e re as oun a o ol f h u e n n o e e r se v e ra o t e
surrou n di g d d bn bi g th j i f th i
se e s, an a sor l pi g p lp n e u ce o e r e nv e o n u

t hi w s p h p th w k f
as, er a s, f th Dip t
e or d o d
som e one o e e rous or e r ; an on

a pi f ili ifi d w d whi h t th p i d f i d p iti

e ce o s c e oo , c t a e er o o ts e os on m us

h b av e id
een bly d y d th w di
c ons e ra d l g e ca e b , e re as s cov e re a ar e nu m er

o f li t l d p q b di
t e ro un g l
O ly a ue g d i oh ll w
es, C re u ar arran e n a o o . an

th ese h b th gg f
av e ee n f th L pi d pte e 1
s o one o e e o e ra

C t — O f thi l
rus a c e a . d pt th E t t
s c ass no or e r occurs e x ce e n om os raca,

com p i i g th g C yp i with 6 p i ll w f I
r s n e e nus r s, s e c e s, a ne , so ar as am

aw are ; an d y i t ti g g a ver whi h I n e re s n di p d t id

e nus, c am s ose o cons er

a ll d t Ly
i e - o Bp / i ri cs as or a m c .

M a o — Thu ca . y i ti g f M l i q d i
ese are ve r num e rous, cons s n o e an a ua r

li t ( S w by )
ne a a dp h p
o er th ,
p i f th
an er a g s ano t er s ec es o e sam e e nus no

d ib d P l di D
escr e a a i (S w ) na d 8 p i e cca nem t d a o . an s e c e s no nam e ;
4 p is ec es o f V l t w f Li
a va a , ; b i d th
ne b l t (oS w ) m m a es es e cu u a a o .

5 new p i f Ph y i dditi t th P fi p i i (S w ) 4 5
s ec e s ; o sa n a on o e m e o . or

ne w f th t
orm s,
y t i t t a s m a y p i co nsf B li 2
u e w a m an s ec e s o u m us ne

p i with 1 2 th p i th t y b f bl t th
s e c es, o e r s e c es g a m a e re e ra e o e sam e e nus ;

S i
ucc ne a 1 p i d U D
s e c es, an
- i M t f h P l di
’

m o e coa nem c. os o t e a u nse

h b f d Té kli l g with th tw w ll k d p i f
av e ee n oun at , a on e o e -m ar e s ec es o

B liu T l kh d h
m us . ppli d ll th Li
e an e i as h sud b tf l e a e m nae ae, t e ou u

Bli i w hi h i
u m , y c t i
n m an t ip f l th h ll d
case s re a n a s r e o co our on e s e , an

th i gl p i
e sn fS i
e s e c es o f w hi h ly p i h b
ucc nca, o c on one s ec m en as een

m e t w i th O p i f V l t with p tty t i t d pi
. ne s e c es o a va a, t a re s r a e s re , m os

f q
re ly t
ue nt t d i f d l i ly t Takli A h l
runca e , s oun e x c us v e a . not e r, a so

t i t d
s ra e d id l
an it i p
cono i , b d tly th k
eav es s m re ss ons a u n an on e roc

aroun d N gp Tw wi th t t i a ur . o t M h h gh da ou s r ae oc cur a ac a o , one

i t d b
car na e d ti
a ov e i l
an d t th
som e ti m esbl g con ca , an a o er m es o on

con cai l d th, than di id l e d o i ter s co ly t ba , an so m nu e as scarc e o e

i i bl by th
v s e k d y Ph y i th g
e na e e e . t i ly sa s e e nus m o st e x e ns v e

difl d h i g b ll t d i ll p l wh th d p i t i f
'

use , av n e en co ec e n a ili aces e re e e os s oss

ferous B id th P P p i (S w ) th i
. es es e . w f
'

n as e f d’

z o . e re s one ne orm oun

t T l kh di whi h p b i p ifi difi d th
'

a e an e t , c rese n s o v ous s ec c e re nce s an e re

68 o s o no o v or TH E na s e v a sr a r n .
[J u nr

are se v e ral ot e rs h v ar yi
b th f th b t by h g d l
ng from o o e se , u suc ra ua

c h g ht d
an es, t a , f i
un e r a se nse o pt y Ih t th ll
nco m e e nc . av e se n em a to

L d o n on f d t or i i
e e rm Th ly
nat on i i g h ll h t h
. e on f ll re m a n n s e t a as a en

in o ur w y i aU i D s n o i ( S w ) w h i h w
e cc a ne ns s , b t i d by M o . c as o a ne r .

II u nte r at C h ik i h l n li y p i t d
, t e t by M l l
o ca t whi h i
o n e ou a c o m so n, c s

th ly l
e on li y f
o ca i t th
t I y t k w f with i h
or at as it y f e no o n t e te rr o r o

N gpa u r. Th p i e s f it th
e c m e ns th o f f g d at o cc u r e re are ar ro m oo ,

wh e n c om p d w i h th k i dly t f
are t ose h ighbn h d f sen m e rom t e ne ou r oo o

Eli h pc by D B dl y Th t bl d l g l gi t h l
ur r. ra e . a a e an ze a o us eo o s as a so

f i h d
urn s e wi h m e ll t p it e x ce f Ph y en th sf f wh i h
e c m e ns o sa , e o rm s o c

a re e w
g i th th i
ose com m on th i i i y f N g p n e v c n t o a ur .

W p e w t th
ass no g t bo l k i g d e ve t h p i e a f we h i h n om , e s e c m e ns o c

f rom h f hw
t e res f tiate r b th
orm a d on i d Th y
are y o ra re an v ar e . e m a

b l
e c asse d d h h d f f it d d l
un e r t e ea s o t ru d w d s an se e s, e av e s, roo s an oo .

F it ru d S
s an d — Of h a th
a b t 5 0 p i Th d
t ese e re are a ou s ec e s . e or e r

o f th E g e xo b ki gd
e nou s su th t h - n t p t ti i th
om , a as m os re rese n a v e s, s e

Ly e umi th
nosaz, b i g4 p i y b i
e re e n i tw H dy
s e c es v e r o v ous, v z . o e sarcce ,

an d h ot e r tw i l di g Co, nc u i f th n a g l fl w
ass a o d di i i e m ore re u ar o e re v s on

o f ht e or e rd U d th . n er h d yb e sam e g d w h t pp ea t b
m a e arran e a a ears o e

a F b id a o f Bw b k
ea o o d bl d d f it
e r an , abli g th ou e -see e ru re se m n e

X y li i
nos r on
p i t f th es o t h d th
e sam e au d d i
or, an g a ree -se e e one , occu rr n

i
so m e t m e s wi h w t d l d t th ti with th whi h
t o see -v e sse s, an a o er m es ree , c

m a
y h bav e H d
een a
y T eh t b
s are a d t d
. f E d e
g m os a un an or e r o n o e ns

i A id
s ro f wh i h th
cce , o tw g
c wi h
e re are p d f it o e ne ra, t com ou n ru s, one

wi th th d d i i i d tw d pp
ree -see e ov ar e s, n s ze big an ou ar a earance e n ex

ce e di gly lik
n ll pi
e a sm a ppl d h th g b i g di t t
ne -a e , an t e o er e nus ea r n a s an

re se m bl t ance lb
o a m uy h i g h w th d i e rr , av n h , l o e v e r, e se e s n e ac v esse

s y m m e tr cai lly di p di is Th i l tt g
o se n s xe s t i tw . p i s a er e nus con a ns o s e c es

o ne , h tt a h h d i h p pl p lp w pw d f i h i
m u st av e a a r c ur e u , as u ar s o an nc n

l gth
en d h lf
an i h i b
a an dh nc d th n h re ad d t 2i h t an e o t e r e x te n e o nc es

l g wi h b
on , t dh a re a di g g f
t i h
not e x cee N tt h A idu o an nc . ex o t e ro e ss

th e m os t i t i gE d g
n e re st n P l f wh i h th
n o e ns are t b tw a m s, o c e re se e m o e o

g e ne ra, one a N ip d i t ( B a) d th
e s, h ow
t p . t p
ani f e o t e r one a rans are n ece o

l d y h
ca ce on , p l
w ose i th d ace n t ly b i d F
e or e r ca nnot e x ac
g h e ass ne . or t e
l tt
a e r rare s p i ll f
e c m e n, as th l g we lb y li ksa e r id f i e ar e r m u e rr - e aro ru t,
an d m any h f it d d w i d bt d t C p i W p h
ot e r ru s an se e s, e are n e e o a ta n a s are ,

wh ose p i i hi fi ld h p d f th high t l t
-
co o e rat o n n t s e as rove o e es va ue o

I di p l l gy Th f it b p ifi d i
n an a ae onto o . e ru swi h a ov e s ec e , n co m m on t
th ose not m e n ti d l
one ,ll f d t Takli Th ly p
are a m ost a ou n a . e on e x ce

ti ons w thy f or ti o no f th H d
ce are one wh i h w o l id p e e vs arcce , c as a o en

i t
n a s one f M h h gh dé
rom ac p t i f th l g i d d
a o se ara e ov ar e s o e ar e r s -
x se e e
 S A NDSTO NE FO RM ATI O N . 69

aroid, w ichh are fo un d alon

g wi t h fish -scales at Pah ads ingh a, and th e
Ch a ra M a lc olm s om z,
' '

w ich h is m et wi t h th gh
, ou not ab d un antl y ,

wh e rev e r th e de p osit c ontai ns organic rem ains .

Le a ce s .
— Of t h ese t h e re are ki d
12 n s, se v e n O f w hi h c are Ex oge nous .

In som e of t h e se th e se c on ar d y i ve ns stri k e Off from th e pi yr m ar

at a ve r y ac u te angle , an d i h n o t e rs not so ac u te , w ileh in one Of

or bi h p th y di f
cula r s a e e t l p i t li k
ra ateh l f f Hy d
rom a c e n ra o n e t e ea o ra

cot y l T
e. h E d g e l n o e nou sfi i b e av es f w hi h
are ve n nu m e r, som e o c

possess a cons id bl i il i ty th f d i th B b y t t
e ra e sm ar to ose oun n e om a s ra a,

an d fig d i Pl t
ure iii f thi J
n a e v l f J ly 1 8 5 2 . O All ths h
ou rna or u . e se av e

b bt i d t Takli l th t
e en O a ne a , as a so e roo s.

R t oo s — Th . t fiese i ll
am ou nt f w hi h o ve h b n a , none O c are m uc a ov e

an nci h i l gth n Th en t . pi f e m os cons g h h cu ous orm s am on t em are t ose

th at are som e wh t li k a k d by th e a coc oon, m ar f h th i g b t e e scars O s ea n rac s .

Of h b th
suc tu e rs t b h diff i g i t i p t f
e re se e m o e t ree , er n n ce r a n re s e c s rom

eac h h ot d g i gi
e r, an b with th th
a re e n id p l t wi h
n num er e re e aro an s, t
whi h th yc f e d i i bly i j t p iti Th i il ity f
are oun nv ar a n ux a os on . e s m ar o one

roo t i ll b t th
n a i t th t gi
u e s ze i Pl t ii fig 1 f th o a bl p p
ven n a e v . . O e a e a er

j t f dt
us re e rre f il t pp
o cannot th ta y o a i i
ear on e m os c urso r e x am nat on,

an d m a
y t fi th
se rve p l of t h l x tt i t h
e
g t b l
ace O k i g d e a er n e ve e a e n om , as

w ll e t th h p
as cre a e f fi di g e B by
o e o ni d f i w hi h
n near om a so m e aro ru t c

it h asp d d ro u ce .

W d Th — oo . t b th ki d
e re se e m f E g o d tw
e re ef E d n s o x o e ns an o o n o

g e ns I. n h
som e f t i
cases th i b k
t e w h i l th l
orm e r re a ntt e r ar , e e a e r, as

h as b b d i th I di l liti
ee n O se rv e no i er lly d i p l y h i
n an oca e s, occas ona s a t e r
ae r ai l t Sp i
roo s . fw d e c m e ns O i l t ll f oo ilif are com m on n a m os a oss e rous

p t f th t i y
ar s o e e rr tor .

F ro m i w f h wh l f i l
a re v e O t t t f th i f
e o e tioss th con e n s O s orm a o n, e

i f
n ere nce t b d i d pp o e t be r ve th it a b ea rs o e,t at cannot e m ore re ce n

th an h E t e B w i h i I d h t it d w
oce ne e ra . ro n, n f h s n e x, as se o n as o t e

sam e a e g w i h t h C tit t l M e l b on t th f t
ne n at h t f
a acca th u e ac s, a ou t o e

m an y h ll it h s e b dd d t wi hi y k wl dg i p ifi lly
s as e m e e no o ne t n m no e e s s ec ca

h
t e sam e as y w i ti
an g th no t th i l
ex s t q
n , l ba f e re s a m os an e ua nu m er o

Ga idi with Cy l idi

no an l d th c o h f it b an sc a e s, an k bl at t e ru s e ar a re m ar a e

re se m bl t h f d i h L d l y f th I l f Sh pp y
anc e o t e se ou n n t e on on c a O e s e O e e

in m y h b l p iumi f ll
e oy w tn onh b li f t hu t i t i arranf h t e e e a s o ne o t e
O ld f t i i
est O O h t
e r t ar e s p i g th
. f it
n t e t th
em gtnh t em e O s e x te n ro u ou

I di I f b
n a t
or e a r to e n e r .

VI . Th e S a nds tone F orm a ti on — Th e

. ne x t fossilife ro us fo rm ation

occ urri n
g i n th e Nag p ur te rritor yi s com p d
os e of bd e s Of d
sa n sto ne .

Th e u pp e rm o st strata, calle di n Marat i K h a rp éh , are fre q u e nt ly p se a

70 G EO LO G Y or m e N AG PU R su r e .
[J U LY

rate db v an i ron b and, st yl d K h

e a tu, from th e m i ddl e one s, w h ic hg o

by h t e nam e f Pé l i O f rs u ly . ti Thd ese , as o rm e r m en one , are su cc e e dd e

by l w b d whi h lik h p i
o er e s, c , e ll d K h p é
t e su Th e r o r strata, are ca e ar . e

av e ra e g d p h f the ppt t t
O
y b e u25 f t d f t h
e r s ra a m a i d d l 1 5 e ee , an O e m e

f t
ee . Th t f th i f i b d i
a o ek w Th gh h i g l
n e r or e s s u n no n . ou t e re s a e ne ra

f
con orm a bili y b tw th high t t t d h b h th h
t e ee n e es s ra a an t ose e nea t em , t e

l tt h
a er b b k p t Bh ka d th
av e een ro en u thi g
a th o ra, an e sam e n m us av e

h pp d i h ighb h d f Ka p i if w y j dg f th
a e ne n t e ne ou r oo O m t, e m a u e rom e

nu m b f g l w ll
er o an u ar as d d f g t h h b d p it e as ro u n e ra m en s t at av e e en e os

e d b t th p i d wh
a ou e th fer o ti f th en pp t b d w
e orm a on o e u e rm os e s as

te rm i ti g na I t i i th
n . b dd d bl k th t h
s n e se e m t l bl f e e oc s a t e m os v a ua e o

h Ka p i f
t e m il t di oss d L w d w i th high t t t
s are scove re . o er o n n e es s ra a,

j bf
us t e o re hi g th re ac lp i i n f h i e b d th fi t
u su a os t on O t e ron an , e rs

i i
o r an c re m a ns are m e
g t w i h i i t T h y pt d n st f u . e are c om re sse s em s O

t re e s, one O f wh i h p ti g i t thi
c , dg i th
re se n id nf q y t s n e e n e s e O a uarr a

S il w ada
e y b , t m ad f b te 2 0 f t
race B t i t i
or a ou d t h i ee . u s un er e ron

b d i th fi il l b f h iddl b d wh i h
an n e ss e s a s o t h df
e m e e s, c are m uc u se or

arc hit t l p p th t t f th f il li
e c u ra ur ose s, a m os O e oss s e .

I n h t e dt san s one ,
y t th h b as d i e d , i l
e re av e een s cov e re no an m a

re m a ns i b t th u f ose O

M l l o —
usc aTh . ly t M a g li 60 il
e se occu r on th f N gp a n a , m e s sou O a u r,

an d i t f tw
cons s p i f i t Cy
O o s ()i
ec es w Oh i h im th nu e rena , one , c s e

sm a ll b i g gl b l d th th fl t d
e r, e n o u ar, an l g t d e o er at e r an m ore e o n a e .

Th e g t b
vel ie a e d i ly
re m a ns
g b d t are d t b
e x ce e n a u n an , an a re o e

f ou n d i ll pl wh th iddl b d pp
n a ace s e re Th y h e m l e e s a e ar . e av e a so

b e e n re ce n tly di di i il p iti
s c ov e re Eli h p
n a s m by D ar os on near c ur, r .

B dl y A h y
ra e . s t wi h
t e t N gp are d th
m e di g
t a a ur an e surrou n n

co u n r t y th y i l d , e d l d t
nc u e se e s, e ave s, an s em s .

S d a — F
a p i Of h
ou r s e c e sh fi w d i . d w t f e se d t t e rst t o scov e re e re ou n a

Bh ka o raN twi th t di g th i b i g
. o s an ll th y
n i d tly
e r e n sm a e r, e are e v en

l t d t tw
re a e o f th f o f C p li th
o e fig d by Li dl y d
orm s O ar o es ure n e an

H tt i th i F i l F l
u on n e r l iii p 1 93
oss Th hi d k i d f d
or a , v o . . . . e t r n O see

w as fi t rs t wi h m e t K a p i by M t S k y wh I
a m t , d r . an e , to om am un e r

m an y blig i f thi
O at ons w ll th
or f s, Sh ly ft
as e as o er avou rs . ort a er

C pt i W p h
a a n adI f d it t T d kh i i 1 4 il N W f
s a re an ou n a on a e r , m es . . O

N gp a ur Af . h d w hi h ou rt t Sil w ida i l
se e , c l t d
occu rs a y e z , s anc e o a e , an ver

m i nute U d
. hi h d y p h p q i t b
n er t s ea m a p h dd , er a s, re u re o e com re en e a

i
c rcu ar l d p i e b li g i i d f th i p i l ft
ress on, re se m n n s z e an orm e m re ss on e on

w ax by p tty l g k y whi h w di
a re ar e d by C pt i W p h
e , c as scove re a a n a s are

at Bh oktira .
 s a nns rons
'
F O RM ATI ON . 7l

Le a ves .
— Dic oty le donous 2 One
.
‘

a leaf Of a conife r, a out b h

1 inc long
and inch b droa across d ib i l d d It h b i ly
th e m i ddl e, m i r nc u e . as O v ous

b ee n a t g i fl
s ro n i b l l f n exd w i th i t e h p
ea p i t
, an
y h b s s ar o n m a ave een

ra th f er i d blorm A a ll p i e . f Z it f
sm a Ka pti t 5 i h
e ce O am es rom m , no nc

l g
on d y t i t gi
, an e ff f it ti y i d ib 2 0 p
ve s o ro m l s h ti i g
n m r e nnu e s, e ac c on a n n

6 or 7 i m p icrose O i T h c v e ns l. l b b l
e re are se v e ra i h t t e aves o se rva e n t e s ra a

a t Ka p ti m pp ly M ty l d
, a are nt O onoco ki dly t ib t d by e onous . ne n con r u e

M S k y i 17 i h l g d 2 i h b d B f
r. an e s nc es on an d p i i it nc roa . e ore e os t on

h dba pli t i tw f b t tw thi d f it l gth It y p ibly

ee n s n o or a ou o- r sO s en . m a oss

b th l fl t f l g Z
e e ea e o it a b ar eI di p d t id it th
am es ut am s ose o cons er ra er

a P it oa c wi th e s, y i t ver ti m Th nu e v e na on y b i d f . e sam e m a e sa o

m o th i
er bj t whi h h l f 4 2 p ll l li
cur ous O ec , c t t hi g
as e t ara e nes s re c n

ac ross a con use f d f g t ti m ass Of d ivet e a f 3 i h

on, d or a s ance o nc es, an

wi th b dh fi f i h
a rea t o O an nc .

B t th u t e m os db tif l l
com m on wh i h th
an e au dt u eav e s c e san s one

f i
orm at on p d th f
ro d fF
uce s are eTh y i l d
ron s O e rns . e nc u e

P p t
e co i — O f th
er s i g . b t f w s p i e nus h b u f d e d s e c m e ns av e e en ou n , an

h
t ese Ka p ti ly Th y h w
at m on . f tw di ti t p i
e are , o e v e r, O o s nc s ec e s.

A pi b l gi g
nna e on f th
n p i i f ihd
to one o e se h id s ec es s urn s e on e ac s e

th 1 1 p i l d t t th b
nnu e s, e n a e a d wi th t le i ase , an hi g a ce n ra v e n, reac n

t o h t e p A p i a ex . f th th
s ec m e n o p i i yp f t d e o e r s ec e s s ve r e r ec , an

p t f bipi t f g t lyi g t g th i
rese n s our nna e ra m e n s, h n o e er n suc a m anne r

as t i di to n ipi
ca e a t f d pi with f 8 t 1 0 pi l
tr nna e ron , nnae rom o nnu es on

eac h id th
s e, ti e h b
v e na h d d with t
on m uc t l
ranc i e ,
an ou a ce n ra ve n
e x te ndi g t th p n o e a ex.

Gl p t
osso i — Th p i f thi g
e r s. e s ec es O y s t e nus are v e r nu m e rou s, am ou n
i g t 10
n o d ll i , an ll t p a n e x ceti With h i l g i
en re se rv a on . t e r ar e ron

l
co oure d f d d di ti t i ron s an di s nc l i tv e ns, with th ian n se v era ns ance s e r

p f t f tifi ti th y f
er ec ruc ca h
on, t i t
e ti g f
orm il t e f th m os n e re s n oss s O e

ve
g t b l
e a k i gd e th n t I h om a T h p av ei d iff
eve r f se e n. e s e c es er rom

e ac h th i i h p o er n s ze ,ti s d
a e, g t
v e na f th on, i an arran e m e n O e so r .

O ne f th o i p w em d f 2 0
s u i h ar s l g d
O 3 b d w h il
nc e s on an roa , e som e

lb
s a s are e nt re i ly d wi th p i lit l co v e re th 3 i h
a s i
e c es t e m ore an nc es n
l gth
en S h th
. om e ti av e e th v e na fi h it
on coarse , o e rs ne som e ave

t
s art n i gf th id ib t
rom e my r
g l a th
a ve r ly t i h
ac ute an
g t e, o e rs ne ar a r

an
g l es T h . i i lle so r d lik
n a b i
case s are th y ot l g e ut n so m e e are ar e

an d d i th h y
roun n o ll
e rs d l gt d
t e are sm a i th y an e on a e n som e e are

pl d hi fly l g th
ace c e i
a on
g i t h w
e m ar i th 4 5 n, w t
n o h y fi ll e rs or ro s : e

u
p l t
a m osth w h l f the f d Thi g i th
o e o e ron t wid ly
. s e nus s e m os e

diff d f y i th fo ti wi hi th N gp t t It h b
use o an n e rm a on t n e a ur s a e . as een
72 G EO LO G Y OF TH E N AG P U R su r e .
[J U LY

foun d at Cha da n , and also at C h orkh ci ri , a di t s ance Of 120 m ile s,

and at inte rm pl e diate ace s. Th e locali t y ht t a h as fu rnis hd e m ost

sp i i
e c es s Sil w é da w h
e , e nce Iw as fav ou re d wi h t a m agni fice nt sla b by
C pt i W p h
a a n a s are .

Cy clop te ris — O ne . p
s e cies of t hi s ge nus h as b een di scov e re d at

To ndakh e i ri , along wi t h th e c oni fe rous leaf le ngth 2 } i nc h e s,

b d h 1 i h Th f d i
re a t nc . e ron s crow ne d wi h t fru ctifica tion in form li k e

h fl w
t e f lti t d
o ker o a cu va e coc scom b . Anot h er p
s e cie s m et wi t h at

Ka p i im hl g t s m uc a r e r.

Sp h e nop teris — Th e . sp e cim e ns of h

t is ge nus w ic h h are im b dd d
e e

along h th
wi t ose Of P e cop teris are m uc m utilateh; d b ut th e sm all

fragm en s t th t a are foun d hibitex a ve r y b

e la orate , th ou
gh cle ar,

v e nati on.

T wa i O p tm i s —
'
Two s e ci e s, one
p . narrow , wi t h d y i
se con ar ve ns straig t h
and p p di
e r en cular to th e m e di an, th e ot h e r ve r y b d with roa , se con ar d y
d and o li
v e ins, c urv e bq ue .

S tanza — T ese are h dve r y b d

Sile w adé , inclu ing ge ne ra of
a un ant at

wh i h I c fi d can n no h h Ih
trace s i n any F ossi l F lor a to w i c av e h ad

access Th y. pp e y are a are ntl p Ex oge nous, bu t do not re se rve th e

t t
s ru c ure o f th w d Th y h e p d w ll d fi d b k hi h
oo . e av e osse sse a e - e ne ar ,
w c

i ft
s o bli q ly t i t d d hibit th i t i f l
en o ue s ra e , wi th
an ex s e c ca r ces O ea v e s, a

b d u i lly l ft ft th f t t lk h d f ll
o ccas ona e flS a er f h e oo -s a a a en O
’

. om e O t e scars

are l git di l
on u th na t d o b ers id are bl ransv e rse , an em race a co ns e ra e

p t f th t
ar o Th y
e s em i g l p. ly d i t i b et d i are n e ne ra s arse s r u e , n one

l g t
ar e s e m 3f tl g d pw d f f t b
ee on d th b i g ly
, an u ar s O a oo roa , e re e n on a

i gl
s n pp t B i d th E g
e scar a are n t . f whi h th
es es ese x o e nous s e m s, o c e re

are f fi
our or diff t g ve th w di
e re n d t Ma g li e ne ra, e re as one scov ere a n a ,

l g wi th Cy
a on wh i h b di ti tly
re nre , f d th c if
can e s nc re e rre to e con e rs,

f rom h l ttit e li k di p i ti
a ce - f it Th w d f
e s os if on O s scars . e oo o a con e rous

t
s em , t d i t
conv e r e il b t ti i g t
n o s e x, f it b k w d g
u re a n n no race s O s ar , as u

ou tf h
rom d t e roaC h a da O th t p
near i g th w d b n . e r s e m s, rese rv n e oo , ut

so a lt d by i e re ht h t t ron t b d t t a i d f t e h s ru c u re ca nno e e e rm ne u rt e r

h
t an t h ti th b E ga tm us i b d
av e t Sil w é da
e en x o e nous, occ ur n a un ance a e .

O h
n t e o th h d t e b dd d i h k Ma g li hib it
er an a s em m e e n t e ro c at n a ex s

y k fh i gb E d g
e ve r m ar o Th p ti
av n b i d i lik
e en n o e nous . e or on O ta ne s e

a thi tt
n ra 14 i h an, l g with t y pp t
nc e s j i t U ond , ou an a are n o n . n er

th i b k i gd
s su - nt l b l om d m us a so e c asse

Eg i ti t u se d g B b y
i
es, or ac co r A t h
p y lli t — T h n p to un ur s ero cs . e e cu

li i y f th
ar t Op i f th i g
e s wh i h wec m en odi d by M s e nus c as scove re r .

H t Sil wé da
unte r a w ll e f Y k hi fig
, as di h F e as O a or s re one , u re n t e os

Fl or a( l iii p
vo . d . h f.E q i t l t l i t h t i t
un e r t e nam e O i u s e um a era s, s a s
 s Aa TO Nn F O RMATION . 73

alwa s y found associate d with littl e roun d di h scs, aving lines ra di ting
a

thi k ph
,

from a com m on ce n re ,t som e n g li th e e ragm a O f a calam i

Th e auth ors o f th e F ossil F lora we re unce rtai n w h th
e er th e di scs

bl e on e
g dt o th e ste m h h th y f d b t i th Sil wfida
, near w ic e are oun ; u n e e

spe c im e n, th e roun d b di f whi h th

o thes,b tw d O c e re m us ave ee n o an

two O pp osi te eac h th t th ti l ti p tly t i th i igi al

o er a e ar cu a on, ar re a n e r or n

w h ere h
t ey once h ad b e e n. A ve r y com m on pl ant at th e dp e osi ti on of

Ph y lloth e ca .
— In
giv in
g t is h nam e to th e ge nuh t h h ith
s t a as e rm

b e e n c alle dCl a am I f ll w th
i tes in n ia, Id o
g o e high th ity f B au or o ron

i t
n ar d M C y wh
an hc d ib d p i
o , o f av e A t li escr e s ec m e ns rom us ra a.

Th pp it l ti f
e o os e su ca I di g on o l ly ourp t it f n an enus c ear se ara e s rom

C l it
a am Wh t pl
es . it g h t
a t h ld i
ace l i fi t iou i o o n a c ass ca on re m a ns

d btf l GOpp t k it
ou u . er g M ran s tyl d i d i t
am on ly onoco e ons, m m e a e

a ft Eq i ti t
er u sehil M C y p it with th C i I h
es, w e c o co m ares e as uar na . ave

no t b bl i th
e en a e, p i
n w hi h I h
e num erous t with t
s e c m e ns c ave m e , o

ve r ify th pi i f th l tt i t g l gi t t h i g d t t d
e O n on o e a e r em nen eo o s , no av n e ec e

e ith b k er ph g
ar or a f i fi ti
ane ro am ous Th pp t b in ruct ca on. e re a e ar o e

a ll i p i ll t d f Bh ka Sil wadfi d Ka pti di ff i g

n ne s e c es co e c e rom o ra, e , an m , er n

i th
n b f l i wh i h g f 6 i th
e num er o su c , i i c f
ran e rom n e se m -c rcu m e rence

t 31
o Tw f
. Ka pti w o rom t t by M S k y d
m ere se n o m e r. an e , an one

from Sil wfida by C pt i W p h

e a an a s are .

V t b i —
er e rar a . Thi i th t g t g s s
g N
e s ran es
g p f il e nus am on our a ur oss

p l t
an s. H i th t i t h b d
er o i b d f as p i e en b t i
e scr d e rom s ec m e ns O a ne ex

l i ly f
e us ve th I di rom d A t lie n l h l
an an Th i h us ra an coa -
l dt s a e. s as e o

li it d i w f i t M C y g ppli ly
’
a m e t
v e o s na ure . i h t c o s e ne r c c arac e r a es m e re

t th
o di t d b dy whi h i f
e ra a e odi , ti c with th s i t
oun n connec on e m a n s em ,

an d wh i h h b li c t b e d p f
e e ve s l d
o e t m a e u dd O a s en e r s e m surroun e

by d ly gg g t d wh l f ti ill t
e nse a re a e if l
or s o h ig ve r c a e cune orm eave s, av n a

di h t Of th f th i d i pti f wh t
’
c ti
o om ous ve na on t . e correc ness O s e scr on o a

w as b f th
e ore th t th ti
e au Ih or a t d bt b t i t i
e m e, av e no reason o ou , u s

q it i pp p i t wh it
u e na ro r a e, t b p di t d en f th com e s dt o e re ca e o e san s one

p i
s e c m e ns Th h . l de se t d ly gg g t d wh l
av e no s e n e r s e m or e nse a re a e or s

o fl eav e s O th . t y th i t i thi k k d with tw

n e con rar , e m a n s em s c , m ar e o

ro w s of bl g O dd on g
, l
roun e l ti , d d
or an u ar
p i d e e va ons an e ress ons, an

g i v i n
g f b oh d t w i
rancg t d i fl
e s an t i t l d i s a ll d i t i e re n n e rva s, an n a rec ons .

M S k yf w d dt
r. an e orth fi t ar e d t p i f Ka p ti
o m e e rs san s one s e c m en rom m

d it t T flkh i i d
,

an d i th n w k I fe sam e ee oun tly t

a o e r ,
an m ore re ce n a

Chi da n .

S h uc th parein ip l fessils f t
r h cS n d t
a n p p
o ly o ll d e a s o e, ro e r so ca e .

l0
74 GaO LOGY or ru n N AGPU R sTATs .
[J U LY

B eneath it occur som e bd e s of Sh ale, w ich h m ay be h ld p t f th

e as ar o e

sam e form ati on. T h ese strata are d e ve lo e d p in th di t i t e th f s rc nor o

Cha da n , and b tw
e ee n K ooh adi and B
h ok fira , wh th d h l
e re e re s a e

contains th e following organic rem ai ns

—
Rep tili a f A footm ark, of j of an inc hl b d wi th
ong, and as m uch roa ,

th e im p i re ss on of five (l) claw s. Th p i h b bt i d

ree s ec m e ns av e ee n O a ne ,

e ac h hibiti g
ex n onl y one pi r nt. Th h l whi h i
e s a e, y b ittl d c s ver r e, oe s

no t d it fa m o a su rfac e of m ore th f w q
an i h
a b i gp
e s uare nc es e n ro

cu re d O th . n e sam e p
s e ci m e ns as b th f t kear th e oo m ar s are see n e

tracks Of

Lum bricariae h(Ear t)w—

oTh
rm t th s . a ese anim als h ave b ee n Of th e
nature h e re in di t d will b i d t t
ca e e ev en o any one wh o consi d e rs th e
a pp f th f
earance o w th w y in whi h th h d h
e urro s ie lly a c e ea as Oc cas ona

b p h d f w d d th withd w th t b l h l by whi h
ee n us e or ar , an en ra n e u u ar o es c

th e
g d h
roun b p i asd d th i
ee n t ti h p d
e rce ,
ti an e n e s ne s a e e v acua ons

whi h h c b l ft h f
av e e en e W b ig h b f d
on t e sur ace . orm or n s ave een oun

i th g
n e h l f T dadi 70 il th f N gp
ree n s a e o a , m e s sou o a ur.

Th lye on g t bl g ve i w hi h
e a h b di
e or an sm d i th h l c as ee n scove re n e s a e

i 1c
s a s1 1 pl t wh i h t p b bly b l g t th g Phy ll th
an , c m os ro a e on s o e e nus o eca,

b t
u , ffi i t l gth f th
as a su c en t h en t b bt i d t di pl y
o e s em as no e en o a ne o s a

th ti l ti
e ar it p
cu a i on,h t s t b fi d
re c se c arac e r canno e xe .

VII 8 VIII .
— Li
5 t M t
.
p h i d G
m e s one, i ti R h —I e am or c an ran c oc a m p

m edi t ly b l w th R d Sh l li th M bl B d t K h adi
a e e o e e ae e e ar e e s a or ,

whi h h i g b
c av nd l iti d by th ti f h t t f y
ee n o om se e ac on o ea , no race o an

i
or an se
g d b i g b l e n k d f i
can th D i e tl y
oo eb t h th or b l n em . re c e nea e m ar e

occur i M t
v ar ous phi R k di t b d by G i t Q t
e am or c oc s, s ur e ran e. uar z

roc k i s k bl i th W i G gfi b i f th i h i
re m ar a e n e e n an as n or e rc ron o re

whi h i tc t i K d hw
con a ns. hill t f f W i g d i j t
an e s ar, a no ar rom e ra a , s us

a m ass of iron ore .

In looki ng b ack u on p th e low est fossiliferous strata, w h ose p osi ti on,

in re fe re nce to d
ol e r rocks, we h av e j ust d
in icate d, th e re se m bl ance in
th e successi on b d b tw
of e s e ee n S th
ou e rn and C e ntral I di
n a is v er y
d
e vi ent. In b th th i th
o e re s e sam e series of san s tone d resti n u
g p on

h
s ale of various colou rs, d
b ut inclu ing gre en and re d, w ic again is h h
unde rlai d by li m estone and th e m e ta m or ic roc s T ou g M al ph k . h h
colm son was wrong in i nfe rring th e inde nti ty of th e dt
san s one of

C e ntral I di
n a wit h th t a Of th e P e ninsula, from th e Occurre nce of

di am onds at Weiragad , w ic h h we h ave se e n to h ave no connec ti on

wit h sands tone th e re,
y e t th e facts h e h as ppli d
su e in re ar
g d
to th e order of th e various strata in th e sou th wh , en se t against
 c o Nc Lus IO Ns . 75

th e po int If, th en, th e san stone of Nag ur is th e far-fam e

. iam on d p dd d
d
san sto ne , i t is of im p
node and da te of i ts
ortance to in ui re into th e a q
Th e gre a t b d l d pl t p
a un ance of an th t l d an s th b n
rove s a an m us ave ee

ve r y w hi h w ld f
nea r , c ou th pp iti th t th w t i
av our e su os on a e a er n

whi h hc tt t w e s ra a d p it d w t th t f th
e re e os e as noAg i a o e ocean. a n,

th e occu rre nce o f tw p i f wh t pp

o s e c es o t b Cy a wh
a ears o e re na, en

tk
a en i ti
n connec on wi th th b f ll d i d d
e a se nce i h ll
o a ec e m ar ne s e s,

w ld l d
ou ea w d t th b li f th t th b dy f w t
us on ar o e e e ,
whi h a ld e o o a er c cou

h av e so y l d pl t fl ti g ll
m an an an s it w
oa n t lt b t f
a ov e r h as no sa u res .

Thi l i
s c o nc us on canno t i t pp , tas b ia li d t d by th
ears o m e, p e nva a e e su

p iti th t th f hw t h ll y h b
os on a e res a er s e i d d w i
s m a av e e e n carr e o n nto

an arm f th o f th y
e sea t
or b d t d ti t h b
e are oo a un an an en re o av e ee n

su bj t d t h p
ec e o suc aN thi g b t th i d th t th
rocess . o n f h u e ea a ese res

w ta er s h ll li d d di d th p t wh th i bi l
e s ve an e on e s o e re e r va ve s are en

tom b d i y pi i
e can, n m t th
o qi
n on, m ee t f th e re Thu re m e n s o e case . e

f hw t
re s igi
a e r or f th f n o ti e t
orm a b on fi d by th p
see m s o e con rm e e a

p earan ce s p t d b y th
re se n e lit t l d p iet f th h
ora l T eh g h
os th o e s a e. ou e re

are re ptil d w es an th t h orm s th a h f th i b d y t

c oose e sea s ore or e r a o e, e

w e can m o re rea dily i th i

conce v e l whi h l ft th i t
e an m a s, c e e r races so

h p d l
s ar an th
c ear on i t d t h
e anc en i h bit d th b k
m u o av ef n a e e an s o

t
an e x e ns v ei l k Th a e. ly bj ti e on f y w
o i gh t
ec th t on, o b an e , a can e

ur e
g d g i t
a a ns h i w h t e v e d t d i th
e re a v oca e f f ,
id
s i e occurrence o uco s n

th C l M
e oa f I di f ti whi h wh it i t d li
easures O — n a a orm a on c , e re e x s s, un e r es

th di
e d dt
am o n B t p h p it i fl
san s one . u ,i i tt
er a il b th
s, s su c en o reconc e o

i w t
v e s pp th t d i g th d p i ti f th t t th gh
o su ose a ur n e e os on o ese s ra a, ou

no t f th o th e oth lt w t
ers, w
e sa l t i - a er d wi th i t as e i n, an a m ar ne

ve e a
g t ti w h i
on, h w i c d w i th
as m t h l xe d p l t th t b e d i an th an s a a oun n e

coa l w ll
as i th
e as dt
n e Th
san s one . i bd i h i e h ll
m ar ne e s so r c n s e s

i C t h
n a c t b see m p i t th t t wh i h
o e su e r or o d
e s ra a b c com e un e r our o se r

ti
va on i C t l I di
n e n ra d th n f
a, an , t t be re ore, p d with are no o e com are

th em .

Bt thi b i g
u s i
r n s m e, l i t p i t
n conc us on, t th t whi h th
o o n ou e e ra a c e

N gp
a ur d t w p b bly f d I thi k th
san s one as ro a orm e g d . n e re are oo

g d
roun s f b li i
or g the t i
ev nt i t p
a w i
s con e mth th L w O li t
oraneous e o er o e.

Th di e y i it f thw whi h
scov e r n o ear f
orm s d i th t f ti c are ou n n a orm a on

o f d
see s lg t
ana a ous th wh i h o ose th f P pt i
c occ ur e re o e co e r s,

Cy l p t i
c o d Sp h
e r s , an p t i w h i
e no h e r s, t th c t C
are l com m on o e rue oa

M easures an d th L w O lit e o f Eq i ti t wi th it
er o e ; O di t d di u se es, s ra a e scs,

whi h i p
c sli t th l tt
e c u ar o d f Z it
e a e r, an d c ni p t i o q lly
am es an o er s, e ua
76 G EOLOG Y or r u n N GP A U R ST TE A .
[J U LY

ch t arac eristic of th e sam e formd bt i y i d

ation, le av es no ou n m m n

th t th
a t
e m os i t di i i
anc e n f th O lit i th t t whi h
v s on o e d
o e s a o c our san

t
s one , and f
, O th l
cou rse , i t d with i t b l g
e coa d if
assoc a e
y , e on an m

i d ti fi ti
n en ca f th N gp
on o t t wi th th di
e a d d t f th
ur s ra a e am on san s one O e

p i l b
e n nsu a e t w
corre c y y t l
, k f
e m a w d t e oo ddi ti or ar o num e rous a ons

to our F il F l
oss dF ora a n wh th t
a una, i fi ld f th en th
e e x e ns v e e s O e sou

are e xpl d with y t g i

ore an e e io or an c re m a ns .

I t l
canno th i p p
c ose withs t t
a er i g y b t th k t D
ou re urn n m es an s o r.

L i th f
e th
or
g e i w h
ene rous m anne r i h h h pp li d n w i th c e as su e m e

b k b i g it bj t whi h I f d ll th
oo s ear n on s su ec c oun a e m ore

from th ei r ex trem e scarci ty at an inland stati on. ‘

” ”
For X y liaosp rioni tes p . 68 , read X y li nop rioni m
ART IV .Tire A ncient I ra nia n My th ology
. a Le tter to th e

Re v Dr W I LS O N, H onora ry P res ide nt of th e Socie ty

. . . By
Pro fe sso r N . L . Ws sr s ao a a nn ,
of C ope nh age n, Hono rary
Me m be r .

Prese nte d, 2 l st A pri l , 1 8 63.

Cop enh age n, Ja nuary 2 9th , 1 8 5 3 .

I se n dy p
ou a s eci m e n of th e ancie nt I rani an m y th o

log y , i n w i ch h Ih ave trie d to solve h

t ose m y tis cal e nigm as, and to

re rese nt, acc or

p y di ng to m vi e ws, th e id eas and noti ons w ich h we re
originall y
c onnec te d
with Yi rna, and th e ot e r e ings of th e sam e class h b
of m ortals pp
My a er was originall wri tte n in anish for m y countr
. y D y
m e n, and h as ee n translate b a oung Engli s m an, a d by y
u il of m ine , h pp
and re vise m yse lf d by .

I
Th e m ost anci ent ranian i eas of Ti m , and th e eings conne cte d b d
wit h hi b l m , e ong to th at categor y of m yth i c tales, whi h c h as for its
m ore im bj t N
m e diate th
su ec t l p w ATU a n, d ff t e na ura o e rs an e e c s,

m an d h i d ti y
an Thi s y l f ythi i d
es n . s
yc c e k w o m c eas, as ou no ,

is re p t d
re sen e d p i t d d an th f f
a n e p l p
un e r i fi ti e orm O cor orea e rson ca on, a

i
se r e s o f y b li l s m bl whi h y i th di ff t yth l gi l
o ca em e m s, c v ar n e e re n m o o ca

y t
s s em s ly d i
on g t th w y
accor f th i k in g d
o t t h
e t g a f o n n an o e s a e o

m en a t l lti ti cu f th va p ti on o ti Wh t
e re s e c i f th
ve na ons . a re m a ns O e

Z dfi t i
en v es ad bt p ti ly ll d i
s no ou com yi t
ara ve y sm a , an n m an ns ance s v e r

d f ti
e ec ved th f an th ,i h wh i h t i d k d
ere ore , e re s m uc c m us rem a n ar an

i t lli gibl
un n e M whil th e. yth l gy l ti g t F i i
ean e, e m g o o re a n o rm s am on

th l
e c eare st dp , anp li i t t i ossesses a
y k
ec u arw w n e res , s nce , as ou no , e

fi dh
n g t w i
e re an a ree m en th th d t i f t h V d w h i e h lik w i
oc r ne o e e as, c e se

fld '

a or s us an ns i ight i t th t lt g th t hi t i l ti
n o a a o e wh th e r an e - s or ca m e, en e

J ph ti ti f I di d I a i
a e c na ons O n i ty b g
a an t d r n l p n com m un e an o ev e o e

th i e r religi d i l i t
ous an T h
soc a ex s ence ti th bl
. O suc a m e e rese m ance

i th
n tb
e nam es m us ib d Yi b i g th I i
e, ascr e , dY ana m e n e ran an, an um a a

th I di
e n f f th
an, w d th
orm o igi l ig ifi ti
e sam e or f whi h , e or na s n ca on o c ,

h w i t q it l t
o eve r, s no Th
u e c ear oi i f
m e. di e sam e conne x on s oun n

th e nam e o f hi f h Vi s/ t n
s at er,d V i t w h i
oli nh i t b
ta d i a d om a , c s o e e r ve
78 A NC I ENT IR A NI A N M YTH O LO G Y .
[J U LY

from th e S k it t we t hi d t b
ans r roo d Vi
, o s t d
ne an o urn, an vm a , accor

i gly i
n d
s use pith t f as an e l l i di i p fi ti
e o se ve ra um nous v ne e rson ca ons,

e y. A .
g i U hn , d p
s i lly
a s, an t h S I th
es ec a Z d a t V i g h et un . n e eu ve s a, van a

h i lf i ly ti d i
m se s on m en p g ( Y c i 4 5) th fi t
one n one assa e a no x. , as e rs

m or at l wh t t d th
o e x rac e j i f th dS e u ceH pl t
o e sacre om a or aom a an ,

an dw w d d
as re i ar ei d wi th th gift f th
, as s sa Yi ,
wh th e O e son m a, o, e re

fore , i lp
n se v e ra g i t i
assa e s,d by th f V
s m eni g l one d e nam es o van a m a an

Vi l
va n
g th
m aa , f V i l
e son o
g t j t Y i I d i
oa n w ll
za d V,
i us as am a n n a as ca e a

t th
vasva a , f Vie son o t Wi th th vas va igi .d igi l i d f e com m on or n an or na eas o

th yth i t l (t whi h I h ll t ) wi h th
e m c a e, o c s f h a d th
re urn, t e com m on at e r an e

com m on nam e s, th bl e re se m d th y g d whi hance ceases ; an e ve r roun on c

th id e w ea d l p d w diff t i I di d I a I th f
as eve o e as e re n n n a an r n . n e orm e r

t y Y
co u n r , w f
am a d t th th w ld— t pi it l i t l
as re e rre o e o er or oa s r ua , m m or a

i t
e x s e nce , an d th b d f th bl d whil t i I a Yi w
e a o es O e e sse , s n r n m a as c on

use et d wi th th p t lif e t i l
rese n i t d thi
e, th
m a er a d e x s e nce , an s ear , an

w th
as, f li k h i f th
e re ore , p td
e s a t lb i g
e r, re rese n e as a m or a e n .

Yi i g lly ll d K l d H tl w Th f '
m a s e ne ra t ca e u ae a, an uoa c a. e orm e r

e pith t d t e l th gl i
e no es a ru e r, or d i lly l e dd d
or ous one , an s usua a so a e

t th
o f th S
e nam e o H l lw té Th
e un, d (H tl w ) ig i
ua re c
’
ae . e se con a va c a s n

fi h i g g d fi p i g p g y Th igi d i g f
'

es av n oo O s rn or ro e n . e or n an m ean n o

th i s nam e i l f s thc ear t diti ro m i g Yi e f d i th

ra on conce rn n m a oun n e

fi t h lf f F g d ii f th V didad th
rs a O ar ar . o w i f e d th t
en e re e are n orm e a

O d (Ah
rm az dé ) ll d I i
ur a-m a z fi t ,g ll
ca e t l t
’
b m a, rs am on a m or a s, o e a

t h db
ea c e r an f h i h ly w d b t Yi
eare r o f li g hi
s o lf or q l ; u m a, ee n m se une ua

t th t k d li d th
o e as , ffi
ec ne O d th ll h i t f tili
e O ce . rm az e n ca s m o er ze

an d t d hi ex en ld t b th i k p
s w or s, p t t d l Thi
o e e r ee e r, ro e c or, an ru e r. s

O ffi Yi
ce d t k p yi g th t ld d h t wi d i k
m a un e r a es, ra n d a co an o n s, s c ness an

d thea , y bm a l d d f h i
e e xc u e ki g d H likrom w i k O s d n om . e e se as s rm az

t t
o h h i th y t i w d by whi h h ight bd th
eac m e m s e r ous or , c e m su ue e

h tf l d
ur u ( S
e m ons. h t l t I ucpp th , a i g eas b ,
f th su ose e m ean n to e o e

l i gw d
c os n f th p y
or s o whi h ei d tly h ra e r,b h ddd w c ev en ave ee n an e o n

t i
o us n a v e r y til t d d f g t y t t th gh t t ll
m u a e an ra m e n ar s a e, ou no a a on

th t a account p i i t p lt d) O
s ur ous ord th p t h i n er o a e . rm az en rese n s m

with g ald p lo g h en d g ld
ou f d ,g dan y b l a f go i lt- orm e oa , s m o s o a r cu u re

an d ttl b
ca di g Yi
e- ree w f tili
n . th th m a no di g t er zes e ear or, accor n o

th p i
e ex d i th V didad f i i i w
ress on use n e en w b d , rm s n om an s
’
om an

a ft 300 wi t
er ( i n e rst t
c a o, i ) h no l p d th th
z e m o, coun r e s,i av e e a se , e e ar s

th by fill d wi th li i g b i g l g d ll ttl
e re e v n e n s, dg d ar e an sm a ca e , m en, o s an

bi d r s
”
d li k wi wi h d hi i g fl
an e se t d thre ,
i s w nn , am es an e re s no no

room f th li i g t
or e v n At th o m ove .d f O d Yi i e com m an o rm az , m a r ses.

to use th igin l p
e or i n t w d th ligh t t i dd y
a ex ress o . pp it o ar s e , a m a , o os e
 A NC I ENT A AN
I R NI M YTHOLO GY . 79

th ep th a Of th e sun conse
q ue ntl y wh , en th e day was s ini ng i n i ts h
b ight t
r es sp le n ou r. d He furro w d th
e e e art wi t h
h is loug and h p h
p ie rc e d i t w i t h th e goa d p y t h
and in answ e r h to h is ra e r o t e e art h , t e
l tta er e x
p an ed b dd l, an
g by t h i
e cam e d i t f ar e r i h tone - r s orm e r s z e , so t a
th w
e re w
as no f y t
room or e ve r di g t h i will d
one o m ov e ac cor n o s an

i li
nc na t on i Wh 600 wi t h d l p d th
. en n e rs th w g ai fi ll d
e a se , e e ar as a a n e ,

an d g i Yi a a n d it t m d t th t f tw thi d it
nua cause o a en o e e x e nt o o - r s s

f i
orm e r s z e , b t ft 900 wi
u a th er th g i w nte rs fill d d Yi e ear a a n as e , an m a

by h i p y s ra d d th th f th thi d ti
er e x te n e e ear th t i t b or e r m e , so a ec am e

l g by h
ar e r h i d it f
t re e-t i r s d g i th
s w
orm er s z e ; an f ll a a n e re as roo m or a

t o m ov e accor di g t th i will d i li ti Th t t t f h
n o e r an nc na on. e v as ex en O t e
e ar th w th as di g t th id f th I i
us, accor n o e i lly ea o e ran ans, e ssent a

a tt i b t d t th
r u e oti f Yie H f tili d th
ex er ons o t d d
m a . th e er se e ex en e e ar

by g i lt a r cu d tl b
ure an di g d fill d it wi h li i g t
ca t e - re e n , an e t v n crea u re s.

B t h li k wi
u e — e d thi w h i p
se an li dp
s as t th s — t k
e cu ar an e rm ane n o ee oo

e s ec a
p i l f th
care O t w l f d
e crea u re s h b ’
t i d by e h i p y
are , an e O a ne , s ra e rs,

f ro m O d d th di i b i g th p w
rm az an o er v ne y t th f lfil
e n s, e o e r nec essar o e u

m en t f thi O ffi Th g
s O ce l . i whi h th
e e ne ra ti ity f
m anner
y n c e ac v o m

th i l b i g i
ca p t d i th Y h t (th hi f
e n s s re rese n e n e f Z d y th
as s, ec e source O en m o

l gy ) i th f
o , s e f p y orm Th y O a p t d ki g diff t
ra e r. e are re rese n e as as n e re n

di i i ti f p w t d w h t i f i p t
v n es or o er o o f th a Th p y
s O m or ance or em . e ra e rs

O f th g d e ooth w
are d b t th f th b d j t d Th d i g
e n ans e re , u ose o e a re e c e . e o n s

o f Yi th
m a are , f th d ib d L t b t w f dity d
ere ore , us escr e e m e es o ec un an

p t
os e r it y l t ef i t
m e con e r li ty t h t
m m or a f M d a l on e c re a u res O az et m e

di r ve a w y f a th h g d thi t ld g d d th th ld
rom em u n e r an rs , O a e an ea , e co

an d th h t wi d f e o th n ,dy or a ( G h
ousan Y h t 9 d A h i
e ars . os aa , , an s

Y ht aa , L t bt i p p w
“
e m e o a n su ll p p l d re m e d o e r ov e r a eo e, e m ons an

t l
m or a s, m a
gi i d f i i
c ans an d th h til b i
a r es, an g th t d f e os e e n s a cause ea ne ss

an d bli d n ness lt dpi h d e m e f th i gl y

e r ve t e d h pp i e m ons O e r or an a ne ss,

th i fi p i g
e r O
'

s rn d f dity th i t t t d w
an e cu n , ( A
e r con e n m e nba an re no n .
”
n
Y ht as , Yi i th b ight t ( h ppi t) f th th t
ta o s e r es or a es O ose a are

b orn h i lik th e s e g t t l by
e sun am on s h i p w b b
m or a st i d s o er e O a ne

for m e n an d ttl f d ca f d th b p t d w t f b i g
e re e om rom ea e re v e n e a er rom e n

di d p
re u dt an f wi th i g th t th y ( h
ree s rom er n t , b i g) a e t e crea ure s, e n s

m igh t t f d ea t t b di i i h d By h i
oo no o e ight th
m ns e w i h. ld sm e re as ne t e r co
nor h t ith ld g d th
ea , ne er o a e nory t d by
ea t h d , nor e nv cre a e e e m ons .

Y
( g c i m R a x. Y h t m A l as
g th d i sg t th oni d , f th e n, accor n o e eas o e

I i ran ans, as Yi ig d d thi w

m a re f
ne th
, an p f h d s as or e s ac e o a t ousan

y ears, ne i th h t er l d w
o i d d i d
nor co b l w i th h
n s t ld w o , ne er ea nor co as

p i d Th
ex e r e nce . e q tly
seasons, w t t ly
conse u e n il d d , e re cons an m an

p l easa n t n w
: m e p t f ll
ere e xemb d ily w t ; t
or a ff i g f o an s no su er n rom
80 s a c rum 13m m Y
M THO LO GY .
[J U LY
h unge r and th irst, b ecause th e foo d di i i h d th w t
ne v e r m ns e , as e a er

ne v e r did r e up, nor th e fruit-tre e s with d N t ly did Y{

e re . o on m a

b t w f dity li i g t
es o ecun on v n crea u re s, an d bl th with p t i ty b t
ess em os e r , u

th y w
e lere pt f th
a so e xe m i g ff trom f ti — Yi
e consu m n e ec s o m e m a

h i g b ght i
av n rou t lity t th m m or a th t th y o
g w ld emb t , sO a e ne ve r re O , u

p p t l y th p il d d w d f th d b th
e r e ua ou re v a e , an , as e rea , a e r an so n o cam e

f w d y th f fift i g wth ( Y f i ) Th w th ”
or ar as ou s o een n ro . a na x . e re as e re

fore no s c i k d thness nor db t w

ea ; i m en t l d th an e as s e re m m or a un e r e

re ig f Yi n O At th t ti
m a. di gly a w bl d wi h ll
m e , accor n , m en e re e sse t a

th ki dly gift
e n f t d li d b i d
s O na ure , an i p dl wi th ll
ve , es es, n eace an ov e a

aroun d th emy dh t d e nv t d by th d
an a re th i g
, crea e e e m ons, no av n as

y et i i t d
ns nu a e th l i t th i h
em se v es t Y i n oh d e r ear s . m a a , m ore o v e r,

pw o th d
e r ove r d did d p i
e e m ons, an th f th p w f h ti g e r ve ese O e o er O ur n ,

as w ll e f thas Ot t t d h ppi
e con e n m e n whi h h d f ll an t th a ness c a a en o e

l t f
o o thly b i g
e ar e n s .

A Yi s w m ab f b ight d l i f th
as o rn O a r hi b d w an um nous a e r, sO s a o e as

li k wi e t d with ligh t
se conne c e Th t i H h i y .
( b t if l i e m ou n a n u a r a e au u n

s h p ) whi h i lik wi ll d th ll b i g h g ld w th
a e , c s e se ca e e a - e am n ,
t e o e n, as e

p l ace w h h i
e nceff t i b h lf f s e or sk i d pn d d
e I t
a w O th m an n roc ee e . as e

high t es it f th l fty
sum m o t i H e i ti
o H (
m oun a n t th ara or ar a, or, o use e

l t
a e r nam e , Alb th t ythi l um , t i a f th
m t w hi h f ca d
m ou n a n O e eas , c orm e

th b e d y b tw th t it y d th t l w ld d w
oun ar e ee n e rans or an e e e rna or , an as

th epl wh M i th th g i f ligh t ill i t d h w h l

ac e e nce ra , e e n us O , um na e t e o e

w ldor d wh
, an th f ere ,ith ighte re ore , d k w t b ne er n nor ar ness as o e

foun d .

F th
rom ythi t l b t Y I thi k w y p i th id
e se m c a es a ou una , n , e m a e rce v e e ea

or igi lly na t d wi th h i
co nnec e dP f R R th t Tii bi g
m , an h ro esso r . o , a n e n, as

l dy f w y
a re a a eg i d d Y
ears a o cons t h y b li l
e re p t zm a as e s m o ca re re se n a

ti on o f th g ld e g w
oi th ll th
en a e ,b l i g f b d a d p e ess n s O a un ance an e ace .

T thi I h ll ly dd th t Yi
o s s a on at i ly i th
, y b li l p t
a m a ce r a n s e s m o ca re rese n a

ti on O f th g ld e g o( y
e n a e , or h h i g ld
as e ve r g h w m an as s o e n a e, o e ver

h t it y b ) th y b li l bl f th h ppi t ti f
s or m a e e s m o ca em em O e a es m e O m an,

th eb ight t t t f lif b t ly f thi d p d th thly

r es s a e O e, u on as ar as s e e n s on e ear

t i l w ll b i g f
or m a e r a e i h d by th phy i l bl i g f
- e n , urn s e t e s ca ess n s o na ure ,

b e cause Y big w y
zm a , e n ,b as bl t b t w
e m a re m e m h e r, u na e o es o on m e n t e
h ly w d k wl dg f G d h
o or , or no e ld e t b
O th y b li l
o , e cou no e e s m o ca

ex p i f th t h ppi whi h i
re ss on O a a tt i bl with t th t
ne ss c s una a na e ou a

k wl dg Th
no e e . igi l i d w
e sam e or i y p i i na t d
ea by as, n m O n on, connec e

th I die n with h i Y
ans h t t e r li k wi am a w y b li l
e,
p oo , e se , as a s m o ca re re

scu a t ti f th g ld
on O g e o b l f th h
e n a e , an e m pp i t n d b ig h t t em O e a es a r es

t t
s a e o m af n B t th gh th Hind
. u , b d lif nd its bl ings
ou e u em race e a ess
 A NC I ENT 1 11 a nu s MYTHO LO G Y . 81

with as m uc h lov i ng attac h m e nt as all ot e r h hly

e art creatures, h e was
less e nsnare d by i ts pl easures ; for h is d pth
e of th oug t, h and

se rious di p s osi tion Of m in d , le d h im to form a m ore corre c t

e sti m ate of th e transitor y hly j y t Hi natu re Of e art .

en o m e n .
s
a tt ti en w on th f as, t d t th lif b y d d th it w th
e re ore, u rne o e e e on ea : as e re

h e so u
gh t f d hor, fi t
an h f d
t e re h i l
rs h T h
e k iou ng d s rea om e . e n om

o f th d d w e ea q tly i h i y
as, conse ue n t d y bd f pl
, n s e es, no a rear a o e O a e

an d gl y pi i d p i d f ll j y t d pl
oom s r ts, e r ve O a b t(en o m en an easure s u as

w l
as a so t h i th S e case di n i yth l gy) d w d d p id
e can nav an m o o en o e an rov

e d with ll th t w a f i a d as t gl i
a re st — pl t whi h
an m os o r ous a ac e a c

it w j y t as o i Th
o arr v e d th . ly h f
e re , an d h l g ld e re on , e oun t e rea o en

a e ; an
g d Y q tl y
a m a , cons e i g d i I d
ue ni i , tre l i h l
ne d f
n n a m m or a nt e an o

t h bl
e d Th I i
esse . th
e th id l k d
ran an, on t th p
e o er s t e, oo e m ore a e re se n

w ldor .Hi id f Yi
s d th g ld
e as o m a an
g b th e o lly en a e e cam e e n natu ra

conne c te d wi th hi th d th p t li f Thi Yi w th f
t s ear an e rese n e . s m a as, e re ore , a

m or at l b i g li i g e n ly i
,
v d f th
n on k f th t n, an it y w ld
or d
e sa e o e rans or or an ,

c onse q ly p i h bl wi h it Th gh i th y h l gy
ue nt , er s a e t . t d
ou n e m t o o co nne c e

wi h t p ti l i h w
a ar cu a r t m e ly th e y b li l
as no t on p t t i e s m o ca re re se n a on

o f i h d g ld
a v an s e
g o t b t l
e n a e , ne v e r to re urn, i g l ( h i t d u a so, n e ne ra , as n e

a t b a ove ) h y b l
ti l e s b l m f o yca em h pp i em t iO l e ve r m an s
’
a es m ate r a c on

di it on d wh an f i e n, th d y i or it b ight t pl d
nsta nce , e a n s r es s e n ou r te

l d ll th gl y f
ve a e a e t e or wh O g i l
na u r p
- d d b
en en a se aso ns ro uce an a un

d f ll th gi ft
ance o a d bl i g f
e s an th — wh ess n s O li d i h i f ll t e ar e n m an ve n s u es

v ig t p
ou r, a with hi eac e lf di l with
m se ll
, an d hi Yi — n o ve a aroun m nta

w as still b h ld ig i g
e e re th nn d p di g h i bl i g
on e ar , an d s re a n s e ss n s aroun

hi m d th
an f it i i d i th F
e re o re di Y ht
s sa n W e tw hi p
arvar n as e m us ors

th p t typ (f
e ro o hi f
e h ) f Yi th
r acas , ero f Vi
er, g h ot t h m a, e so n o va n a , e

true an d p w f l h i g g d ff p i g
o er u , av n oo t th il
O s rn d by to av e r e ev cause

d em ons, h d t g h te d t i
rou
y g th fi ld es ro d th n i e
g e s, an e consu m n

d ecay .
”

Thi b igh t d h ppy t t

s r an f w hi h Yi
a i th
s a e, O y b li l bl c m a s e s m o ca em em ,

w as, h w p i d by th i I i t b f t it y
o e v er, erce v e e anc e nt ran ans o e o a rans or na

tu re . H gh t f
e sou th f
or t h i t p t
e re ason o i p i fe h in e rru on or sus e ns on O s
h p pi d f d it i hi lf— i Yi i ’
a ne ss, an oun n m an w t g m se n m a s o n rans ress on.

Th t diti
e ra
p t
oni g th i i
re s e c f d i n th ll
s s d Z y a d
oun Y h t n e ao-ca e em as ,

wh i h h i g t t d th d i g f Yi
c , av n s a e i th
e o n sO th th
m a n e sam e m a nne r as e o er

sources, dd th t thi b ight diti

a s a s r h ppi Khcon ton or a ness, a r e na, a .

d d Yi b
te n e nsa h i ff ti e cause w f f
s a ec il onsd ti n d ere re e rom ev , an con ue

un til ly i g df l h d
n an t a sed h i i d Thi w th
oo e n e re sm ig d n . s as e reason ass ne

by th I e i f
ran ans h l f h ppi
or t e d lyi g w h ld i g
oss O a ness, an l n as e n ene ra

b i ti
a om t ly i th
na on, no on t i i N thn I i (B t i
ose coun r es n or e rn rxn ac r a,

ll
 82 -
C
A N I ENT m a m as M YTH O LO G Y .
[J U LY

w ich hf urnis h d th
e e origin of th e Ze ndfiv esta, bu t to an e u all q yp re

d om i nant dg e ree in Weste rn Irdn . Th e asse rtio n O f H e rodotus is w ell

know n, h
t at th e P e rsians taug t t h hi e r sons b ut t h re e t h —
i ngs to ri d e

on h orse b k ac , to d raw th e bo w, and to s p k th ea e trut h ; and D ari us, th e

f Hysta sp cs, in
son o one of h i s inscr i pti k
ons, as s O rm az dt p o ro te c t h is
d
king om from t ree h e vi ls—h ostile i nvasi o n, sterilit y or failu re of crop s ,

an d false h ood .
“
Wh en Yi m a,
”
conti nue s th e Ze nrytid Yas t, h h ad
a d m itte d lyi ng and false h dioo nto h is m i nd, b ight r h pp iness e parte d d
vis i bly f rom h im in th e shp a e of a bi d r , and Yi nra, not e rce i vi n
g p
a ny
m ore th e h a ppi ne ss to sh i ne , sorro w d e and stoo e p dd w o n to th e ea rt h .
”

Th ree tim es , as th e Yash t i nform s us, h a p i ness didp fl

y aw a yf ro m

Yi m a, but not to h i m was it giv e n to reco ve r th e v anis ed liss Yi nra , h b .

b i g th p
e n e e rsonificatio n of h a p i ne ss wh ih t it e xi ts, h e m ust disa ea rp pp
wh d with th e fligh
'

iten c ease s, and to conte n m n fo rtune , to arrest t Of

h pp i
a ness and re turn i t to m an, h
ot e r p ow e rs, oth e r m y hi t c be i ngs
( M i th r a Th ra e ta ona, K ar e em
, ) are re ui re
q d .

Th e first tim e conse q uentl th at h app m ess fi es aw ay from Yim a it

, y ,
'

is se ize d by h d b
M i th ra, w om O rm azd m a e th e righ te st and ap pie st h
am o n st
g h y p
ol s irits as Yi m a is am ongst m ortal be ings M i th
, r as is th e .

k d dy d
in and frie n l Lor O f Lig t h
h e is not m Tim e , a m o rtal e ing b , ,

b t u pi it l d i
a s r uat l b an th li gh t i t
m m or a fi d t one , e c au se e s no co n ne o

th i p i h bl w ld
s er s ly b t
a e di i g wi h t b gi ig i hi
or on , u , ra at n t ou e m , t s nes

l w ith O
a so d d i h i t l w ld Th fl i g h p pi
rm az , an n s e e rna or . e ee t n a ness
w hi h c di g t h ythi l i i d d t d by Mi th i
, accor n o t e m c ta e , s se ze an arres e ra , s ,

th f d bt dly th b ight pl d f d y h i ki gb f th
e re ore , un ou e e r s e n our o a , s rn n e ore e

g l y
oo m d k f ig h t
ar ness O B t M i th ligh t h
n ig h w i th.h i u ra e ns t e n t s

l
cou nt e ss h t f t h h th d k wi h h i light d
os O s ars e c ases e ar ness t s , an

t
res o re s t Yi od th th h b ight f li ity f d y
m a an e e ar t e r e c O a .

Th d ti h h ppi d p t f Y it i ght by
e secon m e t at a ne ss e ar s rom am a , s cau

Th t
ra e aona H b l g t h p w f l
. e f Ath wy
e on s big o t e o er u race O a, e n a so n

o f Ath wy hi lf Lik th f th
a m se f Yi . Ath wy w et l e a er O m a, a as a m or a

b i g b t ll h t w l
e n , u a p ti g h i f th Z di t i
t a e earn res ec n m rom e e n nv es a s,

th t h w
a th e d
as t l wh t
e seco n t d th j i f th m or ad o e x rac e e u ce O e sacre

H aom a pl t d w w d d f th i by th gift f th
an , an as re Th ar e or s e O e son, ra e

ta ona . Th f Ath wy
e whi h i thi f
nam e O tb pl i d a, c n s o rm canno e ex a ne ,

h l g g b
as on h w by B f ( l !t ly
a o e en s o d by
n ti ly urnou a as oo e ar re m ov e , un m e

d th f th i ) t b th S k it Ap ty ( rm ) wh it i
ea , or e sc e nces o e e ans r
’
a a e nce s

d i d by t h i f th tw iddl
e r ve m e at es s O t pt d th n q e t om e consonan s ,a n e co se ue n

ne c essary h g f tp t th B h f
c an e O i th l t P i
o an. ot orm s occ ur n e a er e rs an

d l p t f thi
e ve o m e n yth i t l i wh i h th f th f Th t
o sm c a e, n c e a er O ra e aona , or,

as h th e i ll d F id
e re i
s ca e ti d , ly d th er f
un, s m e n one com m on un e r e nam e o
 am m m am a s n vm o noo r . 83

A l ain, m ore consonant to th e Ze n d whil t i

, s n Ferdausi we find th e m om

Indi an li k f Abti Th I di Ap ty d t
e orm n . e n p g f th
an
’
a e no e s one s r un rom e

w t a e rs, w h th fl wi g th th fl ti g i th fl
e er o n on e e ar Thi
or oa n n e rm am e nt. s

sa m e i pp li
s a d i the V d n t T i t e i
e asl d i i oi ty d
r th a, an ae r a v n , an e nam e

o f Th i t i li k wi f
r a s e d i th Z d i
se ou n t b t i th n e tt h d t
e n i v es a, u s e re a ac e o an

ti ly di fl t b i g b i g t wh I h ll t Th i
’
en re e re n e n or e n s. o om s a re urn. e re s,

h w o e v e r, such g an a t b w t h
re e m e n d i g f th
et I di
ee n T i t e on s o e n an r a

an d h I t e i Th
ran an t th t th
rae aoa a , igi a f th ythi t l
e com m on o r n o e m c a e

is ev i d t whil t it h
en , s b difl tly d l p d i th tw
as ee n
'

e re n t i e ve o e n e o coun r e s

on wh i h c t th p t
accoun ig d e th I di T i t h b
ar ass ne to e n an r a as e c om e a

m ore s u b di t or na e h th t f th
one t a n I i Th t a o Th e ra n an r a e a ona . e

l tt i
a er id t h
s sa b b i th f
o ave ee n orn d V n e our-corne re a n na , m en

ti one d i th li n f th V di dad (F g d i )
e st o e en th f t nth l d ar ar . as e ou r e e an

t d by O
c re a e d If th i b
rm az . thly l d whi h I d b t it
s e an ear t an , c ou , m us

b e so u
g h t f i t h
or n ig h b h e d nef th w t our oof I d i th t
o e es o n a, as a

c ou ntr y i t i
s m en d thone fi ft t h as i th e t l g e enM w h il n e ca a o ue . ean e

th l d f V
e an o ia re naly ti d i th
s on Z da t i
m en one i n e en ves a n co nne x on

wi h M t t th
aoaa h w b ere d th e hi p y
as orn, an d e nce s ra e rs asce n

to th h
e ly p w
e av e n Th V o ders. t th t wh i h d f d
e e re na e no e s a c e e n s,

bi d n e rs, or b d i d th pi h t f
o un s n an as d d bt ll d d
e e t e o ur-co rne re no ou a u e

t th f
o e o ur corne rs o f th w ld d Th et or i i , an li y h as r ae m a s n rea t no um an

ki g b t
n , u i l b i g V
an ae r a e n t d , t th
an aa t see m sd o e no e e e x re m e an

t
re m o e re g i f t h
ons o k y w h i h e s i t w d
, i i d h c , f as t h e re, v es eave n rom ear ,

an df o rm s h b t e d y f th oun ar i w Th Z d w d V
o e v e . e en or ar e na corres

p d
on s f t h ar i it er
y a l g y th
s et m o o i d t t h G
on k d p de one s e o e ree v a v r,

h d th th t th I di V th G d igi lly
“
eav e n, an on e o er o ‘ e n an an na, I ll , e o or na

p i di g th
re s n ov e r t t b d fh
e re m o e s
( w h ou n s o d k y i tea ve n, e re se a an s , as

w e re , m e lt t g th ) o e d wh ge r, lly i th V d i
an o p t d th
e nera n e e as s re re se n e as e

m y h i l l d f i g d ight b t i th l t yth l gy th
t ca or o e ve n n an n , u n e a er m o o as e

g d
o f o h t e l y
se a on T h I i. V e
y p i
ran anb ly t
an na m a oss , as a cou n e r

p t
ar t th o b d f
e a o e o Y i th t m a on t i f t h t p i
e e x rem e m oun a n o e eas , rn

c ip lly d
a t h
e no e t t e ex w t li it f th fi
re m e e s e rn t whi h m y s o e rm am e n , c e ve r

i g
e ve n n l h
co nc e a d th light whi h w ld
t e sun an e t f th, c ou acco un or e

a dj ti ec V
ve
y am f d
a, f V orm e b i g i
rom th Z d a t
ar ena, e n n e en ves a

on ly ppli d t
a e lig pi i t
o m a ns r s.

Th hi f pl it f Th t
e c e ex o o whi h i ft
r ae aoa a, l t d b t ly i c so e n re a e , u near n
t h e sa m e w d w h i figh wi h Ad d D M k th d t
or s, as s t t ti p t a a, e es ruc v e se r en .

Thi p i d ib d h i g th h d d q tly th
s se r e nt s e scr e as av n ree e a s, an conse ue n re e

m ont s h d i an y s x d p e i g
es, th an dpw h w f
ossess n a ousan o e rs e as o

l
m a e vo e nl t di p iti s osd by f th on, an t ig f ll il b i g
ar e m os v orous o a ev e n s,

t d by h il pi it Al th d t f th w ld f
,

f ti
'

c rea e t e ev s r m m n or e e s ruc on o e or so
 Yas ts Abé nh and Brim as re q ue sting th e m y hi t cal bi e n s
g Ardvi sa ra
and Vayu for stre ngth to di p s e ople all th e countrie s of th e e art h .

His re
q uest h of co u rse re ec e j td , and on th e contrar yb oth h
t ese tw o
‘
and ot e r h good sp i rits confe r on Th r a e taoa a pw o er to su bd ue th e

p
se r e nt, toge t h er w i th its zealo us and m hy
i g t b roo d . Now, as Th ac

taona com bats th e se r e ntp Az h i, th e I ndian Tri ta also h

fig ts wi t a h
p
se r e nt N W; and from h t is re se m bl ance we learn th e im m rt of th e
I rani an m
y t os h . Th e I din an as we ll as th e Ze n dAl z n two form s
’

(
of th e sam e w or d) d t p t b t i th E t th p w
e no es a se r en ; u as n e as e se r e nt as
‘

th y b l f b th
e s m o o l d phy i l il th w d d
o m ora an ti g p t
s ca ev , e or eno n se r e n

w lik wi i I di
as e seppli d t th h g
n n a a f thi k
e o d h ey u e m asses o c an eav

l d wh i h d i g th
c ou s, c i ur n l h h d
e ra ns conce a t th t t e e av e n, an se em o re a e n

th th wi th d t
e e ar ti At h i I d h t d t th
e s ruc on . suc t m es n ra as e ne o e com

b h
at ; tt d th l d wi h h i light i g d h d th f
e sca e re e c ou s t s nn , an c ase em rom

h t e sky l yi g A l i
, s a th n l d zp t i wh i h b t h w
or e c ou -se r e n , n c com a e as

i t d by T i t
ass s e d th di i iti
r a f th w i d
an e Th v n phy i l
es o e n s . e sam e s ca

an d t l p
na ura re t i I fi d i th I i y h f th
rese n at on n b n e ran an m t os o e com at

b tw e Ti
ee n t d th
ara e aona p t A l i D l é l t i d bt
an e se r e n . z a t ca, oo, s no ou

t h e sam e li g l d m a p t d thi i th
n c ou -se r e n ; wh y h p
an s s e reaso n e es e

cai lly dd a hi q tt A d i
resse s s re d V y b i gi f t
ue s o r r sura an a s, e n n ac som e

wh t al t d t th
re a e b i g wh o
yeseb b i fly
e n s, i d t b p o i m a e re sa o e e rson

fl ti ca f w t
ons o d wi d (T
a e r an A d l I hn ll h . i o t r m sura s a ave occas on o

t
re urn ) I .d w d
n ra i I fi was all i I
eva d i b nt ir w ll
n as e as n n a, u , as s e

k w th ig ifi ti f hi w d d w q it pp i t i thw
no n, e s n ca on o t s or eva as u e o os e n e

tw t i
o coun r e s,th b ight d f I di b i g i I a
e r ean pp ll ti
o n a e n n r n an a e a on

o f il d ev
g w h i
e m ons, am on h I d i k d Th
c t t h
n ra s rec one f . r ae aona , e re ore ,

cou ld t li k th I di
no , T it b
e e n ili y f I d
an r b th p
a, e an aux ar o n ra u e er

f orm s hi lf th p t f I d i th
m se e ar b t wi h th l d p t
o n ra n e com a t e c ou -se r e n .

Th t i
ra e a ona q ly s conse i lb i g p u e nt g f anth w t
ae r a f e n , s ru n rom e a e rs o

th fi e t
rm am e n db i h
, an t i
o rn
g f h k y h
n t e e x re m e re
t i t ons o e s : e s no a

g d
o , I d
as t h l d f b ght h
n r a, i e or b t o t lb i gr — hild e av e ns, u a m or a e n , a c

o f t na u re d th t i l w ld
an — d th
e m a er a f p i h bl lik h i
or , an , e re ore , er s a e, e s

p t
are n s T h . b l b tw
e rese m I d d
ance Th t e i d i
e en ti g n r a an ra e aona, n ca n

conse q tly th ue n igi f h

e com m on y hi id i fi d by or n o t e m t c e a, s con rm e

a com m on e p ith t w hi h whi l

e , ly b
c igh tly
m ean pl i d by e can on e r ex a ne

th h lp f h I di
e e o yth l gy Th h g
t e n an m f l d p
o o . i e u e m asse s o c ou s, e rson

fi d d
e h h p f
un er t e s p t h li k wi ll d V i t ( n) h
a e o a se r e n , are e re e se ca e r ra i t e
h id i g h i d i g
n , n er n dI d l yi g Ad d V i t
one , an in ra s a
q ly n or f ra s conse ue nt

styl d (
We ) V i t l y1 T h r p i h
ra s a er t ( V t l .
j ) i p li
e sam e e
p d t e ere cra a n s a e

t Tho t rae aona, andd t id tly f th ti

a es e v wh th I en i li d rom e m e en e ran ans ve
 a nc ts s r m a m a s
'
M YTHO LOG Y . 86

in p e ace fu l u ni on w it h I di n a, as th e I rani an Ve n lh ra h as lost t h tp a ecu

liar se nse O f th e I di “ (whi h i

n an c s onl yp re se rve di n Ve re th raj a n, and

th e d e riv ati v e noun - Ve n tity um ) and h as a o d pt d e a

ge ne ral m e ani n
g of

yi
v ctor , or p ow e r o f re si stance by thi
and th w dh s reason, e or as be com e

y y
s non m o us wit hV en th r ava t h th t i
, e d w d with p w
a s en o e o e r of re sist

ance, o r th e v i ctorious ; an e pith t lik wi ppli d t Th t

e e se a e o ra e aona , wh o
is sai di Ze m y ad Yas t to b e th e m ost vi ctorious of all v ic torious
n th e h
m ortals ne x t to Zoroaste r He , too, h ad to sustain a co m at, b u t against . b
m h
oral e v il, w i lst th e e orts of Th rae taona we re ire cte agai nst fl '

d d phy
sical e v il i n ge ne ral, d by th w ich hi
t lp w f th
s cause i d ose na ura o e rs o e a r an

s ky b a ov e h f f h
t e sur ac e o th f h i ff t w t
t e ear fi dt ; or se or s e re no con ne o

th e co mb t with Add W a lik wi t ld i th F . di Y h t th t

e are e se o n e arv ar n as a

h i p t typ i t b w
s ro o hi p p d t
e s o t i k
e ors d by e o ave r s c ne ss cause e x trem e

h t ea , t
to av e r i i di d ti
ex cess ve ra ns an w ll th i j y p nun a ons, as e as e n ur ro

d uce d by Add Th yth f Th t i th f d d ly

. e m os o rae a ona s us oun e m e re o n an

inco rre c t d i p f t th gh p ti l i w f
an m e r ec t ou H i th oe ca v e o na ure . e s e

y b l i g f th b fi t p w f h i th ff t f
s m o or m a e o ose e ne ce n o e rs o t e a r, e e or s o

w hi h i t w c , i g i d was m a d i t d g i
ne t t h , i l e re f t h h t
rec eil a a ns e v o e nce o e os e

an d li g i fl
m a t hi d
n n ue nce , th i j y th to d by th l t t
n er e n ur re a e ne e a te r o

h
t e th ea r Wh .th f th b ight h ppi fli w y f
e n, e re ore , e r a ne ss es a a ro m

F i n a , on accoun t f h g ilt
i — wh th fo fh s u i d k , d d en e ace o e av e n s ar e ne , an

h
t e s ky d by bl k l ds — wh
cov e re i l ac t c ou with ll h i e n nc e m e n seasons, a t e r

t d t t
at e n a n bl i rou p ii i fl e , ex e rc se a th p hy i l w
e rn c ousl n ue nce on e s ca e

f are f O — w hm an, th l l i t i end k d

us ad i p l i g
— h
n na u re s ar an s eas n t en

Th tr ae a onai ll d i t ti s ca d kt
e n o ac dy th il h h on, an se e s o rem e e ev e, t ere

f ore , i i i g th h ppi
s se z n flyi g w y f Yi e a ness With thi id n a a rom rna . s ea

o f Th t r ae ki dly i l b i g b fi ly di p d t w d
a ona as a n ae r a e n , e ne ce nt s ose o ar s

h
t e eart h h ythi t l
, anot e r m i g hi g c if I
a e ly
conce rn n m a ree s, corre ct

d t d it i p t Thi t l i f d i th Aba Y ht d it
u n e rs an s m or . s a e s ou n n e n as , an s

t t
con e n s are b i fly f ll w re Th fi t V f as N d
o o w h ipp d e rs a ra av za ors e

A d Wh p d high by Th t i th h p f h
'

r m aur a . en urse on r a e aona n e s a e o t e

bi d K l h i
r f th
al r d y d igh t h t i d t d d t w d
sa, or re e a s an n s e r e o esc e n o ar s

hi w h bit i
s o n b t
a ldat on, t g t y f u t h cou th p h
no e an ar er e re u on e

p yd t Ad
ra e o p i i g h th d ff i g t th w t
r
’

m snra , rom s n er a ousan o er n s a e a e rs

o f R g/l an if h w a, bl d t e h h i w h b it i d th
e re e na e o re ac s o n a at on an e

ear th h h pp d i h f
s e t en a f l
ea re ly id n t e d f lfill d o rm o a o ve m a e n an u e

hi s re
q t N
ues w A d. i t h po ifi i r f l
’

l
m aur at h s l e e rson cat on o a e natura

fl id h fl t f whi h
u s, t e e
’

ec s of hi g i i g cf i li i
areg
— g re re s n , an m at n , e rt z n e . .

th fl i d th t
e u s i th w t a f th
are nh di h i f h e a e rs o e eart , an n t e ra ns o t e
s ky i , h p lifi t
n t e gt h fro i t h
c s re n b f w o d
m an,h n e w om o o m an, an t e

m ilk i h b t t Th ig ifi ti f V j i t y t q it
n er re as s, e c . e s n ca on o a ra s no e u e
 86 A NC I ENT m am a s M YTHO LO G Y .
[Jo Lr

c lear to m e , alt ou
g h h it see m s w it h high d g
a e re e O f p b bility t
ro a o be
th e P e rsian ba rf, ( t i f f) snow .

If so, oa ra na vdsa f d e notes th e ne wl y f ll a e n snow, and th e i d ea of th e

m yh t os woul d d d w t w d th
be —Th e h it ti g
snow lea s o n o ar s e e art , s re s n
pl d
ace , an q tly it p p h bit ti b t it d ight b
conse ue n s ro e r a a on u as s en m e

i
nox ous an di j i t h phy i l w lf
n ur ous f o Th t e
t k s ca e are o m an, r ae aona see s

t i it i h i d w lli g
to re a n n high Y t th w i i f t p t f
s e n on . e e sno s n ac a ar o

th l f A d d t lik th d t ti l d ’

e re a e sse nce o r m sura , an no , e e e s ruc ve c ou

se r e n
p t A d d ,lt g t h il , w i t
ah t
o e tili ty A er d i g ev it , ou u . ccor n to s

p y it i p itt d t
ra e r, s h th
e rm th w h e it o i t i
re ac e ear , e re s m o s ure n

t
re u rn i e xe rc ses wh t b fi i l i fl
a som e f light f ll f
a e ne c a n u e nce ; or a s a o

sno w ld tb
cou g d d
no p i t
ei il
re i t
ar e i li k I é
as a os ve e v n coun r e s, e r n,

w hi h h lw y ff d f d ght d w t f w t
c av e a a s su e re rom rou an an o a er .

Th thi d ti e b ight h ppi fli w y f Yi it i i d

r m e r a ness es a a rom nca, s se ze

by K é p H b l g t th f ily f ai f whi h b id h i
ere s s a . e e on s o e am o m , o c es es s

b th U a/l h y d th i f th Th i t
ro er re cu a a, an ti d Th e r a er r a , are m en one . e

nam e f th f o ily S é e d t th b i g f t th q i t
am , m a, e no e s e r n er o res , e u e e r,

l
ca m e r or soo th b i g lli d t th S k it t ut d hi i gl
e r, e n a e o e ans r roo t an t s s n e

w d i di t
or nh i
ca es f ll th t e am ff t f th f ily i
o th i
a e e or s o e am n e r

diff t di ti A th bj t f th ff t w
e re n re c ons . s t le o m — ec o ese e or s as m or a m a as

h y w
t e i t d d t
e re p t h i w ll b i g d th f t
n en e o rom o e s e - e n , an e re ore o

cease on h i d th — th wh l f
s ea i ly f Sd , th e t l li k
o e am o m a m us e m or a , e

m an with w h it i t d
om O f th i f ily th Y c ( h p i )
s connec e . s am , e a na c a . x .

t ll Tl t w th f l h w th thi d t l
'

e s us m t a as e m os tt
use u : e as e r m or a , ne x o

V{ gh tva n d Ath wy w h
a an t t d th j i f th a dH o e x rac e e u ce o e sac re am

pl t d w w d d by th gift f h i tw
an , an as re ar e A t th tility
e s o s o so ns . s o e u

f Ti t d th t d y f h i ff t w di tly i f d i
'

o m a , an e e n e nc o s e or s, e are re c n orm e n

th eV didsd (f g en ) th t h war th fi
. t xx f th . p ia g e as e rs o e e rse v e r n ,

b igh t ig
r v t l wh b gh t di
orous m or a s, t di d d th
o rou se ase o sease , an ea

t d th
o ea d t d b
, an i gf f
av e r e th b dy f
u rn n Th i t e ve r rom e o o m an . r a,

th us, so t p k d di it lf ill d k h b k it
o s ea , re n e rs se ase se an w ea ; e rea s s

pw o t th
e r, arre s s tt k f d th d
e a d h p i f th b dy
ac o ea , an re m ov e t e a ns o e o ,

f wh i h p p
or c h i p id d with
ur ose s di by O d hi lf
e s rov e re m e es rm az m se .

Th i r hw ta , i o t f e v e r, t b s no id d o t lhcourse o e cons e re as an ac ua u m an

phy i i b t s c an, y b li l bl
u as a s m p ifi ti f th h li g o ca em em or e rso n ca on o e ea n ,

t i g p w
re s or n f o t F
e rs thi o h
na urei id .d or s re ason e s cons e re as

b l gi g t th f
e on n ily f Sé
o e h am th d l o th p i d
m a , as e soo e s an ca m s e a ns an

di sease s o f th b dy h e l b i g li k th b dy wi h wh i h
o . e 1 8 a m or ta e n , e e o t c

h w
e as t d Bt h w l k d p
co nne c e . th u t e f l f th as oo e u on as e m os use u o e

wh l f o e ily am d bt b , no i hi i f
ou y d id f i tifi
e cause m an n s n anc , e vo o sc e n c

ex
p i f
e r ence,l t h i lf i th
ei p t i l
m se l t p b l t n d y
s ar cu ar e as ca a e o re n e r an se r
 . a s c ts s T m a m a s M YTH O LO G Y . 87

v cei by h i m se lf, b ut e nt re l i y blig d t

o e o re l y
h li g p w f th on th e ea n o e rs o e

d
en uring and i n e fati a
g d bl t e na ure , or, t th w d
o use f th ythi t l e or s o e m c a e,

on th h li g p w
e ea n f Th i t o er o r a. Hi i id ti l wi th th
s nam e b s en ca e a ov e

i
m e nt one d I di T i t (F1 7) n an r a 1 ; an d h S tk it t l ti f th Y c
e ans r rans a on o e a na

add th t h ws, a ll d b
e as so ca e ecause h w thi d
e (W m i ti
as a r son :
'
t
m ) d ; an th i m th s case e nam e m us t b d i df th e lTi e r ve ro m e num e ra r

f
( ) l w, asfi d t
e h V d
n m M M e d F l
e as, or l ( f F: d u ) an an m a rom an ,

ti
m e n o ne d i wi th T i t
i n conne x on Bt I i li d t
r a. k u am m ore nc ne o se e

th ty
e e l gy f th Z d Th i t i h
m o o o e t Tl i ( S
en k i it d )
r a n t e roo m ans r t an m ,

to sav e or p i whi h
re se rve , n th w ld b ig ifi ti
c case f hi
e nam e ou e s n ca ve o s

m H i th ly Ti t i d i th Z da t I '

o es . e s not e on m a m e nt one n e en v es a . n
th Abé Y ht ti i d f Ti t dA h f
'

e n as m en on s m a e d h o m a an s a vaz a , so ns o

S y ld
a uz c n b
'

h ut as di t e se are nam e i wi th h w g i tn co nne x on t e ar a a ns

th h tile os di t ib th y
e no m a c r h t b l g t th
es, e se e m i t rat e r o e on o e anc e n

t diti l hi y f I i th t it y h l gy Thi Ti t i l ’

ra o na stor o ri n an o s m t o o . s m a s a so

m en ti d i th F
one n di Y h e g
arvar h w i hn f asl T h i t
t, to e t e r t a em a e r a or

Ti fa- n g
, t
am on sh w h p t
t osetyp t ose b h l d ro o d b t es are o e e sacre ; u

thi i s l th s a so wi th e th p
case wh pp tly b l g t th
o er e rsons, o a are n e on o e

tra diti l hi t y ly ( g ll h K iy i ki g
o na s or on a . a t e i an an n s

Th fi t e rs f th so n yth i l Tl t w U il h h y wh
o e m ca m
'

a as rvr c s a a, ose

nam e d t th w id
e no es li g e wi d p t ti ge -ru n H i
or id i h
e- ro ec n one . e s sa n t e

Yc a nat b pi o ed t d
ou s, an f j ti an d i th Af i
e x en e r o us ce an n e r n

id B b fi t d p h t d lik U é kl h y ”
Z e rtush t it i s sa e e ne ce n an o e n- ear e e ro cs a a.

Th gh ou f h p ti l
no urt e r
g i ar t h i t
cu ars are th i i ffi i t
v e n as o s na u re , s s su c en

t p i t
o t th i d
o n ou et d with h i
e a connec e d w h ll I b li h dly m an e s a , e e ve , ar

i
err n re
g d i g U ar é l l l
n y th rv y bcn li l i
ta g f
a as t l
e s m o ca m a e o
’
m an s e e rna

pw o d h
e r, an b fi i l flt f i i
t e e ne c a hi g
e
'

ec s w o d t m e n soo t n sorro s an

l i g p
ca m n i — th
ass ons i g f th ki dly f li g
as e m a e o f th t e n ee n s o m an, a

i li
nc ne hi b j t m to db e l tt h
us an d h i Th t i h
e ne v o e n o t ose arou n m . a s t e
reason wh y U é kh fi y ni p td s a a i
s re f th re se n eth i g as a sc on o e soo n

f ily f S W
am o d , f th h li g Ti tt b
an a so n o
- h e li ea th n n o, e cause e re e ves e

di f th
sease s o i d h i f th th
e m n , f th b dy
as s a H i er t l ose o e o . e s m or a ,

b e cause hi f ti s t unci t with th lif

on e rm f na e s th b i gi e e o m an e re e n n

y d
on e r w l d i th
or
g i fne p i
er i thre l
no r l i
ass on, ne j ti e r m a e vo e nce nor n us ce .

Bt h u th h i wi d
e re on ear li g e wi d p t ti g i
s e -ru n y or e - ro e c n , s nce e ve r m an

d hi
ne e s i t s ass s a nce I w d ti lik h i d th q i t p f l
. n ar ac on e s, an e u e , e ace u

lif wh i h i i t
e, c sq d
s conse t ff d ue nce , h tt f tw d o no a or m uc m a er or ou ar

re or
p t d h , an i t i q i
e ncet t l th t
s U é
u ek h h y i
na ura ld a rv a a a s so se om

m e nti n d o e B t ki dly d p
. u a f l h n t an i l p dt
eace u c arac er s a so ex ose o

tt k
a ac s an di j i f th
n ur es bi g fi rom w ith o t th p w
e rs, f
e n i t o en ou e o er o res s

Mah abh arata, m 2 783 . .

 A NC IENT A
I R NI AN MYTH O LO G Y .

i ng h
and th e wis of ave ngi ng t h em . To h t is re fe rs anot e r m h y th os , ( to

whi h I h ll p
c s a rese ntl y re turn ) , in w hi h c K e re shsp a, th e b th
ro er of

Un ri h h s h aga is m a e d to sa
y Le t m e p roce e dt o av e n e m
g y b th ro er

Ur vdh h sh aga ‘
le t m e sla y Hitd p s a .
”

Th e t ir h dp e rson o f th f ily f Sh e am o ana , K eresdsp a, pp

a ears un e r d
a m ore di ti t f
s nc orm . H i y g wi the s oun , a tall b dyo and a m anly

dis p osi ti o n h e is arm e d wi th p d a s e ar an a clu b . Ne x t to Zoroaste r

h e is th e stronge st of th e strong m ortals, on account of
g in h is coura e

m ee ti ng ange rs d
He is a warri or in all h is. h m i
g t and s tre ngt , an d h
h
t is also is i m pli d i
e n th e nam e K eres ép h h
a a, w i c signifie s one w ose h
h orses are le an, and th e re fore swifte r an d d m ore e n urin ,
g w ic h hi s still

th e case on th e pl i a ns of Tur is tan k . B t th gh

u ou a warrior, h e is not
a sav age , furious, b b ar arian, as he bl e on s
g to th e sooth i ng fam i l y of

S h aw , is a son of th e h e ali ng Th ri ta, and b th

ro er of th e p i ous
Urvé lchs h aga . His calling and function is, in d ee d, w ar b ut h e oe s d
not p u rsue war for th e sa k e of war, b ut onl y to h e al th e w oun d s o f
di d t
sco r dy th b h f p
, o re m e dt t e i h d tre ac es o eace , an o res ore v an s e ran

q illity d th h ly p t typ f th g d p t t h i b dy th
u an e o ro o es o e oo ro e c s o , e

t
s re ngth f wh i h i q io d i f lfilli gch i lli gs reH t d
u re n u n s ca n . e m us , accor

i gly b
n ,
id d y b li l bl
e cons e re p ifi ti f th
as a s m o ca em em or erso n ca on o e

b d
rave cou ra e an
g b dily t gth f t tt k
o i g b t i lfs re n o m an, no a ac n u n se

d f th gh d d dy f th fight wh
e e nce , ou arm e d wh an rea or e e ne v e r an e re ve r

d g p t it lf Wi h thi g wh t i l id i th
an e r re se n s se . t s a re es a s a so sa n e

F di Y ht W w hi p hi p t typ t t h til i l
arvar n as e ors s ro o e o av e r os e v o e nce ;
an d th i di g h t t
e nva t th il
n d th i j y
os , d by
o ave r e ev m an, an e n ur ca use

t l b i g p t f th
”
th il
e ev K ép .i eres s ti t ti g a s a m or a e n , cons u n a ar o e

nature of m an : h e is th e stronges t of all m ortals, but infe rior to Zoroas

te r, b e cause th e com b at sustaine d by th e latte r . bi e ng for th e fai t h and

th e spi i r tual li fe , was o f high i p er m ort, and conse q ue ntl y q re uire d a

gre ate r stre ngt h th an th e conte sts of K eresésp a for m ortal life and

te m p ora l re p ose . As h is callin

g is w ar wit th e li v in
g foes of m an, h
h is di o ngs we re of a cleare r and m ore d
istinct nature th an t ose of h is h
two ki nsm e n ; and t hi s se e m s to b e th e re ason wh y h e alone e xclusi v e l y
is m e ntione d i n th e b ight h ppi th
mythi c tale as se izing th e r a ness e

th i d tir i t fli m e Yi th i fligh t f h pp i
es a w y f
h ig
a rom m a s o a ne ss av n

ev id tly g en l f t
a ll h di t
e ne ra d ff i g w hi h
re e re nce o a t e s ress an su er n s c

h th i igi i
av e e r orhi lf d i th i j i f th li i g
n n m an d m se , an n e n ur es o e v n aroun

hi m d i d d t an dy thi th id d i t
, n ee , f th b th
o re m e s, e a an ass s ance o e ro er

an d f th i a h d d b t th i flt b i g
er s as suc i d nee e u e r e
’
or s, e n m ore n oor,

of a m ore ld t — di t d t th i t l t t f
concea e na ure , m ore re c e o e n e rna s a e o

m i d nd d
n , ti h
a ly lif — t
om es c, h tt f tw d
om e , e, are no so m uc m a er o ou ar
 . a s c ras r m
'
am a s M YTH O LO G Y . 89

p
re ort and re now n as t h ose of K en shsp a, wh o, fig ting out of h d oors,

strives to restore di b d p th e stu r e eace .

M y an d ani b i g th
v ar ous f th di t b
e n e f p
cause s o e s u r ance o eace,

m an y tl a es aref d i g K
oun ép
conce rn n Th ll l t t hi e re s a a . ese a re a e o s

w f ar are ; b tb i g i g u e n l y b i fly t ld d ft ly lightly
n e ne ra v e r re o , an O en on

touc h d p th i p t f th ythi t l i d k d l l
e u on, e m or o ese m c a es s ar e r an ess c e ar

th an m igh t th wi h o er b th se Th d
av e i pti
e en f t e case l . e e scr on o e x e rna

i t
c rcum s ances i th ythi t l
n e i w ll k w
m c i t k a e s, f as s e no n, s a en rom

t l lif
ac ua d e, y an th f m a y ,w ll t i f
e re ore , v e r t l e con a n a re e re nce o re a

f t (th gh
ac s w
ou k w t ) d b d d with l t it f
no un no n o us , an e a orne rea ra s o

h t
c arac e r, d an d id f ll yth l gi l ig ifi ti whi h
nam es ev o o a m o o ca s n ca on ; c

a ddi ti l
o na tt m a t e r m us ily fi t b ift d b f
ne cessar w i rs e s e e ore e can arr ve

a t th eigi l i d
or na d l ea an f th y hi t l Thi i p
rea esse nce o e m t c a e . s s ar

ti l ly li k ely t b th
cu ar o with th e ythi t l th bj t f
e case ose m c a es, e su ec o

whi h i c hi lf d h i d i g Alth gh th i th f
s m an m se an s o n s. ou e re s, e re ore ,

e ve r y p b b ili ty
ro a th t i th f a bd d by
n K h e
p w oes h su ue en s a a e av e

p e rsoni fi ti ca f th di
ons o fl t phy i e l d
'

l
e ren th t t d
s ca t an m ora cause s a en o

di t b
s ur t
our l pe x e rna d t q illity it i t y t l t
e ace an ran u , s no e c ear o

whi h f th
c o h p ti l t l ll d
e se causes eac p i lly wh thi i
ar cu ar a e a u es, e s ec a en s s

b t ly lightly t
u on s hd p ouc ly th
e f f i
u on, or m e re ti d e nam e o a oe s m e n one .

I h ll th f t th p t fi y lf t th ythi t l
s a , ere ore , a e re se n c on ne m se o ose m c a es

wh i h c t i
con a n som e wh t tt th a m ore m a er an a m e re nam e .

Th ehi f pl it f K é p b i g t l t th nly
c e ex o — o eres s a, e n a e as e o one m e n

ti one d i th Y q n e d th fi t
a na, an d d i th Z yé d Y h i e rs —
recor e n e em as t, s

h i figh t with th
s t dd
e v enom ous se r e n or a
p S ( i h i g h er raoara , . e. av n orns

or c a lw ) whi h d
s, c dh wh
e vours m e n an th g orses, on om e re e n ve nom

did fl w wi h th thi k
o t e f i c ness oTh i d f th anyth nc e ea o e m os se e m s

ev id t en d th
, an dd d bt dly ig ifi ll th wild b t d
e a er u n ou e s n es a e e as s, an

g e rous f th orp e d f tyeace f anw h ttsa e k d i j

o i m an, ose a ac s an n ur e s

ft
o en o blig h i t t k p e m o d d f d hi
a e u lf Th
arm s an p t e en m se . e se r e n

seem s t b o p l
e exy d
ress ly b inam e
g b l onf ll il as d e n an e m em o a ev , an ,

as th B ible y btl ( q tly

e sa s, m ore su d g ) th ll
e conse ue n m ore an e rous an a

th b e t f th fi ld
e as s o Bt t th p ti l
e e . f th i
u as ythi t l
o e ar cu ars o s m c a e,

I am till i
s th d k d I k w t wh t it ll d wh it i
n e ar , nor o no o a a u es en s

f th
ur id
er sa K ip l w th dd
ereu s o s e d w ki g it t f d e a e r, an as coo n o oo

i i
n an ron- o p t t i t ba g tnoonb d h i d le p t an t of t h urn, an sse , ea ou o e

p o t , d an t d th
ov e r urne w t t fl w w ey t d t
a erh lio t o a a urne e v a an

K -
eva d p f igh t
a t: d
r ene .

Ih av e ti d b
m e n one th t l b t Hi té p wh K d p
a ove e ae a ou s a, om en s s a

sel wt o g h i
av e n eb th U lshh h y ro N fer th p ro ti
u
l s a a . o ur er ar c ars are

given Hi ldap s
respe cti ng Th e very e tym ology of h is nam e is uncer
.

tain but t conclude from th e m anne r in w i ch h e is m e ntioned, h c h

z p
90 s um m e r m a m a s u v r no noo r .
[J o n

m ust a pp arentl y h e th e re p
bitt t f f pi
re se nta tion of th e e res oe o a ous

d p h h ”
an f l lif
ea ce u Hi e .
y h w i
s nam e m a t th p l m ean e e a e orses .

P h p th h igh t h b i t d d t p t p l y d
e r a s, e n, e m ave ee n n e n e o re re se n a e e nv an

c unn n i g li h t g i t th h ppi
m a ce , t a r e ve f th a d
e a ly nes s o o e rs, an are on

li i t
so c t di t b i t f
ous o th
s ur k f th i w p fit or e sa e o f e r o n ro , or e ve n or no

p p t ll b t th t f di t bi g it
ur ose a a u a o s ur n .

A th no q i h d f i Z ip é l
er v an u s e wh
oe s h f th with
ar s m a, o rus es or

t d dj w t d t y th t i l w ld f t th — p ity Th
”
e x en e a s o es ro e m a er a or o ru or ur . e

nam e d t b wi h g ld h l M y w t th f l k
e no e s e t o en ee s .
”
a e no , e re ore , oo

u p h i th p ifi ti f th
on m as e e rson i ca f
on o th i p e aur aacra am es,
’
e m ure

spi it f t g di whi h
r o cove ous re e t fi d uess, t t q illity i
c canno n res or ran u n

th p e i
osse ss on o f w h t it h b t lw y a t as,dd i u a
— a s cove s an es re s m ore e ve n

th t wh i h ly by f d d i l b bt i d H b l g ”
a c can o n rau an v o e nce e o a ne . e e on s

—whi h c wh il d
m ean t th w f the oe s no ligh t thro id f th
ur er on e ,
ea o e

m yth —t l f b i g ll d G d b whi h i I di
os o a c ass o e n s ca e an ar as, c n n a are con

s id d e re tt d t i
as a th h
e n an s f I d n b t i I a lik I d
e eav en o n ra, u n r n, e n ra

hi lf h b
m se , av e il b i g
e com e e v e n s.

A t
m on s
g t h f o bd er d by K
oes su é p b t
ue w h l y
eres a a, u ose nam e s m ere

are
g i w
v en, i th t y f t h
ou d i
an p t i w ur fi d i
er th Z e scr
y fi d on, e n n e em

Y htas S é id l
one n vwh t ik
a ca , wi th h i l w
o Th gh th
s r es s c a s.
”
ou e

e ty l gy f th
m o o o i t i h i
e nam e s unce r a n, l ly p i t d h ghty e s c ear an e as a au ,

th gh i p t t pi i t f
ou m o en i p id
s r d wild
, o vabiti with f
n r e an am on, ar roam

i g d i
n e s res,wh ly f o, th k
m e re f hi w
or e t sa e o s o n am use m e n or

g ti
ra fi ti ca w i
on,h ts est th w h
e ve n l oth p i d
u rn d w e o e e ar u s e o n .

Th us h i i t d
e s d p ki g I
n ro uce b t f bl
s ea n w I am u ee e e re

p w f l gh I w ld k th h
o er u enou , ou y h
m a i e d th e th eave n m c ar ot, an e ear

i t wh l I w ld b i g d w th h ly pi i t f
s ee ou rn o h i b igh t
n e i
o s r rom s r m ans on

on high d i p th il pi it f h i d k b d f i y
, an ra se u e ev s r rom s ar a o e o m se r .

Th y h ld th
e s ou b th t g th d w y h i t l K é p kill
en o o e er ra m c ar o , un ess cres a a s

m e . B t th yth dd h w l i by th
u , e m os a s, li t K e dp as s a n e v a an ercs c a.

K dp
ere s s l t h
a see m s a so b pl d i f i dly o av e ee n i ace n a r en connex on

wi th f h f i i
one o wh
t e a r es, l wh p t d il b i g W
o e se ere are re rese n e as e v e n s. e

re a d th i th V didad F g i )
us n e en i g th d ar t f D / k
. . conce rn n e e se r o a r ta er,

th e se v e n th p l t d by O
ace crea e d Th th il pi it p d d rm az e re e ev s r ro uce

a f i y wh
a r , h om h d wh f ll w d K w i p ( Y p gl j t
s e crus e , o o o e er s a.
”
a u an ca a

K é p
ercs a e m A di g t th w d f thi p g th bd
ccor n o e or s o s assa e , e su uer

o f th f i y e ar t h b
m us f i y hav e lf b t thi p
ee n a g
a r erse u s assa e m a
y ;
p ibly t i
oss con a n ly ll i
m e re t th an t f K
a us on ép t o e na ure o ere s s a, a

th t ti
a m e f o
g ll
coursey d t d e neraA t l t th l
u n ers oo i . eas e c ause s

foun d lit lly i th p g (i th Z ydd Y bt) ppli d t

e ra n ano er assa e n e em aa a e o

m an ly coura e ,
g th in p b l e p i se f ara h e comd ly an on o a e ro, an sure as

m uc h q i d i th
re u re b t g i t th f i i d pi it f d k
n e com a a a ns e a r es an s r s o ar ne ss .
 s um m er Hu m a n M v rno no o r
'
. 91

Th e di o ngs of K ere sés

p a are d d th wh l th
of course e x te n e ov e r e o e e ar

on e ar th , q tly h i ti l d d h i h
conse ue n , s na ve tb an g h t f an s om e m us e sou or .

Th f ere o re , as Yi p d d f th high t
sm rocee e it f th b ight
rom e es sum m o e r

t i
m oun a n o f th t Ti
e eas t w as b i th trae aoaa t g i as orn n e re m o e re ons

o f th ky
e s — K - cp iao t d with th
eres a e: s connec e f g t g lf th e sea o re a u s, e

ear th -s urroundi g (
n R g i )
oce an,f w h i h panl ngh li k t hro m c ace e, e e

oce an, m i ght b th wh l them race e o e e ar .

Th t
ese na ura l f bl whi h I h a es, lly c i d th yth
—av e se v e ra e x am ne , e se m o

l gi l p
o ca re t ti rese n af th diti
ons o d e con t f t on d
an m ov e m e n s o na ure an

m an k d
i — n d i th
assum e ,f tin e course o ibl b dily d
m e , a m ore se ns e, o , an

h um an h p s d th
a e J an / id F id us G Mp
enn r , ly pp er un, ers s m e re a e ar as

p ly h
ure ki g d thly h
u m an n s an i th l t t di ti
ear l hi t y
e roes n e a er ra ona s or

o f P i e rs a I h ll t h w
. s a tno ,
thi d
o l p t f th
ever, e n e r on s ev e o m e n o ese

m yth i t l d id b t k t i t th i wh l f th
c a e s an eas, u see o un e em n a o e ; or ev

rea lly bi t
com nep id
o com b i g th
ose one l p t f ea, e n e se ve ra ar s o one

i g
m a e, un er d whi h th i t I i tw ty fi c e anc e n t i
ran ans, en - v e ce n ur es or m ore

g
a o, t i d t
re p t
o re th i i w
rese n f t h th l y
e r v e h pp i so d phy i l
e ea r a ness an s ca

w lfe f
are o f th
m an, o t di g p w e con e n f t nt ib ti o t e rs o na ure con r u ve o, or

d t ti f thi h ppi
es ruc ve o s d f th a bt
ness, an yt o it
e com a ne ce ssar o sec ure

it wh l t by
’
an d t
re s o re e n os w t g i
m an s o n rans re ss on .

Th b ight Yie r di p m a th ly h pp i
s e nses ear w hi h ig l g
a ness, c re ns, as on as

h i f
e s f re e g ilt
ro m b d u tly d
, d
a un ani t b d t han g t
un ll s ur e on e ar am on s a

t
cre a u re s, b t i h u hi t
v an s es
g i on h h si g p w
rans ress on, t e av n no o er o

t i
re a n or t it Th li ght f d y i h d by th gl
res ore . e o yd k
a s c ase e oom ar

ness f igh t b t th ki d l d f light i

o n , u e n th flyi g h pp i
or o se zes e n a ness .

N t a ure l it b ight
oses d h
s r f l pp an — c th f e er u f h a earance , e ace o eav e n

b e com es d wi h b k h
t
cov e re l t t i g l
ac d — , d k d i
re a e n n l t c ou s, ar an nc e m en

seasons sus e n p d d d t y anh k i d l y i

es ro
g f t f t t e T hn T h s o na ure . en ra c

t ao a a i b s i th o rn n t g i f
e e x re m et h k y i t
reh y
ons o q t e s : n e ve r uar er

wh e nce th i f te m p d h
s or une b t d di ip t th
roce e s, e com a s an ss a es ese

i wdi
m tm en sf t o d th fi
na ure an t — th b t g i t th
e rm am e n e com a a a ns ese

b i g h i ffi d ti
e n s o ce an Hi d voca to h ppi
on . f th n e rance i a ne ss ur e r ar ses

in m an hi lf d i m se , i and by h i b t thi th f ily f

s occas one m , u s e am o

86 ! m k t se e s Wh
o rem ove . i k tt k th h
en s c ness a b dy d ac s e um an o , an

d e stro y th j y t f lif TI t pp with h i h li g i fl

s e en o m e n
- o e, ur a a
'

e ars s ea n n u

e nces Wh
. w en pp sorro th h th d p i
o resses e
g i ear , an ass on ra e s n

th b t — wh th y p d gl
e re as en e th
s rea i d d dioo m b it ove r e m n , an stur s

p eace , th -l i g te ca m q illi in g U, é kl
ran u h y h t s n t i t rv i t rs a a as e ns o s ass s ance ,

an d h et th
res oresp f i de d li k h i f th
eace o m n bl
, an , e s a e r, e na es m an

a an
g i t j y
o en ot h b l i g f lif
e w i th p l
ess n s o d h e f l I e asure an c ee r u ness . n

th h e f d g
ou r o wh th
an e r, li en i e n i tym a ce , f th avar ce, or e m o o e rs

th t
rea e n t di t b th t o s ur p lp e f em d wild b t
ora d g
eace o m an, an eas s e n an e r
92 a nc ras r rm ra n m r rn o w o r .
'

[JU LY

h is y th K é p t p f th
safe t , en d d dy f th figh t
e res s a s e s or , arm e an rea or e

h li tly
e v a an bd th f g th
su ff ue s d y e oes, ave n es e o e nces , an re m ov es e ve r

d g I h t Yi difi
an e r . n s orthly h pp i d th
, th m a
’
use s e ar a ness ; an e o er

big e n s bt d com di g t th i
a an l ffi thre m ove , acco r n o e r se ve ra o ces, e

b t l whi h t d i th w y f h ppi
o s ac es c d wi th th
s an pti n e a o a ness an , e ex ce on

of M i th th l d f ligh t h y
ra, ll e t l th i
or ti i ty b i g
o , t e are a m or a e r ac v , e n

fi d t thi p i h bl w ld
con ne o ly stt i t wi th th t wi th
er s a e or on , m us e rm na e a :

whi h it i c t d wh
— th i
s conne c ei t i qi d hy en e r ass s ance s no m ore re u re , t e
can no m ore e xist.

H
th e Zem y ad Yas t closes its allegor of th e h a
e re h ppi f y ne ss o m an

h p
on eart , of its inte rru ti on and ce ssati on, and of th e com bt y a necessar
t t
o res ore it Bt th ll g y i t
. u pl t E w h
e a e or s no thly com e e. ve n en ear

h ppi b i ll it pl d
a ness e am s n a d b d ss wh
e n our an i a un ance e ve n e n m an, n

f ll i g
u v f b dy
our o dt oq illity f i d i bl with t di t
an ran u o m n , s a e ou s ur

b t j y th i h bl i g f lif
ance o en o e r c th h i h pp i
ess n s o i t
e : e ven en s a ness s no
com
p l t — e e th i i
so m e
g w ti g t ill
n d t
sh t th
an i n t i hs bi t t f
an a e anc en n a an s o

I a
r n d i d w ll p e i — th t
e rce v e , ly w h i h f i aw , bl t f
nam e , c rm as una e o con er

on m au, — k wl d no f G d d h i e oh ly w d T h H an Y h t
g e o s o or . e aom a as

( i l d
nc u e d i t h Y n g h ep i o ) p l
a, c a t th l l
s.
g y
x. x. T h i com e es e a e or . s

Y ht fi t
as rs ti Yi
m en th onsdi p fm a, th ly h ppi e th
s e nse r o e ar a ness ; en

TA t rae aoa a an d th f ily f am e wh am th o b t l t thi , o rem ov e e o s ac es o s

h ppi
a ne ss d l tly i th f
an as th p l , it p k f Z
n e our t wh ace , s ea s o oroas e r, om

O rm az d h d gi t a pl t th h ppi
v en o com f e e by b i gi g t e a ness o m an, rn n o

h i th t k wl dg h w
m a no etill w ti g Z
e e as st i ti dl t
an n . oroas er s m e n one as ;
no t h w
, o b
e v e r, thi bj t pp d light
ecause s su i p t t t th
ec a eare or un m or an o e

i tI
anc e n i ran ans th t y it w l i th i ti ti th
on e con rar , as a so n e r es m a on e

h igh t es d an t i p t t f m os ll m d th or an f th y b li
o a d ; an e re ore e e e ve

Z t
oroas er t b th o t i t i
e e m os d ig f ll
v c or ous an t lb i g v orous o a m or a e n s,

an d th y b li e d it t h b th fi t d hi f d i f O d
e e ve o ave ee n e rs an c e es re o rm az ,

i hi l
n s t ov e t b t w p
o m an, h i thi k wl dg
o es o u d th h p
on m s no e e , an e a

p i t
ness u na a na t i b l by y t h e Ban t th Io i li k
e r m eans. w i u e ran ans e se

p i e d h t th w ldly
e rce v t a e b b dior m an, d by w ldly a so r e n or e nsnare or

j y t i b t t pt i h i h ppi
e n o m en , s u oo a f g t hi C
n s t a
( d ness to or e s re a or, an

thi i w i i di t d by Yi
s v e s n f li g hi
ca e lf i p bl t b th
m s ee n m se nca a e o e e

b e are r o f th f i th ) e d th y a w h w
. ft
an di t e d t sa bl o o en s ress an rou e

w e reth ly e on t f m e ansth t to hi
orce i d t G d e m an Thi o urn s m n o o . s

is no d bt th ou wh y Z
e reason t i ti dl t h i h w
oroas er s m en one as : e s, o e v e r,

o f diff t t f th th b i g I h
a ere n na ure rom ti
e od di
er e n s av e m e n one , an s

on ly t d with th
conne c e i f h em p
s as l t t h
ar as ll e se rves to com e e e a e

g or y I h b ave t i
y g t
e en p l i r n o ex a n.

Th i y t
e re s ythi t l
e one m i g Yi c wh i h d
a e t
concern n nto c oe s no

nt h w b l g t th ll g i l i d h f h ly b l
'

o , o e ve r, e on og n e a e or ca t m a e a as o ear m
 -
a rrow s r m a m as um o aoo v . 93

tren d of ab ove , and wh ic hI sh all h e re m e re l yt h pouc u on, bi e ng at

p rese nt no t p p
re a re dt o trace out th e w hl o e e x te nt of th e i d eas wh ic h
a
pp are ntl y are d
in i cate d i thi ythi t l
n sm c a e. h p
T is occu ied th e latte r h lf
a

o f th e se co nd fargar d f th V didad
o e en , followi ng i m m e diate l y afte r

th e m
y th i c tale , m en ti d b
one a ov e, concerni ng th e d o in s
g of Yi m a, in
th e w ay o f e x te n di ng a nd fe rtilising th e eart h but th e intro d u cto r y
lines of th i s tale, form ing th e pi
o nt of conne x i on with th e p re c e di ng
one, are u nfortu nate l com e y d ow n to us in a ve r y d f ti d
e ec ve an conse

q u e ntl
y o b sc ure sta te , from wh ic hw e m ay m ean whil g th th t th
e a er a e

p e ri od o f th e tale w as th ough t to be b
su se que nt to th e m ille nnium of

Fm . Th e conte nts of th e m y hit c tale are b i fly

re as follows z— O rm daz

m m wit h th h ly pi it
e o s r s, and h
Yiara wi t th e be st of th e m ortals b tho

renow ne d in th e Arian lan d of th e source of th e good Daity a —Airy éaé!

u é d i
'

v aagh a
y é o Dé i t a do
y y .
( Dei ty/a is th e nam e of a riv e r, I sup

pose th e O xu s
'
.
) O rm azd th e n rev eals to Yi m a tht a all cou ntries t h rou
gh
o ut th e w hl o e m aterial w orl d are to suffer from sev e re fre ezing wi nters,
and a fi e rwards from su dd en thw a s, inun d tia o ns, and h y eav rains . As
O rm a zd com m ands, f in e th e n pl ants a sq uare gar e nd
, e nclose d by a

fe nce he conv e
y
s hh
t it er ge rm s of livi ng bi e ngs, of sm all and lar e
g
catt le, m e n, dogs, a nd and of th e re d s hi ni ng fl am es ; he a a d pt s

d
th e gar en for an a o e for m an and bd p t f as ure or cattle , and causes th e
wate r to ow a undantl fl
h e conv e b y y thith
s er th e largest, be st, and

m ost e x ce llent gm of y ki d f t l
m en and wom e n, and of e v e r n o ca t e ,

th l g t
e ar e sd t f gi an tg m os f ll t ra d th b t fl
an e rm s o d a re es, an e es av oure

g e rm s f to th i w
m ea s d by p i d
s t t as p i h one l g a rs, an no o er s as on as

m an rem a ne i d i th g d Thn w e l d
ar e n. p h e re as no s an e r nor re roac , no

t if
s r e nor e nm i y i th g t , d ne i t w t h d
e r arro ance , i i d i ece , re c e ne ss, nor ns ous

n ess th w tt b f
ere d y d f ity f b dy
as no o e oun y f t
anh e orm o o , nor an o e

ev il k wi th whi h Ak
m ar s d c k th '

ram an A f th d oes m ar e m an. ur er e

scr ip ti f ll w on o o ing th s, conce rn

g t f th g d de t h
arran e m e n o e ar e n, an e

di t ib ti
s r f th h
u on o b i g whi h d ipti i y b
e um an e n s, d c escr on s ve r o scure , an

no t lt g th a i t lligibl t
o e er n eAlth gh th i e ythi l i gi
o m e. ou s m c ta e s ve n

a t g t l gth
re a d with d t il d d
en an ipti it i th l
e a e t escr on, s ne v e r e e ss no

l ly t t d wh
c e ar s ae th pl f th ere
g d e w pp ace d t o b e ar e n as su ose o e

fi t t d— ith
na e e th i h
e r on ear I th g d or n t b f d
e ave n . s e ar e n o e ou n

un eart h d th i p t t t f th th ? B t th lif i th
, an
'

ur s rese n s a e o e ear u e e n e

g d
ar e n s i f d if tar f th th ly
ere n T h
rom lig h t h i t
e e ar h one . e s nes e re

ti
c on nua lly— th d t pp i g t g th
e sun, m oon, an y h s ars a ear n o e er a e ar e re

i th
s b t
e re dy u ft f ty y
one a ( t a l er f ty w
or k ) ears no as e se or ee s one

p i
a r, son an d d gh t i b au f tw h e r, sb i g d
orn oth li k w i o um an e n s ; an us, e se,

am on s
g t ll ki d af i l n s o d li th
an m a s, t h h pp i t
m an oes ve ere e a es

lif e. B id it i es t Z
es. t wh t
s no h th th f ith f
oroas er o e ac es e re e a o
94 s u m m er m am as n v rno m o v
'
.
[J

M az dzi but anot , h er (th e h d bi

nam e of w om h th is som e w at u ous, as e

s p ll
e i n
g f t h o iep t d i f f
m anuscr i th i th s ly p e rs g w h
n i t s e on assa e e re

occ urs h i t l
e t s a t i ly eas bi d t ll)
ce r a n B id Z t no r a a . es e s, oroas e r

i s consid dt b ere ywh l th hi f pi it l l d d t h

o e e ve r e re e se e c e s r ua or an e ac er

g )
t b t l th
u
g h h a ou i li k w i t h
e e x e rc se s f ti i he g sed ese u nc ons n t e ar e n

o f Yi m a,h i t l e i th
s no ffi
a one b t ly
n d U tt
e o ce , u on secon to rva a

na ra, wh i th two n h p l wh h i
e o ot e r ti
ac e s d i th e re e s m en one n e

F arv ar di Y ht i ll d th l t b h Z
n as s ca e e ia er orn, f t e oroastr an, or son o

Z t
oroa s er . O w i t b li r d th t h g d w pl d i y d
e re e e ve a t e ar e n as ace n on e r

w ld d
or , i t gi
oes i g f
v e an t h f li i ty
m a e o f th j t i t
e h e li f c b o e us n e e e

y d d th B t th l f th j t
on ea u e sou s o y d l wh b y d e us are conv e e e se e re , e on

th l fty H
e o t th o ra, i ot l w ld wh e m m or a O d d h i h ly or , ere rm az an s o

s pi it dw ll ( V didad F g d i ) Th l f th j t th
r s e . en , ar ar x x. e sou s o e us em

l
se ve s com e thith d t th e r, b tg an wh
no e t i lb i g
es e rm s, ence m a e r a e n s

m a
y b d e l p d b
e ve o e i d t h y d
es b t e, y l e g w i
no th th ou t h carr a on em e

f i th by
a ,
f whi h th y g thith
m eans o c d th y d
e o ly i y d er, an e o scarce n on e r

w ldor qi re w p ph t
u re a ne
p i ll
ro y O e ,d h i
es e c a lf i th t ash rm az m se s e e ac er

an d t ( t ) f th wh l p i it l w ld ( V p d k ii ) E i h f t er o
m as e r
g o e o e s r ua or . es ere , . .

th ese tw pp iti
o su p ti g th i ti f h g d
os ons res ec n e s q l
tua on o t e ar e n see m s e ua

ly pp o d t wh t i l wh p ly t t d Bt t ki g th
o se o a s e se e re e x ress l
s a e . u a n e ac tua

w d or s o f th ythi t l th i p t f whi h i th t Yi
e m c a e, e m or oi d t c s a m a carr e o

th g de ar e n th b t g e f
es db
e rm s o t ( d t th
m e n an t eas s, an no e c rea u re s

th l
em se v es, ) d th t l i fan th i f
a th e t p t
e re f s t
orh l y te m os ar o an ear na ure ,

( f or li i v n
g b i g b e n s are th ) t h orn
g h i p ere , d p i
ou h p n a urer an su e r or s a e ,

it pp a t
e ars th t th th
o m e
g h t
a l d t e t h i dou fi l y d
ea s l p od i e ea, so ne e ve o e n

our S di i yth l gy f th
can nav an m w l f th
o o , o th i f b tt
e re ne a o e ear n a ar e er

an d bl f ft th d t ti f thi p t
no er orm a er e e s ruc d f th
on o s re se n one , an o e

anc e ni t di i iti v n A i il es . id pp t b th f d ti f
sm ar ea a ears o e e ou n a on o

thi s m ythi t l b t th g d f Yi it
c a e a ou e ar e n o t f t ti
m a see m s o re e r o a no on

o f f t
a u u re an d b tt t t fe th i whi h
er s a e o p f t b i g will
ear , n c m ore er ec e n s

s rou
p t p fu th b rom g ep est d t h i th
e rm s, f t h i t
re se rve t f t h e r rom ss a e o ear ,

an d i whi h Yi
n c will ig m a th p t th
re n, as on y bl f e rese n e ar , as a s m o o

t i l h pp i
m a er a a ( f hne ss i t or t h et b s no th b even f t h e re o e e eare r o e

f ith ) b t i whi h b i g
a , u n di t b d by thly i p di t h
c , e n un s ur e e ar m e m e n s, e

will t
no , p t q i th id d i t
as at re se n , re u re f th e a big an ass s ance o o er e n s

i il t Th
sm ar o t d th f ily f S i
r ae aona , an e am o lm e .

Thi i wh t I h
s s a d d f d i th i t l f th Z da
av e rea an ou n n e anc e nt a es o e en

t
ve s a dI an th t y
am sure tl t will a d thi k t h with t
ou a eas rea s s e c ou

b i g ti d d with th
e n re , an g d f li e g d
sam e b loo t w ee d n an e ne vo e nce o ar s

m e o f wh i h I h c l dy ave a rea i d yp f re ce ve so m an roo s .

 Anr V —Br iqf Noti ces o P ersia n a nd of th e Lan ua e ca lled
f
'
. .
g g ,

Z e nd . By J O H N Ro m a n Esq fo rm e rly Pre s ide nt

, .
,

of th e Soc ie ty Co m m unicate d by th e Re v Dr W ILS O N

. . .
,

H onora ry Pre s ide nt .

Prese nte d, J anuar 20 th , 1 8 53 y .

[ x tract f r om th e P roceedings of th e S ocie ty , 2otb Janua ry , 1 8 53

E .

Dr . Wilson, in di recting a tte nti on to th is p ap e r, wh i ch h ad be en forwarded to

h im y
fo r p re se nta ti o n to th e Soc ie t b y M r Rom er, form erl Preside nt of th e . y
y
S ocie t , re m arke d, th at th e languages conne c ted wi th I ran, ge nui ne and sp uri o us ,

, y
to w h i ch atte nti on of late ears h ad be e n di rec te d are th e Z e nd i n w h ic h th e
,

books este em ed sac re d by th e Parsi s are fou nd and wh ich , by som e , th ough not
b y o ur be st Bri ti sh li nguists h ad long be e n h e ld to be th e, p are nt of th e m odern
Persi an th e language i n w h i c h th e Ach ze m e ni an i nsc ri pti ons at B esi tuu and

oth er l
p ace s are co m p sed,
o wh i c h i s now corre ctl y de no m inate d b y th e Ge rm an
p h i lo logi sts th e O ld P ersia n , and of wh i ch th e Z b y
end is undou tedl no t th e pare nt,

th o ugh i t is i n som e re spe cts cognate th e S asa nida n, i n wh ich th e i nscri p ti ons
at Haj i abm (
, w h i ch w o uld p re se ntl form th e s u ec t y bj of conversati on, ) and som e

si m i lar y
i nsc ri p ti ons of th e d nast of Susan, translated y by th e Baron do Sacy , are

sp e ci m e ns th e P ekii oi , in wh i ch translati ons of th e Ze nd wri ti ngs and a few

oth e r w orks are fo und i n th e h ands of th e -
Pal sis, and w h i ch i s h e ld by Wester
y by th e -
gaard to b e onl a di alec ti c form of th e Persi an, m isread Parsi s, i n conse
q enco of
u th e use of an i m pe rfec t and am bi guous alp h abe t and wh i ch is denom i ,

nate dby Sp i ege l th e P drsi , and sai d by h i m to be i nte rm ediate be twee n th e

language of th e B
asan idan i nscri p ti ons and th at of th e S h ah -Nam ah of Fi rdausi
th e A sm é ni Z abda of th e Ds satir, now i tte d by all to be a fa ri ca tio n
adm b and

th e P ersia n, prop e rl y so calle d, i n wh i ch all th e works of lran si nce th e da ys of

Fi rdausi ap pe ar.

Re sp e cti ng th e las t m enti one d language , Mr . Rom e r m ai ntai ns th at i ts co nnec

ti ons wi th th e oth e r languages, wi th th e e x ce p ti on of th e so calle d Pe h li vi , wh ich

appears sub stanti all y i de nti cal wi th i t notwi th s ta ndi ng th e asse rti on f certai n of
, o

th e Parsis to th e contrary are e x ceedingly re m ote and i nsi gni ficant and by no
, ,

m e ans of th e ch aracte r long allege d by som e of th e able and ze alous O ri e nta lists o f

th e C onti ne nt Th e clai m s to ge nui ne ness urge d in be h alf of th e Ze nd h e ( Mr

. .

Rom er) disp u te s as resti ng on i ns ufl ,

i ci e nt grounds p arti cularly as no vesti ge s of i t ,

as a la nguage e ver sp oke n can be fo und i ts h istori cal be trace d 5

conne cti ons canno t

y dive rse from y

' ‘

i ts structure and form are e nti re l th e Persi an , especiall i n i ts h avi ng

infl
e i ons
x , wh i le th e Persi an h as none i ts li te rature is fri volo us and b
a surd i n i ts
c h aracte r and i ts undoubted re lati ons to th e S anskri t se em arti fic ial and suspi

ci ous . He calls upon Dr . Wilson to undertake th e task of a care ful re -ex am i

96 BRI EF NOTI CES o r p s as ra n s un zs s n .
[Ju n

nati on of th e p oints wh i ch h ave satisfie d h im as to th e genui nm ess of th eZe nd ”

,

p arti c u larl y as h e h as re nounce d all fai th i n th e a uth enti ci t y of th e Pe h li vi as a

disti nct language , by gi vi ng i n h is adh e re nce to th e vi e ws of Weste rgaard .

Dr . Wi lson also stated, th at th o ugh h is vi e ws of th e Ze nd re m ai n u nch ange d ,

and are fo unde d, not onl y on th e analogi es wh i ch i t bears to m ost of th e language s

o f th e l ode -Ge rm anic h m i ly , b oth nas r and rem ote , b ut also on various, th ough b rief ,
h i l nd h istori cal allusi ons wh i ch i t contai ns, and on cerh in analogie sy
g g p
e o ra ca a

and at th e sam e ti m e antagoni m s, to th e oldest form s of Hinduism wh i ch i t ex

p re sses , ye t th e re q uest o f one so m uch vene rate d i n Bom ba y as Mr . Rom sr, and

w h o conducts h is disc ussi ons wi th a h ap p uni on of sp iri t a nd co urtes , h ad be e n y y

re ce i ve d by
h i m wi th th e gre atest respe ct He concluded b y m ovi ng th at th e .

S oc ie t y e xp ress th e fi
h i gh grati cati on wi th wh i ch th e h ave re ce i ve d Mr Rom er s y .
’

com m uni cati on, and re solve to i nsert i t i n th e J ournal of th e Soci e t Dr Wi lson s
’
y .

m oti on h avi ng be en seconde d by A I . sle t, Esq . Vice-P resident , was unanim ously
,

adop te d. ]

Tm : lie ute nants of th e C ali h y b y d th i ph O m ar but too fait full o e e e r

t
m as e r s com m an
’
d t d t y ll th b k f d i P i th t in o e s ro a e oo s o un n e rs a, so a ,

l g ti
no on ft th m e
q t af th er t y by t
eh A b
con uesi th o e coun r e ra s n e

m i ddl f th e o th t y th wh l b dy f P
e se v e n i lit t
ce n u r , e o e o o e rs an e ra ure

h d di pp
a d d th
sa eare ti f th i b b i
; an d w e e x ecu on o s ar ar an or er as 80

com pl t th t th h d d y ft w d wh Fi d i w t h i
e e, a re e un re ea rs a er ar s, en r aus ro e s

im m or at lp tw w k oem ,ly l ti g t f
one or ti o w or s, on , re a n o orm e r m es, e re

foun d f whi h d f t di ti i d i d it i id h f th
, rom c , an rom ra on, s e r ve , s sa , m uc o e

hi t i l l
s or ca l i g i y
ore , b
re at i f lly wor gh t m at i th
nar , so eau u rou ou n e

Sh ah By th d Pa i h w wh ti f
e m o e rn rs s, o e v e r, ose no ons o

hi t y y b j dg d by th f t thi d t ti f th l i g
s or m a e u e e ac , s e vas a on o e e arn n

an d ligi re b k f th i ous t i tt ib t d t Al
oo s o d r
e r ances ors s a r u e o ex an e rs

B t l h gh b th ligi
u a t ou d pi f ll b f th q i g
o re on an em re e e ore e con ue r n

arm s f th M l
o ed l h gh usu m ans, p ti ly y ll an a t ou a com ara ve ve r sm a

num b f th p pl l i t ly i d t t th i t f ith th
er o e eo e u tm a e re m a ne rue o e anc e n a , e

or igi l t t f th P i
na s ruc ure o l g g w t th by ff t d i
e e rs an an ua e as no e re a ec e n

th e ll t d g
sm a es Fi d i w t in th i l g g
e re e . pl yi g
r aus ro e s an a e, em o n

i
occ as ona lly I w d f th A bi a whi h h d th
or b grom t b e ra c, c a en e un o e

i t d
n ro uce d i t P i with t i y w y lt i g th g
no e rs an, ti l
ou n an a a er n e ram m a ca

Moses of C h orone , as ap p e ars in h i s Histor y of Arm eni a, wri tte n five h un

dre dyears before Fi rdausi was acquainte d wi th wh at h e designated th e tables of
,

Persia and am ong th em q uotes th e story of Z oh ak and h i s two serpe nts —Boat
, .

Li t Trans
. ii p 1 59. vol. . . .

t [Th i s is done in m an works y of th e -

Parsis, both in p rint and M8 . Ye t, wi th
as m uch absurdi t y on th e oth er h and, i t is alle ge d i n th e Dasati r th at Alexander
h im self becam e a conve rt to Z oastri ani sm i—J W ]
or . .

t Keanedy , taking part of th e tent, found, i n p assage s of ons th oasand couple ts

a eh —h th s fl
rst th ousaad , fifty -four Arabi c wosds a th e n e oud, th i rty ; fl and i a

th e th i rd, iorty -
si x : uot q ui te five words to esch h uudre d vsrsss .
 3 318 3 nor rc ns or PERS I A N a s n m n 97
'

form of th at anci e nt tongue in d d ee , to h av e d one so m us t h av e e ffe cte d

a ra di cal ch a n
g e, for in geni us, ch aracte r, and gram m ati cal structure

no two languages can be m ore di ssim ilar ; and h e nce , as no re lics of

th e old li terature P
of e rsi a survi v e, we cannot asce n d high th er an

to th e w or s k of Fi d
d ki Khaqa i d
r ausi, Ru a , n, an som e th f o e rs, or

a k wl dg f th w itt l g g f P i i
no e e o e r en an ua e o e rs a, n ne h d dy
un re ears

g
a o. Y t th e t t i w h i h
e s a e th i l g g n th ci t d d till
s an ua e i t en e x s e , an s e x s s,

re g l
u ar, c0 p i d t
ous, an d by M h d
es ee m e f i t t w t
u am m a or s ex re m e s ee

h i bi t q li ti whi h pp h p h
”
ness, ex s ua i t
es c a rox m a e , as near as um an s ee c

m u b pp d t
e su ose h f ti ll b t i d t tibl Th
o re ac , a orm a on a u n es ruc e. e re

are, th f ere ore , no

g d f i
roun s
g t h t i t w p
or assumk d tnh i a as s o e n un e r s

or t h t dy ty ll th t i k w with t i ty i th t th P i
a nas a a s no n ce r a n s a e e rs an

l g g d t f
an ua e a es t tiq ity
rom d th t wi th th l g g
re m o e an u , an a , o er an ua es,

whi h h c ti i
e m e n ons, di g t K dy i s, accor ntly th o e nne , n e x ac e sam e

t t
s a e a t th p e t d y i t w th
res e n th a as dy g as ree ousan ears a o .

T i g t th
urn n pi i o f th
e o O i t li t w fi d K
n ons o o er dy r en a s s, e n e nne
’
s

p os i ti f
on, o P i b i g d i
e rs an t i t t g e n w i th a t ffi s i ti nc t byo n ue ou a n es, m e a

b li f th t th
e e a i t b tw e re S k it d P i th
ex s s e ee n ans r an e rs an e consan

g i
u n i ty f i t
o s s e rs,
”
p g i t
a com m onb i g i g i d d
ro e n t h t or e n m a ne ; an a

a lth gh t pou a t t pp t th w
re se n no a ti wh
are n P i
, e re as a m e en e rs an

p ossesse d i d i n ex onsB th t h hyp. t h o j t d eseby K dy o eses are re ec e e nne ,

l t f
s , th
rom b l t di i il ity f th tw l g g i g
e a so u e ss m ar o e o an u a e s n ram

m a tic l t a t s ruc u re,d 2 dly th t an thi g a l i a th no n m ore conc us v e an

j t i p d ibl t th ti wh
con e c ure s ro uc e as d o wh y th
e m e e n, an cause , e

P i e rs an u n er d w t th l f it i d i en e oss I o pp t h w s n ex ons f . n su or , o eve r, o

th fi t e rs pi i th l g g f
o n on, e f th B hi t
an ua e o i ip ti
one o i e e s un nscr ons s

a dd d uce ,h wi g th t i d i pp i wh t i t i ly th
as s o n a n e x ons a ear n a s ce r a n e

anc e ni t p ti iw lf
or on e .

Bt t t bl K dy t t t th t t th ’
u ,i i g
re ce v n i as ncon e s a e e nne 8 s a e m en , a no e

s li gh t t i di ti
es n i t ca ith i t di ti
on ex s s, hi t y whi h h w
e er n ra on or s or , c s o s

th t p a i t th A bi
re v ous o q t y f ig i fl
e ra an con ue s p td an ore n n ue nc e O e ra e

light t h g th P I di thi g
”
th e s es c an e on i l g g e ers an an ua e , can scove r no n

i di
n i g
cat n th p b bility f th P i fi t p
eve n e ro a o i g d e e rs an rs o ssess n an

th en l i g it i fi i
os n s Th n ex ons g t t
. hi p i t w hi h
e ar um e n i g h t on s o n , c m

b fe dd
oun e i ti
on an f th e xam B hi t i ipti w ld
na on o e e s u n nscr ons, ou

d ese r ve a ll tt ti a ld w f l
en on, cou d th t th Z d th i ib d e ee assure a e en e re nscr e

w as i th n l d p k
e v e rnac u ar an l g g f P i i th ti s o en f
an ua e o e rs a n e m e o

D i ar us Hy t p Bt
s as es G ot f d b
. u , f
as th r if
e un o se rves, rom e cune orm

h t b i g di ti g i h d by h t t l b
c arac e rs e n s n u s e f it w ld
t e o a a se nce o curv es, ou

seem t b d ti d t b
o e e s ne t t o e cu li d t i l f
on s one , or som e so m a er a , or

h iscr ip fi ons t &

m onum en s, d l pid y w iti g c as a i
sacre a ar r n , ne ver n
ia
.
98 na m e ne u rons or p anam a s u n zns n. [J U L!

com m on use , th e infe rence m a

y be a m d itte d th t th a e pe trogra ph i c
"

writi ngs at B hi t e s un, conse crate d to recor di g th n glories e of th e

m onarc h ’
s re i
gn, are not wri tte n in th e com m on langua e of th e
g p pleo e.

On thi
s C olone l Rawli nson o se rve s It is ce rtain t at th e language b h
of th e inscri tions i s not a p
e ri vati on from th e Ze n d
th e two form s d
of s eec
p m a
y h ossi lp byh
av e e x iste d y h
s nc ronousl , one as a e y
m oti c, d
an d th eth o hi ti l l g g b t i th t
er as a e ra ca an ua e th di fi u n a case e s

g urem e n t f h i to i l s or ca d th t i i
nam es, an
g f t ti fi i l t
e s rv n
y l a e r ar ca e m o o

g i es, w h i h c i occur y p g f th
n e ve r Z d é ta e op i t we h i h
en ve s a, are on s c

will h dly d it f pl ti Th C l lj t b f
”
ar a m o ex ana on. h d t t d e o one us e ore a s a e

h i i bility t
s na b ib t th pi i f B f th t th Z d
o su scr e o e O n on o urnou , a e en

w asi di t ly g t with th V di S k it
m m e a e co na e th t i t w
e e c ans r ,
”
or a as

p k l g g (Jl A S P t i l
e ve r a s o e n an ua e . . s.t p ee. ar . vo . x . no e, .

At p g 1 3 f th
a e b C l l R wli
o e a ov e , k
o one It a t nson re m ar s m us

b e re m e m b d h t th P i f th t Al d i g h l g
e re t a e e rs an o e an e - e x an r na a e s as on

e
c ase d t b li i g l g g
o e a v n d t p g 50 h
an ua e
”
p k f th an a a e e s ea s o e

c h g th P i l g g w g d lly d g i g it
an e e e rs an an ua e as ra ua i t un e r o n as cam e n o

m ore g l
e ne ra d an l A th
v e rnacu ar t d yuse . i d d s f i t e e n e nc , n ee , o s

ppl o u ar pl y t t h
em o m en , m usily b tav e i p t it
ne ce ssar ee n o e m anc a e

from th t h i li ti
e ec f i g
n ca ti l p p i ty
es o n ce d whi h i t p
ram m a ca ro r e un e r c a

p i it li t f
ears a s e ar es df w hi h i t w
orm , an d b t i d bt d
or c as, no ou , n e e

to f l w itt
care u lti ti
r en I h ld b i li d t
cu va on, s ouig th e nc ne o ass n e

p i d f Al d
er o o q t th p b bl
e x an e r s
’
con ue s f as w hi h w e ro a e e ra rom c e

m a y d t i
a et b if s ti i t t
urcah tw d i t
on n oi t h l et h t i to w l d
s nc c anne s a ou

a pp t h ear o b q tly p d I w ld pp th t th
av e su se ue n ursu e . ou su ose , a on e

one h d an l di l t it l t it
as an o ra a ecp d d y f it os s com ou n s, an m an o s

di ti ti ti l ti it d d t l ti it i d i f
s nc v e ar cu a ons, s re un an re a v es, s n e x ons o case

an dg d en e r d th t i t th
an g d a lly b i d d usi t t h
ra ua l su s e n o e v e rnacu ar

form whi h i t p c d p b bly th i tit ti f th S i

osse sse , ro a , on e ns u on o e assan an

m onarc hy d whi h ti d with littl i ti t th A bi

, an c con nue e v ar a on o e ra an

con u e s
q t O . th t h n h d le o I w er ld anj t, t
a so, h t w h i l t i
out con e c ure , a s

w as still i h j y t f h f it igi l ig
n t e en o m en o m uc d fl i bili ty
o s or na v our an ex ,

it w t k as a en u p by th p i t h d e h i l
r es f li
oo
g i t
as a v e h i g c e or re ous e ac n

th t i t w
a di fi d
as m o d g t
e d byan f t h i t
au m e n e w i th i t ur er n e rcourse s

co na e
g t b h t
ranc t h tw
es d o d t h t
e eas g ar l d i
; anl t i t w a , as a e nera a ec , as

re fi d ne d y tan ti d by
s s em a d tl ze til i t b
sace r o a fi lly care , un ecam e na

em b di d i th highly tifi i l f
o e n e f lph b ti l p
ar c a orm s oi d a a e ca ex ress on, an

o fg ram m ati l t t
ca whi h w fi d i t t
s ru c ure , hibit t th p t
c e n o ex a e re se n

d y i th H gi g phi b k f th P a i Th pi i will ”
a n e a o ra c oo s o e rs s . e se O n ons

b e e xam i d i th ne q n l e se ue .

N th with t di g th
o s an nti d t ti n f a i t P i lit t
n e e re es ruc o o nc en e rs an era ure,
 BR I EF N O TI ES o r m C e an s A ND s c a n . 99

and a d e sti n yq uite th e opp osi te of h

t at ofpi th th e
t m ost c o o us, e m os

ex p ressiv e , and th e m os th arm onious o f l g g th G k wh i h

an ua e s,
”
e ree , c

for th e s ac e of
p two t ousan h d five h d d y — t th
un re pt f ears o e ca ure o

C onstanti no p —
le re m g aine d th e sam e langu age , a si n ular fact occu rs in
th e h i stor y
o f th e last, stron l
g co ntrasting i ts fate wi t th at of y h
P e rsian *
A late write r, in h is e xam ination of th e c aracter of anci e nt
. h
and m ode rn G k d ree , escri es b i n full th e p rocess of d g d ti
e ra a on h
w i ch
th e H ll e e ni c language h as d
u n e rgone i n i ts transform ati on into
Rom ai c . Now, on P ersian no suc h d g d ti e ra a on or transform ation h as
atte nde d it ti con nues, to th is day, as it h as alwa s y b ee n, in th e
coun r t y i whi h i w n c t as first spo k e n, th e livi ng tongue b d a ov e escri e bd ,

th e u nc h g d hi l an e ve c e of s ee c p h and t h ght
ou of successiv e pw o e rful

P roc ee di h
ng, t e n, to th e p i i p l bj t r nc a o ec of h pp
t is a e r,— e u exe m ia
ati on of th e asse r e t d th ti ity f th l g
au en c o e an ua e ca g ll d Z d e en ,
—
w e find a
write r in a late numb f th Edi b gh er o e n ur R i w p ki
ev e s ea ng of i t in
th ese te rm s Th e language of th e Z e ndé e e s ta, m ost i nti m ate l y con

use te d wi t h th e language of th e Ve da, th e inscri ti ons p of C y rus ,

D arius, and X e rx e s, and th e P aze n d or P e rsian s o pk en un e r d th e

S assanian dy nast y , th e gran d pi e c of Fi r d ausi, and th e language now
spo e n k i n th e countr y
pl t bi g phy f th P d, ex hi b i t a com e e o ra o e er an

t g
on ue Bt p i g
.
”
u th bl d
, ass n f ki g P d p
ov e r e un e r o m a n az e n ure

P i p k d th S i
e rs an
”
s o e n un e r
y t h d y e ty w h th
assan an or an o er nas , e n, as e

n i t lf i p li
am e se it i thi g
m th
e s, th l g g P i
s no n m ore an e an ua e , e rs an or

h w itt
Ot e r, pl t y f hi b l w th Z d t t it y b
r en m ex ana or as on e o e en ex , m a e

i q i d
n u re wh t h ity with wh t
on a au t or d th i w
, or a reason, oes e re v e er

p l t
ac e h Z da t e t t hen t p f h i b i
ves a a
g ph i l k t h
e f th o l o s o ra ca s e c o e an

g g ua e of P i I t w Si W
e rs a . illi J w h asfi t b d r th am ones o rs o se rv e e

num b f S k it w d f d i Z d d th g
er o ans r or s ti l
oun l n en , an e ram m a ca re a

ti ons su b i ti g b tw th s s n All e k wl dg f Z d i d i d
e en em . our no e e o en s e r ve

from d, fi d t th
an con ne t t f f o,fi b k p d d by
e con e n s o our o r ve oo s ro uce

th P e i
e d by th
rs a, an ili d t b th w i ti g em af th i p ph t
rm e o e e r n s o e r ro e

Z d ht
e r us Z t or Th oroas e r ip t . f tiq i ty ese m anuscr s are o no an u

p h
er a s
p p i som ey b f co d w i ttes m a b t w th d f e oun r en e ee n re e an our

h d dy
un re g 1 T h i
ears a o bj t i th .
'
h i b i ti t g th
e r su w i th ec s e ex on, o e er an

Fi nlay s Histo ry of Gree ce

’
.

1 [Th e old est Z e nd M S of t h e V endi dad now i n th e p osse ssi on of

. th e Persia of

India bears th e date A . Y . 98 7 (A . D . I t was wri tte n i n Persi a A p orti o n

.

of th e V endi dad, h owever, sold by th e m to Pro fessor Rusk , and now i n th e Roy al

Li brary at C ope nh agen bears th e date of , A . x . 67 3 ( A. D . wh i ch Profe ss o r

Wetter-
3am ! consi ders ge nui ne . A fragm ent of th e sam e MS .
, o r of a noth e r o f
1 00 Bal e r NO rxc as o r p s as ra u s u n z as n
'
.
[Ju n

b d
a sur cosm ogon y f th d , o e octrine s, rule s, and O servanc e s Of a b p lyo

th i ti
e s cal wors h ip d i d f
, e vo O all worth or re gar d as of p re te n e d di nsti
tuti ons, di vi ne h
or um an, so am ply e x p ose d by D r. Wilson in h is work
on
“
Th e Pa rsi Re ligion .
”

Th e pi i f Si Willi J
o n ons O d Ri h d r d am t th ones an c ar son, a ve rse o e

k wl dg t f th Z d t pl
ac no e m en o g g e i l
en
g g o a ace am on e nu ne an ua e s, are

w ll k w
e dh
no t th f ll
n, an av e m e f th t d d ble u co ncu rre nce O a soun an a e

phil l gi t th l t G l V K dy wh t t
o o s , e a e e ne ra B t th ans e nne , o s a es u e

l
so e au th ity wh i h th
or Z d on d P h li i b k d p d i th
c e en an e v oo s e en s e

t diti
ra f th Pe i
ons O Bf hw e th rs a.t di ti b
e ore , o e v e r, ese ra ons can e

a d itt d t ti y it t b ti f t ily p d th t th
m e as es m on , m us e sa s ac or rove a e

Z déen t d it P h li i t
ves a an l ti s t lly e i t d t th ti
v rans a f th on ac ua ex s e a e m e o e

A bira q t d th t th y h b
an con ues , an f lly p a d til e ave ee n care u rese rve un

th e p t d y by h Pa i f P i d I di B t
re se n a t e rs s o h e rs a an n a . u no su c

p fhroo b dd d h it b y t t bli h d th t th
as e v e r een a uce , nor as ee n e es a s e , a e

Pa i f ith
rs s O t y pe er y w ll
coun r th t i t d t d i ti
ossess an e -au en ca e ra ons,

w hi h c d i t pt dly p t th t t O th
asce n u n n e rru e y h u o a e ve n . n e contrar , t e

il
s e nce O fT b i d Fi d i
a ar p ti g th i t g p
an r aus p ti res ec n em s a s ron re sum on

th t th y w t d t th wh li d
”
a e t i e re ti
no th
nv e n e w it a e m e en ese r e rs ve .

C l l R wli
o one hw i a nson, d w itt t B b y i
o e v e r, n a m e m oran um , r en a om a , n

t k t t lly pp i t
a es a i w f th Z d
o a od th os p e v e O e en , an us e x re sse s

hi pi i
s O It h b
n on t d by
“
f
as t di ti g i h d
e e n asse r e som e O our m os s n u s e

B iti h O i t li t th t th l g g i whi h th
r s r en a s s, a d w iti g f
e an ua e n c e sac re r n s o

th e Pe i i rs a
p d i sf b i
com ti f t h
ose Z tsi p
a i t a r ca on o e oroas r an r es s,

b q t t th i p t i ti f P i d th t th w i i g
su se u en o e r ex a ra on rom e rs a an a e se r t n s,
in conse u e nce , are , as
q f g d ti q i ty ti t l d t
ar as i re ar s an u , en e o no cons

d ti wh t
e ra on Ag i t th i a e v e r. ti I fi th
a ns f ll wi g s asse r on O
'

er e o o n

re m ark i i p t fP i : n v ar ous t b f d t th p t d y
ar s o e rs a are o e oun , a e re se n a ,

insc rip i i h t whi h w d i t

t ons n a c arac e r if hibiti g c e e nom na e cune orm , ex n

h i t i l d f th i th d fifth t i b f C h i t w itt
s or ca re cor s o e s x an ce n ur es e ore rs , r en

i th di fi t l g g T th ly i ”
f
'

n re e e re n an u a e s O e ana s s o

f thi l ng g I h d t d
.

th h t
e se c d th
arac e rs, ani ti e e x am na on O s a ua e , av e e vo e

m an yy f ears oh dI w
rese arc f ly t th t th P
; an i can no sa e asse r , a e e rs an

l g g f th
an ua e o
g f C y d D
e a es o i i q ti b ly th p
rus an t ar u s s u n ue s ona e are n

th e sam e ti m e and p lac e ( C am ba y) , is i n London . A c op y of th e Yacna , al so from

C am bay and now at C ope nh age n was wri tte n A Y 692 (A
,
Th e ,
. . .

o th er Z e nd M8 8 at C op e nh age n Pari s
. London Ox ford and i n m y o wn col , , , ,

lecti on i n Bo m bay wi th th e ex ce p tion of a si ngle fragm ent, p e rh aps are of p oste ri or

, ,

dates —J W ] . .

Researc h e s , & c p 1 68 . . .

1 Wi lson on th e Pursi Religion, p 402 . .

 na m e NO rrcas O F
'
p anam a A ND zs x n; 10 1

of h t at tongue w ich we call th e h Ze nd, and whi h h b c as e e n so succe ss

f lly
u e lab ora e t d by C ti on nental stu e nts, d and by none wit h g t rea e r

skill and
p e rs pi ity th
cu an Mons . Burnou f i hi
, dn s a m ira bl C e om

m tair c ea r PYa caa . I am m e rel yd esirous, on th e groun d Ih s av e

m e nti o ne d , to recor d m
y convi ction tht a th e Pa i w iti g w
rs r n s e re

i m p o rte d from e rsia, P in t hi pe r re se nt sta te , d i g th

ur n h e se v e nt

ce ntury o f rist, and Ch are th us e ntitle dt o th e sam e dg f i e ree O co ns

de rati on am o ng th e -
Pal si s Of th e p rese nt day whi h th y jyd
c e en o e

am ong t hi e r ance stors at th e p id f p

er o o ex atriati o n .
”

Dr . W ilso n Obse rves Wh th e er o r not th e Pi i p i

ara r ests in I ndia:

from hi
t e r d
tra itional re m inisce nce s Of th e anci e nt language s, coul d
h av e f b i
a r ca te d som e O f I h ll t p iti ly th e Z e n
t d w iti r ngs, s a no os ve asse r .

Th i
ere p ty f p i i
s a ove r f th o w i ti g p
ex i l ly
re ss on n som e O e se r n s, art c u ar

o f h t e mi li t gi l p i
nor wh i h h w th t h i
ur ca h hd ece s, c s o s a t e r au t ors a no

re ady d f th l g g i whi h th y w t Th i
co m m an O e an ua e n c e ro e . e re s an

a pp h t G j ati idi i
ro ac o i t
u ar dt G j ati om n som e ns ance s, an o
'

a u ar co r

ru p i f S k it whi h t ti w k d id b l pi i
t on o ans r , c a one m e a a e ne cons e ra e s us c o ns

i n my i d m V i w i
n g th . tt f th Z
e d l g g n h w i
e m a er o e en an u a e , o e v e r, n

i g ts l p t I h
e ne ra h it ti i d l i g th t
as e c , av e no f th es a on n e c ar n a none o e

ex il d e dd p an d Pa i p i t i I di
e re sse b pp d t h h d rs r es s n n a ca n e su ose o av e a

th b ility t i t th t l g g 1 with it t i g
e a o nv e n a i l a n ua e ,
'
s e x e ns v e ram m at ca

f orm s, an d wi h it b d t d gl t s l gi t th
a u n an S k it an re u ar ana o es o e ans r ,

P i L ti d G
e rs an, a i l g g
n, an di ti tly i d by
e rm an c an ua e s, as so s nc e v nce

B pp d B f
o an urnou .

It i t b s
g t
o d th t D
e re W i l re t e b i g K dy fiali r. son, re m e m er n e nne
’
s a

ti on of t i l g g f
ce r a n B byl i an ua esS k it t h l i rom a on an or ans r , o t e e x c us on

O fP i di d
e rs an, t b id by dw k no t hi li t i p
a ie t an or ou s e ar es m ress ons as o

wh e nceth f b i t e f Z d d w th
a r ca ors o t i l f th i w k Bt en re e m a er a s or e r or . u

as h h e li q i h d f i h i
as re th h ti i ty f P h li i will
n u s e a t n e aut e n c o e v , as

app p tly h y p ibly d t k th t k f

e ar re se n , e m a f l o ss un e r a e e as O a care u te

e xam i ti naf th p i t whi h h

on O ti fi d h i
e t th g
o n s i c av e sa s e m as o e e nu ne

ncss Of Ze nd .

Th e w orks of P rofessor B ppo and M . Burnou f are to b e re gar e dd

wi t hg p f th
reat re s e ct or e diti
e ru on, la b our, and re searc h , and
y e t
p i lly f th b di g i
m ore es ec a or e a oun n m agination and rare inge nui t y , th e y
exhibit B t h y y wi h t p
. u t e m a , t ou resum pti on, be as e k d wh t f , a acts in
th hi t y f th Z d
e s orl id t y O e en , e uc a or Of its e x iste nce as a re al langu age ,

has h pl y t f
t e em h ti o m en O so m uc m e and i n us tr d y di scove re d C olo

Pfirsi Re li gi o n, p 400 . .

t Th e Parsi s of India we re not e nti re l y unlearned, for we k now th at th ree

centurie s a o
g th e y h ad translate d th e Pe h li vi version of th e V e ndi dad i nto Sansk ri t .
 1 02 na m e s o r xoas o r p a nam a s un z s s n .
[JU LY

ne l Rawlinson, as h as b ee n see n, inv e rts th e or e r d Of successi on attri

b tdt
u e o th e language s Of Pe rsia by A nque til du P e rron. This oint p
is not notice d by B pp o or Burnouf b ut i t wou ld h av e b e e n inform a

tion of re al v alue h ad t h ese learne d p e rsons b ee n a bl t h w f

e o s o , rom

som e h s ut e ntic re cor d , th e ti m e wh e n, th e coun r t y wh d th e re , an e

p pl by wh
eo e om , th e Ze n dw as pk
s o e n and wri tte n —f hk w or su c no
l dg w l k i
e e e oo n v ain.

Th e conclusion arri ve d at from a fair e xam ination O f t h p e se re m ises

a pp ears to b e , t h t th
a e langu age of th e Ze nddve sta is p u re i nve ntion,
wanti ng i n all th e esse ntials O f vi talit y . T h e re is no p roof, and th e
m o e Of d i ts com p ositi on, e ntire l y arti ficial, c ontra di t c s th e i d e a, O f i ts
e ve r h avi ng b een fou n d as th e i nte r p re te r O f th gh t ou or v oli tion in th e
m ou th of m an, w om hild — an, or c a sort Of galvani c e x iste nce onl y
m a
y p i
b e e rce v e d i it p d d by
n , ro uce a not u ns kilf l u ada pt tia on O f th e
fl b pw
e x i le o e rs O f S ki gans r t ram m ari n w or ing up m ate rials k su ppli d e

th t l g a b y h
’
from g a an u e . In Anqu e til s Voca ular , furt e r, m a
y be
found th f ll wi g e o o n se v e n Z e nd wor d bl s, e on i
g gn to th e di la e ct O f Gj u a

r a it, B d
v z e e, e ux ; toum , tu z e ante j( anto ) , connaissant ; gus to

( nab ato ) , lavant te, toi Ite r e te ( k arto ) f

,aisant ; p e te l u, e rri ere d .

Also th e signs O f th e ge niti ve case i n Gj u arati, no, m e, are som e ti m e s

fl
a i x e d, as pp p d
i n th e (a ro riate ) Tur is k h w d p b or as e re no, O se rv e r.

( R h
e searc p es,C p . ti ph il l gy li k p t i
om ara ve o o , e c om ara ve ana

tom y y h ll th l l i d f i t p id d
, m a av e a b
e v a ue c a m et k or , rov e care e a en

th t i t p
a t o p l bj t
e ra e s ud t
on re a t f it Th
su ec s, an no on coun e r e s . ese

e sse nti l t tb t k
a s m us f g no t d Th f g i
e a f th w it
en or ran e . e or e r e s O e r er

i i Z ba
” ”
o f th A e
“
f th
sm nn D ati a d f th l g g
n, O f e as r, an O e an ua e o

by G S l i t . f wh t
a m anazor, are y b d by ns ances o a m a e one

p l d b ld
u ous an i ti B t M o lls F i h tti
nv e n ong h i y . u u ruz, s u n s e es

t th
o l y f g y fl t t b li th l g g f th A a i
e c um s or e r , a
'

ec s o e e ve e an u a e O e sm n

Z ba t b g
a n oi dp f
e t h
e nu ne , an h k wl dg f i t ro e sses o av e suc a no e e o as

e na bl d h i t
e t m i t k f th t
o correc ib dt
m pply i
s a es O e ransc r e r, an o su om s

i
s ons ni th t l ti e H y (D é ti l ii p 1 6)
rans a on . Wh e sa s as r, v o . . . e re

fore h i h bl F i
t s um di g t th b t f h i p
e ruz, d
acc or n o e es O s oor u n e r

t di g h
s an n d d th t l ti
, as re n e re f bl t th t t d e rans a on con orm a e o e ex , an

t d it b d M lls l th ght th t h py f
”
i
nse r e Th l a ov e . e e arne u , a so, ou a i s co O

th b k w
e oo th ly as t t I w
e on t O th
o ne pi w e x an . t as no . er co es e re

b q se tly di
ue n d f d t S tw
scov e re t t th B
: o ne by o un a ura as se n o e om a

Li t y S i ty
e rar oc e .

Si Willi
r J am w th D ati H
one s ne v e r sa l k w th b k e as r. e on v ne e oo

Histori cal and Geograp h i cal Descri ption of Form osa. London 1 704
 w as NOTIC ES or p s as uuv A ND Z EN D . 1 03

from w h tha e found conce rning i t in th e Dabistan . h

T is accounts
for th e e rro ne ous estim ati on in h h it w h ld by h i Db
w ic as e m . Th e a is
té i t lf w
n se q it w thy f th p i h l i h d p it f f
as u e un or o e ra se e av s e u on ; or O

th ese i t km i j dg
s a es t th n l t M E kiu m en t ly b e a e r . rs ne ru o se rv es

Th hi t y f l tt
e s or o t e ly t ff d
e rs se e m s i t f
o m e scarce o a or an ns ance O a

m ore p t d j
e rve r e d g t h i tu i l i
m en d B
on t th t
s or ca h ev e nce .
”
u , on e o er

h d h wM D
an , o wi th h i
r . t
uncan, l g ity d lti t d i t l s na ura sa ac an cu va e n e

b ct, cou ld t k th D ati f a e t e y f O i t l lit t

as r or a d reasu r o r en a e ra ure , u n e r

t k
a e t a l ti
ran s a f it d on i t d o hi ,t an t E gl d t n en , on s re urn o n an , o

p t it t Hi M j ty th
rese n o s t
a es l b l t ib t whi h has e m os ld va ua e r u e c e cou

b i g f th E t (B Lit T pp 34 2
rn ro m e as ,
”
orn .h lw y . rans . .
, as a a s

a pp d t e are t i
o m e m os p h ibl ncom re e ns e .

P f Lro essor it i id i
um e n, gg d i p p
s sa i g , g s f
en a e n re ar n a ram m ar o

th Ze d w k h ld h d t k it f g t di ffi lty t
en a or , s ou e un e r a e , O no rea cu o a

S k it h l p f dly
ans r sc o ar so d i th l g g h i Th
ro oun v e rse n e an ua e as e s . e

learne d P f h ly t pply th l f th Vyé k t h i

ro essor as on o a e ru e s o e
'

aran o s

p p w h th Z d S k it w d wi ll dily b it t th
ur ose , en e e n o- ans r or s rea su m o e

p rocess re q i d th gh d tu re , rou d i fl ti m oo s, Y t thi ife nse s, an n ec ons . e s,

e ve r so succe ss u f lly p f d will ff d p f f h th ti i ty f

e r orm e , a or no roo O t e au en c o

th Ze d b
en , by i il p ti pplyi g th l f P i
e cause a s m ar o e ra on, a n e ru e s O e rs a n

g ram m ar, a g f t h
ram m ar t i ly fi tioi l e
g g f
no or ousth c t ous an ua e o e

Dw ati y b
r m a il y p d
e as eas d ro u ce .

Th i ti
e e x am f th
na on O l g g t i ti
ano t ly er t d w i th
an ua e m os n m a e conne c e

t h Z d
e en w tno lly f ll w na u ra th i i th P h li i o Th Z d t t f
o s : s s e e v . e en ex o

th e V d id ad en d it t , l ti
an it i ll d i t P h li i
s rans a o n, as s ca e , n o e v , are

in a ll p b b ili tyro a t p h t i th y w
co e m orane ous p d t a s, e e re com ose

( i t
nve n e d ) b t th a ou t i d h
e sam e ldi q l m e , an by h are e n e ua re v e re nce t e

Pe i H ith t h pi i f E gli h O i t li t d
rs a. er o t e O n ons o t th n s r en a s s a ve rse o e

h ti ity f thi l g g h
aut e n c O s t b d d lid by h
an ua e ave no ee n eem e va t e

O i t l h l
r en a sc f h C ti
o a rs O t P f t W t g d h w
e on ne n . h ro e ssor e s e r aar , o e ve r, as

l ly
a te se e n reasont t k diff t i w f th q ti
o a e a d pe re n v e o e ue s on, an ex re sse s

h i l t t pi i
s a es O th n on on bj t t D Wil e suf B b y t th
ec o r. son, o om a , o e

f ll wi g fl t Th t i ti l i ti f th ll d
'

o o n e ec a on a cr ca e xam na on O e -
ao ca e

P h li i w iti g h f
e v r n s,d th t t b i
e oun
y S i
em l no
g g o e n an assan an an u a e ,

b t u ly i
m e re di l t (p b bly th Ki i ) f h d P
n a a ec ro a e rm an an o t e m o e rn er

i
s an, di g i d by th
s u se f i p f t lph b t f e u se o an w im d er ec a a e , O te n no m s re a

by th Pa i th Sh i i w d i t d d i t it b i g
e
-
l s s, e em tc or s ly n ro uce n o e n m e re cor

ru t de A b i ra W i hc t h i p i i D W ilt t i l
s Oy g
*
n on r. son e n re a re e s
p . .

I w ld h ou i t d e re w d tw
n ro uce a g d i g f b fl or t d P horli i o re ar n un a ca e e v

[M ulls R ustam p i nform s m e th at h i s learned uncle , th e late Mulls Fi ruz,

h ad co m e p re tty m uc h to th e sam e op i ni on .
—J W ] . .
1 04 na m e no t i c e s or r e s e nt s 11 1m z ann .
[J U LY

and O b serve , h tb f
t a e ore assigning any p recise si nificati on
g to t h em , we
s h ldou asce r a n t i by w h om , in w ht a m anne r, and to w h t l g g th
a an ua e e

ge nuine P e h li vi , also nam e d Pa u l, was originall y , in th t ese

p e rm s, a

pli d e h yb
. T is m a d it i e e as ily d one an s nece ssar y f , di ti
or a s nc
ti on w hi h h c i t h bas d D
no e x s e nce as ee n assu m e . r. Spi g l i i d t
e e s sa o

cons i d th Pa i t b th l g g
er e f P i b tw
rs o th g e i e an ua e O e rs a e e en e e nu ne

P h li i f th S
e v O i d th P i
e f th Sh ah Na h
assan ans an O e e rs an o e - m a . n
e x am i ti thi pi i n will b f d q it i d i ibl L t
na on, s o n o e oun u e na m ss e. e us

asce n d t th li t th ity by wh th w d P h li i d
o e ear es au or om e or s e v
”
an

Pa i w rs
”
t i ly fi t d Fi d i d w di
e re , ce r a n t , rs use , r aus , an e scov e r a once

th i t
e r i g d
rue m ean n pt ti w b d by d th i
an acce a on, no o scure m o e rn eor es .

Hi t ti s es
y p l i ly
m on t b li h th f t t h
a n t i t d f di ti
es a ti s es e ac , a ns e a O s nc o ns

an d difi ti
m o i ti g b tw
ca S i P h li i d th P i
ons ex s n e ee n assan an e v an e e rs an

o f th Sh dh N i
e h th y -b l t ly id ti l d th l g g
lm a , e are a so u e en ca ; an e an ua e

nam e d by Fi d i i difl tly P h li i d Pé i i p i ly

r aus n
'

e re n e v
”
an rs
”
s re c se

th t i wh i h h i p
a n i w ttci — f h s y oe m s r en or e sa s

Bi pardfikh tan em u -1-9 m m .

O O O O

Aj am zi nda k ardam h a i n F arsi .

And t h u s, unless we d y th
en e au t or h th e p ow e r and rig ht t o i nform h is
re a d e rs in w h tla an u a e
g g h e wri te s, h is e vi d e nce is conclusi ve , and th e
q ue stion dt e e rm i ne d .
*
A b out th e tim e th e se ci rcum stance s b e cam e k nown to th e wri te r Of
th e se Noti ce s, an O pp ortu nit y of com m uni cati ng wi t hP rofessor Lasse n
oc c urre d . Th e learne dP rofe ssor h ad se nt to th e Asia tic y S oci e t a

p ti f th t t ( h fi t fi h pt ) f th V
or on o e ex t te rs ve c a e rs o e en didad th j , en us

p bli h d by h i Fi di g th t th P h li i t l ti w t gi
u s e m . n n a e e v rans a on as no ven

w i th th t t ti d i
e ex p yi g h t p f th w i
, or no ce n an accom an n s or re ace , e r te r

off df h
e re pt orf P f t eL accet t h p d
ance o ro e ssor as se n som e e x rac s e osse sse

of h b k wh i h
t e t i d with h Z d t t
oo , P h li i t
c l ti
con a ne , t e en ex , a e v rans a on

f w di g wi th th
or ar p p th l tt wh i h d th ig t
n e se a e rs re e e e rs, c un e r e s na ure

of Ka ga h d pp d i All I di M il H l i
m r, a a e are n en s
’
n an a . e a so, n

th l tt
e dd d t P f L
e er a th re ssei f d t th
o ro e sso r asse n on e occas on, re e rre o e

op i i f P
n on o f W t g d d t il d b
ro e ssor d i g f thi es e r aar , as e a e a ov e , se n n or s

p p th t i p t f f w li h h d w itt t D Wil
u r ose e ranscr O a e ne s e a r en o r. son on

th bj t
e su ec .

P f L i
ro e ssor t w p d hi g t t t
asse n, n a cou r e ous ans e r, e x re sse s re re a no

b i g bl t b ib t h w it i w f th Z d l g g
e n a e o su sc r e o t e r er s v e
’
s O e en a n ua e ,

wh i h h id
c t b gei cons h i fly tw g
e rs d o e a e nu ne o ne , c e on o roun s

A bridged from Research es, p p 1 06 , 1 66 . .

 na m e 11 0 1 1 0 3 3 o r r nnsum A ND m un. 1 05

first, t h t it g
a i i t ly i
a re es so nt m a e n its sy ste m
'

of consonants wi th th e
ancie n t P i th it
e rs a n, tb d dt h bat m us i t l e co nsi e re o av e ee n a s s e r- an

g g ua e , c hi fly di ti g i h d by it
e ws l y t
n u s e w h i h h i b it s vo e s s em , c ex s se v e

ra l di i t t st ncf d t t
races o A d th t i w ld i th
a m o e rn s a e d . n a t ou , n e se con

p l b
ace , y t pp
e ne cessar if t h Z d l g g o su w fi t i t
ose,i th t e en an ua e as c ous, a

th Pi e i p d k wl dg f p ti g
ra s oss e sse a no th
e Z d e o com ara ve ram m ar, e en

b i g i h i I d G
e n r c i n l gi n o- e rm an c ana o es .
”

T thi i w o pli d th t p tti g th Z d d P i with t

s t as re e , a u n e en an e rs an, ou

d ti g t
a ve r n p g
o som e i t i th
com m on l ti hi p f i t
ro e n o r, n e re a ons o s s e rs,

w as ne w an d w thy f id ti or t k i o ti
cons wi h the ra on, a en n conne c on t e

h di ti t p i i
ot e r s thnc q ti h f A q til d P
O n ons on e ue s on, t ose o n ue u e rron,

o f C l l R wli
o one f Si W J nso n, od th E gli h O i t li t ones, an o er n r en a s s .
‘

a r . s

Th t i t w f f
a l as h w th ar g rom t f th
c ear Z d i o i e a re e m e n o e en n ts con
so nanta l y t wi h th t f th P
s s em i w t p f f th l i hip
a o e e rs a n as roo o e re at ons

ass ig d t th ne Th o lli em . igh t b id te sam e a i t b tw ance m e sa o ex s e e en

h P f b th lph b t
”
t e i d th
e rs an an A a i Z bé e th
sm n a n, or o use e sam e a a e ,

an d h l tt t e h th e pw
e rs A d f th
av e it w
e sam e okd e rs . n ur er as re m ar e ,

th ld b
e re cou d bt th t f e no ti ou ft th
, A bi a or so m e m e a er e ra an con

q t h P i l g g ti d t b w itt i it i t i di
ue s t e ers an an ua e con nue o e r en n s anc e n n

g e nons ( t lly p d d by th d
e v e n ua A b i su e rse e e m o e rn ra c

alph b t i t lf a e fi h t f Sy i ) th
, se an o h t wh i h i w
-s oo o r ac, e sam e c arac e r c s no

em pl y d i w i i g Z d d i
o e n r ti
tn d f w iti g P i
en , an s som e m es u se or r n e rs an

at h p t d y B t b ll it w b d th t th w l
t e rese n a . u a ov e a , as o se rve , a as e vo e

y t f th i t P i h t w id ti l with th t f th
s s em o e anc e n e rs an c arac e r as en ca a o e

S k itd i t
ans r th l t it id i
m us ll d g
ave en t f ili t ts a , n no sm a e re e , o ac a e

th p e d p iti f th Z d ¢
resu m e co m os on o e en

I h b
t id th t
as l gy
ee n sa i t i g d t ath l
ana o f i fl i
e x s s, n re ar o e oss o n e x ons,
b tw h E gli h l g g d P i I h
e ee n t e n s an ua e tb bl t
an e rs an . av e no een a e o

di sco verth i b t th th s, u Fra w will er

y t
e h re v erse . f rom e sa e a e
g , , o

A pe rfe ct y
s ste m of le tters ough t to contai n o ne sp e c i fic sy m b ol for e ve r y
so und use d i n p ronounci ng th e language to wh i ch th e be lo nge d In th is res e ct th e
p y .

O ld P e rsia n or e nd app roac h es to pe rfec ti on — S i r Willi a m Jones

Z . .

i Th e re are also so m e S ansk ri t asp i rate s u nde r ar i trar form s o f le tte rs un b y ,

k no wn to th e anc i e nt Persi an alp h a be t ,
and th is s h o ws th e atte nti on p ai d to usi ng
Sanskri t with e fie ct.
‘

i In re gard to a na logie s ,
i t m igh t h av e be e n added, th at th e atte m t to i de nti f
p y
th e B e n gali wo rd bah i m by
’

wi th th e Sansk ri t word w asn ,

'

th e p e rm utati on and
ex ci si on of le tte rs
, sh ows h ow far a p h i lologi st m ay be m i sle d w h o m i sa li es
pp
h is rules , and p erm i ts fanc to su e rse de u d m e nt — E d
p g y
i nb urgh R e vi e w, O cto j
be r 1 85 1 .

[Th e Bengali y
boh i ni is ob vi ousl de ri v e d from th e Sansk ri t bh a i ni a si ste r
g , Th e .

e asr i h as i ts corres ondents in th e Germ an sch

y; ;
ou
p weater and English si ster .
1 06 e nte r nor l c as o r PE RS I AN A N D zs s o .
[J U LY

Alfre to t d h t f Sh a o akspeare , an inte rval of b

a ou t sev e n h d dy un re e ars,

th e d A gl S
ru e d y d ppi g t f it i fl i
n o- ax on,
gra uall d ro n m os o s n e x ons, an

d pti g f ig w d t
a o n ore li it d t t h b
n or s i h p o an un m e ex en , as e com e nt e roc e ss

o f ti th
m e pi p i p li h d d fl ibl E gli h i
e co ous, e x re ss v e , o s e , an ex e n s n u se .

B t th p h f P i w
u e s ee c f th l t th
o dy
e rs a, h e are sure , or e as ousan e a rs, as

i d th
re m a ne p f tt g lt d i i t g
e sam e ti l t
e r ec t on u e , u na e re n s ram m a ca s ru c u re ,

w d i h Shah Na h A d j dgi g f p p
e re a n t e - f
m a d . n u n rom ro e r nam es ou n

d G k f i th hi t i f Al d
un e r re e orm s h P y ti
n e s or ans o e xan e r, suc as ar sa s
”

for P t w n f i yb
a r -s R a f ,
”
R h l
a r - orn li l o x ana
”
or am a na c, tt e

s p l d
e n our d h th pp
an t
ot e rs, d b t t h t th e re a ears no re ason o ou a e

P i f th t d y w th
e rs an o a t g i whi h Fi d
a as i w t e sam e o n ue n c r au s ro e .

f th di i ti I i
”
Th e use o R e h l m th l t
nu v e t wi h n aus ana r, as e sam e e te r, t
i il
s m ff t i
ar e pl y d i M d l
ec , s em i ki P o l e li t l n ar a r,
”
m an n . e sara c,
”
t e

b y i
o , d P i ff d p g t i t
n m o e rn f th i id
e rs an, a i ty or s a re nan ns ance o e r e nt .

I th n q lP f L
e se ue ti d th t h i g
, ro essor asse n m e n one , a , av n no accu rate

k wl dg f P h li i h d li d ff i g y pi i
no e e o e v , P f e ec ne o er n an O n on on ro e sso r

We ste rgaard s vi e ws ’
of it . Th is is unfortuna te , for M . Burnouf co n

si d e rs th e Pe h li vi translation to be an dp
i n is e nsa bl dj e a unct to th e

Ze n dt e x t, bu t i f ulti m ate l y consi d e re d as s ur ous, p i Z d en m ust ru n th e

ris k of u n e r oin
g g d th e sam e fate , unle ss som e a e dq uate cau se can be
foun d or df j i i g fbi td
im agi ne or o nn a a r ca e translati on to a true te x t,
and ac no k wl dgi g b th wi h q l ligi
e n o t e ua re ous re sp e ct.

M B f (P f lY c p iii ) y ’
. urnou re ace a na, . xx . sa s, On p ea t done rega rde r

f
’
com m e a n a i t cer ta i n, i il m an u e d ce tte as se r ti on la p r e u ve la
quo qu q
’
us déci si ve , a di re la P e h lvi e lu i -m é m e
’

p l c es t com
p a r a i son da tes ts
a ce c la tr a ducti on S a ne /tri te , que la tr a va i l da Ne ri oseny h es t u ne

c op i e f or t ex a cle de la ve rsi on Pe h lvi e, ui ex is ta i t, i l 3; a trois s te c les

q
”
da m la Guz a ra te .

T is h th e n is th e countr y th, e re re m ai ns d b t wh
little ou , e re , in co m

m unicati on wi t h th i e r co-re li
gi onists o f Ki w i h wh
rm an, t om a m o st

i ntim ate y b
i nte rcou rse h as g w alwa s e e n m a n a ne i t i d b h l g , ot an ua e s e re

inve nte d by h Pa i f I di t e rs s o n a.

R i g
e sum p p d f th
n , as id ti
ro f C l
ose l R w , a ur er cons e ra on o o one a

li nson s op i i
’
w fi d tw hyp h
n on, b ght f w d l t h t
e — n o ot e se s rou or ar e , t a

i tP i
anc e n p d d f w d l t it i fl i
e rs an once I
ossesse , an a te r ar s os s n e x ons .
‘

ans w t thi it will b

er o ffi i t t
s p t h l dy b h w e su c en o re ea , as as a re a ee n s o n,

th t a j t i b tit d t t bli h f t whi h if i i t

con ec ure s su s ute o es a s ac s c , n e x s e nce ,

m igh t b ily hibi d F h 2 d I pl th p p i i d

e eas ex te . or t e n , ace e ro os t o n an

re ply t g th d y th t
o e l
e r, an
p y th t th p gg
sad d p k at o re a e oor, ru e , an u ns o

en l g g h Z d f h V didad w
an ua e , t e d i d f th P i f
en o t e en , as e r ve rom e e rs an o

an y g d th
a e , an gh p f d
rou t l d fi a t rocess o sace r o a care an re ne m e n so
 na m e NOTI C ES or p anam a AN D zann .

c ircum sta ntiall yd es cri e bd , arriv e d at th e p e rfection of language claim ed

for it, se e m s to m e so incons iste nt wit h safe conclusions from p re m ise s

asc e rta i ne d, and to p re se nt su c h y pi t difli g t t l
a fanc c ure ,
'

er n o o cae o

from th e true c h a racte r o f h t e l g g i q an ua eti th t I f i ly n ue s on, a a r

confess m y se lf at a loss h o w t d l wi h th
o ea pti t d t ese assum ons, an m us

be co nte nt q tto uo e in m
y d f e e nce aH i d ta i p b w h i h t
n ush n rove r c us

runs Bh fi i p th r a ar ch orne k hh
o c oro .

C olo n e l Rawlinson, in cont nua i ti i y b

on, b d d i
t m at t h t e o se rve , a m s a

th e Z e n dw as not e v e r p k l g g M E ki th ght th
a s o e n a n ua e . r
. rs ne ou e

sam e b i g th
and th is e n e case , it y w hm a d i
, d d i g
e resoev e r er ve , accor n

to so m e ,by wh or om so e v e r i t d
nve n e di g t th wi h t , accor n o o e rs, t ou

di p t b t k by b th
s u e e a en hi ti l o d t as ad ti l g g era ca , an no a em o c an u a e .

W il ly i h pt f th ”
D
’
r . s on s ana f th tw ty tw ss o F g d e en - o ar ar s or c a e rs o e

V di dé d will ff d t
en a
y ord i o f qani i g i t one f ll k w
es rou s o ac u r n a u no

l dg
e f th
e o p d l f th
e sco e an ligi t d
v a ue o y f th t b k e re ous e n e nc
”
o a oo .

L g g on wh a o, idi g P
e n re s
g é i t B n h d S
am on t th rs s a roac an ura , e

q ti f th th ti i ty f th Z d g g d y tt ti I
ue s on o e au en c o e en en a e m a en on . n

thi y
s, m l bj t
so e o t th t i ec d , i a h b a th d
t m e an l p t s nce , as ee n e eve o m e n

o f t th ru t th i i d t
: ru ti b l
s b t it d
n es ru c t p df e, ut oes no e sca e e ace m e n .

Sh ld th q l h w th t I
ou e se ue i t k
s o i y a l i am th m s a en n m conc us ons , e

t i
r um ph f t h will b y fl
o rut i i t w d e m su c en re ar .

A I l s th i p p
c ose I th t ths a e r, f Z d lit t se e i a e cause o en e ra ure s

i i g p g
re ce v n i ro tt ti re ss v e D Spi g l P f
a en on f O i t l
. r . e e , ro e sso r o r en a

L g g
an ua e s a t E l g wi th th
r an e n, i th gg d T h
o l e rs, d s us en a e . e e arne

P f ro esso r h i h p as t Vi
n t e diti f th Z di t
re ss a e nna an e on o e e n i v es a,

cons si ti g f th n o l 8 ree d t i i g th
v o s. igi l t t th
vo .
, an con a n n e or na ex , e

P h li i
e vi pi li t f i
v e rs on, a co ous di g d G s o v ar o us rea n s, an a e rm an

trans a l ti f th wh l
on o
[P e f W o et g. d t C p h g
ro essor t es e r aar a o e n a e n, oo,

h asi h p
n t e i ti l di i
re ss a cr f th wh l f th Z d T t with
ca e t on o e o e o e en ex s,

an E gli h t n sl ti rans a
g f t h t
o n, w Z d di l
ram m ar o t a p i e o en a e c s, co ous

d
concor ance an d di ti y di t ti c onar th I i , ti q i ti
sse r a t ] ons on e ran an an u es, e c .

Nove m ber, 1 8 52 .

NOTE .

A wri ter in th e Q ua rter ly R evie w, No 1 1 3, p 8 2 , th us ex presse s h i s op i ni on

. .

of Ke nne d y as an auth or General V ans K enne d , in h is e la orate Rese arch es , ’

y b
kc .
go e s so fa r as to afli rm th at th e Bri ti sh C e lti c language h as no connec ti o n

wi th th e langu age s of th e Eas t, e i th e r i n words , or p h rases , or th e construc ti on of

sentences, o r th e p ronunci ati on of le tte rs .

’
Th is posi ti ve de clarati on from a m an

of undoub te d i nform ati on and reseu ch m i gh t seem decisi ve of th e q uesti on . But

1 08 na m e Nor tc as o r r a nsru A ND m a n .
[J u s t

wh en we find th at h e deni e d i n e q ually posi ti ve term s th e sm utty betwe en Sanskri t

and Pe rsi an, wh i ch S i r W . Jone s and Professor Bopp h ave m ade as c lear as th e
noo n-day sun, we m ay b e pe rm i tte d to susp e c t th at i n th i s case h e h as p rono unce d
h is ve rd i ct rath er h asti l y .
”
Now on th i s it m ay be re m ark e d, th a t S i r W . J one s ,
alth o ugh stati ng so m e th i ng to th is e fl'
e ct , b
ne ve r deli e rate l y m ai ntained such an

op i ni on as is h ere attri b ute d to h i m , and th at Professor Bop p can only e xh b

i it
wh at trul y e x ists, not w h at is fanci e d ; wh i le on th e contrar y K enned y
p ro ves
h is asse rti on by a m aste rl y a rra y of th e ta and luci d re asoning, concluding

h is argum ent in th ese wo rds But th ese fully p ro ve , th at th ough th e Pe rsi an is

not deri ved from Sanskri t, sti ll th e Persi ans m ust h ave h ad, at som e re m ote
"
p e ri od , a m ost i nti m ate i nte rcourse wi th a p p e
e o l w h o sp ok e th at tongue .

For, i f not, i t m us t nece ssari l y follow, th at, notwi th sta ndi ng th e num e
”
ro us Sanskri t words i t contai ns, Persi an was not de ri ve d from Sanskri t . Havi ng
p re vi o usl y (p . 1 90 ) sai d,
“
Th i s pe o p le speaki ng Sa nskri t could be no oth er th an
a num e ro us colon y w h i ch h ad m i gra te d fro m B abylon, on i ts conq uest by th e

Ni nus of He rodotus, part of w h i ch esta blish ed i tse lf in Persi a, and part p ro

ce ede d on to 1 ndia .
—R eaearch el ,
”
p.26 7 .
ART . V l — A de s cri p tion
. o
f th e S a lt wa ter la ke
- ca lled th e Null
si tua te d o n th e I sth m us o
f K a tty a w a r . By Majo r F U LJA M ES ,
Bom ba y Arm y , Politic al Age nt, Riwa K a nta .

Pre se nte d l7 i b Marc h 1 85 3 .

Tm : Null is a large la k e of b rackis hwt a er 37 m ile s SW by W . from

th e c it y of A h dbd
m e a a , and si tuate d on th e w e ste rn frontie r of th e
D olh k a u
p gr un na . It e x te n d s ov e r a m easure d are a of ac re s,

or 4 9% q
s uare m ile s . Of t i s, h acre s, or 35 5 s q u are m ile s, we re
ac tuall y c o v e re d wi t h wate r at th e ti m e its outli ne was su rve y di e n

Fe b ruar y 1 8 24 .

h t it i h ll w
I n ge ne ral c ly di g 6 f t d
arac e r s s a o , rare ex ce e n ee , an

m dy h p t whi h f f w d b t q it l wh
ud in t ose ar s c are re e o ee s, u u e c ear e re

th eseb d thi k ly i p t bl
a oun f b l h d
c , ne ar m e ne ra e , m asses o u rus es an

high g d th w t th
rass su rroun d th h f h e e s e rn, sou ern, an nor e rn s ore s o t e

lk f
a e, id bl di t i l d th t h i g l
or a cons era e s ance n an e eas e rn s ore s e ne ra

ly p O d f e n, f h N p ptibl b k pp
an ree d o rus e s . o e rce e an a e ars, an

h
t e t y th t b d
coun r it i d y d l t fi t th gh i
a or e rs on s a rear , e so a e a , ou n

pl wi h g t ti f th
so m e ac e s k t d t wh l
t a ve e a on o e ran es an m os un o e som e

nature .

O n i ts eastern si e d th e re are som e ve r y re m ar a k bl e d

un ulati ons,

h hb
w ic t i il ity t th M
e ar a rem o e P s m ar o e or una, or san dy hill k oc s

h t ki t th
t a s rh b tw th T pti d N b dd i
e se a-s ore e ee n It e a an ur u a r v e rs .

i l w thy f
s a so or k th t th
o d l ti
re m ar p d f
a ose un u a ons are com ose , as ar as

Ih b bl t
av e ee n a i f d ift
e d th t th y t d t i
o e xam ne , o r -san
; a e ex e n a cons

d bl i t
era e l f th
n erva s t id
rom f th N ll i th w t ly
e eas ern s e o e u n a nor - es e r

an d th sou t ly di ti
-e as e r if th w p by
re c th ti
on, as f th ro n u e ac on o e

w f th
av e s o by th w t w ll
e sea S h d idg
a sou - t b
es s e . uc san r e s are o e

m et wi th th w t near d eth b f M t Ab
e s e rn an sou e rn ase o oun oo .

Fi nmth lb i g f th
e usua idg d i th p
e ar n t b
o f
e r es, an n e rese n a se nce o

th e sea,it y b i f m a d th t th
e tin erref th h w t w i
a d e ac on o e sout - es n s

h i t d th i f
ave ass s e ti e rth w ld h
orm a d f th
on, as e sea ou ave one , or e se

wi dn s m us t b l w d i g th o with g
ur n t i l h
e m onsoon rea v o e nce ov e r suc an

Oth w i
er l l
se t y th
ev e il b ing in
coun r t pl
,
l
e fi
so e m os aces a oose , ne ,
l lO ns sc a rp rro s '
or ru n s w w u s s LA K E
a -
[Jo n

re d di h s and wh itis h sand, e asil y d p by y wi d th t bl w

acte u on an n a o s .

B e twe e n th e ri dg e s are e x te ns v e i by h ig a t f
s, lt th
av n a crus o sa on em ,

b are of all v e ge tati on in f t h y

ac bl th b y t b
t e re se m e ose a s o e se e n

alon
g th e coast w ich h are inun d t d by h fl d tid Th y t d
a e e ac oo e . e ex en

e ast as far as Je y tap oor, a di ts ance o f 8 m ile s .

S om e tim e s t h e se sand y undulations ru n e ast an d w e st, and t h e re

are som e re m ar k bl a e one s in th e v ic ini t y of h d b d ly i g i

A m e a a , n n

th is m anne r. Wh e re v e r th e yh b av e ee n cu t h tgh by h
rou h t e rus

of w ate r d urin
g th e m onsoon, h i pp
t e r a e arance i h s f t h igh b k
at o a an

of fine loose sand, wi t h sm all no dule s of li m e . ca ll d k k e di p d un u r, s e rse

th ro ug ou t h it . S o m e ti m e s a fe w sm all M ollusca a re se e n for i n

P la no r bzs Ly m nce a s tagna lzs, S ca la rra p re ti os a , and
' ' '

stan ce , cornea s ,

S ola ri um , also a large Am p ullari a glo bos a, of w ic I e nclose a h h

d raw n i g .

It is p ibloss e som e of t h d
e se u n ulati ons m a
y h av e b e en form e d in
th e first ins tance by som e u ph e avi n
g force from blwe o , for we h av e

b p
a u ndant roo f in m an yp G t th t
arts of th e w este rn p ortions o f u ze ra a

hyh
t e av e t d
at re m o e p id b an h di t b d by l
re c e nt er o s e e n m uc s ur e vo

i
os n c a e nc
g y h f i i
t d ef f lt
o rm e r i th d t s ev k e nt ro m au s n e san s one roc s

ne ar Ah d ggm e 60 nu il th
u r, f Ah d b d d f th
m es nor o m e a a , an rom e

b l i dyk wh i h h b f d p h gh h i l b d f
asa tc es c av e een orce u t rou or zonta e s o

fi dt
ne san s one b h i K y w dC t h ot n yg d att a pl f ar an u c a ve r oo e x am e o

wh i h i t b
c s t h t w
o e see n af Th 38 il t th e t f Rj t
o no an, m es nor -e as o a co e .

Th f e i
orm at oni ddi h p t d t th t t f whi h p
s a re s com ac san s one , e s ra a o c a

p h i t l Th gh th t t dyk f l
e ar or zon a . rou b lt h e se s ra a, a e o co u m nar asa as

b f d h dyk i b t 8 f t wi d d pp t h b
e en orce t e e s a ou ee e , an a e ars o av e e en

force d ti lly th gh th l
v er ca , li h i
ou t l lik h t t
e f
co u m ns e or zon a , e t e s ra a o

d
san stone wh it l a t pp
e ca care ous t th di i i f th ce m e n a e ars a e v s ons o e

l
co um ns Th dy k
. p t t th f
e e c r0 d b t s ou d o e sur ace , an can e race a con

s i d bl di t
e ra e f i g h b d f th t k t Th
s ance as orm It t i k
n t e un o e an a an . s r es

nor th d an th Th p pl f Th
sou . h t d h dyk t g d
e eo e o an av e u rne t e e o oo

accou n ti f i g w ll by
n o rm t n ti g th eb lt whi h f it
s e x rac n e asa , c rom s

l
c o um nar f ti i orm aily d on d l i g th
s e as dt ith one , an eav n e san s one on e er

s id h d App tly b d t pply f g d w t f

e u ntou c e . are n an a un an su o oo a er rom

th dt
e san s one i p d Th w ll t
s roc ure l b .pp ife e s o a casua o se rve r a e ar as

t d f
e x cav a e th dt
rom k bt l e i ti
san s one roc h w th , u a c ose e xam na on s o s e

w y h y
a t e d are m a e .

O f th t ff t
e m ore rece n f l i g y th thq k i th
e ec s o v o can c a e nc e ea r ua e n e

y e ar1 8 1 9 i g d p
s a l f i
oot w f l th l
e x am
gth d b e,d th f
or as e t e en an re a o

th p e in
rov fG t
ce o dh l ft th
uze ra t l ti g
, an k f it as e e m os as n m ar s o s
 rs r m : rs rnrm s or x s m
'
aw s a . 1 11

m ig hty p w b th o h d b d d i C th
er o at A m e a a an n u c . O ne of th e fine st
m os ues q t th f apl ll d th J
e M o rm e r ace , ca e e um m a us j id w , hi as m uc n

j d d it t
ure , an i t wh i h w
s s one m y nare s, c e re v e r re m ar a k bl f ib ti ge or v ra n

on an
y p d i g t th i
e rson asce n i t d k i n o e r sum m an roc n g h i lf f m se rom o ne

sid t th
e th o w h l d t th g d M
e o e r, e re ur e o e roun . an y th o q er m os ue s,

th gh b ilt
ou t b t ti lly f t w
u m os t su s an a o s one , e re re n an d k d i ll
crac e n a

T is h e arth q k ua e h ad an e x traor di y ff t th
nar e ec on e spri ngs of w ate r
in th e w e lls in m an yp arts of th Ah
e d b d C ll m e a a o e ctorate m th e
lan d s of th e v illa e s
g of Tajp oor C h angodur Sunath ul Te laow
, , , , and

o thers to th e y d f 6 t 1 0 il di t t
sou th -west of th e c it , an rom o m es s an ,

p i t
re v o usth th q k o b k i h w t
e e ar w f d f 60 t
ua e,7 0 rac s a er as oun rom o

f tf
ee th f
ro m b q t t th
e su r ace thq k w t su w se ue n o e ear ua e s ee w ate r as

found i th l d
n t f 1 5 t 30 f t f
e sam e th
an s a f Si i rom o ee rom e su r ac e . m

lar c h g th gh with
an e s, t y ff t w b d i th ll
ou a con rar e ec , e re o se rv e n e we s

o f y ill g
m an v 30 il
a es th f th i ty p ti l ly t
som e m es so u o e c , ar c u ar a

R p loo au d S th l i th Dh lk p g
an an w ll th t h ld w t
u , n e o a u r u nna e s a e s ee

w t b
a er lt d t t lly
ecam c sa fit f y p ,p an d i t
o a un or an u r oses, an re m a n so o

Th e bj t f th i dig i i t h w th t th N ll y h b
o ec o s re ss on s o s o a e u m a av e e en

form e d by thi g y ith h i g s a e nc d i ki g f th

e er av n y cause a s n n o e c ountr

whi h h c N ll
t e w u no by h i g p i d th l d it
cov ers, or av n u ra se e an o c cu

p i e s, d w h
ani h d i i d K
c ty w v f Ges t at Th i l att th
ar y rom uz e ra . s a er e or

I i li d ( ft
am nc ne f l i p ti
a e r a care u f th t yi ll di
ns e c ti ) on o e coun r na re c ons

t d t d will dd
o a v oc a e , an ak i pp t f it
uce som e re m ar s n su or o .

I di ly th f th N ll d b t 2 0 il di t t i th
m m e ate nor o e u , an a ou m es s an , s e

p t t th
rese n m os t
so u i y f th
e rn e x re m ll R Th t i h w
o e sm a e r unn . e re s, o

e ver, a ra n i w t h l t di g y il f thi p i t i h
a er c anne , ex en n m an m es rom s o n n t e

di recti f th N ll
on o d whi h t
e u ,
h an t l d i f thc ac s ast y t e na u ra ra n o e co u n r ,

by i
carr
y g ff t
nh w o t i t eth L i ttl
a er R F
n o th eth e u nn. rom e sou e rn

t
e x rem ity f th N ll th o e t y i u l w lt flt
e cou n r pl i y i i l s a o ; sa a or a n, v e r s m ar

ina pp t h R
e arance it lf
o t e whi h h u nn p fl w
se , ov e rf h c t e su e r uous ate rs o t e

N ll by p i g h
u , ass n i , i fy
av e t d th p
n a se r es o t i e ars e x cav a e e rese n r ve rs

ca ell d th Bg w e d D k
o a a wh i h an it th
on ar, ill g f c un e ne ar e v a e o

Dh u l 2 0 il
u a a, m th f es sou h th Bg w romflw i th
e nce e o a a o s n a sou

t ly di
e as e r ti til i t j i
re c on, u n th S b tti i o ns f w il e a urm u r v e r, a e m es

b it b h i t th G lf f C b y
a ov e s em ou c ure n o e u o am a .

Th t y
e cou n r ith id
on e f th l k ier s ll d by the o p pl h e a e s ca e e eo e t e

N ll K th
u an C th a, or d fi i i f whi h th f ll wi g t t
au a, a e n t on o c e o o n e x rac

f rom C l l T dd W t I di wi ll pl i
o one o
’
s es e rn C th n i t a ex a n an a s no

on ly th g e l d ig ti
e ne ra f es t na on or a
g i b t i t t hi d y
coas or m ar n, u s o s a
1 12 ne sc a re r ro s or m e sa w -w ar e s Lax s [J o n

e spe ciall y ppli d t

a e o all th e p orti on of C utc h lyi g b tw th hill
n e ee n e s

and th e sea ; and th e a ppli cation of th e te rm Ti by A i

r na : th rr an m us av e

b e e n re stricte d to th e fe nn yp ortion of th e h d f th g lf (C lp )
ea o e u o us

fam ilia rl yk nown as th e Ri a or Ra na , a corru p ti f th S k it on o e ans r

wor d Ara ay a, or w aste . In li k e m anne r t h phe E i d by

rase r a as us e

th e first Arris a m u st be use dt d o esi nate

g th e gre ate r Rin or Runn.

w ich h , u niting as it d oe s wi th h
'

t e sm alle r, ac tu all m a e s C utc ia y k h

”
solar .

I b li e e ve y d d th t b th th l g d ll
i t is ge ne rall a m itte a o e ar e r an sm a er

R unns w e re d h w t d th y th f
at o ne tim e cov e re wi t t se a a e r, an e e re ore m us

h b av e t d wi th th
e e n c onne c e by i h th G lf f C t h th e se a e t er e u o u c or e

L kp t C h
uc u l li k ly by b h
anne , It i
or, m ore l ly e , ot . s a so com m on

b li d th t h d pth f w t w
e ev e a t e h t bl b t t ply
e o a er as suc as o e na e oa s o

from p i ttone h By i p ti f th
o n o anot e r ty I . ld an ns ec on o e cou n r am e

t b li
o e th w
e ve f ly th i d di
e re tas i with th
orm e r by a r re c c o nne ct on e sea

th G lf f C
e u b y d l g h l w lt
o am a , t y l di g t th
an a on t e o sa coun r ea n o e

N ll u df
, an h t th Littl R rom t e nce If h w th o h e e u nn . suc as e case , t e

p t P i l f K ty w w ld th h b
re se n e n ns u a o at i l d lik
a ar ou en ave e e n an s an , e

C t h
u c .

I t will b i h by p e se e n, e l i ti t er by i p ti ersona e x am na on, or an ns e c on

o f g d a oo
p f K tty w
m a th t t k
o i g th a
g f b i lla J
ar,d a , a n e ran e o s ne ar as um

an d C h t yl o e t ll th i t
a as a ce n re , a y p i t f th e r v e rs run o ever o n o e com

p thas s th t i t th N ll
ose on d G lf f C
e cas by h tn o e u an u o am a t ose o

h th f lli g i t th Littl R th th h i h
t e nor a n n o e t e unn ; ose on e sout n o t e se a ;

an d h t ose th w t i t th G lf f C t h
on e es It will l bn o b d e u o u c . a so e o se rve

th t h a ly t
t e on h t i t th
s ream s t Dh lk id f th
t a ex s on e e as e rn or o a s e o e

N ll flw u th w t o hil th
to e h K tty w
es , i d flw
w t di
e ose o n t e a a ar s e o e as , s

ti nctly h wi g th dip f h s o n t y d th t th N ll i
e o w
t e coun r , an a e u s e ve n no

th l w t p t
e o es ar .

It i i s l t
cu r ous,b th t f a so, th w t oid f th
o se rve, a rom e es e rn s e o e

N ll u il y unt h th Vi diy g fou reac i e h tn a ran e o m ounta ns, on t e e as e rn

s id ef th o My h i i di t i di t li f b 8 0
e r v e r, a s ance n a rec ne o a ov e

m il th es, i i fl wi g f th w t t h
e re s no r v e r t o d ll n ro m e es o t e e as ; on e an a

flw f th
o rom th t d t t th w t
e nor d-eas th w t an e as o e es an sou - es .

Th h G lf f C
at t b y h d y diff t li t wh t it h
e u o am a a a ver e re n out ne o a as

a tp t
rese n d h t it ,t d d an hf h
t a th i pp t f
ex e n e m uc urt e r nor , s a are n rom

th fe ti orm af th t y f
on o lt w t b h e t
coun r bi g , rom sa - a er us es or re e s e n

con s t tly an y l g di t w i l d d f t t f
seen v e r on ys an s n an , an rom rac s o countr

h ig h b
av n d
t e li pp
arre n an k bl l g th sa ne a e arance so rem ar a e a on e

h
s ores o f th G lf d i th tw Re u b i d th w t i th
an n e o unus es es, e a er n e

w ll i
e h l liti b i g lly lt b ki h
s n suc oca es e n usua sa or rac s .
 w 1 13
'

r a s rs rm aw a n
'
m s or s am .

During th e cornp arativ e ly sh ort h y Ih tim e of tw e nty -t ree ears ave

res id d i e th i np in s rov t di y h g h t k
ce , som e e x raor nar c an e s av e a en

p l ace ,w h i h i t c y b i tm a ti g t e d i f
n e re s n ly f th k
o recor f , m e re or e sa e o

h wi g h w
s o n ily i
o e as i l lik th t whi h n a so i t i th l e liti Ia c ex s s n e oca es am

w iti g b
r n t a ou w i , ne h l
r ve rs f d d h w ily
or c anne s are orm e an o e as a

b dy f w t
o o h w y pp th R
a e r, su c as e m a h b su y
ose e unn to av e ee n, m a

h av e b d i d 3 d it f
ee n ra ne 0 , h l l d p
an s orm e r c anne s c ose u .

I th fi t i t
n e rs I y ti th Bh d i whi h lly
ns a nce , m a m en on e a u r r ve r, c us ua

flw d p t R p
o e as d D d k
an oor an df d th un oo a, k f th an orm e e cree o e

p ort f D ho ll I o th
e ra . y 1 8 1 7
n d be q t
e arl y i 1 8 3 3 3 4 , an su se uen n -
,

o wi g t n k w
o som e un no i t l f it h n cause , l b t 4 il w t f e t s c anne a ou m es es o

D d kun oo s , an d d i g th l tt ur n p i d t f it lf e a er ti ly er o w cu or se an e n re ne

h l di t
c anne , a f 1 5 il i
s ance o th t ly di
m es ti d it d
n a nor -e as e r rec on, an un e

it w t
s wi h th
a e rs tf th N ll whi h flw d w th D g w i
ose o e u c o o n e o a a r v e r,

th p i t f j
e o n ti
o b i g th i ll g f H dd l
unc on e n near e v a e o u a a.

I 1 8 2 4 it i
n ti d i th
s m e n one y p t th t th tid t d d
n e surve re or a e es e x e n e

as f ar H dd l
as I u J y 1 8 50 th y t d d y il
a a. n anu ar e ex e n e m an m es

f th
ur
p er u d d ,i gan h y flur n d t h w t eav f t h N
oo s ll d t h e a e rs rom e u an e

surroun di g n t y wh i h i f q
coun r , tly f c y il i t t
s re u en or m an m es n ex e n

d
un e r w t t b
a e r, m us ni t d f whi h
e u e th b ki h
; rom f c cause e rac s ness o

th w t e f th N ll
a er o
y e b t t i
u b t d t
m ah g h te
g a t r
y th
u e i , ou , s ran e o sa , s

b racki h s d u ess t h w i t lf
oes no il s o th ft th
se unt ti som e m on s a er e ce ssa on

o f th i d
e ra n, an id bl p ti f th w t h b
a cons e ra e or d d
on o e a e rs av e e e n re uc e

by p ti e v a o ra d by b i g b
on, an b d by h th e n a sor e t e ear .

Th ill g f V k
e v a e o i it ecd i i g g d th t
rea s s uate on r s n roun on e e as e rn

h f th N ll b t h lf il di t t Th
s ore o e u , a ou a a m
g de b s an . e re are a oo num er

o ft d th ill g Thi i i g g d ff d p
re e s aroun e v a e . s rs n
g d roun a or s a e rson a oo

i w f th l k
v e o eTh a e . t y withi i w l k bl k
e coun r dd l t n v e oo s ea an e so a e

th ere are f w t a e th t
re e s ne ar h d t e e as ern sld t i ore , an a one o ree s a

p l ace ll d H
ca e i l
g j A n ( f d a i
m g) H wor t h i or cross n i . o s nam e or

g i t
us ed I w b l as t b t
una i y e y o o ti f t y
a n i f anti v er sa s ac or n orm a on,

b y d th t f
e on a ly i t w orm e r i d th w as t pl ll d Hi gl j
sa e re as a em e ca e n a

M t a a
“ i l d i h N ll
on an s an d th t thi w
nt e u h f d , an i gt a s as t e or or cross n o

it . N i f thi t pl
o re m a ns o w t b
s em th h
e are no
g t h d i t i o e se e n, ou e re c on

i wh i h it w
n c pp d t h b it t d w p i t d t Thi
as su ose o av e e en s ua e as o n e ou . s

w as h ly t di i
t e on f th
ra ti q i ty
t on o f th N ll whi h I e an ld
u o e u c cou

I enclose wit h thi p p th s a er k h f ree s e tc es o a m ost pi r m i ti v e ki d fn o

boat i n ge ne ral use on t eh N ll d w by D S

u , ra n r. e aw ar d , of th e G t uze ra

I rre ular
g H orse . No th
o ki d f b t p p
er n o oa a ears to be use d hi : t s

Th ere i s a sacre d p lace of th i s nam e in Sci nde .

1 14 nnsc nrp rron or ru n sa w ' -w ar ns u se [JnLv

see m s to answe r e ve r yp p ur ose . It is easil y d by th p pl

m a e e eo e on

th e s ot,
p from th e bl h u rus es h h w ic gro w t l x i tly
m os Th u ur an . e

di m e nsi ons of th e Traps

”
or bl hu ru s canoe are as follow — e x tre m e

le ngt h 1 5 fe e t 3 inc h es circu m fe re nce in th e wi d est p art 3 fee t

8 inc h es. Its m ake i p
s ec uliar ; and w h e n on th e wate r i t h as a ne at
app earance , p p ll d t g t l ity by p l Th
and can be ro e e a a rea ve oc a o e. e

b t p ight th p t k d ( ) i th id i w f th
,

t d
oa m an s an s u r on e ar m ar e e n e s e v e o e

t p
ra s ; th p t e k d ( ) i th
ar m ar e i w h c th wn id d e sam e v e as e t o s es an

th e f t p t
ron i d t p ar ra se t th w t , o i g b d h
re v e n e a er com n on oar e re

e i th p er g asse n e rs or
g d p l d f it
oo s are y ace or secur .

Th t ti
e cons ruc f thi p i iti on o b t di pl y s idr m bl kill ve oa s a s cons era e s ,

an d it i y tifl th w t F th ti (4) it will b

s ve r s
’
on e a e r. th trom e sec on e se e n a

from th p i t ( ) th tw id pi
e on e ep t d t o s et igg e ce s se ara e an ac as ou r e rs

th t
e s e rn pi i t k f th
e ce or m a n i run i i t
o i d hi p e canoe ncre ases n s ze o m s s,

an dt p i t th f k t ( )
a e rs no e d by th b w pi
or a c All th p t
m a e e o eces. e ar s

are fi ly b rm d t g th with b l h
oun o e d th
er k p th u rus es, an e canoe ee s e

form , h w i th d wi g
as s o n n wh e lift d whi h tw
ra n , e ve n en e , c o m en can

e as ily d t ith
o, o ne a d e er e n .

M hl g t p
uc ar e r d d
ra as are pl y d i t ki g p pl
m a e an are em o e n a n eo e

f rom pl t
one th
ace w ll
o ano diff t ti l f f d l
e r, as e as e re n ar c e s o oo a so

sm u gg l d p i
e w h i
o h i t
um k , i l g q c t i t
si f a en th G i w n ar e uan es rom e u co ar

di t i t
s rc s th
across N ll i t K tty w
e d i g th ight I
u n o a a ar ur n e n . n

F b e y 1 8 5 1 th ti f y i i t th w t f th N ll w l
ruar , e m e o m v s , e a er o e u as c e ar

an d w t t th t t b t wh
s ee o e as e , p li t f g w b u e re v e r a ec u ar sor o rass as o se rv

e d g wi g th w t w
ro n , lw y
e l
a er th i th
as a p t w h it
a s c e are r an n ose ar s e re

w b t I i p t whi h I h d b ght f th p po f
as a se n . n an ron un , c a rou or e ur se o

e xam i i g th N ll it t k
nn e u h with tw
, oo t p
us one t t igh t our o m en o un s ra

across t th K tty w o e id a Th a ti ar sl l t th di t e. e na ves ca cu a e e s ance across

ina s t igh t li ra t 3 4} il
ne a cos, m es .

Th f w fi h i th l k
e re are e s dI nly f ed th th a e, f an on oun e ree or our

ki d f h ll d
.

n s o ti
s e s m en one .

Th p pl l g th h
e eo e a on p li t f t f t hi g
e s ores use a ec u ar sor o ne or ca c n

ll d d k h
”
fih s , ca Ch
e p a It i am f i s. ti 3 f t 6 i s m a ei o sx s c s, ee nc es n

l gth
en ll , a d t th pp d th t i f t d t th l w
secure a e u e r en : e ne s as ene o e o er

en d f th ti k
o e sd it i p c d lik
s, an b ll wh
s s rea dy f e an um re a en rea or use ,

an d i l f 6 f t i di
co ve rs a c rc e o t Th ee pp d f th t n am e e r. e u er en o e ne

i h ld by l p
s e th fi g
a oo ond th ti e d by th p
n e r, an h e ne s use e e rson as e

w d a es th g h th w
rou t p t h i e w i t a er u t h l w by
o t tlsy as , or ra er o e r, cons an

i i g th
ra s n t dfe ne and h dram e ; an p hi g it d w th as e a v ance s us n o n on e

b tto om If . fih a wi thi s th i l
com e s it i di t ly t ik n e c rc e , m m e a e s r es

a a ns
g i t th t w h i h
e ne ti , i t n c m o i t d t
on s a th fi g by o ce com m un ca e o e n er
 i n r u n re m ai ns o n x xm aw a a . 1 15

th e loo p h
w e n th e m an at once p f h i fi g d th d p ro s th e loo rom s n e r, an e

ne t f ll t th b tt
a s o e th o i k om , i i g p igh t h d
e st c s re m a n n df t u r : an s an ee are

th en e m pl y d g pi g f th fi h Wh
o e ro n or d th l p i g i
e s . e n sec ure , e oo s a an

a dj t dus e d th
, an d It i
e m an a v ance s . lf b f th t s u sua or a nu m er o em o

fi h t g th i
s o e er i i l
n a se m d th i d f fi hi g pp t h
-c rc e an
, e rm o e o s n a ears o ave

b e e n co pi d f th l g t k f q tly
e rom e ar e s nr i ll t k
so d
re uen se e n n a an s an

i
r v e rs i G n t uzeraIt i hw . di fli lt t d
s, o ib
ev e r, b y d th cu o e scr e, e on e re

b i g
e n an alt t ti
e rna e m o f th t on o it i lift d dp e ne d t th as s e an resse o e

b tt fi t
o om , rs i d th
on one s th th
e, d th
e n on i f t e o th er, an en n ron , as e

fih d
s e rm e n a v ance across a pi f w t ec e o a er .

Th e nam e o f th N ll it t ik e u , th s r igi t d f
es m e, it m us av e or na e rom s

h i g t
av n a ti one b th h l whi h ti w ld d ig t
m e ee n e c anne c na ve s ou es na e

ra il or nu ll l di g w t ea f n pl t th
a er rom onef th ace o ano e r, as rom e

B i t th G lf f C b y S h h
unu n o e u o am la t b
. uc i th c anne s are o e se e n n e

p resen t d y i t
ah pp
n de u f th G lf
er en f C t h
o d i
e b d i u
y o u c , as e scr e n m

pp a e r on th t l ali ty d if by
oca ,y ani d t th th h
an l w
acc en e ree c anne s no

i ti g i th G lf f C t h w
ex s n n e u o l d p w h ld h
u c e re c ose i il ; u , e s ou ave a s m ar

th ou
g h l g h t
a r e r, s eef w t t h o t h N ll
a er t t h h d an f t h G lf
e u a e ea o e u .

Li t e u e nan t M M d acf th B b y E t bli h t i 1 8 1 3

ur o, o e om a s a s m en , n ,

d escr i b i g thi l lity t t

n s oca A , bj t d i g
s a es
“
tino d ec ese rv n m ore no ce an

inv es ti g ti a th on I p bl f ff di gi th R
an am ca a e o w
a or p w hi h n s e unn or s am c

surrou n s d th p i e l di f t
e n nsu a, k it n i l d Th G lf f
an n ac m a es a s an . e u o

Cth p t t f
u c e ne ra es as P t ar as d Bjj i i Jh ll w
a ree an wh itu om a n a a ar, e re

i j i d by
s o ne i il w
a s m p whi h i
ar s am t d with th G lf f c s conne c e e u o

C byam a Dh ll
ne ar It w ld
o e ra q i di t ti t d j ti
. ou re u re a sse r a on o o us ce

t thi
o s t di
e x raor y pi f w t b t I y b
nar ece o a er ;th t i t i u m a o se rve , a s

unusua lly d i ibly i

an v s i g th w t i d
ncre as n Th on i l e es s e . e re s a so a

t di ti
ra on w ll k w e - dg
no lly b li
n, an d th t th i f
e nera e ev e , a e v o ce o m an

cou ld b h e d f C t h t K tty w
ear rom u c d pp i t J i
o a a w ar ; an O os e oo ra, no a

sea p t th w
or , ere f t p th t l w w t
as a oo - a b t h i th
a o a er u suc s e

b
o sc ur ity i whi h t n ti
c f y t d y
ransac ons o l d g th
es e r a are i nv o v e am on e

na ti v es of th t y th t
e coun r thi l t i
, a t
ev e n w hi h i s tt ias c rcum s ance , c s a r

b td t
u e o p ti ly d d t
a com ara ve b t tw h d d y
m o e rn a e, or a ou o un re e ars

g
a o, i l
s m e rey l g d at h t
e t h en f w ,h i h i e t
ru b t ti
o t d by y c s no su s an a e an

f t
ac s o r recor s . d ‘
i

Th i
ere p s a li k
ecu ar ran
g d w h i h w
rass, or ree
g th hy , c ro s on e m ars

l d dj i i g th N ll whi h i
an s a o nn e u , f c ity ff d f d n seasons o d scarc a or s oo an

em pl y t t h d d f p p pl Th d h
o m en o un re s o oor ll
eo e . e ree as a sm a

b lb
u ous t f
roo ,d k l o a ard d with h i li k t
co ou r, an cov e re a r- e roo s or

fib ll
res a Th i i d g p
ov e r . d d i d i th
s s u u an th fib re n e sun e re s are

care u f lly d nd th t i th g d i t fl
rem ove , a e roo s Th b en drotm no our . e re a
1 16 m ax o n m a rsr n nws or x a r rv a w a a
' '
.
[J o ns
'

m a e d from t is h as h
h d by a swee tis pl t t t , an no m eans an un easan as e ,

som e thi g nli

b gg gi b
rese m d T th
n t d
n e r- rea
t i t f . o ose accu s om e o rom

th i e r bi th it i t iti
r g h b t
s nu ri t i ly
ous t i
enou y , u , ncau ous ea en n an

q tity by p
u an dt wh l
e rsons use f d it i p t t b i g
o m ore o esom e oo , s a o r n on

i l t dy
v o en t y di fl
se n e r ti f th b w l
, an ft p
n am m a on oi g f t l e o e s, o en rov n a a .

Th fib e pp d by th p pl t b d dly p i
res are su ose It i th i
e eo e o e a ea o son. s s

d l h t d th g d whi h it g w l bl d
re e a one t a re n e rs e roun on c ro s va u a e, an an

obj f t ti
ec t o con e n
g h i ll g on am on d th N ll T
t eh d v a e s aroun e u . e ree

or
g p
rasst fi d ar ll t th '

t h f
a or s an e x ce h en a c or ouses .

By h d f th t e en th f M o h th w t i th N ll h b
e m on o arc e a er n e u as e c om e

b ki h d th h t
rac s , an das be o d
season a vance s e com es m ore an m ore so,

un til i t i fit f s un
y p p I or an w h th
ur ose f ll .f n som e seasons, en e a o

d i g th ur n h b y ty th w t f th N ll
e m onsoon as ee n v e r scan , e a e rs o e u

di pp wh th g d t
sa e ar, en th
e t pp
roun n m usf th assum e e e xac a e ara ce o e

Runn .

Iw as m uc h sur rise p d at d
fin ing so fe w wil d fowl on th e Null, for
wh en all th e tanks aroun d w ere swarm ing wi t h wil dd ucks of all

ki dn s, scarcely w t b th w t
one f th N ll th gh
as o e see n on e a er o e u , ou

im m e nse fl k f t h g t d h lik w t b
oc s o corm oran s, s a s, coo es, an suc e, e re o e

i
se e n n all di ti F th i I h ld g th
rec th t lth gh th w t
ons . rom s s ou a er a a ou e a er

o f th N ll pp
e d w t t th t t th
u a eare t b s li ee o e as e, e re m us e som e sa ne

i g di t i it whi h
n re en s d it p l t bl t wild d k th gh
n , c re n e rs un a a a e o uc , ou

sn i p l g th
e a on hy dg w b d t e m ars e es e re a un an .

A f w fi ld f wh t
e the t s oh w i ig t d f th ea on e eas e rn s ore e re rr a e rom e

w t f th N ll wh
a e rs o I i it d it d th y pp d i fl i hi g
e u en v s e , an e a eare na our s n

p d f th l d
th e ch ie f th l k d ing th
ro uce rom e an s near e a e ur e m onsoon.

F th p l
or d th e i f ti b di d i thi
an, area, an som e o er n orm a on e m o e n s

p p I i d bt d t th
a e r, d f th R
am S y d in
n e e o e recor s o e e ve nue urve m a e

1 8 24 Th i f
. ti th d d i q lly ppli bl w
e n orm a on e n recor e s e ua a ca e no .
 — Tem p les i n th e C i rcars of Ba i ta lbari
Buddlust Ca ve '

Arrr . V II .

a nd D ow la ta ba d, i n H H th e N iz am s D om i ni ons
’
By W . . . .

H B R A D LEY , Es , S ur e on, B
.
q g o m ba
y A rm
y, attach e d to
. H H . .

th e Niz a m s S e rvice
’
.

Prese nte d i 7 th M arc h l 853 .

Wrr n d ipti
th e following f th C t pl f Bit lb i e scr ons o e av e - e m es o a a ar

d D wl t b d i H H th Ni D i i whi h w fi t ’
an o a a a , n . . e zam s om n ons, c e re rs

b gh t t h ti f th C t pl C itt by C pt i B
rou o t e no ce o e ave - e m e om m ee a a n o se ,

(see v o l i p t 2.p u
'

I h . th arp l , t f . w d l av e e e asure o or ar se v e ra

I ip ti i th C h t whi h I w
nsc r ons n e f t av e -c
t t arac e r, c as so or una e as o

o bt i f th Pip l Kh M
a n rom y d l f th l g
e a ora onaste r , an a so rom e
.
ar e

Vi h p th Bit lb i pl t
ara u on Th w h l
e a a h df d ar a e au . e o e are m uc e ac e ,

b t till I h p
u s g h i by w h i h t
o e e nouh g l b
re m a ns
y c e e ne ra se nse m a e

d
m a e ou t Ih l . l d l h t k by
av e a so e nc ose l t se v e ra o t e rs, a en m e on a a e

tou r Th th
. l g i th Blb dh h
e re e t
on w ones hd n e a o c arac e r e re u ne art e

by f th i f ld t pl t B gli i K di h h d i y
m e rom e ru ns o an o em e a a , n an s : t e e t

or igi lly w
na hipp d w M h d b t t p t it i
ors e p i d by
as a a e o, u a re se n s oc c u e

M gb an wh h oas, d t d it t K i h Th i ip ti w
o ave e vo e o rs na . e nscr ons e re

coa e t d with d
ove r d wh it w h Th gh th P di
m u t an e- as . ou e un ts o

wh omIh h d pp t ity f h wi g th i ip i
av e a an o or un o s o n ese nsc r t ons are
a bl t d th h t th y
e o re a t d th
e c arac e r, f it e canno re n e r e se nse o .

I w ld h f w d dou p l ave d d wi
or g f t h ar e I som e ans an ra n s o e cav e s

h d ib d b t h i g d th
ave escr e , l g
u l Iav n td f m a e em on a a r e sca e , m us e er

d i g thi f f w d y til I h d pt d pi f th t th
o n s or a e a s, un av e a a e co es o em o e

i
s ze o f th J l e ourna .

-
c n n u rs e s O P
a BA I TALBA BI .

Th e first to be d escri e bd occurs a out b 18 m iles we st of A j unta, and

near th e once im w rtant fortre ss of O usagh ur . It lies h

s u t o ut from
di
th e worl ld f th n a cu e sa c o e m ountains, am i d td p
s ee narrow ravi ne s,
emb w d i thi k w d j gl
o e re n c oo un e , and h g t diffi lty pp h d
wit re a cu a roac e ,

fromth f lli g f th p df
e a n o e scar e t g h i gb i d
ron a e d it d b i
av n ur e un e r s e r s

th p th l di g t it
e a Th t bl ea n o . e a e -anl d y h b p
m a h p 8 00 f t e re e, e r a s. ee
1 18 nu nnnrs r c av e r e ne w s
- '

[J U LY

b
a ove th e lowlan d s of Kandish , l ing y at its fee t : th e cav es occur

b
a out -
two t hi d r s th e way own d .

Th e first to be notice d is a fine Vi h ara cav e, 8 0 fee t stjuare , wit a h

ge ne ral pl an si m ilar to th e north e rn caves at A unta j It is calle by
. d
th e nati ve s th e bd
a o e of Gnttoor Duz, and consists of an ou te r v e ran

da, a h ll with l d f b ldly lpt d pill

ce ntral a , co onna e o id o scu ure ars s e

i l
a s e s, i t wh i h n o d h b
c d ll p
re cesse d
c am t y e rs an ce s o en an a sanc uar ,

wi ht ti b l
v es d id h p l
u e , an s e c a e s.

Th et d h p ti lly f ll it l gth i 8 0 f t d
ou e r v e ran a as ar a a en ; s en s ee , an

b dth 1 7 f t Th t iti
rea ee . t i t d by h p l b i g
e e x re m es are e rm na e c a e s, e n

c h b 1 3 f t q with tib l pp t d by tw pill

am e rs ee s uare , ves d u es su or e o ars, an

tw p il t
o i
as e rs ti Th t p
n an s th w t . id i a h hkd p u on e e s e rn s e s m uc c o e u

with d
m u d f , anth w t rom ll ti g i th t di e ti d i g th
a e r co ec n n a re c on ur n e

i
ra ns, th lpt
e scu h b ure d f d U p th t id th
as ecom e e ace . on e eas e rn s e, e

pill ars are i g d p n ti

oo th y i h ly
rese rva t d h i g
on : e are rc ornam e n e , av n

fl t d h ft d ph l pit l with l t i g l
u e s a s an am ora ca p nd t t a s c us e r n eav es e an a

e i th er g l anf th e b o B d ef tt
a acus h i w .k d an s o rose e s, c a n- or , an

d p y
ra e r i l th
e nc rc e h ft I ll
e s a f2 f t q
. t th
n a sm a recess o ee s uare a e

w t e s e rn s id th ie, i ip ti
e re i th
s ld C
an nscr h t Th on n e o av e -c arac e r . e

w d h
or s b av e t i th
ee n cu k d b q tly t d with fi n e roc , an su se ue n coa e ne

t
s u cco : th w lp i t i
e vo e y pl pp t h b p i t d
on s n m an aces a e ar o av e een an e .

U f t
n or una e t ly th i ipti f e itnscr p d it ti h b on, rom s ex ose s ua on, as e com e

m uc h d d l i gb t
e ro e , e av ny ll p ti th t u a ve r l ly b sm a or on a can c ear e

d t
m a e ou .

Th t
e d i pi d by fi d w y l di g i t th h ll
ou e r v e ran a s e rce ve oor a s, ea n no e a .

Th t
e ce n re one i th t s t d it j
e m os b d t d with
ornam e n e s am s are ecora e

d bl fig
ou e d ll d fl
ure s, an l d ig scro e with d bl f i b ora es ns, a ou e r eze a ov e ,

f ll f
u o p t t t i i g lpt t l bly
com ar m e n s, con a n n t d Th scu u re o e ra e x ecu e . e

su bj t i
e c s are v ar ous l p t B ddh i difi
se v e ra t p iti
re f rese n u a n
'

e re n os ons o

b t ti
a s rac d i
on, an hi tt d t
n one k h dd db
s a e n an s are sna e- oo e , an ear

v esse s ul p th i h ld
on O
e r s ou g p t k e rs . k b l ne rou s ruc m e as re m ar a e,

from h i g ti d f i il f it p th w ll i th h ll f th
av n no ce a acs m e o u on e a s n e a o e

I d S bbh t Ell
n ra u a, a It p t f
ora . l li i g in p rei rese n s a em a e rec nn e ns v e

m oo d p u h g d p
on a couc by , l fig aze f u b h i d Thon a m a e ure rom e n . e

o th erg p h
rou s th i av e
g p ti l no t t ll th in t l h ar cu ar o e e r a e orse m e n,

i g
carr a es d w by h ra n df t d with l ph t d
orse s, an oo m e n, occurre e e an s an

croco dil i d p i th d ti d ig f th f i
es m xe u n e ecora ve es ns o e r eze .

Th tw d e o t thoors ne xt l pl i b t th t t h
e ce n ra one are a n, u e ou e rm os av e

ornam e n e t d f i w k d
r ez e lp t d fig or th j
an b
scu Th h ure ures on e am s . e c a

t
ras e r o f th lp t e scu b h d i th i d p iti f B ddh
ure a ov e t e oor s e var e os ons o u a

i h ly
n o dit ti n
m e t d in t pl wi th
a o , sea e l h p dd em es o -
m e ns a e om es.
 on BAI TALBA BI . 1 19

Th e b all, inclu ing th e d surroun di ng colonna e , m easure s d 8 0 fee t

sq uare Twe nty illars su
. p pp ort th e roof, 1 3 fe e t high , and 3 fee t 3
inch es i n diam e te r at th e b as e , but som e t hi ng less at th e u pp p er art,

h
w i ch g i v es t e m h an Eg p tian air of soli dg d ran e ur. Th y h e av e

q
s uare
p e di m e nts, and oc tagonal hk s a e, wi th b kt rac e cap i tals . Th e
four ce n tral pill ars diff er s lightly f rom th t i h
e res , n av ing th e h
s aft

b reaki n
g from ei
gh t i nto six e e n s t id es. Th e aisles or . colounade s sur

roun di ng th e h lla are 1 2 fee tb d th

roa ; ose on th e east and we st si d es

are ali k e , and contain eac h a ce ntral rece sse d ch am b e r, wi t h tw pill o ars

and tw o pil aste rs in antis, and two ce lls 9 fee t q

s uare on e i th id er s e of

th e ce ntre re cess .

Th e sou t h aisle , or inne r v eran a, d h as its easte rn and close d by a

ce ll p u on th e west t h e re a pp ears a re cess, and ce ll lea di ng from it .

Aro u nd th e walls of th e rece ss are range d co m p artm e nts, in w i c h h

stand i ng a nd seate d figures of B ddh
u as and Bodiswatas ap pear, wi th
sev e r al de gh Opas h h
in ig re lief . O ne u p on th e nort d is larger h si e

th an th e re st, and e x e n s rom t d f th e fl oor to th e ce ili n

g A ni ch e i n th e
.

f ron t b of its
t i t d B dd
ase m e nt h d con a ns a sea e u h a, ol ing u p in h is
h d h t pp t b th l
an s w a a f e ar llo E e pti g e eav es o a scro . x ce n a cross

l gg d
e t d B ddh
e sea et p f th p il t
u a cu t th u w t
on one o e as e rs a e e s e rn

sid lp t
e , no m ore scu i with i th h ll u re s seen n e a .

Th h i l t i th
e no rt e rn a s e ti b l d t y wi th id
con a ns e ve s u e an sanc uar , s e

ch p l Th p ill
a e s. d p il t e f th ars ib l an i d ig as e rs o e v est u e are n es n

i il t h
s m ar f th h ll
o d pl
t ose o d i ti With i tw gig ti
e a , an ace n an s . n, o an c

Bdi w t t d b i d th
o s a as s an t yd d k p th d
es e e sanc uar oor, as oo r ee e rs ; e oor

w y i w ll p p ti
a s d b i g 9 f t 6 i h h igh
e ro or one d4 f t3 i h
, e n ee nc e s an ee nc es

b d Th j b
roa . e t d wi th d bl fig
am s are i n
ornam e n e ou e ures n ca

atti t d u i t d wi th fl
es, assoc a e l i g p tt ora runn n a e rns .

Th t y t i B ddh t d th Si h
e sanc uar con a ns wi th th
u a sea e on e n asan, e

wh l i f ee t nd t l p b l w h i ttit d i th t i whi h th
ro n , an an e o e s e o : s a u e s a n c e

p i ton f th igh
o t t h b t
e r th pp p t f
um th l ft li ttl
m ee s fi g e u er ar o e e e n er .

Th h igh t f th i d l i
e e l ol i g 8 f t 6 i h
e o s co ossa i hi , m easur n ee nc e s n s

itti g p t
s n Tw gig ti Bdi w t
os ure . i il o t th an t di gc o s a as, s m ar o ose s an n

with t oui t d , are igh t d l ft f th th

n at e n ance r an e o e rone .

Th h p l ith i d f th
e c a e s on e t y ti er s e o lpt e sanc uar con a n no scu ure .

Th y e 9f t qare d pp t d by tw pill
ee s uare , an d tw p il tsu or e o ars an o as e rs.

I i li d t b li th t lpt f h i p t
am nc ne o e e ve a sc u ure o m uc m or a nce once

d t d th
ecora e t f thi e j dgi g f th
e n rance o i fs ca ve , u n ro m e re m a ns o a

yh d
ver l l fig lyi g h lf b i d l
an som e co ossa b id th t
ure n a ur e c ose es e e ou e r

d Th t f th S t di d B lli h l
veran a . e roo s o e d dercr a an om oe a av e oose ne an

dt h d l g
e ac e f th hill id p ipit ti g th i t th
ar e m asses o e -s e, rec a n em no e
1 20 no nnnrs r c a v e -r e n e w s
'

[J o ar

ravine blw e o , and v e r y p b bly bl ki g p h t

ro a oc n u t e en rances to h
ot e r

cav e s . Th is scu lp t i i il i
ure ty l d h
s s m t t ar n s e an c arac er o th e sna e k
h d d fig
oo e ure s o se rve b d ight d l ft f th p h d t
r an e o e orc e e n rance to K oi las

at Ellora . My j t t
con ec u re as th b i g hidd o o er cav es e n e n u nder th e
talus of th e hill arise s fro m th e circum stance of th e rains a fe w y ears

b k w hi g w y p ti f th l p
ac as n a a a thi ty y d
or o n o f e s o e som e r ar s nort h o

thi s d p i g th
cav e , an t ext ih
os n 21 f t q e e n rance
p o a v ara ee s uare , su

p t d by f pill
or e d tw p il t
our ars, an o as e rs .

I th h ill id
n ef th pp i t i I b d tw th p
-s e o e o os e rav ne o se rve o or ree O en

i g n s, asif f th y l k d
o cav e s di gly w ll t thi di t
e oo d e e x cee n e a s s ance , an

I p i d y lf g d t t p i lly I w
rom se m se a ran d by y rea , es e c a as as assu re m

g iud th te k i b
a l g / h d
no sa th o d htt th y w a f lle v e r se e n em , an t a e e re u

of id l M
o s . th d p h f th ore ov er, ti w e e th t t o e e x ca va on as so e norm ous, a

b dy h d y t g t t th d f it It q i d t i ly
no o a e o o e en h o re u re ce r a n som e suc

sti l t
m u us th t il
o surm ount d t li tl d g e t di g th
o , an no a t e a n e r, at e n n e

scram bl p th t p e u t My at s e etifi ti w p p ti t ly
asc e n . m or ca on as ro o r ona e

d b b k h I
\

g re at on fi i g ll y l n n h d a t m i i a d t
ou r a ee n a e n n va n ; an t a
m igh t g t l t y
co n ra u a elf if I g t d w g m i w i h t
se b k i g y o o n a a n t ou re a n m

ne c k th p i g p i g t b thi g b t th
, e O en n s rov n t f o e no n u e com m e nce m e n o

O cav e .

VH I AR A C AV E AT BA I TA L BA R I .

Th e fort of p h d th B ita albari

it f i l t d hill
is e rc e on e sum m o an so a e ,

l ki g
oo n K di h i th
ov e r th f
an t l s d h w ll f n e nor e rn ron , c ose u n e r t e a s o

th e f t ih
or , i a v d 26 f t l g d 24 f t b d
ara cav e s e x cav ate ee on , an ee roa ,

su pp t d by f q pill
or e d f o ur pil t i tw w
s uare ars, an our as e rs, n o ro s.

Th i
e re d ti s no lp id l
e cora v e sc u ture nor o .

C V A H
E I N TH E GU N I S H A K B B O R A , N EA R TH E PO RT O F A I TA L ARI .

Thi i d g t th h d f
s cav e s y u ti l ki g gl
a tw
e ea o a ve r rom an c - oo n e n, o

m il t f Bi t lb i
e s eas o w t f ll t i k li g d w th
a a ar p ll th a a e r- a , rc n o n e scar a e

y d fl w i t
e ar ro un t
,
l i t o th t h
s b h ll w d t f
n o a na ura c s e rn a as e en o o e ou o

th e rock d id tly h b th i d
, an ev entf ki g h i p t as ee n e n uce m e n or m a n t s s o

th e it s f h e t o pl It i t f h ll di id d i tw
t e cav e - em e . cons s s o a a , v e nto o

ch b wi h p g
am e rs, t f wh i h
t ll l d S l ll
assa e s, ou o c ce s ea . e v e ra sm a

q i
s uare e x cav at ons outs id pp t h b h i f ki d
e a e ar o av e een s r ne s o som e n or

oth er .

Th ti
e na ll th th
v es cat pl f R d S R d t p
e cav e e em e o oo e ra oor . u e s e s

ou t i th n h t k l d by th dg f th i t t th t a
e s ee roc ea e e e o e c s e rn o e e n r nce ,

p tly b ilt d p tly t ll d i th k It h tw d k p ;

ar u , an ar u nne e n e roc . as o o or ee e rs

5 f t high
ee t th i t
, a A ll p e ight d l ft i t th
nne r e n rance . ce o e ns r an e n o e
 in m s PI P AL s a una . 121

p assage . F rom th e inne r d oor to th e h ll th

a e re is a covere dwy a , or

ve ran a, d h h tw ll d it i
in w ic are o ce s or orm or es .

Th h ll i di id d i t tw h
e a s b by b h whi h l n
v e n o o c am e rs ,
a e nc , c a so r u s

rou nd th i id th th
e r s h b i i d tw t p f th
es : e nor e rn c am e r s ra s e o s e s rom e

sou th dh b lt d f th igi l pl by b ildi g

e rn o ne, an as ee n a e re rom e or na an, u n

a ch b t l l with th b
a ou ra h d pl i g it th li g d th
e ve e e nc es, an ac n on e n a an e

b ll N d Th th h b
u un ee . t i l g fig
e sou f G e rn c am e r con a ns a ar e ure o un

p tt
u j i i i b il
e e , re o c n
g li t di p l y f d l d d
n ail pp t d hri an s a o re - ea an o , su or e on s

l ft by
e lp d p t ti f V B d pi i g th Dy t
a sc u tu re re rese n a on o eer u ra e rc n e o ,

d by N i gh h i ight d t yi g H i gh Ni h
ars n a on t s r , es ro n ars n a. c es are cu

i th
n k p th th id
e roc u on e re e s es .

B H C V
U DD I ST A ES N E A R TH E P O RT O F K U N N A I RA , IN TH E

P I PA L K H O RA .

In a se q ue ste re dp art of th e hill s som e 14 m ile s we st of K unnur,

and 2 or 3 from th e Joone e re e P ass, a rat e r h im p ortant se ri e s of

B ddhi
u st cav e s are found . Th i it e r s uati on is so pl t ly ti d
com e e re re ,

th hat t e
g d w h ui h w d es h wo sy h d o e m e t e a a som e diffi lty i hitti g
cu n n

up th on igh t p the r Th y ita d i th

. e are s uate n e p d id f h
scar e s es o t e
h d f
ea o i wh i h
a rav ne , i i gb dly i th K c , rs n roa n e an di h s ll y g d lly
va e , ra ua

t
c on rac s t i id ts it i s thes t bl l d
as til i t t r se s i t i e a e - an , un e rm na e s n an

a b p t liff lik I p A th it i i w d f th pp i id
ru c - e s O e. s e s e s v e e ro m e O os te s e,

th e cav es are see n t h h d tw t io thave i f g ll i d

a o s or e s, e re m a ns o a er e

c h am b till i ti g i h f f h
e rs s ex s n k d wh i h wn t e ace o t e roc , an c ere

form e r ly i n i ti wi h th
com m un ca b l w by t i on t e cav e s e o s a r-cases

tunne ll d i eh k th h
n t e roc ll t bl d d w th f f th
e se av e a um e o n e ace o e

hill d h lf b i d th t
, an a ur e th b th th i i
e e n rance to e caves e ne a e r ru ns .

Th p i ip l e r nc i th ah it th f t f whi h h f ll with
cav e s e c a y a, e ron o c as a en

th e cav es b p i gi
a ove , pi
e x os n it lt dna f cons c uous m anne r s v au e roo .

It m eas u res 85 f t f th f ll ee p t it f th d d 36 f t
rom e a e n scar o s ur er e n , an ee

across f w ll t w ll
rom Tha o j dgi g f th
a . f h h d
e nav e , u n rom e roo , as a

thi ty fir p ill p ti g it f h id i l Th
- ve ars, se ara n w b t rom t e s e a s e s. e re a re no u

tw ty en i i bl v s f w hi h h
e, som e h lf f ll Th y
o t
c ave a a e n. e are oc a

g ons, w i th t lp t
ou b t scu d w i h t
ure , d p i ti g
u f f ll
c ov e re t s uccoe a n n s o u

l g h fig
en t f B ddhi t i t i l g wh it t i
ure s o u s d f ll
sa n s n on e un cs, an o a co m

p l i
ex ons, w h i t d b w e, d b
re l k ,
A ft ro i d b l
n, an h ac . e r cons e ra e se arc ,

Iw bl d t di
as e na e tw i o i p ti wh i h I
sc ove r p i d l
o nscry ons, c co e as accu rate

as I ld th p l l co u ,
f th w i ti g
e a e d i g th
co our y o e r n re n e r n em ver

ill gi b l
e e.

Th f
e h roo i d tly b p
as e v d by
en w d i b w h i hh
ee n s anne oo e n r s, c ave

di pp d b t l ft di l d k i th t th ili g h i g
sa e are , u e a sco ore m ar n e s ucco, e ce n av n

16
1 22 nu nnnrsr e n -
s r um p u s [J u m

b een p i td h l an e : o es are sun ki n th e roc k , at th e te rm inati on of t w e h

k id tly t
m ar s, e v en o re ce iv e th e faste ni ngs of th e fram e -wor k whi h i
, c s

th e case also aroun d th e lowe r p art of th e walls of th e nav e , j t us

im m e di t ly b
a e a ove th e pill ars . Mortices of large r di m e nsi ons are

vis b
i le at th e circular p art of th e nave to rece ive th e te none d m ac hi o

ne r y of th e degh opa .

Th e de gh opa, th ou g h pp a are ntl y a ve r y soli d structu re , lies s h attere d

in fragm e nts u on th e groun p
th e ase m d b e asures 1 2 fee t in di am e ter.

d
I ts e structi on h as ee n evi de ntl th e w or b y k
li ce nti ous igotr of a b y .

Th e si d e aisles h av e a v aulte d
ce ili ng, and stone ri ings, th e w ole bb h
cov e re d
h t dp wit s u ccoe B ddh ai nti ngs of d u ist saints, se ate on lotus
th rone s, d t ipl b ll with l g whit f i g
un er r e um re as ,h on e r n es : so m e ave

b y wi th h d w k li g b f th
o s s av e cro ns Th d wi gnee n e ore em . e ra n s

g d
oo d
, pp an t h a b ear t do w i th fav eili ty T h w ll f
ee n e x e c u e ac . e a or

a b t 4 f t f th g d i b ilt p wi g t d f t i th
ou ee rom e roun s u u , o n o a e ec n e

t t
s ra a o f th k N i ipti w f d
e roc . o nsc r ons ere oun .

At th t id f th
e eas e rn s t th e o th ll wi th t
e e n rance e re are re e ce s, s one

b h A p t i th b k
e nc es . n a e r ure k h lf w y p th id h w
n e ro e n roc a a u e s e s o s
th t e ll d p
unne
g th et l d t h
assa e
g ll i d h a b e b o t e a er e c am e rs a ov e .

Up th w t f th
on eh ity thes o f ih
e c a d a pe re are our v aras , an one u on

th t
e e as Th fi t w tw d h
. e th f
rs t f ll es i ar d h hkd
as e ron a en n, an m uc c o e

wi th b k ro k Iten tiroc lp t. f q it con a ns sc u l dp li u re o u e a nove an e cu ar

c h tarac e r, som e thi g i il i d ig t th

n s m ar i n f C tt k
es n o e m o naste r es o u ac ,

i h h
n t e h i h d d d ti g
orse -s oe n c e, an b t diff i g i
ree e s r n co urse s, u er n n

h d t il Th h ll
ot e r e a s. 4 8 f t i l gth
e a d 23 i b
m e as ures dth ee n en , an n re a

ce ll p s o i t it en th no id O igi lly it w ld pp
on ree s e s. th t h r na ou a ear a t e
roo fh db a pp t d by 1 2 p ill
e e n su d
or e y pil t th ars, a n as m an as e rs : e re are

b t u w th
no i ff pill
e re m a ns o dt pil t our ars, an en as e rs .

Th th
e id h
nor e rn s ll h wi h d
e as se v e n ce d l tti th s, eac t a oor an a ce , e

l tt b i g
a er d t p
e n m a e l i g f p o re d O
rese nt ac n hd o r0 es, or ree s . v e r eac oor,

occu pyi g th wh l f t i h h i h d b tw
n e o e ron , s a h -
orse s oe n c e, an e e e n e ac

d w y t d pil t with q b
oo r a s an s a t
as e r, d t g h ft
s uare ase m e n , an oc a on s a ,

su rm ou n et d by hi h p d pi l f d it w
a c us on-s a e f ca ta , orm e , as e re , o

re ed b d g th by d th wh l yi ldi g pp tly t
s ou n to e er cor s, e o e e n , a are n , o

p ressure .

Th pi l pp t wi g d i l
e ca ta s su or
g d i n ep i b k t
an m a s, arran e n a rs ac o

b k 1 } f t high Th y
ac , oo i t f . d li e w l cons s o m ane ons, o v es, non

d ip t i l
e sc r d with l w d
an m a s arm e d b t h i g h d lik c a s an m ane , u av n ea s e

l h
cam e s, l ph t d
orse s, e e t Th an s, w i g d fig
an ce n aursi . e se n e ures are n

g d
oo t t d
as e , an t d wi h h pi it Th p li ty l whi h
e x e cu e t m uc s r . e e c u ar s e c

c h t i th lp i I
arac e r se s e scu i bj t f i i q i y
tu re s, conce ve , a su ec o c ur ous n ur
 in u m u m . m on . 1 23

as to w h the er th e artist h ad d e ri ved h is i d eas from th e b k an s of th e

Ti gris or no t.

Insc ri tions p h t t p
in th e th w ll old C av e -c arac e r are cu u on e a ov e r

eac h
l ti b t
at h d f d by th
ce , u bli g t f th k
m uc e ace e crum n na ure o e roc .

Th ell h ce lt d
s f wi h tave ib li k th
v au h i ty
e ft roo s, t s one r s, e e c a a o en

p db
osse sse s, an h i g d h w ll th i di i
enc es runn n roun t e a s : e r m e ns ons are

8 f t l g
ee d7 f t b
on d Th t d w t id h th
, an ee ro a . e cas an es s es av e re e

ll li k th
ce s, t e b t th wh l
e ce n re h d t yd A one s, u e o e are m uc es ro e . n
p t i th t i d 6 f t q l d t th
a e r ure n e e as b
s d
e, ee s uare , e o e cav es a ov e , an

th ie rel th d k t l l di g t f th
s a so ano er ll f th
ar unne ea n ou o e corne r ce o e

nor th i d p st th e, u tl t Th p il t oby th d
e f th i
sam e ou e . e as e r e oo r o s

cell diff f th e rs t i th i l p
rom th pit l b i g with
e res n e an m a s u on e ca a e n o ut

wi g th y
n s b ll e are u s .

A d w y i oor th t f th w t
a n w ll p ei t l g
ce n re o e e s e rn a o e ns n o a ar e

h
c am b 34 f t l g
er d 22 f t b d C ll
ee on g d ll
, dan ee roa . e s are ran e a roun ,

b t th i f
u t h
e r f llron s d bl k d p th av e Th a t e n, an oc e u e cave . e e n rance

t w d th
o ar s Kh i q i t h k d p by f ll f g t f th
e ora s u e c o e u a en ra m e n s o e

Two m ore vi h
h di t b y d th y
aras are foun d som e s ort s ance e on ; e are

f i i
ac-s ml f h t h difi
es o i g g li h tl y i
e ac th i o te r, er n s n e r m e asu re m e n , one

b i g 39 f t l g d 33 f t b d th th 33 f t l g d 30
e n ee on , an ee roa , e o er ee on , an

f tb
ee d C ll
roa
g d. th ied — fi i th
s are ran et w ll on ree s es ve n e ce n re a ,

an df t ithour aid Th i di e i er s 8 f t 7 i h
e. by 7 e r m e ns ons are ee nc es

f t
ee Th y
. p id d with t b h
e are rovd h e ll s one e nc e s, an som e av e sm a

s uare recesse s
q in th e w alls . Th e sm alle st of th e two cave s h as h ad
m ost ca re ta e n in k th e ge neral d t il th t l e a s, e ce n ra ce ll i n th e nort e rn h
wall diff e ri ng from th e o t e r, h by b i g ibb d d e n r e an vaulte d h
wi t i n, li ke
th e ch ai ty a .

Th e re re m ains one m o re e x cavati on to be m e nti one d , si tuate d east of

th e c h ait a, y and a pp
b d d ft h g l ears to h av e b e e n a an one a er t e e ne ra

p l an h d b a i d b ly d e en d p b b
cons ly f d f
e ra i th a v ance , ro a rom a e e ct n e

roc k f , t t f l t yt p
o r a s ra um d p d ph lit h o s a e ra , or ecom ose ono e, e re occu rs,

to h d p th f th
t e e f f t pli ti g i t f g
o re e t orth ou r ee , s t n n o ra m e n s on e

sligh t t f b i g ppli d d p li ly ill d pt d f p p f

es orce e n a e , an e cu ar a a e or u r ose s o

t
e x ruc ti Th l gth i 1 1 0 f t with d pth f b t 2 4 f t
o n. e en sTh ee , a e o u ee . e

ce ili g d w ll th
n an f th d
a s d fi i h d hus d th
ar are sm oo e an ns e : e re an e re

sid ll h
e ce b s d p bt
av e h bbi h p i ip lly
ee n com m e nce u on, u so m uc ru s , r nc a

l t y f g
sa e t f ph lit h
ra m e n s o f ll i th t it i diffi lt t ono y e, av e a e n n, a s cu o sa

wh t h a b it dd
as ee n n en e .

It i k bl th t
s re m ar a
g t th e, lp t d
a fi g f
am on s e se cave s no scu ure ure o

B ddh pp
u a a
y bl f
e ars, th f i th
norb y d than l g em em s o e a , e on e ar e
 1 24 F O SS I L F o na m m r nna m S C I ND E .
[J U LY

de gh opa : t is wo ul h d argue som e t hi ng for h t e ir anti ui t q y . Th e only

sc ul pt ure dh um an fi ure s see n, v e r

g y m u til t d
a e , are high p i u n th e scarp,

at th e s ot w e re p h th e galle ries h av e falle n : t hy e consist of a fem ale

stan di g b hi d
n e n a seate d m ale figure . But th e m ost re m ar a k bl e ci r

circ um sta nce is to be note d in th e occurre nce of wi nge d a ni m als.

T h i d t il
e r e a s are ex p re sse d with life and s pi itr -unusua l wi t h th e
conv e ntu aliti cs of cav e -scu lp t i ure n ge ne ral. Th e form s of th e wings
are b ld o and grace ful, an d w h th e er th e t yp es be d e ri ve d from As s yi ra

or not, th e rese m bl ance is sufficie ntl y striking and e x traor di y na r .

ART V III — D escrip ti ons

. . of som e o
f th e larger F orm s o f
si li z ed
F ora m i nifera i n S ci nde ; wi th O bserva ti o ns ou th ei r
By H J C A RTER, Esq , Assista nt Sur
.

I nterna l S tr ucture . . . .

g e o n,
Bo m ba
y E s tablish m e nt W i th 9 Plate . . .

Prese nted 1 1 th Nove m be r 1 85 2 .

ki d
TH R O U GH th e f l ffi f th B
n ne ss O by A y se ve ra O ce rs o e om a rm ,

t th S i ty M p i i Si d I
’
acce ss o e d y w oc e s use um , an m o n e x e r e nce n c n e,

h b
av e
q i t d wi th y
e com e ac ua n e if t t f th l g f f m an , no m os , o e ar e r orm s o

f ili d F
oss i if
ze f th t
oram t y d
n e ra o d ipti f th a cou n r an as e scr ons o em

m a
y p p t b l
rov e t t h gg
ac ce d i th
a te dy f o
g l gy i ose en a e n e s u o eo o n

S i d d l wh I h
c n e an h pl
e se i fi i g th
e re , f p b
ave m uc easure n O er n
'

em or u

li ti
ca i thon S i ty J l h ld th y b d d w thy
n e oc e
’
8 ou rna , s ou e e e em e or

of it .

I wi h i s ytp h ad
w t p ibt
een t th pin ti lm p t f o er o o n ou e ar cu ar ar s o

th N e liti i i whi h th y
um m u c Sf d b t w p f ly
e r es n c e are oun , u as e are e r e ct

ignorant f ll d t il f thi k i d
o a p ti g S i d it t b l ft f
e a o s n re s ec n c n e, m us e e or

f t
u ure opp t ity t d l p or un o eve o e .

I h dn t e ip ti f th F
e scr i if I h ll t fi y lf
on o e se oram n e ra, s a no con ne m se

t th i
o t l h t
e r e x e rna l f g c lly p k i g th
arac e rs a one ,i w l d b or, e ne ra s ea n , s ou e

l b t h i g t di d th
u se e ss, u by ti
av n h ll l ll d t th i
s u e em se c ons, s a a so a u e o e r

i t l t t
n e rna s ruc ure, whi h th gh l dy gi n t f i thf lly by D
c , ou a rea ve m os a u r.
 C HA RACTERS o n m sc o m a n r o a m s . 1 25

C p ar e nte r ( Q uart . J ourn. G lS l i p

eo y t th
. oc . vo . v . . e ere are som e

parts still incom pl t e e, w hi h I h ll

c d t pply s a e n e av our o su , and som e

b
o se rv ati ons wh i h c can on ly b d i t lli gibl wh th
e m a e n e e en e form s of

Op e r c u li na , Ase i li na, Num m uli ne , A lve oli na, Or bi toi des, and Or bi ta
h d d
d bd
li tes are consi e re toge t e r and e scri e succe ssi v e l y .

Th di ti e g h s t if
n u s
g hi h g nf i l c t l t i
arac e rs o t ese e ne ra, am ar, a e as , n

nam e , t ll w h o a q i t d with th l ifi ti f F i if
o are ac ua n e e c ass ca on O oram n e ra

f il d B
”
i D O big y i T i i
’
i if e d Vi
’
n F r n s o ram n re s oss es u ass n e rt a re e e nne ,

an d i hi nC élé s t i d P le t l gi
ours d G é l gi S
m e n a reti e a on o o e et e o o e tra

g p h
ra i q I h ll h
u e s, p i th ts h a d if i li
e re d t t d y
re m se a t e re a e r, nc ne o s u

th em y,h m a t b l i i di
av e no t ly f i g t h
rou e n m m e a e re e rr n o t e sam e source s

from w hi h I h d i d y g id
c av e e r ve m u e.

O d III HELIC O STEGU ES r er . .

Fam . 1 . NAU TI LO I DE .

G e nus NU M M U L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.

S h e ll, free , di id l thi k

e q il t
u a e ral,
t d bi or cular or sco a , c , e ncrus e ,

w i th t pp
ou di t h a f en d f pi ce s ab i g wi th
t e b d or e r, orm e o a s r e em rac n ,

wh l y t g th
or s v e r d near th l t lw y o e kdi e r an num ero us ; e as a a s m ar e n

th y g i l b t ft i p ibl t b f d i th d lt
e ou n an m a , u O en m oss e o e oun n e a u .

Ch b
am ll h t t g h
e rs, sm a y , s h l t p j ti g
or , near o e t e r, v e r num e rous, t e as ro e c n

i th y
n
g
e i l b t i di
o unt i t i ld i
an m a d i i d l ,p i d
u by n s nc n O n v ua s e rce an

p ig
O en n li , g i t th t
transv erse , f t h p i ft l d
ne ar, a a ns e urn o e s re , o e n conce a e

i th
n dl e a u t .
”

D O rbigny
’
Ass rnm a, .

S h e ll, fre e ,
q d i i d l ye
p duilate ral, or bi cular or sco a , v er com re sse ,

f d f pi
orm e b i g ly i th y g i l Af w d
o a s re em rac n on n e ou n an m a . te r ar s

wh l or spp t d with pp di t th b d Ch b
a are n , an out a en ce s a e or e r . am e r s,

sm a ll h t , y s orth l t p j ti g i
, ver th y g i l
nu m e rou s, e as ro e c n n e ou n an m a ,

b t u t i th
no dl h pi d by p i g g i t h t f
so n e a u t, e ac e rce an o e n n a a ns t e urn o

th pi
e s re .
”

R l ti d dif
e a — Th A i li
ons lik th N
an li e re nce s . e ss na , e e um m u ne s,

h av e p j i g th wh y g b t th y di ti g i h d by
a ro e c t n m on en oun u e are s n u s e

a ll th f th
e pi b i g pp t i th d lt i t d f b i g
turns o e s re e n a are n n e a u s ns e a O e n

em b ig rac n .

O P E R C U L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.

Sh e ll, fre e , e q uilate ral, ov al or di id l y sco a , v er com p re sse d, form e d

of a s
p i re n ot e m g, b ra ci n re
g l q lly pp
u ar, e ua a a re nt o n b h ot side s, tu rns

conti uous ,
g and i ncreasin
g ve r y p idly Ch b ra . am e rs, num e rous, narrow,
 '

126 ro ss rn r o na m m xr m I N S C I ND B.
[J U LY

th e large st p j ro e cti ng by de on all th e re st, pi e rce d at all age s by an

O p e ni n g wh i h i c s v isi bl e, triangular, agai nst th e turn of th e s ire p .

Re la ti ons a nd dg
f ere nc es .
— It is e vi de nt, t h t by
a th e si tuatio n O f

i ts o p
g, t i
e ni n
s
ge nu s c o m h e s near to th e As sili ne s ; b ut i t is di ti s n

guish e d from t e m i ts h by o p e ni ng big e n triangular inste a d of a trans

v e rse slit ; an d by i t s ch am b e rs incre asi ng re gularl y , wit out h b ecom ing
narrow towar s d th p e O e ning .
”

ALV E O L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.

Sh e ll, fre e , regular, e q u ilate ral, rou n d bl

, o ong, or e lon ate
g d , in th e
dire cti on Of its ax is, not vari a bl e i n i ts e nlarge m e nt, com p d ose Of a v e r y
re gular sp i re, e m b rac in
g at all age s ; w h orls Ofte n v e r y t g th
near o e e r,

not form e d of m an y h b c am e rs, e longate d transv e rse ly di i d d i t

, v e n o a

g re at nu m b e r of ca pill y ar cavi ti e s by p arti ti ons lon gi t di l t

u th na o e

wh orl, th e o p e nin s g d rou n , num e rous, and in lines tranve rse to th e

wh
”
orl.

C YC LO STEGU ES, D O rbigny sf

’

Anim al co m p d f
ose o num e rous se m e nts
g pl d i ace n ci rc ular lines .

S h ll di i d l
e sco a , comp d ose o f conce ntri c c h b i pl
am ers, s m e or m ulti pl e

no s pi re .
”

Cy clq lina, D O rb
’
. 1 8 39 . Sh ll di id l
e sco a , eac h h b pic am er e rce d
by a num b e r of p ore s, m a king an e ntire circle roun d th e re st .
”

Or bi toli te s, Lam arc k , 1 80 1 .

( Or ba li te a, 1 8 1 6, non Orl m li tea
c ep h a l0p ode s .
) M a rgi nop ora, Q uoy et Gaim ard, 1 8 36 . Sh ll di e scoi

dal, pl qane , e ual, and e ncruste d on b th id p

o s e s, re se nti n
g conc e ntric

line s .Ch b am e rs num e rous in irre gular transve rse line s onl y v isi bl e at

th e b d or e r .
”

Or bi toli na , D O rb
’
h . T ese are Or bi toli tes wit h une q ual si d es ;

th e one conv e x , e ncrus e t d p , rese ntin

g conce ntri c lines ; th e h
o t e r co n

cav e , not e ncrus e t d p ti ; re se n ng num e ro us c amh b e rs, in o bli q ue line s

u p on th e side at th e circum fe re nce .
”

Or bi toide s, D O rb
’
. Sh ll di id l e b th idsco a , conv e x on o s e s, fo rm e d
of a single range of c h b am d th di k y thi k ly
e rs, ro un e s , ver c e ncruste d
b
a out th e m i ddl e, an d p ti g i th di ti g li
re se n n e e r ra a n ne s or granu

lati ons .

Foram . Poss da . Bassi n Tort dc V ie nna, par M

. . Alci de d Orb tgny ’
.

1 Ge a rs é lé m e nt. de Palé ontologi e et de Geologic Strati grap h i q m y P" M .

Alcide d orbi gn
’
y .
 onss nv a rro ns
'
. 12 7

O bs e rva ti ons .

To t h h es e c aracte rs I h ll
s a add th e following b
O se rvations bf e ore

p rocee di g f th
n ur er

First, as re gar s d th e di tis ncti on b tw e een th e ge ne ra Assi li na and N um

n li na . Th is is sai dt i t o cons s chi fly i e p
n th e s ire not e in e m
g racin
g b b
in th e form e r, an d whi h pp c a ears to b e th e case to th e na kd e e
y e.

But if we m ake a ve rti cal se cti on Of Op ere uli na , w i c h h , from i ts ex

trem e h
t i nne ss, is d f N li th A i li
still furt h e r re m o ve rom um m u na an ss na,

i t will b de i fy
see n, u n e r
g i g p w t b f
a m a n d f l
n o e r, o e orm e o se v e ra

ly
a e rs, wh i h y b t d c f m a th t e t t
race h i f rom e ce n re o e c rcu m e re nce ,

s h wi g th t th t f th pi i p g i g th d p iti f
o n , a as e urn o e s re s ro re ss n , e e os on o

ne w t i l
m a era t ly t k pl t th no on g i b t
a es b th i d
ace a f e m ar n, u on o s es o

th e sh ll g lly i li f th l h b i p
e e ne ra , na ne fd
rom l p e as t c am er n rocess O e ve o

m en t p t th u t l fi tf
o d
e ce n ra If th or thi b
rs - orm e one .
, e n, s can e see n

ina s e h ll thi th t f Op li h w h so n as a O id t e rcu na , o m uc m ore e v en m u st

it b e und h ier t t e sam e i A i li wh i h i

c rcu m s ance s th n ss na c s e case .

D O b i g y g d di ti ti th b
’
f f th
’
r n s ran s
p i
nc t on, i g e re o re , o e s re no e n em

b i g i A i li w ld
rac n n ss t b na, pp t th
ou se e m l d
o e m ore a are n an re a , an

lh
a t ou
g h fii i t f sn p
c en p y t i f w
or com m on d d t i t th ur ose s, e , e a o e

b
a se nc e f h b b o c d b l w th
am e rs a o ve t l pl w h ll t
an e o e ce n ra ane , e s a no
on ly h l b t
av e a re a i d t di ti g i hi g ig f
, u a m ore A i li
ev en s n us n s n or ss na
th an th g i by
e one D O b ig y ve n
’
r n .

S d
e con g d th , di i i
as re f N ar s li i te bg v s on o um m u na n o su e ne ra.

It pp ta th t thi
e ars y b
o m e d t g a l y d by
s m a p ti g e a v an a e ous one se ara n

th i w hi h h
ose n pt t d f th i f c t e se t th
a ex e n t i rom e c rcum e re nce o e c e n re n
m ore l ti ess di li
co n ( Pl
nue 1 1 fi g 1 1
s nuous 8 f ne s
t h a te . s. s rom ose

i whi h th li
n c b e h d di lt t p
nes are so ranc e an noscu a e as o re se nt a

d e nsely ti l t d t re t ( g
fi
cu a e s ruc ure .

S h difiuc h l dy b ll d d t by D C p t
e re nces av e a re a ee n a u e o r. ar e n e r .

( Loo . ci t .
)
bg w ld th
In th e latte r N l i t 7
su e nus ou en com e um ar a cre a e

S w by wh i h b d
o er l , p O bi t id f p i g hi
c or e rs c ose u on r o e s, rom ossess n t s

reti l t d t
cu a et th f p ti ly l d l p t
s ruc ure on e sur ace , a com ara ve ess e ve o m e n

of th pi d h b e s t d yt
re an b pt p i ci th am e rs, a e n e nc o an a ru rom ne nce n e

t d
ce n re , an p d d thi gi an e x an e n m ar n .

F N romt w h ld th p . t Ly p h i di p
acu a e s ou en ass on o eo r s s a nsas,

S w by wh
o er th pi i till , i pl t d th t O bi
e re e s re s s m ore nc om e e, an en o r

t ido M t lli
es O bi t li t M t lli (f
an e w h ll h ft or r o es an e or e s a se e e re a er

th t w a t k thi O bit li ) wh th p i i ti ly
e m us m a e s an r o te , e re e s re s en re

lost .

In th e las t two ge ne ra Ih ave b e e n at m u c hpi a ns to asce rtain i f th e

128 r o ssn. r o na m m ns na m S C I ND E .
[ J U LY

rows Of c h b i th t l pl am ers n g d p i lly

e cen ra ane are arran e s ra or cone e n

t i lly
r ca d I hi k th t I h
, an b t n f l a d th av e e e n as succe ss u as, un e r e

i t
c rc um s ance s, w p tt b e can e x ec o e .

F o r som e ti I w willi gly blig d t yi ld t th pi i f

m e as un n o e o e o e O n on O

D O b ig y th th f h b d t i lly f
’
r n , w at e ro s o c am e rs com m e nce conce n r ca , or

h i g t k d lt p i
av n a en a u f Ly p h i di p s ec m e nsd O bi t i d O eo r s s e ns us an r o es

M t lli f
an e ti I f d th
or se c t i
ons, h p i i i bly
o un e ce n re n eac s ec es nvar a

fill d i h
e w t l p wh i h
ca c-sp p tly w ar, d dc by ,i l a f are n , as surro un e c rc es O

c h bam it i
e rs at f h t i wh th l tt b g t pp
s c rcu m e re nce , t a s, e re e a er e an o a ear.

H e nce I h d gi p l a ll h p ve n uf b i g bl t d t a m ost a i hi o e o e n a e o e e rm ne t s

i f t ily wh
sat s ac or I i d th
,
th
en igi f hi
conce v e t t l at e or n o t s s ru c ure e ss

t
ce n re m igh b wi g t t d y f h t l h b i th d lt
e o n o a e ca o t e ce n ra c am e rs n e a u

i l
an m a s o n ly d it b q t filli g with l p d i g f ili
, an s su se ue n n -
ca c s ar ur n oss za

ti on d h t if I t k
an , t y y g i di id l I igh t bt i wh t
a , oo ver ou n n v ua s, m O a n a

I w t d A di gly I d i f p i
an e . cc or n , l g th m a e se c t ons o s e c m e ns no t ar e r an

th 2 4th p t f
e i h i
ar di o t an d f d j wh t I h d
nc n am e e r, an oun u st a a

ex p d i th t i it t l t t th t i fill d with h b
e c te , v z . e ce n re n s na ura s a e , a s, e c am e rs

t th
o t lp i t
e c e n ra o n .

I will w h tly d ib h t l pl i b th th p i
no s or e sc r e t e c e n ra ane s n o e se s e c e s,

re se rv ni g p ti l
a m ore t f th ar il w t th d
cu ar ac co un o em unt e co m e o e es

cr ip ti f h
ons o p i th l t e s e c es e m se v e s .

I Ly p h i di p
n co h r s t l pl s i t ly th gh
e ns as t i
e ce n ra ane s e x re m e , ou un

f orm ly hi ,h gh t d ly
t n t rou h b d p Th h b ou , an on o ne c am er ee . e c am e rs

co m m e nce i i p f t pi n an m d t l ph er ec id l s l ll re , roun a c e n ra s e ro a or ova ce ,

no t h l g h th h b th l g lly A d
m uc ar e r t an e c am e rs e m se v e s e ne ra . roun

th i ll
s ce f w h
are a b hi h h — e c il
am e rs d tw w c av e one a se m unar, an o or

th re e h p t eh p df e a r-sf th h b a e i g th
orm s O pi i e c am e rs com m e nc n e s re n

th e il i d f
nau t o f F i if (
orm s p fi g o 2 6 P l II w
o ram i th n e ra com are . . . .

fig 8 Pl .
, i ii .l i ) xv h . vo l.
pv. ly g l
t Fe re st are m ore or e ss o ona . ro m

th e se h b (b t
c am i
e rs b ) a ou y w f th fly se v e n n num er as m an ro s o o e rs

o ff f ro mth t i wh l i il
e ce n re t th p k f tt yfi
n or s s m ar o e s ar s o a ro a or re

w k b t th
or , u w di i i h i b dth d d
e se ro s soon l m ns n re a , an en m ore or e ss

a b ptly p th b k f h th wh
ru u on e thac t i o f e ac o er ; e n ano er se r se s rom

th i i
e r c rc um f w hi h t k l g
e re nce , l ti t d d c a es a ar e r a u e an so on succe s

i ly
s ve , i f wh l
a se r e s o th f ll w p th b k f
or s o r w re a h th s o o u on e ac o e ac o e r,

un ti l h t e row s a pp t f ti i l e artill o yh orm d c once n r c c rc e s, s e ve r e re

'

an

th dippi g i w d
e re n dd ly t i ti g
n ar s, or su th p di g en e rm na n on e rec e n one s,

e ve n t th o i f Thi i h
e c rcum pp p t d by th
e re nce . s s t e a e aranc e re se n e e

t l pl
ce n ra b t th
ane ; l pi tb t
u d th
e re a s w i th re m us e race across e ro s n e

p iti h it w ld b i F i if wh i it i
os on t at ou e p f tly
n oram n e ra e re n s m ore e r ec

d l p d if i d d i t b t bl t ll
e ve o e ,
-
, n ee , e race a e a a .
 c a s s a v a n o ns
'
. 1 29

In Orbi toi des M a nte lli, ‘

hw o e v e r, th e ce ntral pl ane is ve r y diff e re nt

h e re i t is no t unifo rm l y th in h
t roug out, h but t in i n th eh ce ntre

and thi k c at th e c ircu m fe re nce, fro m th e ce lls b i g ly h lf th i

e n on a e s ze

in th e fo rm er th at t hy
e are i n th e latte r hy
t e l ll ph
are a so a s e

ro idal, or e longate d v e rti call y , and not q uadran u ar.

g l W h th y en e are

e lo ngated i lly hi v e rt c a t , tw s se e m s i gi o dp de en on t o o r m o re ru nn n nto

e ach h i h i di i h
ot er n t h
s t l pl
re c t on i d fbi g e nce t e c e n ra ane , nste a o e n

com p d f ly l y f q d g l h b
ose O on one a er o i 0 M t lli ua ran u ar c am e rs, as n . an e ,

i
s co m p d f p l li y f l y f ph id l
ose o a ura t o hi g h a e rs o s e ro a o nes t s, to et er

wi h h
t ll f h
t e sm a ness O l ll h i g i il i y d th
t e c e ntra ce s, t e r reat s m ar t , an e

wh l p lo e whi h th y
ane p big c e l co m y d it ose e n m ore or e ss w av , re n e rs

l
a m os t i p ibl i th
m ossi e d n th l ll i
e se c t on lf to e te c t e ce ntra ce ts e , or to

d i
e te rm wh h ne h th et er g d
t e o d i t i e rs t i
are arran e aro un n conc e n r c

i l
c rc es wh il i t l e t q lly i p i bl
se e m s a m os t h i i l e ua m oss e to rac e t em n c rc e s

t w d h
o ar s i f t e c t d rc um i h i wh
e re nce , hi og e term ne t s, e re t e r arran e m e nt

i di i
e v e n s m os t s t nct.

H i t w ld pp th t D O big y i t w
e nce ou a e ar d i gi i g
a
’
r n s no arrante n v n

t h di i g i hi g h
e st n ust f n i i y t h
c w
arac e r o f h b i c o nce ntr c t o t e ro s O c am e rs n

hi d Cy l tey f i h i h fi t g
s or e r c os a es, wh i h
or nll li k s t re e rs e ne ra, c are a a e

i th i
n p w h
s re s e c t, th t i i
e l i p
av e see ni b l d ia t s a m ost m oss e to e te rm ne

thi s d i han l t g n i
t e O bi t id as f hi h Ly p h i
e nus , v z. r o es, O w c co r s

di ps i yp i i id th t it i
a ns us s a t e, h
t s b t h
ev h e nth a s not t e case , u t at t e c am

b d
e rs are arran e
g b p i lly su s ra .

Th t O bi t id M t lli h ld b i l d d
a r o es an e
g t h O bi
s t li t ou e nc u e am on e r o e s,

and no t am ong th e Or bi toides, m ust also now be e vi de nt, fro m th e

ki g diff
s tri n e re nces t hta e x is t be twee n it andLy cop h ris disp a ns us, and
i id ti y i
ts t
en t n s ructure w it h O bi t li t
r o es
ge ne rall w ile th e i y
nte rv e n h
i g li k b tw
n n e ee n y ppli d by O bi id
it and Na m m uli na is naturall su e r to es

b igh h
ea r n t b ti d I yb b d h h
t e c arac e rs a o ve m en one . t m a e o se rve , t at t e

ce ll f hsO l pl
t i 0 M t lli
e ce ntra l g d d t ph
ane id
n . an e are e on ate , an no s e ro

al b, h t b
ut t e one see m s th th d h l g ti
o e as co nsta nt as e o e r, an t e e on a on

ve rti lly caly dp d bf t d

on to h e hi enb , d as e ore s ate , on t e t nne ss a ove an

b l w f h w ll f h ll f i g h t l pl whi h d
e o o t e a s o t e ce s o rm n t e ce n ra a ne , c re n e rs

th p i p f t i p p tibl i th i l ti
ose arts m e r ec or d k m e rce e n e v e rt ca se c on, an m a es

th ll p p
e ce t s a i t earth w hil h
o run
p q t i l
n o one ano er e t e o a ue m a e r a or

i t
n e rce ll l bt h wi g t t h i i d gi h th t pt l
u a r su s ance s o n ou a t e r s es ves t em a se a ,

an d t th a ti q d gl f
e sam e whi h pp m e i h
ua ran u ar orm , c a rox m ates t e
wh l t l pl
o e ce n ra i pp t th t ane i th ti l
na ti f e arance o a see n n e ve r ca se c on o

O r bi toi des and Num m uli na .

Q uart J ourn Geol Soc

. . . . vol. vi . p 30. .
1 30 r o ss u . no nam m ns na 1 1s S C I ND E .
[J U LY
T h e re h h I h t k th
are se ve ral o t er o se rvations h b w ic av e o m a e on e

t t
s ruc ure f th tw g o b t th y will b b tt
ese o d t die nera, u e e e e r un e rs oo n

conne c ti with th i on p i wh p i ly d ib d
e r s ec es e n re s e ct v e e s cr e .

A th sli t f y e y f th di id l F i if l dy
s o s non m s o e sc o a oram n era a re a

d ib d i y g t f h h t ti h y h b
esc r e s v er rea ,
i t or ti g
t
*e s or m e t e av e ecom e n e res n ,

at th e ti th
sam e h i d ipti m e y f w d t withi
at t e r e sc r ons are ve r e , an no n

m y h I
reac h ll i d ,
h s p iabl i t
avo d i g w as m uc as oss e n ro uc n ne nam es

h i h p th t th
e re , n wh
O e fa o bly it t d y b
e rs o are m ore av oura s ua e m a e

a bl t d thi f
e o yo d i p i s d firom
g if qm i d th t
escrI t ons an u res, re u re , or a

m a
y b b l t de ai t y lf t
e of t op i d w h m I h seb tt a som e u ure er o , en ave e er

m eans O f p ig h p i com f di ff
ar n t l liti th I t
t e s ec m e ns o e re n oca es an a

p tprese n M wh il
osse ss . littl h b d i th bj t
ean e , as so e as ee n one n e su ec ,

I am t wi h t h p
no h t th whi h I h
t ou w t
o efi t a y b at c av e no o o
‘

er m a e

In d
or e r of descri pti I h ll
on s a not e x actl y follow D O rb igny
’ ’
s ar

ran e m e nt,
g h I
t at m ay b e th e be tte r abl e h
to s ow th e transi ti on from
th e si mpl t th epli d o e m ore co m cate form s o f di id l sco a Foram i nife ra .

Th us I h ll pl Op li b f
, s a ace e rc u na e ore Num m uli na, &c .
, Alveoli na afte r

N . o bt S w by d b f N
us a, o er , an e ore . a ea ta, id . and t enh p ass on to
Orbi toi de s and Or bi toli tes .

Th e figures in th e d d t p t th l g t p i Pl t a e are inte n e o re re se n e ar es s ec

m e ns of h p i t wi h
t e s ec es p ti ly d wh h h Ih av e m e t re s e c ve an e re t e c a
t i ti
rac e r s t t lly h b t i t b
c struc ure e x e rna by th as e en oo m nu e to e se e n e

kd y
na e ll p ti
e h b
e, a sm a g i fi d i th t or I don d as ee n m a n e n e ce n re . n ee ,

i l t ll th li
n a m os d ki ga , l g th e th y
nes an t lly m a n s are ar e r an e are na ura ,

an d th f are p td d
e re ore re
g i fyi g gl
rese n ef l w as se e n un e r a m a n n ass O o

pw f i
o e r,th w y ld h
or n no o h t b gi er a c ou t e se c arac e rs e ve n.

A typi l d
s a i pti f Op li
ca d th tesc r t ff i i
on o e rc u na an e s ruc ure o oram n

f h ll g lly I
e rous s e t f th
s d t y b
e ne ra , i m us re e r e re a er o m o se rv at ons on

0 A bi . p bli h d i l i N ii f hi J l by p l
ra ca, u s e n vo . v. o. x v . o t s ourna , a e rusa

o f whi h d t di g f wh t f ll w will b
c an un e rs an h f ili t t d n o a o o s e m uc ac a e .

O r nnc u nm D O rbigny
’
a, .

Op ercs lina i naequila tera lis

l .
( H J
. . . C .
) I qne uilate ral, ov al or

d
d h h
iscoi al, t i n, orizontal or wav ; y t p ce n re rom i nent, m ar
gin t i h
cke ne d,

d d d lik Spi
roun e , co r - e. re m ore or less irre gular, m ore app are nt on

i d th
one s th th e an e o e r, consistin
g of th ree w h orls, concave on one si d e,

flt th th i
a i
on e o er, ncreas ng ra pdy i l from a ce ntral ce ll. Ch am be rs

Sac M urch i son on th e Structure of th e Alps ( Q uart

. . J ourn . Ge ol Soc. .

vol. v. p .
 O PERC U LI NA A ND A S BI LI NA . 1 31

num e ro us, narrow, sli

g tl h y fl t d S pt fl t d re ec e . e a re ec e , m ore a pp are nt

on o ne si de th an th e o th Di t f l g t p i
e r. am e e r o ar es s e c m e ns —
5 2 4th s of

an inch ( P l t II a e .figs 1 , .

Le e . M k t i us a , n Ara ia b .

O bs Th i s spe cie s di e rs a li ttle from

. fl
Or i gn s ch aracters i n ei ng
'

D b y ’ ’
b
fl
i neq nilate ral, bu t th e di e re nce e twee n th e tw o si es is so slig t th at
'

b d h
it ca nno t be re fe rre to any ot e r ge nus d
Th e intercam e ral com m u h .

ni ca ti o n Ih av e no t b
bl t k t d lth gh D O big y
ee n a e o m a e ou , an a ou
’
r n
l
a m os t i i b ly gin v ar a it h p d p i ti
ve s i th s s il id F
a e an i os on n e naut o oram

if
n e ra as a di i g i hi g h t y t I h h dly b bl t
st n u s n c arac e r, e ave ar e ve r e en a e o

see i i f t ily i
t sa t s ac or
y f h p i n ant h t I h o i
t e s d e c es a av e e x am ne .

0 i .
q il t
nee a li ha era t i ti f
s 18 a c il f th i k p i k
arac er s l d c oss o a c , n -co oure ,

sili l
c o -c a care ous, san dy t t t R Gh i th fi t lit l
s ra u m p th a as ssa, e rs t e ca e sou
O f M k t w hi h i us a , p t th c s th a t ort f A bi on e nor -e as e rn coas o ra a

O pp i
ost S i d e I h i
c n e t . d i d i p ti
av e h h i fly
nse r e f t h ts escr on e re c e or e

p p u r ose o f i g w i h th
com m e nc n i p l t f f t
t il i d F e s m i i es orm o nau o oram n

fe ra, an d l f it p a so i ity i l
rom lity t S i d
s ro x m n oca o c n e.

2 0. Eq i l t l di
. id l p l u ligh tly w y thi
a e ra , sco a , ane or s av , n .

C t p
e n re i t romdp ne nti g g , an l ti rese n ll t b l n p ranu a ons or sm a u e rc es, ro

j t
ec i g n i h y
m ore
g h i
n t e th d ounlt t t t bt an n l i t t d e a u s a e ; u e rc es, s ua e

ov e r h tpt t
e se h a , one
g i li h
o eac
g tly th i k d ; m ar d d d
n s c e ne , roun e , cor

lik e Spi
. lre m o re or
g l q lly i
ess re d t b th i
u ar, ed ua ev en on o s es con

i ti g f i wh l g d lly i
s s n o s x or s, i gt ra uah l t wh i h i l 2 4 th nc reas n o t e as , c s -

i h b
nc d h wh l l ppi g
roa ; e ac or b i g with it i t l
o v e r- a n or em rac n , s n e rna

b d th
or e r l i
e ex te rna
g f h p d
m ar i g w hi
n O h i dt ed d re ce n one , c s roun e an

cor -d lik Ch b e . am fl t d pt fl t d pp t
e rs num e rous, re ec e ; se a re ec e , a are n

on b th id Di t f l g t p i
o s es . am e e r 5 l 2 th o f i h
ar e s s e c m e ns - s o an nc

thi k t p t wh i h i
c es ar h , gi l
c 3 6 th
s t e f i h fi
( g
m ar 3 n, - o an nc s .
,

L Sid i
ee . p y with Al li
c n e n com anth t w f T tt ve o na , ne ar e o n o a a.

Ob I thi p is . n whi h i twi

s s e c e s, th di t cf th l t s d ce e am e e r o e as , an

g e ne rally h i t l th wh l
m ore or zo n a , e d th p ior s are m o re nu m erous, an e s re

i ncre ases m ore g d lly I ld

ra ua t d i t
.h i t cou l no scove r e n e rcam e ra com

ASS I L I N A, D Orbigny
’
.

1 .
(
A H J . C ) E q il
i rrey ularis
t l di i d l . l . . . u a e ra , sco a , m ore or ess

w y av p d thi C d p d gi thi k d
, co m re sse , n dd . e ntre e re sse , m ar n c e ne , roun e ,

d li k Spi
cor - l e . i g l p j ti
re g b t
m oreh i d or e ss rre u ar, ro e c n on o s e s,

exce
p ti g i th t w h
n i t i lny b d i
e ce n re ,ti g f i e re s near o scure cons s n o n ne

wh l i or s,i g g d lly t w d th p
nc reas n lti t whi h i 1 1 2 th
ra ua o ar s e e nu m a e, c s -

i h wid
nc h wh l l ppi g
e ; b i g with it i t l
eac or ov e r a n or em rac n , s n e rna
1 32 F O S S I L r o nu m m rnna I N sc ru b s .
[J u n r

b d
or e r th e gdi g whi h i thi k d
e x te rnal m ar in of th e p re ce n one , c s c e ne ,

roun e d d d d lik th gh t th pi Ch b
, an cor - e bq d rou ou e s re . am e rs su ua ran

g l b
u ar, O l g i g l i oni p , ti
rre g b f i t
u ar n s z e , g re se n n a num er o m nu e raun

l i
a t ons ov e r th i f t lly S pt t ight di ti g d
e r su r ace e x e rna . e a s ra , ra a n , an a

li ttl fl t d id t b th id
e re ec e , ev pt i then t Di t
on o s e s, e x ce n e ce n re . am e e r

o f l g t p i
ar es l l l2 h f
s e c m e ns i h thi k t p t whi h i th - t s o an nc ; c es ar , c s e

m ar gi l — 2 4
n,th f i h fi
( g 5 o an nc s .
,

L Si d
oc . c n e.

Ob Th i s .lth gh wh t
s, a bli g th l t d ib d p i
ou som e a resem n e as - escr e s e c es

f Op difl f it i b i g hl g d i f
'

o li erca na, e rs rom n e n m uc ar e r an coarse r n orm ,

i th
n t i
e e x re m e
g l i ty f i t p i rre d d l p tg
u ar lly th o s s re an e ve o m e n e ne ra , e

d p i i th t th b ity f th th fi t wh l ; d
e re ss on n e ce n re , e o scur o e re e rs or s an

th e p lti t wh l b i g th b d t I ld t di
e nu m a e or th
e n e roa es . cou no scov e r e

inte rcam e ral com m uni cati on .

2 . A . E q uilate ral, di id l
sco a , slig htly wav y , th ic k , sm oot h ,

dp e resse di n th e ce ntre , angular at th e m argin, p rese nting b k

ro en

curvili ne ar li nes on th e surface wi t h

i nute granulations e tw e e n
m em , b th
arrange di n a s pi l f
ra orm , d
ra i ati n
g from th e ce ntre , i n i cati ng th e d
p osi ti on of th e spi re and se p ta . I y h
nte rnall w orls m ore or less wav , y
m ore o r less i rre gular i n rea th , th e b d l g t b tw
ar e s th e ee n e ce ntre and

th e ci rcu m fe re nce ( 2—4 8 th s of an inc h b d) b t i t roa a ou n ne e e n wh orls

m a
y b e counte d wi t i n h h lf i a an nc h f th t
o N e ce n re . o ch am b e rs

b
a ov e b l w th or e o e t l pl
ce n ra ane . Di t fl g t p
am e e r o ar e s s ecim e ns 1}
i h th i k t p t
nc ; c es ar , whi h i b tw
c s e e en th e ce ntre and th e m argin.

3 1 2 th
- f i h (fig 7 s o an nc s .
,

L Sid
ee . c n e.

Ob Thi l ly pp
s . s c ose a roach e s Num m uli ne from i ts si ze and h k
t ic
ne ss th p i d p t h e s re an se a, owe v e r, are still m ore o r le ss vi si bl e e x te r

ally b t th i, d hi k
u e h
ncre ase t c ne ss of th e sh e ll o scures t e i r b p rom ine nce ,
an d gi h f ve sth d if ity
t e sur ace m ore sm oo ne ss an u n orm . Th e e dg e is
th i k dc g l i d
an f b i g d d an d lik u ar, nste a o e n rou n an cor - e , as i n th e forgo
i g p i
n d th wh l
s w l
e c e s, anly pp i t N e o e no c ose a rox m a e s a u m m uli te .

NU M M U L I N A D O rbigny
’
.
,

l . N .
7
. q il t l di
E u a e ra , scoi dal, m ore or e ss l wav y thi
, n, gra d lly
ua

di m h
i ni s ing in t c ne ss hi k f th rom e c e ntre tow ar d s th e m ar i n,
g p rese ntin
g
on th e su rface num e rous sm all a
p p i llae o r
g ranulations , b e twee n si nuou s

line s runni n
g m ore or le ss i rre gularl from th e y ce ntre to th e circu m fe r
e nce , th e latte r bi e n
g th e m ost e v id t en of th e two i n th e y ou ng sh e ll.

I nte rnall y wh l or s m ore or le ss w av y , m ore or less i rre gular i n b dhre a t

th e wi d t b tw es e ee n th e ce ntre and th e circum fe re nce ( 2 -48 th s i nch

 N U M M U LI NA . 1 33

b road ) abo ut tw e nt y wh l y b or s m a e co unte d wit in h h lf a an inc h of

th e ce ntre . Co m p d h b b
re sse c am e rs a o ve and b l w th e o e ce ntral p la ne .

Diam e te r o f th e l g t p i
a r es s ec m e ns inc h thi k c ne ss i n th e ce ntre

2-l 2 t h s o f an inc h (fig 9 s. ,

Lo c S c i n. d e .

Th e gre at oint of di e re nce e twee n t is

O bs . p fl'

b h and th e last
p
descri be d s e cies of Ass i li na is th e re se nce o f th e c om p p re ssed h c am

b e rs a ov e b a nd be low th e ce ntra l pl ane in th e form er . Th wh e o rls

h e re , th e re fore , are e vi de ntl y wh at are d b ig dh

te rm e em rac n , an t e ce ntre

is p rom ine nt on b th id o s es i nste a d f b i g d p d Th i N

o e n e re sse . s um m u

lite atta i ns th e large st size of an

y p i h h
s e c es d t at as com e un e r m y
b
o se rvation .

2 . N . m i llec ap u t 7
. E q u ilate ral, di i d l
sc o a , m ore or le ss wav y thi k
, c ,

an ular at th e i rese nti n i li on th e s urface i n c lose

g m ar
g n, p g s nuou s ne s

app ro x i m ation, w ich h e x te n d

fro m th e c ircu m fe re nce to th e ce ntral
p rom ine nce o n e ac h id s e, p re se nti n g a se ri e s o f su pe rficial h
w orls i n th e
adu lt ani m al . I nte rnall yt urns o f th e s
p i re ve r y nu m e rous, m o re or

less wav y and i rre gula r i b

n dh re a t ,
b th e w i de st e tw e e n th e ce ntre and

th e circ u m fe re nce l -4 8 th of an i h b d b
nc roa ; a out h h
forty -e ig t w orls

m a
y b e c o unte d wi hi h lf t n a an i h f h
nc t o t e ce n re co m p d h
re sse c am

b e rs b
a ov e an d b l w h e o t e c e n rat l pl Di ane . am e te r Of th e large st
p
s e ci m e ns i hnc hi k ; t c ne ss in th e ce ntre 3-1 2 th s of an i nc h (fig s.

1 1,
Loc . Egy t p .

Obs . h fl
T is di
'

e rs from th e fore going sp e c ie s i n its ge ne ral t ic h k ne ss ;

th e nu m b d pp
e r an a ro x i m atio n of i ts sinuous li ne s, th e b
a se nc e of th e
sm all granulations or p pill b
a ae e twee n h
t em , and th e
g reate r nu m b e r and

narro wne ss of i ts w h orls . Th e sinuous line s, alt h gh ou co nfuse d , and in

w h orls all ov e r th e su rfac e in th e adult a ni m al, are ne v e rt e e ss hl dis
tinc tly g si m oi di n th e y oun
g o ne , ru nni n
g from th e circu m fe re nce to
th e c e ntral p ro m ine nce h ll b h d o f th e s e on ot si e s .

h p
T i s s e cim e n w as b gh f Egyp t It pp t b N ro u t rom . a ears o e .

na i l/ p
e ea t T h t fi gu d by .M M J ly d a L y i i 1 4+ i
ure h i . o an e m er e s nc n

di am e te r G lly h N . li t f hi ki d f
e ne ra Egyp t wh i h I
t e um m u es o t s n rom c

have ( h
se e n f th Py i d t wi ) h
t ose o b b i h i
e ram s o t av e ee n a ou t an nc n

di t d b 2 l2 h i h hi k I h i t d it d i pti
am e e r, an a out - t s nc t c . ave nse r e s esc r on

here , an d fig i th Pl f th ure k f p i n th ei g t ate , or e sa e o co m ar son, no av n m e

with f one o ly h ki d i S i d
e x ac t t e sa m e n n c n e .

3 N . bt S w by Eq il t l
. o us a , lo gl b ler . u a e ra , m ore or ess o u ar, co m

p d i th
resse bt t th
n e
gi S
ce ntre ,f p ti g o use a e m ar n. ur ace re se n n

i
s nu o us li i l pp i ti
nes d i
n c ose f d wh l i th a rox m a on, an n con use or s n e
1 34 r o as u . no na m m r s na m sc rx ns .
[J U LY

adult anim al, bu t sim pl e and si gm oi d in th e y ou n

g h
s ell ; e x te ndi ng

from th e se pt a at p i
th e circum h fe re nce to th e ce ntral rom ne nce on e ac

sid e I t lly wh l
. n e rna th b d b tw th or s t num e rous, e roa est e een e ce n re

an d th i f e li
c rcum f h pi ly wi d ly
e re nce ; p td ne s o t e s re ne ar as e se ara e

b
a ov e an d b l w th t l pl e oth y i h l pl
e ce n ra i t lf ane as e are n t e ce ntra ane
'

se .

Ch b am e rsfl d pt fl t d Di t f h
num e ro us, re e cte se a re ec e . am e e r o t e

l g t p i
ar e s 1 1 1 2 th
s f i h th i k
e c m e ns 2 1 0th - b f s o an nc c ne ss - s; num er o

wh l th i ty h
or s
( g
fi 1 r3 -t re e s .
,

ALV E O L I N A, D O rb igny
’
.

l . Alve oli na m e lo, k ) Sph i l

D O rb
’
.
( M e loni te s sp h e ri ca Lam , arc . e r ca ,

e q il t l p ti g l git di l li whi h
u a e ra , re se n d i ig i d
n on u na ne s, c e x te n n a s m o

f
orm f p t p rom d i t t a ex p ll l idg b tw
o a e x, an m nu e ransv e rse ara e r es e een

th em ki g,
p d i
m ar
g i t nl d i i i f th
corre s on h b n n e rna v s o ns O e c am e rs .

I t lly h b f if
n e rna ig i d di i d d i t h i lik
c am e rs us p by orm , s m o , v e n o a r- e s ace s

t t w
ransv e rse se
p h i h h ti ti a, f th i dg c ti d are t e con nu a ons o e r e s m en one

th wh l
e
g d i p i
o e l f D
arran e i t 5 2 4 th f
n a s i h ra orm . am e e r - s o an nc

( g
fi .

Loc . Si
c nde , Ara ia b .

2 . Me loni te s sp h eroi de a, Lam arc k (fig .

Loc . Sid
c n e, Ara ia b .

O bs . Th is h as th e sam e c h arac te rs as th e last, wi t h th e e x ce pti on

of bi e ng large r, and a li ttle e lon ate

g d . Lo nge st di t am e e r 7 2 4 th s of
-

an inc h transve rse di am e te r 6-2 4 th s . Ab d b o un s a o ut Tatta in

S i d wh it i w ll k w by h
c n e, e re f s t edi no n t e nam e o om ra,
”
an s

d i t t i g f b d f Hi d pilg i
m a e n o s rn s o d th f th H i d
ea s or n u r m s, an o e rs o e n u

f i h
a t Th y
. id t b p p e d f th i p p
are sa by b i g p t
o e re are or s ur ose e n re ea

e dly t k with h
s ruc til th t ll ya p li g fll
am m e r, un e e x e rna a e rs, ee n o
‘

, eav e a

sm oo th f su r ace .

3 F
. i li t llip ti P ki (fig
a sc co es e ca, ar nson .

L Sid
oc . c n e .

O b Thi l h
s . th h t
s a so th f i
g g
as p i b t
e sam e c arac e rs as e ore o n s ec e s, u

i
s m uc h l g t d l t yli d i l L gth 7 2 4th f i h
e on a e , a m os c n r ca . en - s o an nc ;

b dth 3 2 4 h It b d b Hyd b d d
re a - t s . th B
a ou n s a ou t ra a , an near e uran

i
r ver, i p y wi th di l O bit li
n co m an b h ft d ib da sca r o te , to e e rea er e sc r e .

Th i th i g t di ti g i h th
e re s no p i n f o th b t s n u s e se s e c es one rom ano er u

th i ph i l ph id l d llip ti l f
e r s er ca , s p ti ly Th tw
e ro a , an e ca o rm s re s ec ve . e o

l tt
a pp t h th i p li l li i i S i d d t b p
er a e ar o av e e r e cu ar oca t es n c n e, an o e s ar

i gly i d g th
n m O th
xe th
to e t t f A bi
er . wh th y n e sou -e as coas o ra a, e re e

l f
are a so di p y with di l O bi t li t th ph i d l f
ou n n com an sca r o es, e s e ro a orm

i
s m os t D O b ig y h
com m on. d h th l t g ’
f hi
r n as m a e t em e as e nus o s
 A LY s o u NA . 1 36

se con d se cti o n of nautiloi dF oram i nife ra, b ut Ih ave inse rte d th i e r de s

cri
p tio n h e re, to sh ow th e transi tio n from th e flt t a o th e e lon ate
g d
form s of h is H e licostéy ues .

Le t us now re turn to th e d escri tions p of th e h

ot e r Num m uli te s,

w ich h wi ll b e found to diff er from th e fore go ing in th e b

a se nce of th e

sinuous line s on th e surface , and in th e p re se nce of th e re tic ulate d

structure m e nti one d .

NU M M U LI N A, D O rbigny
’
.
( S bu
g e nus .
)
4 . Num m ulari a a e uta S owe r by . E q uilate ral, di i d lsco a , wav y ;
ce ntre ra t e r a ru p tly h b p ro m
g ine nt,
in th i n, acu te ; surfac e re
m ar se nt p
i ng a subgranular, re tic ulate d structure, th e inte rsti ce s of w ic te nd h h
to a s pi ral arrange m e nt towar s th e d ci rcu m fe re nce . I nte rna lly con

si sti ng o f a t hi n ce ntral p lane of c h b

am e rs arrange d in a s pi l f
ra orm ,

wi t hly a e rs of co m p resse d ones a ove and b b lwi

e o t . Whorls num e rous .

C h am be rs h
t re e ti m e s as long as th e wh orl 1 8 broa d Sp. e ta straig t, or h
fl
bu t slightly re e c ted ; eac h ch am be r i vide d i nto th re e or m o re re ticu d
late di vi si ons by su b-se ta, w h i c structure , e x te ndi n
g f p
ro m t h e h
ci rcum fe re nce to th e ce ntral rom i ne nce ,
gi v e s th e su rface th e re ti c up
late d pp a e arance m e nti one d ; e ac h i nte rstice corres p ondi n
g to a com

p resse d ce ll, w ich hi s th e e x te rnal e x tre m it y of a co lum nar pi le e x te n d

ing dw o n, m ore or less re gularl y , to th e ce ntral pl ane . Di am e te r of

largest p
s e cim e ns 7 -1 2 t s oh f an i nc h hi k t c ne ss i n th e ce ntre 3-1 0 th s
( g
fi s 2 1 , .

Loc . Sid c n e .

Obs . Thi pp s a e ars to be N . acu ta, S owe r by (G, rant s

’
G eol . C utch ,

loc . ci t.
) from its su bg ranular su rface , siz e an d h p s a e. Id o not k now

any ot h p er s e c ie s li k i e t in Si d c n e, i f th is be no t th e one . T h e re is
p h
anot e r s e ci e s fi
( g s 1 9.
, 2 0 ) o f t i s c h arac te r w i c a ou n h
s i n th e h h b d
num m uli ti c roc k s at th e i sland o f Mas ira, o n th e so u t -e as t c oas t of h
Arabia, but thi pp s a ears to be N . Ga ra nsi a na .
( J ly Loy et e m e ri e ,

Mem . sur les Num m uli tes,

p l 1 , fig s 9 . . It i sl bg
a so su ranular

on th e s urface , and p rese nts th e re ti c ula te d t s ru cture of th e s e ci e s p

j ust d esc ri be d , but wit h a te n d yt
e nc o ra di ti
a on in i ts li ne s, w i ch h
a
p p i rox m ates i t to th e N um m uli te s of th e first class, and t e re fore h
i t pl
s h ace e re sh oul dp re ce de N . a cu ta . Its di am e te r is 9 -2 4 t hs of an

inch , and i ts th ic k ne ss 3-2 4 th s of an inc h .

Th e re ti cu a e l t d structure on th e surface, whi le i t c h arac te rizes thi s

sub e nus O f
g N um m uli na , also allies it stron
gl y
to O r bi toides . A no th er

h
c arac te r h h di
w ic stin ui s
g h es N . a cu ta from th e fore going p
s e ci es is
the greate r l ngth
e of th e c am h b bi er e ng in th e di rection of th e sp ire,
1 36 r oas t s s o na m m ns na m S C I ND E .
[Jo ni

inste a d of ac ro ss it, and its su bdi i i v s on into re ticu late ones, w ic h h ,

wi t h th e t i nne ss h of th e ce ntra l pl ane , im pli es a com m e nci n g disa a

p
p e arance , or im p e rfe ct s ta te , of th e latte r ge ne rall ; i t is y also m o re

b ptly p
a ru ro m i ne nt i n th e c e ntre , and t i nne r and m ore e x pan h d di
e n

th e m argin . h
All t is, w ile it se h p arate s N . a cu ta from th e Num m u li te s

of th e first class te n d s towards th e stru cture of O r bi toi de s, i n w i c h h

th e c h b am e rs of th e ce ntral pl ane are d b pi lly Th
arrange su s ra . e

li ne s, too, w ic h h are se e n d e sc e n di g i
n , n th i w ll i th di id l
s as e as no er sco a

F oram i nife ra, to th e ce ntral pl ane , are b t h u pq t filli g p

t e O a ue m a te r n u

th e i nte rstice s b tw e een th e re tic ulate h b

c am d i th id t f
e rs ; an n e m s o

w ich h are si tuate d th e p l

inte rse ta ve sse s, l wh i h p dw t h c ass o n o t e

c e ntral pl ane , and ram ify th gh t ro u ou h h ll

t e s e .

C YC LO STEGU ES, D O rbigny

’
.

O R nrro rnns, D O rb
’
'
.

l . Dy cop h ris disp a nsus , S ow e r by (G . rant s

’
G e ol C th l . u c , oc . ci t .
)
D i id l
sco a , y
w av , m ore or q il le ss e u ate ral, c e ntre a b p ly p
ru t ro m ine nt,
m ar
gi n ex p ddan e d
, an i ly hi e x ce ss v e t n a nd fragile at t e e h dg e surface

su bg ranular o r t b l t d p i lly
u e rc u a e , es ec a ov e r th e c e ntral
p rom ine nce s
tu b e rcle s ro un d , irre gular in size h by t ll t and s h p it d
a e , un e toge t er s e a e

li ne s I t lly p
. i g
n e rna t re se nt n f q d l
an e x re m e
g ly thi p l n ane o ua ran u ar

c h bam p d i lly bl g d
e rs, c om re sse
g d b
v e rt ca p i l ly , o on , an arran e su s ra ,

with h i l g t i i h di
e r on i f h h i
ax s t l di
nt e f th h ll
re ct on o t e or zon a am e te r o e s e .

C om p d h b b re sse c d b l w th
am t l pl
e rs a ov e an
g d i e o e ce n ra ane , arran e n

i
suc cess v e ly li k th fN
a e rs, li t d e l
ose o h um m u e s, an m o re or e ss o v e r e ac

h
o t e r, so as f l to h i h di t
orm l
co um ns,
g l ly f w c ra a e m ore o r e ss re u ar ro m

th t l pl
e ce n ra t h p i ph y ane d d i
o h t eb l bf er er , an en n t e tu e rc es e o re

m en ti d Di t f l g p i
one . am e e r oh lf i h (fig 23 ar e st s e c m e ns a an nc s.

L ac .S i d C t h d A bi
c n e, u c , an ra a.

Ob I h l dy t t d th t th h b f th t l pl
s . av e a re a s a e a e c am e rs o e ce n ra ane

( g
fi 2.4 ) f thi g o sf t l l
e nus com m e ncel T h i l l i ro m a ce n ra ce . s ce s

s ph id l lli pti l d p h p lit l l g h th g lity

e ro a or e ca , an er a s a t e ar e r t an e e ne ra

o f h t ose w hi h d i th c t f
succe e d i il t d th e ne x orm e s se m unar, an en

c om e s a p hpd h b ear-s twa e f wh i h h

c am t h t
e r or o a te r c , t e re s , t a are

in con ac t t wi h th t l ll
t e l p lyg l F
ce n ra ce , are m ore or e ss o o na . rom

e ac h f th h b o e se ff c li amf th i
e rs pi l f
com e s o a ne o o e rs n a s ra orm ,

wh i h di i i hi g b p tly i
c , m ns b dth t i t p th b k f
n a ru n rea , e rm na es u on e ac o

th p e di g th fi t b i g h h t t t thi
re ce n one , e rs d th e n t e s or es ; o s succe e s ano er

i
se r es o f li w t i ti g i li k
ne s o r ro s, b t f w id
e rm na t n n e m anne r, u o e r ex e n

s i on n d
; a i ly t il th pl n
so on success ve b f t t d pp
, un e a e , as e ore s a e , a e ars
 o anrro xnns . 137

to be form e d of conce ntric circles . Sowe rh y

’
a account and figures of
th e e x te rna and l i nte rnal structure of h
t is fossil (loc . ci t. ) accor d wi th
m y ow n b
o se rvati ons ; bu t Dr C ar . p e nte r, ( Q uart . J ourn . G e ol. Soc .

lac . c it .
) h
I t i nk, h as b e en m isle di n consi e ring th e d pill ars of S o we r by
no th i ng m ore t an th e o a ue m atte r h pq filli ng th e p e rforations si nce

by a
p ro
p e r se cti on h
t ese colum ns are b f t t d t b th
se e n, as e ore s a e , o e e

pil es O f com p d ll (fig re sse ce s . as th ye d f th t l pl

asce n rom e cen ra ane

su rrou n d d by h e pq tt t e O a ue m a er
”
t
o th p iph y It i i hi
e er er . s n t s

O
p q a tt
ue m a th t D C p er t
”
a r. ar e n e r s
’
p f ti e r ora i t t d th t
”
ons are s ua e , a

i i th i t
s, n pt l i t ll l
e n e rse a or n e rce u a r s aces, p whi h i t p ti lly fill hi
c ar a s s

p f t
e r o rai b i g th ons i fi f t
e n h e or ce s o e i t
n e rse pt l l d ib d i th
a v esse s e scr e n e

t t
s ru c u re o f th h ll f Op li A bi (L i t )
e s e o ercu na ra ca . ac. c .

I th i p i f O bi t id w h
”
n s s e c es o th t ll
r li o iti ges e av e e s e ate nes un n , or

as it w pp ti g th l
e re su or f th n ll Th y i t fb
e co um ns o e ce s. e cons s o ars or

v er ti l pt f p q
ca se tt
a o t di g f
o a ue m a l t th er ex en n rom one co um n o ano e r,

i t i gh t li
n s ra b t di i i hi g i thi k
nes, u t w d h m ns l pl n n c ness o ar s t e ce ntra ane ,

wh th y b
e re f i t
e d t l t di pp
e com e lt g th
an an Th y f a as sa e ar a o e e r. e orm

th e ly di ti g i hi g h
on s t n usb w th i p i d O bit id
n c arac e r et een s s e c es an r o es

P ttii ( ill t ti t D C p t p p l it ) y t I ’
ra see us ra ons o r. ar e n e r s a e r, oc . c . e am

p retty t h t I h
sure th a i ti f
av e se e n th l tt th em n a se c on o e a e r, near e

cen rat l pl (w h f
ane th y w
e re o t p t t
course h f ) e e re no re se n on e su r ace,

j ust as th y p e t d i fi
are re
g 1 4 b f D C
re se n ep t ill t ti n . o r . ar e n e r s
’
us ra ons,

wh i h thi c th g d
s au f t or re f d i
ar s as ab d p i H e a ure o an u n e sc r e s e c es . e nce

I i li d t th pi i th t Ly p h i dfip
am nc ne o e O n on d O bi t id a co r s ansus an r o es

Prattii are bu t v arie t es o i f th e sam e fossil .

I sh oul d also h e re m e nti on, th t wh

a en th e ce ntral pl ane of Ly coph ris
di sp e ns e s 1s
g roun ddw t o n o an e x tre m e h
t inne ss, an i nte rse tal s acep p
a pp ears be twe en th pt e se a and an o pq a ue line 1n th e ce ntre o f it, in i d .

cati v e of th e form e r e xiste nce of an inte rse tal p v e sse l h

t e re , as in
Op e rcs lina and Num m ula ria h
t is is also see n i n Dr . C p ar e nte r s
’

illustrati ons (fig .

2 Ly cop h ri s ep h ipp ium

. , S w by o er .
(Loo . ci t. )
Le e utch. C .

Obs . h
O f t is fossil Mr . S w by o er states h tw f il [Ly T ese o oss s so

p i r is di sp e ns e s and L ep h ip p i m ] . m ay p i bly b difl t t g

oss e
'

ere n s a es of

g r ow th O f th e sam e sp e ci es, w ic h h see m s t y p b bl

o m e ve r ro a e.

3 Or bi toides Prattii
. .

La c Scinde , C atch , Ara ia

. b .

Obs . Ih av e j ust atate d th e re asons wh ich induce m e ta th ink th at

th is i s m e re l y a varie ty of Ly m p h -
is disp e n s e .

18
 F O S S IL F O R M I NI F ER A A I N S C I ND E .

- D O rbigny
’
O a nrro nr r l zs, '
.

l .
( H J
Orbi toli tes M a nte lli C ) N li t M t ll
.i M t . . . um m u es an e ,
or on.

(Q t
uar J . G l S
ourn l . i p eo . O bi t i doc M . t ll
voi . v . . r o es an e ,

D O big y (I b ) Di id l w y q il t l i q il t l
’
r n . . s co a ,
t av , e u a e ra or n u a e ra ; ce n re

b ptly p i t
a ru rom b th id
ne n i
on one or
g l p d do s e s, m ar n m ore or e ss e x an e ,

ve r y thi pl w yn, ane or l bt t th dgav , m ore or f e ss o use a e e e su r ace

sm oo th bg l , su t b l t d
ranu ar o r p i lly th p i t
u e rcu a e , es ec a ov e r e ro m ne n

p ti f th t t b l i t
or ons o e ce n re d i gl i i d u e rc e s m nu e , roun , rre u ar n s ze an

s h p I t lly p ti g t l pl thi t th t thi k

a e . n e rna re se n n a ce n ra ane , n a e ce n re , c

a t th i f
e c rcu m p d f ph id l l g t d ll
e re nce , com ose llo s e ro a or e on a e ce s, sm a

i th
n t l g t th
e ce n re, i f
ar e a pl d i w whi h pp e c rc um e re nce , ace n ro s c a e ar

t h
o ave ti a conce n r c t b t th i i i d t
arran e m e n i b l ll u s s n e e rm na e ce s
g ,

a lt t i
e rna e dj i i g w C p d h b b
n a o n n ro s . db l w om re sse c am e rs a ov e an e o

th t l pl
e ce n ra
g d i ane , arran e i l y li k th f O b i t id
n su c ce ss ve a e rs e ose o r o es

an dN li t um m u l e s, h th
m ore or t f l
e ss ov e r e ac o e r, so as o orm co u m ns

wh i h cdi t f ra th a et l pl rom t th p iph y wh e ce n ra th y d ane o e er er , e re e en

i th g
n e l ti t b
ranu a l ti
ons or d Di t f l g t p i u e rc e s m e n one . am e e r o ar es s ec

m e ns h lf i h ( fig 30 a an nc s. ,

F ig 32 33 34 pps. , t b , ly i ti i f
a e ar f th o e m e re v ar e es n orm o e sam e

s p ie c e s.

L S i d A bi
oc . c n e, ra a .

0 6 Thi f il th gh t fi t ight l
8 . s oss , t id ti l with O bi t i d
ou a rs s a m os en ca r o e s,

is ne v e r th l i t e ess i ti on m t i k i gly d iff

nu e t l t It i
e x am na on s r n e re n . s . s

f or h t p t i q il t
t e m os l hi h t l t i th pp it with
ar ne u a e ra , w c a e as s e o os e

Ly p h i di p
co r s it sf l i
a nsus th f th g
s sur ace a so l ti s sm o o er rom e ranu a ons

big e n i tm ore m 2 d Th nu e t l pl . i thi i th n . t e d ce n ra ane s n n e ce n re an

th i k t th
c ai f i O bi t i d it i
e c rcum e re nce t ly d if n ly r o es s e x re m e an u n orm

th i th
n
gh t 3 d
rou I t i ou p . d f r p l l.i y f l y s f
c om ose o a u ra t o a e rs o

s ph id l l g t d ll (fig 36 37) i O bi t id it i t f
e ro a on e on a e ce s s .
, ; n r o es cons s s o a

i gl l y
s n e f q d a er o g l ll ( g
fi u a ran u ar ce 4 th T h ll y s . . e ce s are ve r

m i t nu e and f dly d
con u se
g i th t i O b i t
arran e i d h y n e ce n re ; n r o es t e are

as l g i th ar e t n t y
e t h
ce n rep t d di ti as l y a
g d
an o er ar , an s nct arran e .

All thi whil i t t d t p t O bi t id M t lli D O b f ’

s, e en s o se ara e r o es an e , r .
, ro m

Ly p l i di p
co zr a wh i h i s typ
a ns us, f th g O bi t i d c pp s a i e o e e nus r o e s, a rox

t
m a es it j t h us t as O bi t li t
m uc h y
m ore f o r o es e nce m reasons or

c h gi g it
an n s nam e .

Th bg l t b l t d f whi h thi p i
e su ranu ar or u e rcu a e w ll orm c s s e c es, as e as

Dy p l i di p
co tr s p t t lly i f th t iti f
s a nm , re se n s ex e rna , ar se s rom e ex re m es o

th l
e co um ns o f p d ll p j ti g b th f i com re sse ce s d ro e c n a ov e e sur ace , ncrease

som e ti p b bly h y th i t ll l b t h i g b w
m e s, ro a ,
'

e n e rce u ar su s ance av n een orn

 o a s rro m rss .
'
1 39

or dissolve y; d awa b ut t is is h not th e case towar s th e ci rcum d fe re nce,

on account of th e colum ns bi e n
g s h orte r, m ore v e rtical, and t he re

fore neare r toge t e r, wh i c h h of course re n e rsd th e i nte rcellular s ace p

sm alle r .

Th e se pt a se e n in a v e rti cal se ction of th e ce ntral pl ane consist of

p
O a ue m atte r,
q h h w ic su rrou n s d th e colum ns, and as th e latte r e nd m ore

or less in pi td t
o n e e x re m i ti e s u p on an im aginar y t l pl w ft ce n ra ane , e o en

see th ose O f th pp e o osi te si d e inte rkni ttin g wi h th d

t th h em , an e c am

b e rs O f th e ce ntre Of th e pl ane assu m i ng a triangular sh ape ( g

fi 39) .

som e ti m e s t e hy
q d gl are p
ua ran u ar, thand th e se ta continuous across e

pl (fig 38 ) t th th y
ane . a bl g ti lly d
o e rs e d
are O on ve r ca , an curve a

littl e outw d li k th ar s, pt ie ti l
e se ti f th
a see n t l n a v e r ca sec on O e ce n ra

pl f N
ane O li tum m uwhi h i th i es , f t w d th
c s i e r com m on orm o ar s e c rcum

f e re nce fi
( g 3 6 ) w .h il j t ft th e, t l p l
us i as O p d f
e n, e cen ra ane s com o se O

tw o or th l y re e f ph id l ll
a e rs O ti s ( g
fi 3 7
e ro f w ah i h I
ce s en re . rom c am

i li d
nc ne i f th t wh
to n e r, th th a f pp it i
e re e ly f
o er orm s a e ar, s m e re rom

th e llce i gi t
s runn n h th ti lly
n o e ac d th i p i t o i th i
er ver ca , an e r ar e e s n s

di ti di pp i g p ti lly lt g th I e i i g
re c on sa e ar n ar a or a ti l o e e r. n x am nn a ve r ca

se c ti f th i pl
on O w s f q tly
ane , b th t
e re y th p ue n o se rv e a e ve r o e r s ac e

i
s a se pt dum ,t an ll th i ino wi g t th
a ce ll b i g s g d
s o n o e ce s e n arran e

l
a te rna e t ly i dj i i g w n a o n n ro s.

2 O bi t li t
. r o Eq il t l
e: i q il t l di
7
. u id l p t
a e ra or ne u a e ra , sc o a , a u

lous, m ore or l w y g d lly di i i hi g i

ess av , thi k
ra ua f th m ns n n c ne ss rom e

t
ce n re , whi h p j t c littl b
ro e c s a th g l f t th
e a o ve g i e e ne ra sur ace , o e m ar n,

w hi h i th i
c s th g h
n, l
ou b t t th
m ore o r d g I t he ss o use a e e e. n o e r re s

p t th t t f thi i th
ee s e s ruc ure o th t f th l t p i
s s e sam ed as a o e as s ec es e

scr ib d e Di t f l g t p i
. am e e r O 2 i h ar es hi k 3 24th fs e c m e ns nc e s ; t c ne ss - s O

an nc i h (fig 40 s .
,

L oc .Si d c n e .

Th g t p i t f difie rea b tw thi d th l t p i

o n s o
’
e re nce e een s an e as s e c es

are , th t i t ia t b p tly p
s no i t i th
a ru t d di i i h
rom ne n n e cen re , an m n s es

g d
ra ua ll y t th o g i I t l
e m ar t t i n f . l g i a so ad D a ns a ar ar e r s ze ; an , as r.

C p t h
ar e n e r k d l
as re m ar e it ti , ac i t d f b i g
. c .
, som e m es se e m s, ns e a o e n

i b d di k t h p d it lf i g l ly i y di
”
i
a c rc um sc r e s , o ave s rea se rre u ar n eve r re c

ti on . Th l tt e h t i t
a er c p li t it h w th t
arac e r s no m ore e c u ar o , o e ve r, an o

th f e
g g
orei p o ni s e c es .

F rom it f q s td p p t l
re ue n dw y f
ee ,
t th h i
a u ous an t l av orm , oo, e or z on a

se c ti ons o f thi O b it lit i s h r t i i wh i h i

o e n y b i
t e m b dd d a rx n c tm a e m e e

o ft i di t
en n t ll t
ca e a s e th pl fig whi h h w i t
a e , or o e r com ex u re , c , o e v e r, s no

th e case ;f with th or pti f th f li e e x ce t i on o e o ace ous e x e ns on m en

140 ro ssn. ro u m s ra aaa i s sc m ns .
[Jo n

ti one d, i t see m s alm ost always to be discoi dl a . It i s som e tim e s th icker

On one side th an th e oth er, li ke th e last p i
s ec e s, bu t tends m ore to a

h i t l th n
or zon a a p a th f
v erti cal ly de ve lo m e nt, a nd ere ore m ore near

app h th proac i es b t t b d ib d whi h i lt g th di l

e s e c es a ou o e e sc r e , c sa o e er sca ,

d with t y i ou t ti an ith id b i g p t ti ly
ncrus a on on e er s e, e n re rese n a ve on

of th t l pl
e ce n ra f thi d th l t p i ane o s an e as s e c es.

D O b ig y g i wh i h th i i t ti
’
O bi t li
’
r n s e nus r o na, n c e re s an ncrus a on on

o ne sid ly I h e on ty t , l fig 33 b
ave no id d p i e see n, un ess . e cons e re a s e c es,

wh e re id i p lone d th
s e th s b t thi
ane I th i k
an e o e r conve x ; u s, n ,

m a y b i
e ty i f
a var e f ith f th f ni
g g p i
orm f lt O e er O e ore o n s e c es, or, a er

all i t h
, i ast ti an f p d ll th
ncrus a on o pl i d com re sse ce s on e ane s e,

l h gh
a t ou tp i no t Th t p i ro mI id t h ne n . i a s e c es cons er o av e no ncrus

t ti
a wh
on th ll d
ere t l pl e ao-ca et th f ce n ra ane com es o e sur ace .

D O rbigny
’
C v cm u wa, .

l Cy cloli na p cdrm cula ta (

. . H J C ) I q il t
. . . ne u a e ral, di i d l
sco a ,

sm h h
oot , t i n i n th e ce ntre , wit h ll p pill y
a i sm a a ar em ne nce on one

sid th i k t th
e ;
gi p
c ti g a e m ar n rese n n conce ntric circles on th e surface ,

alt t ly
e rna e i d dd p d with ra se an e re sse , ce lls arrange d circ ularl y , whi ch
are h dly i ibl t th k d y (fig
ar v s e o e na e e e . C ll
e s sm all in th e ce ntre,
e nlargi n
g towards th e fe re nce , sp e roi al i nte riorl , e longate at
ci rcum h d y d
th e surface ( g
fi . arran e
g i n c i d
rcular rows alternate i n e ach row .

Diam e te r O f largest s p ec im e ns 1 0 -1 2 th s of an inch k

; thic ness at th e
m argin l -4 8 th Of an inc h (Pl II . . figs 42 , .

Loc . Sid c n e.

0 63 . Thi s is, as hi g b th
it were, t l pl
not f th {b n ut e ce n ra ane o e re

oin
g g ps e cie s th t i it da l p
s, t t h
s th big i
ev e o m e n res s e re , ere e n no a
crustation on e ith id d
er s p d ll b
e , an b l w th
no com re sse ce s a ov e or e o e

di sc . Ih ave ca ll d it p d
e l t f th e li t l p pill y
uncu a a i rom e te a ar em nence

i n th e ce ntre on one s i d th i b i g e,t t i th sf w p i e nI c ons an n e e s e c m e ns

p ossess.

T h us we h
d i d ipti f th i pl til id f
av e p asse , n e scr on, rom e s m e nau o orm

i whi h th pi d pt ll i ibl ly t
'

of Op li e rcu na , n t c e s re an se a are a v s e e x e n or , o

A i li
ss wh th y
na, l b d i th t th t
e re e are m ore o r ess o scure n e ce n re ; e nce o

N li
um m u wh th ina , dditi f p d h b ere e re s an a on O com re sse c am e rs on

h i d th t l pl
e ac s e p di g b d b l w i t th gl b l
e ce n ra ane , e x an n a ove an e o n o e o u ar

form of N . obtuse and e longating i n Alveoli na . Re tu rning to th e

su bg e nu s Of Num m uli na, w ich hp re se nts th e re ticulate d structure
”

e xte rnall y , we h av e p asse d on to Orbi toides, wh e re th e

’
ch aracteristi c

spi rO -ce ntral pl ane of th e nautiloi df orm s of Foram inife ra is b gie nni ng
 c re m ai ns . 14 1

to disapp ear, and th en to Orbi toli tes, w ere i t is h e ntire l yi n o ; e ndi ng

wit h Cy clolina , w ic h hb e ars th e sam e re lati on, in th e i p li ity
s m c of its
structure, to Orbi toli tes, t h t Op a e rculis a b e ars to Num m uli ti c .

EX PLAN TIO N O F PL TE I I A A .

Op t-
re a li ses i ne qni latcra h s ( Na 2 Va tical se ction of di tto
'

1 . . . .

-i V e rti cal sec ti o n of di tto

3 . 0 .
( No . 4 . .

5 . A ssiliaa i rregula r“( NO . 6 V erti cal secti on Of di tto

. .

Pi g. 7 . .4 ( No . 8 . V erti cal se cti on of ditto .

Pi g. 9 N um . m uli ti c ( No . 10 . V e rti cal se cti on o f di tto .

Fi g 1 1 N llecap u t ? ( No V ertical secti on of

'

. . . rm . 12 . di tto .

F ig . 13 . N . obtuse , So we rby ( No . 14 . V erti cal secti on of di tto .

16 . M an il a -
sp am ice , Lam arck ( NO 1 6 M sp h e roi de a , i d ( NO . . . . .

1 7 F asci soli tes ellip ti ca , Parki nson ( No

. 1 8 Arrange m e nt of th e . .

sep tal li ua at th e ap e x i n th e last th ree sp e ci es .

Fi g . 19 . N um m li tes Ga rs nsia na 20 . V e rti cal secti on of di tto .

Fig 2 1
. . N um m u la r ia a cu te , S o we rb y( NO . a , m agni fie d v ie w of re ti culate d

structure o n th e surface . 22 . V e rti cal se c ti o n of di tto .

F ig 23
. . Ly m p h ri s disp e ns e s , S o we r by NO 1 ) . a , m agni fi ed v ie w Of re ti c ulated

str uc ture o n th e surface 24 . . V e rti cal secti on of di tto 26 . . S te i iate ar

range m e nt of tube rcles, m agni fie d. 26 . C entral part of ce ntral p lane Of

c h am be rs, m agni fi ed . 27 . Porti on o f verti cal se cti on o f di tto di tto . 28 .

M agnifi ed vi e w o f se p ta, sh ow i ng interse ptal space s and re m ains of ia

te rse p tal vesse l ? 29 . V e rti cal colum ns of ce lls e ndi ng i n tu bercles ,

m a ni
g fied .

F i g 30
. . O r bi toli tes M a nte lli N
( o . a , m agni fie d vi e w of re ti c ulate d struc ture

of th e surface . 31 . V e rti cal secti o n of di tto . 32 , 33, 34 . Ve rtical

se cti ons of veri sti a .

F i g 35
. . C e ntral p lane of O rbi toli tes M a ntelli , m agni fi ed . 36 . V erti cal secti on

of e longate d cells of di tto . 37 . V e rti cal sec ti on wh e re th e ce lls are

e nti re , and h ave not r un into eac h o th er. 38 . V erti cal se cti on of ce ntral

part of central p lane w h e re th e ch am be rs are q uadrangular. 39 . Di tto

wh e re th e i nte rna l e nds of th e co lum ns lnte rlace wi th eac h oth e r .

vi ew of snrtu ce , sh owi ng rotle n

'

F ig 4 0 O r bi toli te: N m agni fied

. .
( O 2 ) ,
: a.

la te d str uc ture b, th e sa m e s ti ll m o re m agni fie d c, arrangem e nt of th e

ce lls of th e ce ntral p lane towards th e c i rcum fere nce . 41 . V e rti cal se c ti on
of di tto .

F ig 42
. . C y clolina p edunc ula ta ( NO . 43 V e rti cal se cti on of di tto
. . 44 . Ar
range m e nt and form of ce li s i n ve rti cal se cti on of di tto. 46 . Di tto on th e
surface .
Aa r '
. IX — Descrip tion of
. O rbitolite s M alabaric a, i llus tra ti ve
of th e C Sp i ra l
o nce ntr i c A rra nga nd not
em e nt of C h a m bers

i n D O rbigny s O rde r Cy clos tégues

’ ’
By H J C ARTER, . . .

Esq , Assistant S urge on, B

. o m bay Esta blish m e nt With .

a Plate .

Prese nted i 7 th Fe bruary 1 863 .

O a nrrO e r-
zs M am a s a rc s .
( H J . C ) . .

De scrip ti on — F ree , iscoi . d d l th i pl a , n, ane o r s ligh tly concave on one

d
si e , c onve x on th e o t e r, h th p sm oo re se n ti g pi l li
n s ra nes on th e
su rface e x te n di ng from th e ce ntre to th e ci rcum fe rence . M argin
h k
t ic , rou n d , ru
goso re t c u ate
- i l lo ngi tudi nall y , wi t h one or m ore p o res

in th e i nte rstice s ; e ac hp ore su rrou n e d d by a raise d ri m or b d or e r.

Si ze , l -3oth of an i nc h thi k c at th e c irc u m fe re nce ; 7 to 8 -l 2 t h s of an

inc h i di n am e te r ( Pl t a e IL, A, figs 1 8r .

I nterna l S truc ture — . C om

p o se d Of se v eral y la e rs of c h b am e rs,

wh i c h are form e d o f as m an yt f u rns o an i ncline d pl ane in a v e rtica l

S pi re ; cov e re d e x te rna lly by th i i a n nc rustati on, th rou

gh w hi h th c e

ch b am b e se e n
e rs m a
y a m a n wi th
ng glass o f low o erg i fy i
am p w Ch .

be rs arran e
g i n c d
onti nuo us s i ral rows, e x te ndi n
p g fro m th e c e ntre to

th e ci rc um fe re nce , and i ncre asing i n nu m e r ou twar s ( fig 2 ) alte r b d .

dj
nate i n a oini ng rows, sm all i n th e c e ntre , largest towar s th e circum d
fe re nce , and in th e su p e rfici al la y e r on b th ido s e s, w h e re th e y are

O bl on
g or ov oi d i
v e rt ca y
ll ( g )
fi 4 . e ac h p ti re se n ng two rou n d p a er

tu re s com m uni ca ti n
g wit h th e ne x t ou te r and i nne r c h b am e rs ; th e
o ute r p
a e rture of th e e x te rnal ro w O
p e ni ng on i
g ( g
n fi th e m ar .

S pte ht ( d b i g p
a straig , an e n e rp e n di c ular to th e , and alte rnate in a oin dj
i g
n w, f h
ro b ) f s O c am e rs, orm i ng broke n pi
s ral li ne s ru nni n
g i n th e

O
p p i t d
osi ti t e h re c on o t em , so as to p re se nt th e linear pp a e arance se e n

on th e case O f an e ngi ne -turne d w t h (fig 2 ) b a c . u t w ith th pti e e x ce on,

th at in th e f th
orm e r li i e i bne s nc re as e n nu m e r ou tw d by th ddi
ar s e a

tion O f m ore ro w f h s o b c th h d d
am e rs on e one an , an m ore se ta on
p th e
h j
o t e r, ust as i O bi t i d
n r D O b ig y
o esp h i .
’
r n
’
s
“
co u e or zontale ,
”
t h e re

fore , Of th e l tt ( C
a er ele t d P lé t
ours t Gé l m en . e a on . e o . v ol. ii . p . 1 93)
 n asc m r n o n o r o a nrrom ras n s ns ns nrc s
' '
. 1 43

is not corre ct, for t ht a

'

is i d e nti cal wi t h th e line s on th e b k ac of an

en
gi ne -tu rne w atch d .

a l
Loc i ty — A oun i ng i n an i m u re ,
. b d p b hglui s - re e n ar
g i llac eo us li m e

stone (of th e P ?
le i oce ne O f form ations ) a b t 30 f b h ou eet e ne at th e su rface
at C hi oc n o n th e Mala b ar coas t th
, h ll f wh i h th gh d p i d
e s e s o c , ou e r ve

of h i t e r ani m al m atte r, are till w hi

s d p l l ite an u ve ru e nt, or se m

y t lli
cr s a ne .

O bse rvo ti ons .

— I n th e fore oin
g g pp a e r, p 129 I h
.
, av e state d, t ht a

D O rb igny is
’
not w arrante d i n gi vi n
g th e di ti g i hi
s n u s ng c h arac te r of

conce ntri c it yt o th e rows of c h b am e rs in h is o rde r Cy ‘

c los ttgu es, for i n
h is t h
first ge ne ra, w ic
re e h h ll lik i thi p t w h are a a e n s re s ec , e av e see n

h p b d t i i d i hi l t
t at it is alm ost i m o ssi le to f wh i h e e rm ne t an n s as o ne , o c

Ly p l i di p
co zr s i ty p eit i id t th t th i i
a ns us s a t h b t e, s ev en a s s no t e c ase , u

th t h
a h b
t e c am
g d b p i lly
e rs are arran e su s ra .
”

I h d lw y b i p d wi h h i d th t pi l g t
a a a s een m resse t t e ea a a s ra arran e m e n

o f th h b e c th
am p i ti g h t i th di id l
e rs w as e m ost e rs s n c a rac e r n e sco a

F oram i if d lth gh I h d
n e ra , an d di d a t ti g h i i
ou a s ucce e e n e m ons ra n t s n

O bi i d ( I
r to es I ld t d i h th g
oc . f D O big
cou no o so n t e o er e ne ra o
’
r

n y
’
Cys l t ég f
c os th ll
u cs, f th ll
rom d t h i f i e sm a ne ss o e ce s an e r con u s on

i th
n t
e f th p i Ip
c e n re o d I th e j t d ib d
s ec es osse sse . n e one us e scr e ,

hw o th
e v e r,i d bt f it e re Th li
s no f h b ou th w o . e ne s o c am e rs are ro n

fi f ti l pi i th f f p k f w k
'

O rom a ver ca s t yfi
re , n e orm O s ar s rom a rota o r re - or ,

as I h b f t d f O bi t i d
ave e ore d if i t b th
s ate i o r o es an , e e case n one

p i f O bi t lit it i
s e c es o r t p b bly th
o e s, i ll di DO s m os ro a e case n a , an n
’
r

big y g whi h i b t t d d f
’
n sO bi t li
e nus l r o na, a so, f th c s u an e x e n e orm O e

t t
sam e s ruc u ra lf d ti ou n a on .

H if thi e nce i gb ll w d i t
s reaso n n f ll w th t D O big y e a o e , m us t o o , a
’
r n
’
s

te rm f hi d i i
or t s or e r f th h b s a m t g dsnom e r, or e c am e rs are no arran e

i t i i l
n conce n r c c rc e s as i t w ld i p ly b t p i lly i h di i ou m , u s ra , as n ot e r sco

dal Foram ini fe ra .

Ih d thi p i O bi t li t M l b i f it l lity
av e nam e s s ec es r o es a a a r ca rom s oca ,

th p i fi difi
e s ec cb tw it d th th k w p i (with
'

e re nces e e en an e o er no n s ec es

th pti f th pi l li
e e x ce on O th f ) t b
e si g g i b l
ra nes on e sur ace no e n re co n z a e

by th i t d y
e u nass s e e e

I d ti ty of L
en k g O bi t li t d D O big y Cy l li
am arc
’
s enus r o es a n
’
r n
’
s c o na .

Th pp t
e re a t b ears y littl di ff
o m e b tw L k o e ve r e e re nce e ee n am arc
’
s

g O
e nus bi t li t r d D O b i
o
g y C y l li
e s an j d i
g g f th fi g
’
r n
’
s c o na , u n rom e ure s

E p i ti
’
of th f e i t b
orm e r, 73 fig 13 16 f L
n a . . s. -
, O am ouroux s x os on

Mé h di q d P lyp i
t o ue d f th l t
es i t b
o i fig 2 2 2 5 f
e rs,
’
an o e a te r, n a . xx . s .
-
, o

D O bi g y d B i T t d Vi B th
’ ’ ’
r F n F s oram e n . oss . u as s n er . e e nne . o are

m ar i
g p d
no orous, anb th w i h t p th f ( C op t t ou o re s on e sur ace se e ar e n e r,
 1 44 nasc a rr rro u o r o anrro nrrm
'
u s u na m c s . [Jun

Q uart . G eol . J ourn. vi . p . 31) wh ile th e concentric circles re p rese nt

e d in D O rbigny
’ ’
s C y c loli na cr cta cca ( loc . ci t .
) find t hi p
e r aralle l also

i n Lam arc k ’
s Or bi toli tcs concave . C yi arr ng ou t t hi s re asonin
g also , we
find it state d by D C p r . ar e nte r ( loc . ci t .
) p
re s e cti n
g t h e Australian
p
s e cies Of Q uoy and Gai m ard and Or bi to li tcs com p la na ta , t h at hy
t e

a ree close l
g yi n ev e r yp arti cular sav e th e form of th e p
su e rficial
”
ce lls and as th e fo rm e r and Or bi toli tes M a la ba r i ca will be see n to be
still m ore intim atel y allie d , it also follows, t h a t all h p
t e se s e cies s oul h d
com e u n e r th e d ge nus Or bi toli te s o f Lam arck . Th e c ham be rs I p a

p h d
re en g d p i lly
are arran e i ll th gh th p sfi i l
ra li n a , ou e su er c a nes on ly
app t b i 0 M l b i
e ar o e so n . a a a r ca .

It th f t (
e re ore se e m sth g h f I k th
o m e k ou o course m a e ese re m ar s

with hdf h D h d ’
l
’
m uc ) t t O b i
e erence
g y g C y l li a b r n s e nus c o na s ou e a

p i i L k O bi t li t h th l tt g w ld b h
s ec es n am arc
’
s r o es t en e a er e nus ou e c a

t i d by
rac e r z e thi ph i t ti a nth f
a m or th gh ous nc ru s a on on e sur ac e ro u

w hi h thc h b e c am l i i bl with
e rs are m ore or g i fy i gg l ess v s e a m a n n ass

d i D O big y O bi t li th i w ld b t i d
’
t ti h
’
an n r n s r o na, e ncrus a on ou e c arac e r ze

by it ll l t t
s ce i O bi t id
u ar s ruc ure , d i g th p i as n r o e s, re n er n e s e c es or

i ti
v ar e l
es m ore or ess conv ex on one or b th id I thi th o s es . n s case e

i
s e c es
p i th f ng gi p p e ll d o re
p ti lyo nO b i t li t d
a e r, ca e res e c ve r o es an

Cy l li
c o h ld b
no, s ou d O bi t li d O bi t li t e nam e * r o na an r o es .

EX PLAN TIO N o r PL TE A A A .

-
O rbi tolites M a la ba r ice natural si ze .
,

Portio n of th e ce ntre m agni fie d, sh owi ng th e sp i ral arrange m e nt of th e

ch am be rs .

Porti o n of th e m argi n m agni fie d, sh owi n

g th e m arginal ap e rtures.

Porti on of th e i nte rnal, or O pp osi te , side of th e rows o f c h am be rs , sh owi ng

si m i lar ape rtures —also th e large O blong or ovoid ch am be rs of th e s urface .

Th is and th e fore goi ng Arti cles , toge th er wi th Art V . .

p . 4m , vol . i v h ave ,
.

wi th sligh t and uni m p ortant alteration, be e n rep ri nte d fro m th e Annals and

Magaz ine of Natural History , ”

on account of th ei r local as well as general
Aa r X
'
. .
-N ote on an a
ppare ntly ne w genus o f Gaste ropod . By
A H Lnrrn, Esq
. . .
,
MD . .

Prese nte d 1 7 th March 1 863 .

Tr ue m inute Mollusk is m e t with on th e s ore s of th e islan h d of

B b y by
om a , p th e edge s of salt-wate r ools, m oving on th e m oist e art h or

k d t ki g h lt d t
roc s, an a It hi f p li ity i h i g
n s e er un e r s ones. s c e ecu ar s av n

p l t g th with tw y tipp d t t l
an o e rcu um , o e er o e e- e e n acu es.

Th A i l he b d h tf t h d p ddi t b d
nm a as a roa , s or oo , a ea ex an e n o a roa

and lightly
s gi t d lip d f
e m arf t ly tw t t l
na e , use as a ore - oo , on o e n acu es,

whi h c h t ly yli d i l
are s or t il db
, i g th
near y c n r ca , con ract e , an e ar n e e es on

th i
e r sum mit Th pi t y p i g is . d p f ti i th
e res ra or o en n s a roun e r ora on n e

m an tl b hi d th
e, igh t t t el n e r e n acu e .

Op l i h
ercu um y with b pi l li sn i g f orn l , su s ra nes, ru n n rom a nuc e us

S h e ll sub-um bili cate d , wi t h an e levate d pi s re p

a e rture roun e dd
b l w d t th
e o , an it g l p it
a dg d t b fi
e sum m an u ar e r s om e e e , a ase e
'

use ,

li p s it d by
un e ll whi h h th ca us, c e ncroac es on, or ev e n cov e rs e

um bili cus .

B li i g th t thi g i w it i p p d t ll it O n
e ev n a s e nus s ne , s ro ose o ca r am

c s a os, with f t it tw y b i t t l
re e re nce
g o s o e e - e ar n en acu es .

Th p i h b f d f whi h th h ll y b th
ree s ec es ave een oun , o c e s e s m a e us

1 , Op tcdsceros
’

com d d wh l
m as —O vato-coni cal , wit h 6 roun e or s,

l git di lly t i t d
on u l
na g i h h y
s ra e l gth i h
; co our ree n s - orn
; en nc .

2 0 , b i.
—S b i l with 7
su coa cum 8 . wh t fl tt d
n con ca , or som e a a ene ,

sm oo th wh l l h y or s g l g th i h
co our oc re or oran e ; en nc .

3 O , g d.
— O t w i
m a r asnth p i t
’

d p i um 6 w h l k d
va e , o ne s re , or s, m ar e

wi th f i t t i a nf i lightly
s ra g i '
. d ob l w th
ncrease ; t s m ar ne e o e su ures ;

l h y l gth i h
co our oc re ; en nc .

Ob ti
serva—I h f th fi t tw p i th i l i g y
om . n eac o e rs o s e c es e an m a s re ,

an d it lip is b ti whil i th l t th
s su crescen c, l i lt d e n e as e co our s scar e , an

th lip i
e t g l In 0
s rtac an u sr.
g i n t p t ti n i l w th i . m r a um re a o s s o er an n
lg
1 46 F OS S I L m e n m on r a n D EC C AN .
[J U LY

th e ot e r h two p
s e cies . If pu t into salt wate r, t hy e all
qui c kly m ake

thi p f it by p
e r esca e d rom , cree ing up th e si es of th e v esse l, bu t if
pl d in f h w t h y l th i p l
ace re s a e r, t e c ose e r o e rc u a, and re m ain s u t u h p
until th y di e e .

ART X L— O u. a F ossi l F ish f rom Ta ble-la nd of th e D ec

tlze
ca n, i n th e P e ni nsula o
f I ndia . By C olo ne l e s s,
GS . . Wi th
D escr ip tion of th e a Sp eci m ens By Sir P D B . .

M G EG ERTO N,
. . GS [ Ex tr acte d f rom . . th e Q ua r

ler ly Journal of th e Ge ologica l S oci e ty of

GE N E R AL F RASE R, th e B iti h Mi i t
r s n s e r at th e C t f our o th e Nizam
atHyd b d e ra a , in a le tte r to m e d t d th a e e 3 l t J ly 1 8 50
s u , m e nti one d
hi h i gt
s av n ransm i tte d som e sp e cim e ns of fossil fish , wi th im p ressions

of le av es, in a m atrix h hD
w ic r. Walke r , w h om G e ne ral Frase r h ad
em pl y d i St ti ti l d N t l Hi t y
o e n a i th
s Ni ca an a u ra s or re searc h es n e zam
’
s

t it i id
e rr or e s, cons d pp t i i g t lf ti G l
e re as a er a n n o a co a - orm a on. e ne ra

F h dp
rase r i ly ad p i t b t t th A i i S
re v ous cause s e c m e ns o e se n o e s at c o

i ty f C l tt
c e o b t th p t p th
a cu t ti fyi g D W lk
a u e re or s u o n em no sa s n r. a e r,

a se cond i fh p i w se r es ot t by G l F t e s e c m e ns e re se n o m e e ne ra rase r,

wi th q t th t I w ld t i th i p ibl l ti with t
a re ue s a ou asce r a n e r oss e re a ons rue

coal -s trata .

Consi e ring d th e e norm ous d e v elo p m e nt of tra p , cov e ring som e

q
s uare m ile s in th e D e c can, — th e granitic b asis of th e w hlo e

p e ninsula of In di a,— th e area occ u pi d by

e —
late rite , th e want of se di

m e ntary roc k s,— and th e hi th e rto total b a se nce of organi c m ari ne

fossils in th e D e ccan ( fo r a fe w sh lle s b ght t

rou o notice by th e late Dr .

Malcolm son )
we re y
e it erfh fl i til
f i l uv a e or lacustrine ,
—
th e iscov e r d o oss

fih s th on
gi w
e m ar lty il
n oy f f th t p gi
g t e ra re on as a nov e ne cessar o rea

i t t
n e re s i di ti, f th
as f n b g d t t f th p i l
ca ve o e orm e r su m er e s a e o e e n nsu a

of I di n Th f ila. i d i O t b l ed gl hwd ht
oss s arr v e n c o er ast, an a anc e s o e t a
th e i w
re m a nsi b dd d i bit i hi t Th p i
e re m e e n um nous sc s . e s e c m e ns

w t wi th G
e re m e l F ti d , t th fl
e ne ra f rase r m e n o ne , near o e con ue nce o

W d dG d
ur e an
y i th f Hyd b d d
o av e r h f N g r ve rs, nor o e ra a , an sout o a

V ol . vi i. Part I p 2 7 2 . . .
 ross u . m e n m ost TH E DEOC AN . 1 47

p oor. But as th e Wurde G g d th l ttruns i nto th e Wei n un a, an e a er

w as i t th G dn o
y G
e l F
o ave r p b b ly , t th
e ne ra fl rase r ro a m e an e con ue nce

o f th G d e
y d
o ave rth W i G an
g T h j e ti f t h
e n W d un a. e unc on o e ur e

an d W i G g i b t 1 70 il
e n un a th
s a ou t ly f Hyd b d i m es nor -eas e r rom e ra a , n

l ti t d 1 9 8 7 N
a u e
°
d l git d 7 9
'
.
, an d th j ti
on f thu e
°
an e unc on o e

W i G ge n d G d
un a an
y i b t 1 1 5 i
o av e rl th t lsy f a ou m es nor -e as e r rom

Hyd b d i l tit d 1 8 4 9 30 N
e ra a , n a u d l gi t d 79 56
e
° '
I
”
.
, an on u e
° ’

h av e reason t b li th o l liti t b f
e e ve 1 2 00 t
ese 1 400 f t
o ca es o e rom o ee

b th
a ove l l e sea - e ve .

Th C e t f th G l gi l S i ty i p t d th
ura or o e eo o p i ca f oc e ns e c e e s e c m e ns o

f il fi h
oss d hs , an id d th t th y b l g t
e cons g e re w h i h i a e e on o a e nus c n

E p l tit d i
uro ean a lly
u es i t d wi th th
s u sua O li ti f ti
assoc a e e o c orm a on.

Th O liti
e o k c roc tt th l lity f th
ne are s f il i i C t h
o e oca o e se oss s s n u c .

f lly
u il di t t m d wi th thi k
es s an f f , an t a c ness o rom o

f t ft p i t
ee o ra i gf n e rv en n pl f h d d i l or a cou th l e o u n re m es ne v e r e ess

m an y f th E p o e i t f lit
uro ean assoc a es o i t p th W d d oo e ex s u on e ur e an

Gd o av e r
y ly, b i t
nam e i h l , w d — p uml l p
nous s a e , h oo o a , ca careous s ar, r om

h id l q
o a t g t h
uar z, a a e s, l d y h t &c d
a ce t h kon i t lf, om s one , c . , an e roc se

m a y b l i d by
e ov e r a th p d ig i fl w f t p
e I t wro t t il
ous th o o ra . as no un e

i li t w
arr v a tly f
n o n re ce n
y f i d S i Ph ili p Eog t mw h r en r e r on, ose acu

m e n an d i ti l k wl dg f f il i h thy l gy
cr ca no e d h i pi i
e o oss c o o re n e r s o n on so

l bl th t I w
v a ua e, a bl d t g t th p i as e na ei d wi th d li
o e e s e c m e ns e x am ne e

b t tt ti B t Si Phili p with th t di whi h k h i

e ra e a e n on . u r , a rea ness c m a es m

a t ll ti
a i t
m es anx ous d h i k wl dg il bl t th i t t o re n e r s no e e av a a e o o e rs, ns an

ly p d d t y pp l d I
res on e o m p itt d by h i t k
a ea , an am e rm e m o m a e use

i h i w w d f th
n s o n l i
or s o t w hi h h i d ft
e conc us on a i c e arr v e a e r an e xam

ti
na on o f h f il t e H y
oss s. e sa s

Th p i e with
s e c m e ns pti hb k one d th e x ce on are m uc ro e n, an e

t i l
m a er a s tt d f dly
sca e re th hi t b t th i ffi i t
con use ov er e sc s u ere s su c en

ev id t
e nce h w th t th y ll f bl t th g W t“
o s o a e are a re erra e o e enus ?

an d , t p b bly
m os ll t
ro a d th , a p i th t b i g w
o one an e sam e s e c e s, a e n a ne

one . It i k bl f th l d p p ti f th t i p t
s re m ar a e or e s e n er ro or ons o e an e r or ar

o f th t e k d th thi k
run , an f th p t i e p t b tw th l
c ne ss o e o s er or ar e ee n e ana

fi n an d th t il Th e a l . p f tly th
e sca es are d th f p t er ec sm oo , an e re e os e

i
r or m ar
gi ti w i th
ns en re , t y t f ti A
ou anf th l wrac e o se rra on. ram us o e o er

ja w i p i
s se e n on one s e c m e n, s o h w i g th t th t b i l w i th n e ee o e con ca , ta

h l gtdb
t e r e on a e Th i li ttl d bt b t th t it i
ases . e re t O li ti
s e ou u a s a ru e o c

form ,d pp
an tly f th d t
a are n f th Li o Th hi t i wh i h th
e a e o e ne . e sc s n c e

fi h
s i b dd d
are m i d
e e t g ly
re m f t h b i i
n s m e s ron h l f th o e tum nous s a es o e

Li ne o f S f ld i th Ty l ee e It i n y d i bl th t
e ro . p f t s ve r es ra e a m ore er ec
1 48 F ossi l. m en s nou ru n BROC AR [J n
'

. a

sp e cim ens s oul h d b bt i d i th e o a ne , s nce e onl y one sh owing th e form of

th e fish wan s t th h d d ehibit ea , an ex s on ly th e unde r surface of th e

”
scales.

In a secon d note p dd
Sir Ph ili
‘

a s Th e genus Lep idotus ex tends

from th e Line to th e Ch lk b th
a , o inclusive but y our sp e ci es b e ars

d
e vi e nce of e in one
g b of th e e arlie r m em b e rs of th e race . It was p ro
b bly
a an e stuar y or q h
in-sh ore fish , from its fre u e nt association wit

t ti l t b
e rre s r a v e e a
g l i i th Hyd b d p i
e rem a ns, as n e era a s ec m e ns .
”

Si Phili p lla
r h bly d pl t ly h t d th bj t
as so a an com e e ex aus e e su ec

as f th p i
ar as p itt d th t it ly i t t
e s e c m ens e rm e , a on rem a ns o m e o nam e

th w fi h
e ne d it w
s y h y p ti i y N t l
; an as as v e r m uc m rac ce n m a ura

Hi t y is or tig ti t
nv es i t w
a ons p i with th l litio assoc a e ne s ec e s e oca es or

p i w
rov nces h th y w t w i
ereth I w l
ed p p t ll th
e re m e
p , ou ro ose o ca e s e

cim e n Lep i dotus Deccanensis .

Ih av e written to I di f n p ia b
or m ore s ec m ens, ut as th e di scov ere r,

Dr . Walker , h as l t ly
a e h ppily l t h i lif by
un a os s e a fall from his h orse,

I am not v ery sanguine about th e ir receip t .

Anr X II '
. .
-P ostscri
p t to th e Geology o
f the Nagp ur S tate .

. By th e Re v . S Hrsm
. p .

Recei ved 2 ud August 1 863 .

Ir h as di ypp b th G l gy f th N gp
ee n assum e n m a e r on e eo o o e a ur

St t th t th E
a e, d p it i
a t e i with th f
oce ne f th e os s cc-e x e ns ve e orm er o ese

form a ti Thi I hi k will b

ons. d itt d wh it i
s, idt d n , e a m e , en s cons ere ,

th t th a y t p i W t I di d ib d f d
e re are m an -
ou cro s n es e rn n a escr e as o re

h l by N wb ld d h k p l l t li t
” ” ”
o e d e o , an re oc re ous roc , u ve ru e n m e s one,

and typ by Syk whi h th gh t f ilif

m e so e lly e s, c , ou no oss e rous, re a

p t
re se n p l f f h w t
e x amt t Th
es o t p th lyi
our g res a e r s ra a . e ra , e n, ov er n ,

as it d l ti f ti n t h
oes, a acus r ne b p d f th in orm a o , m us ave een oure or an
 arom a s or ru n m or o n -
era rs . 1 49
”

im lake, or ch ain of lakes, it m ay be, si m ilar to th ose of th e

m ense

C
North Am erican onti nent ; and, t ere fore , th e i ea of a su m arine h d b
sfiusi on is w olly groun le ss h
But h ow, t en, it m ay be as e , are d . h kd
we to account for th e atness of th e tra ills ? fl
Must t e not ave ph hy h
b een consoli ate un e r great d d
ressure l d
Th e vi cinity of Nag ur p p
supp li es th e answer Now e re are th e outlines of th e ill to s m ore
. h h p
h C
h orizontal t an in e ntral ndi a ; and y et, u ging from th e a un ance I jd b d
of p ulm onife rous m ollusca w ic h h are h
t e re foun d , th e fres hw t a er in
h h th y
w ic e li ve d , and i n whi ch igneous rock was afte rwar s
th e d
p d t
s rea ou , m ust h av e b
ee n so s h allow as to allow th e m olte n m ass to

app b e ar a ove th e surfac e of th e l k

a e in th e atm osp h ere .

b
Agai n, i t h as ee n take n for grante , t at th e d h pl ants figured on th e
p
last late o McC elland s
f l
’
urv e for 1 848 49
- S y are , as h
t e re state d ,

fuco id
s . T h gh I h
ou h t h i g
ave th th
ough t i t rig t, from no av n see n e

p i
s e c m e ns t th l thi
e m se ves, hyp th i y t I o reason on f s o es s, e am o

o pi i f th fig whi h h h gi th t h i
n on, rom e ure s ll d F id c e as v e n, a s so ca e a co es

venou s i thi g b t Gl
s no p t i
n d th t
u a q tly th
oss o er s an a , conse uen , e re

is no p f wh t roo f th B g l l
a e v er o h i g b d p it de en a coa m easures av n ee n e os e

i th
n ,eb t y
see lik lih d u f th i
eve r h i g b f d
e i f h oo o e r av n een orm e n re s

w t a er. Th y b i d f t h
e sam e m a h l t R té th b k
e sa f th o e s a e a o , on e an s o e

P i h i é wh
r n t th L p id t
, De re i w f
e d Thi g
e o us f eccane ns s as oun . s e nus o

fi h i i d d
s es s, f q tly
n ee t with i
, as ire i f hw t
ue n m e n m ar ne as n res a er

form a ti b tfons th i p ui f bi l
rom l ft e f g m t f re ss on o a va ve, e on a ra m en o

th h ll ki dly t with l f th L p id t by D T L B ll
e s e n se n m e sca es o e e o us r. . . e ,

wh h l dy h w h light th g l gy f th Ni ’
o as a re a t ro n m uc on e eo o o e zam 8

coun rt y I i li d t b li
, am th t th
nc ne h ll will h w th t t t
o e ev e a e s e s s o e s ra a o

b l e t i C bi i g thi
acus r ne . l i
om th with th
nn p i s conc us on, e n, o er rem se s

p i ly t bli h d th d d ti f th wh l
rev ous es a s e , t b
e th t
e uc on rom e o e se e m s o e, a

th e oc eanh t w pt th
as no D i
s th
e ov e r t f e e ccan s nce e com m encem e n o

th O li ti
e o i i I di c se r es n n a.

Re cap i tnla tion f o l e adi

th e
ng p p
ro osi ti on s illus tr a te d i n th e

p rece di ng Pap e r a nd P os ts c rip t l s t — T h e R e.

g ur a ears to b
.e pp
th e p d t fd yd
ro uc o d eca e v e e tati on, acc um ulate
g i n m ars si tu at ion s,
hy
or d h i d t ph
u n er a2 d — Thum L t it i p b bly
a m os e re . n . e a er e s ro a

d by f gi difl d th d b i k '

cause tt e rru nous f y i dm a er us e ov er e e r s o an n

of k wh th ig
roc , di t
e y 3
er d — Th O ly i g
neous or se m e n ar . r . e ve r n

T p f C t l
ra o d W t I di
e n ra t h b p d ti
an es e rn n a canno av e ee n oure ou n
h b d f th
t e e b t o t h b e pt d i l k
ocean, u m us av e e en e ru e n a a e or

h i
c an f lk od li d t d i g
a es, l d an g t th
conso a e n e ne ra un er no rea er an

an i lp
ae r a 4th —Th F h w t F
ressure . ti n d thi T p e res a er orm a o un er s ra ,
1 50 GEO LO G Y or r u n m o re s ar m s. [J a n 1 8 5 3 .

in so m an y localities of y f th
th e region j ust nam e d, is b
o viousl o e

Eocene p i d 5 th Th S d t f C t l I di whi h pp
—
er o . . e an s o ne o e n ra n a, c a e ars

t b i d ti l with th D i
o e en ca d S d t f S th I di b l g
e am on an s one o ou e rn n a, e on s,

wi th i t i t d Sh l
s assoc a e d th I di C l M a e, t th
an e n a oa easure s, o e

L w O li ti F
o er o ti c 6th — Th fi t
orm a ti
on.d f th k i f. e rs m e n one o ese roc s s o

f hw t
res igi d
a e r or th in, an t b li so, l th th
ere s reason o e e v e, are a so e o e rs.

7 th —.Th D e hibit id
e ccan e x fh i g b b g d by
s no ev e nce o av n e en su m er e

th n in
e oce a p i d t i t th O lit
s ce a er o an e r or o e o e.

Erra ta .

5 9, li nes 1 8 , 1 9, f or fi ”
rst, frui t, an read first-frui t and
62 , li ne 1 7 , f or B i th e nia ”
r d “
, ea Bi th i nia ”
,
”
33, f or K h anari rea d K h h nh nl "

2 4 , f or “ We i r
h zs d,
”
r ea d
“ We i ragad,
”
6 , f or S h e k J ari d, rea d Sh ek Parid,
“ th ” “ ”
1 3, f or ese re ad th e
8 , f or C h o uki r ea d C h ouki ,
30 , f or Bro wn , r ea d Bronn,”
”
4 , f or K ooh adi r ead K orh h di "

20 , dele te e ndate at th e base , and ”

n n 38 , a n
Q fl
” «m m
»
 JOU RNA L
OF TH E

BO M BAY BR AN C H
OF TH E

R OYA L A S I A TI C S OC I ETY .

J ANU ARY ,
1 854 .

A nn . I . S a hy é dri I nscrip ti ons . By th e Re v J . . S rnv s nso n,

'

D D , Pre si de nt
. . .

Pre se nted 2 otb O c to be r 1 853 .

IN p re se nting transcri ts p and transla tions p f tl o f th e m ore e r ec n

i p ti
sc r ons f ound t K é l d J i th Gh t d K d i th
a r e n an u n r, on e au s, an u en n e

C o ncan, I h ll s a re se rve an
y g l k
e ne ra dd i ti l t
rem ar s, a th I h ona o ose ave

l dy
a re a d d th h d f th K é h i d Né ik I ipti
m a e un e r e ea s o e n e r an s nsc r ons,

t th
o l i
e conc us on o f th i p p s I y b
a er . hw m a th t
o se rv e , l o e v e r, a se v e ra

of th e sei i pti
nscr h b b f t l t d by M P i p f
ons ave ee n e ore rans a e r. r nse rom

ce p i es f i h
u rn s d h ie by mC l l Syko one d th t i i w i
es ; an
g th a n re v e n ese ,

l g wi th th t if I difl wh t i lly f
’
a on e res , e r som e a y t
occas ona rom m m as e r

i I di
n n an P l g phy it t b
a e o ra , m us b d th t P i p h d b t
e rem e m e re a r nse a u a

sm a ll p ti or on o f th i ip ti
e nscr b f hi ons d the o re f h d
m , t
an , e re ore , a no

th d t g f p i g th
e a v an a e o com ar n wi th em th one h d h ano er ; nor a e an

o
pp t
or un i ty f o ti h
corre c
g i nfi t i sp i rs I hm b b l
re ss ons, asd ave e e n ena e

to d by
o, b q
su se t ue n hre se arc e s .

20
1 52 sa u v a nnr m sc a rrr xo s s .
[J a s .

I sa— Ta n ts c a rp rs m
'
Da v a n a o a a r , AN D Ta nne m r ro n s o r

K a u na s: I n s c nxr ri o n s '
.

No . I .

h
T is inscri pti on is e ngrave d on a pill ar outsi d e th e G re at Te m pl e

C av e .

as s e rt ?“ firfirw e fi
’

ai firfe e sm v m i t t ni a!

Tr ansla ti on .

P e ac e . Th e gi ft it of li on-c rowne d pill by th ar, e Ch ie f Agni-Mitre ,

son of th e Em p e ror Bhuti P . eace .

Notes .

Ih av e alrea dy d
inscri ti on in p 3
m a e re m arks o n t hi s im p ortant p .

b
o f m y o se rv a ti ons o n th e K ii nh e ri C av e s, and s own t at t is M a d h h h h
rh a B
j h ti ti w as th e la st o f th e un a
g n as t I t! i s a com m o n M ara S dy y .

p
th i c orru ti o n o f I t!" as w e ll as ( i l
l
som e o v e rsi
g t, o r e fe c t . By h d
i n th e i nk of th e transc ri t, p M r Prinse p . re a d th e first le tte r a ,
i nste a hd of t d i D
a . Bi d w k th
T i s is co rre c e I n r . r
’
s or on e c av e s .

f ll w P i
o o p h ir nse k i g th ,i th ll b
ow e v e r,
y l i l i t d
n m a f n e s x s a e l ns e a o

i t I C l l Syk ip t d by h i h f d bt
’
. n t o one es i ranscr use m , t e orm e r s u n ou

e dly th di g th gh i M B tt f i iI i t i d btf l whi h

e rea n . ou n r. re
’
s ac-s m e s ou u c

o f th tw i t h ld b
e od I y g d py f hi i ip
s ou e m a e. n a ve r oo co o t s nsc r

ti on, p bli h d i th A i ti R h
u s e l n p 14 1 d f i h d
e s a c e searc e s, v o . v. .
, an urn s e

by Si C h l W M ll t w h
r ar e s y pl i ly i whi h i l
are a e , e av e v e r a n a r, c s a so

th di g f C pt i J b (Jl B g l A S
e re a n o a a n l i p 4 68
aco . d . en a s. oc . vo s . v . .
, an

i ii p . . Thi t i ti w s,
y w i p
oo, o n e xam i f h na o n, as m o n m re ss o n o t e

c h t i q ti Th ly yll bl wi h whi h fi igh t b

arac e r n ue s o n. e on s a e t c t m e

f
co n oun ed d i f b t by p i g N I II d III d N I f
s a ; u co m ar n os . .
, .
, an .
, an o . . o

Bh ajé k d di ff
, will b f
a m ar e d i th l g h f th e re nce di g e ou n n e en t o e as ce n n

lin b f e i b i
e ore l b t i thi
t di g ll g d w s
e co m e s c rc u ar : u n s rea n a are a re e . a

i th lg M i hi f If i d f !w h ld dW “
s e vu 1 3 ar arr t o 1 71 . nstea o I e s ou re a ,

t h ing will ill b th

e m ean h p l i st b i g b ti t d f
e e sa m e ; t e a a t ne e n su s tu e or

th d nt l
e e l d th
a ,y ll b l h
as us ua t d , an e s a e s or e ne .

N II o . .

Th i i i p ti si gnsc rd on s th i g h t i
e n rav e d f t h on a recess on e r s e o e

p h o rc .

i n h as form ats l n gu m in “ vfi f n fim q flvfis

t ut «i t .
 K ARLBN m sc a rp m o ns 153
'
.

Tra nsla ti on .

To th e Tria d By th . e vi c tori ou s, fe arle ss, w orl dp - rote cti ng, Bh iiti;

th is m oun a n a o t i bd w e as e sta bli h d i
s e n Jam budvi p a, in h onour of th e
h e ro wh o su bd d th p
ue e assi ons .

Notes .

I ppsu ose th e c h aracte r at th e com m e nce m e nt to b e 0 m , h hI

t oug
no t e ntir e l y satisfie d th at i t is so .
”
Th e Q !afte r Jam b udvi pa is
th e sign of th e locati v e case i n Pé li . Th e ne x t wor is th e Pré cri t ford
( m y , and th e las t w or dI c once i v e to b e for m fi , th e d tia ve of m
y ,

k i
ta en n th e se nse o f a p tia r arc h or di ti s ngu is e hd m an, and a ppli d e to
Bddhu a . h
Th e if i t w th
m e ntion of t is cav e , as e re e on ly ione n

J b d i p d di t d t B ddh
am u v a e t i ti t th t i t w
ca e th o u a, see m s o n m a e a as e

fi t rs ti
e x cava f th k i d i I di
on pp iti whi h f th
o e n n n a ; a su os on c , rom e

i pli ity d l g f it p i th wi p b bl fifli i fl i arts ,

‘ ‘
'
sm c an e e ance o s s o er se ro a e . s

h i m F th p iti
. I pp th t th i i ip ti w dd d
ro m e os on, su ose a s nscr on as a e

by l
som e l B ddhi t ft th
oca ti f th
u s a er e e x cav a on o e cav e .

No . I II .

i n ( Ti fnfir use fe e t [3 31 1‘ s ] s aw? a nd s ii

’

[]
1 l m e v

-
[]
2 m s and l ( are g i ne
w as fi rm m m i t?“ ye s
“ i t s y aw .

[]
3 [ )
1 8 “ ( fa i n 1 1 ?e
se e m a fi a m m
“

( m 1 !am an 1

m e a ns an m a } fit i
is { n.

Tra nsla ti on .

To th e Triad . In th e se ve nt hy ear ( 7) of th e fift hd em i-lunation

th e first day ( )
l [ P d
of ] K
th e fortunate Em
f i g V h i i p e ror a m a , so n o n s v ,

a vill g w i
a e
g t th d i
as ti g i h d
ve n f th i f o i t
ose i s n u s e or e r orm e r m er or ous

t
ac s, by M t d f K ik a a di ti g i h d
e va, son o g th d os a, s n us e am on e c om m an

e rs ofw h i d by S
ar c d th
ar o ts , an f th f h i t om a e v a, e son o e am ous c ar o e e r

V i i
'

A
zi s v l w
.
g i li
cav e a so
g i i g ti t t h
as p i t
v e n as a re ous ass na on o e r es

h d d th p f
oo , an to f ligi oset wh f ll f k w
e r orm e rs o re ous ac s o are u o no
l dg
e d wi d
e an s om .

'

otes .

h
T is is one of h
t ose i nte resting d tdi
a e d p
nsc ri tions, on w hi h c , un e r

th e h ead of Nasi k inscr ip ti Ih l

ons, k d d wh i h
a ve a rea dy re m ar e , an on c

I m a
y still h ave som e m o re o se rva b ti k t th d f th ons to m a e a e en o ese

translati ons . In th e se con d li w h “ W

ne d i th thi d li
e av e e , an n e r ne

a l lt fi . In th e transc r ip t by th R M Mi t h ll t i d
e ev . r. c e , co n a ne
1 54 A H YADB!
B m s c a i r ri o s s .
'

[J a s .

in Dr B d h
ir s work, t ese are ne arl re v erse . and we av e I N K ?!
.
’
y d h
for th e first, and M FG for th e second am warrante d, . I
h
t e n, I h k
t in , in consi e ri ng t e m th e sam e d h
O n th e escri ti ve d p .

p
te rm s a pli ed to th e u d i st rie st oo ot Bdh p h d b h
abov e and e low b
d k
I nee m a e no re m ar s, t oug , e x ce t fill, t e k h h p
are all ec uliar. hy p
as th e se nse in whi h I c d t d th will dily pp f
u n e rs an em rea a e ar rom

th e translati on, pt p h p m
e x ce , wh i h I pp t t d f
e r a s, , c su ose o s an or

C OM .

No . V .

Passin
g ove r No I V . . at p re se nt, I re m ark t h tNa o. V h as
. re fe re nce

to th e b
a ov e m e nti one d villa e ,
g b estowe d as a free gift u p on th e m onks

of th e te m pl e. Th e nam e K aranjaka at th e com m e nce m e nt is pl i ly

a n

b
le gi le (m u m ) and at th e be ginning of th e secon d li ne i n Dr .

Bi d r
’
s work th e wor d
y l gi bl th p i ti g t f
51 “ is also easi l e e, us o n n ou or

wh th
om i ll g w i d d
e v Th a e hw as y bl k
nte n e . e re are , o e v e r, so m an an s

an d b k l tt i th
ro e n i i pti e th t I h
e rs t t
n pt d t e nscr on, a av e no a te m e o

t l t it
rans a e I wh t i th
. n f th d a d t pp
re m a ns, e na m es o e onors o no a e ar.

O f thi i i p ti s f i ilnscr wi th th i on a
g f B ddh ltac-s m e, e m a e o u a, a er a

d wi g by C l l Syk b w hi h i t i will b f d i th
ra n o one es, a ov e c s, e oun n e

11 A . S B g l l i pl iii It f ll w i di t ly N
s. oc . en a , vo . v . . v . o o s m m e a e o.

V II gi . blw ve n e o .

No . VI .

Th e sam e re m arks a pply t thi o s inscri ti on p . At th e e nd of th e first

li ne is th e nam e of th e village K aranjak a, and th e rest a pp ears to be
h
e it e r a d e scri p ti on of th e villa e , o r of
g h
t ose for w om h it was i nte n dd e .

No . V II .

-
[]
1 1m in m u m s i i en e s a n a n s t ru m s

[]
2 “ fu m i ng -
am s 0 31 m m em i t“ ! a m t W i s er

m am
s
l
m et

[]
3 Sw i f t ? !m wm sw ' it fl
w v i i v vvtfv m w .

Tra ns la tion .

Th e h h li t th
villa e
g th f th d f th
Karanjaka, w i c es o e nor o e roa o e

h ouse h ld Mi i th bl k ith h b gi t th ll ti
o er m e ac sm , as ee n ve n o e co ec ve

bo dy f th p i th d f i iti t d k wh
o e r es f f oo o n a e m on s, o are . re e rom

p ass i
on, d h an di h t i d by i l
ave o ve rcom e se ase ; are c arac e r se u n v e rsa

com p i d ll th ing d p
ass on, co m m an y bj t f d i a s, an osse ss e v e r o ec o es re .

W g t th ill g K
e ranj k t b t k p
e v i f by th
a e s ran a a o e a en osse ss on o e
 a La N ra sc a rr rro Ns
'
. 155

m onks, and as a gifi t o b.e c ul ti vate d by th e m onks, along wi t h th e

wate r tan ki n th e sam e istri ct d .

h
T i s inscri pti it will b on, h till p t t the se e n, bj t
as s re s e c o e sam e su ec .

It i i s y
n a ve r pi p ii
cons th l f
c uous f h os d wy f h
t on, on e e t o t e oor a o t e
t empl It i til t d t th t p b t t f it i Th l t
e . s m u a e a e o , u m os o re m a ns . e as

li ne ,w hi h i ki d f p ti ti
c s a n f th o f re p t i i t p t d by
e on o e o rm e r ar , s n e rru e

sm a ll p il t wh i h
as e rs, k i t pp c if h
m a w
es bl k i t w h i h
a e ar as t e re e re an s , c ,

h w i t th
o e v e r, s no A ill g e f th i
case . v h i th
a e o s nam e , o r rat e r n e

s h t df
or e ne f K orm j till i t
o aran a, s
g th Gh t f
ex s sw il am on e au s , a e m es

f rom Kll di w h ld i i
i r e n, an s no by th K fi f ily d d
e n na m e rv e n am , e sce n

t
an s o f th G ft eh l t
u ru o P h — eh a e i es i id w a, rat e r a c u r ous c o nc e nce .

Th gh I h ou f d av eid bl diffi l y i di i di g th l tt
oun cons e ra e cu t n v n e e e rs

i t w d
n o dt
o r s, an l i g th i i i p ti
rans a t n I d h dly p i t t t
s nscr on, ne e ar o n ou o

th S e i
ans c r h l th p p b ti t f th P i i t w d I
t sc o ar e ro e r su s tu e s or e ri c r o r s.

m a y tino h w ce , th to vi l ! i
e v e r, i a f th Sl i i t t l
s a u n on d o e ansc r Si l an

th e M é hi m ar t d th i th l an w d i at Q id n dt b e as t or s cons e re o e

b idg t f i n th P h it f fl
,

an a r em en o ,u Al e i i t b k p i
r cr o . so, t s o e e t n

m i d th t “ fil !
n , a i i ti t d
l ? ( S
m e ans n K é uh i I a e i p t i . p ee er nscr ons, .

I h d l t f g t t ti th t I id th f ti f th
a a m os or ot e n o no ce , a cons er e orm a on o e

im a e on
g t h w ll t ei d h a t p l
ou s we h i h
t thei i em i p i i e, ov e r c s nscr t on s

p l aced t g , h w i th
o e t ert h g i ft f t h i ll g e f d t t
o b l g e v a e re e rre o, o e on

p t i
os e r or th to ti ef th t
e x cav a pl it lf f w hi h th
on o e em e se , or c e re ason

will pp a i y f
e ar n m p p orm e r a e r.

N V III IX os . . AN D .

s t e ws Fags i sm s fags .

Transla ti on .

Th e re ligi ou s assignation of a pi a r ( of im ages ) by Bh adrasam a th e

m onk .
Note .

T h ese tw o insc ri tions p are th e sam e , onl y th at o ne or two of th e

le tte rs in th e first are a li ttle i m p e rfe c t.

No . X .

W (e ) m fiw m xm u m .

Tr ansla ti on .

Th e gifi of a pl e asant ab o e d by Dh enuké kata to th e d e vote d m e n of

p atie nt and su bd d ue m in d s.
1 56 au tu m n rus c a rr rm N s '
.
[J A N .

h
pti I b li i
T is inscri t d wi th on, e eve , s connec e one of th e sm all cav e s.

Th l t w d i p
e as li g ! or pl s uzz n . it m e ans e asure , b ut p hper a s it m a
y
h b e re p ti f “ 3 ki d f di
e a corru on o , a n o m en cant, and th e m e ani n
g
b he a it d t hp
ou se su Th typ e o su c e rsons . e e of th e le tte rs i n h
t is
i i p ti
nsc r i y i t d b tif l it i
on s ve r anc e n an eau u , as s i n th e ot e rs h also of

No . XI .

i tsm -m w e se e firs i s m -
rm t ut .

Tr a nsla ti on .

Th e gi ft of a p ill by
ar th e C i e f h M itrade va, son of Dh e nukii kata,
( su rnam e d) Bi h s ab h ada tta .

N o te .

I ppsu ose Dh e nu k é kata to b e G k d th a re e , an at h e h a d also Hi d a n u

nam e , as i n th e te x t, p b bly
ro d wh b
a ass um e en e em b race d B ddhi u sm ,

o r o n ado p ti on i nto so m e H i d f ily wh n u am , e n na m e s also are c h gd an e .

e m or m at w e h av e m e t wi h l dy i N I
t a re a , n o. .

No . X II .

i nfi rm ee r e i we e s m urf s a s ( In .

Tr a nsla ti on .

Th e gift of an a o bd e, for th e b e ne fit of h is p are nts, by th e form i d

a b le C h i e f M a a e va hd .

Th e first wor dI d un e rstan dt o be qi

e u v ale nt to $ 11 31 .

No . XIII .

FE fi fi . P e ace . To th e P e rfe c t O ne .

N o te .

B ddh
u a is h e re no d bt
ou m e ant . T h e re s h ld p b bly
ou ro a

ove r W .

No X IV . .

In t i s h num b e r, we h av e th e las t of th e i nscri ti ons t p h at m e ntion

Dh e nuk é kata .

use ? an w as Fe w “ Vi i 1 m v a
‘
.

Tr a nsla tion .

if
A g t of lion su
- pp orti ng pill ar, b y th e G re ek X e nocrate s ( Dh e nu

ké kata) .
 I ABLBN I NS C BI PTIO NS .

'

otes .

We h av e h
t us no less th an t h re e insc ri ti ons at p Ka l r e n, and one at

K agh e ri, in w i c h h thi p g i s ti d

e rsona e H i i i d d
s m en one . s nam e s, n ee ,

s e
p ll d deifi t ly
‘

e re n y t i b t th
ev e ri i th i m e,
g th w
u h t i s s no n m ore an a s

u sua l i I di n I t k p l t ly M a h i w p p
n a. oo u a e d f a d ar t ne s a e r, an ou n a

p ti l w d th t
ar cu a r or ,d f ti a occ urre p ll d tly f difi t o ur m es, s e e e x ac o ur
'

e re n

w ya s on th p g Th th g ph y Dh kék t I pp t
e sam e a e. e or o ra e nu a a su ose o

b th
e e t m os t it i
correc p bl f b i g di id d i t tw I di
, as s ca a e o e n v e n o o n an

w do r s, th fi t f th
e rs th o f em Rak h e ti
nam e d i o a s as a, m en one n

th e P é ur ns, d th an d i g
e se con
g d p h
m e an n p an a e nt, an , e r a s, an

ar ti t s I t i th
. t s ywh i d p i g f ig w d t
e c us om e ve r e re , n a o tn ore n or s, o

m a e k th if p ibl ig i fi t i
em , oss e, s w l g g
n can d th n ou r o n an u a e an e

nea re s t G k ree t
nam e see m s t b X t o m e If h o t b e e nocra es . t e acc e n e

p u t onth ti p e an lt i t y ll
- e nu b l i
m a e s l ly d t h a t w i ll e, as s us u a o ne , a se e m

t d
o bl th l tt
ou e h G
e e k er c, By i il p
t e re e th E gli h
x. a s m ar roce ss, e n s

w d C ll t
or o i i B
ec o r b y t f d i t C al k tt B id i
s n om a rans o rm e n o a a ar . es e s, n

P é it th
r cr i e rlly it d
s usu a d th e omt t d
te p l ti l tt
, an ne x m a e a a a ne e e r.

By th i p s d th
roce ss, an b ti ti f D] f X whi h d e su s tu t
on o i t : or , c oe s no ex s

i P é it
n r cr d h , anh g f h t i ti t
t e c an e o I di
t e e rmth na on o an n an one , e

t f
rans o rm a ti i p l
on t d s I t h
comi k t h i G
e e k . p b n s re e nam e m ore ro a

bly th t th
e one m e an Th ik an
gg t d bye on D W i l os, su O f t h i es e r. so n . s

X e no c rate s, th it i id h w
e n, Ys sa w h i h ll g e as a t i av an, c a a re e m us , n

anc e ni t I di d n an t G k It i th H b w J
oc u m e n s, m e an a ree . s e e re av an, as

w w ie i t b t w hi h h ld b p
r te , u c d th J w till d
s ou e ronou nce as e e s s o,

a re e n
g i g i h t h w tI d i Y e nw h i h h
ans, i d t ly
avan, h d i l c as e v en t e sam e ra ca

lt
e te rs as th G k I H h d I di
e ree eRi h bh d t a an d n an nam e , s a a at a, an

a so n, wh i o ti d i N XI H w
s m en one n i t o . i dd. e as an art s , as s re co r e

i th K é h i i
n e n er ip i N X wh nsc r t h i
on ll d “ w
o. . l, H e re e s ca e ai . e

w as a conve r t t B ddh i o i th
u i
sm i p ti
, as h i n ll d e sam e nscr on e s ca e an

U pa k sa Th p a. e f h G k th
rese nc e o su c i a ld re e a t e se e x cav at o ns cou

on ly h bj t th t f p i t di g d di i g th w k
av e o ne o ec , a o su er n en n an re c t n e or

m en B id h
. es t h
e s, b e m us fi fl av e t bt i p i
e e n a m an o n ue nce o o a n e rm s

i
s on t i ib h i
o nsc r e th
s o wn nam e o n k d fp p y bl
e se ro c s, an o ro e rt to e na e

hi m t o t th
e xec u e w k h i e id t h or s d e t hi s w sa o av e one a s o n

ex p e nse .

No . XV .

O n th e fou r th p ill ar from th e d oor, on th e le ft of th e te m pl e.

m um 1 m m
an m fir Farm
“ i ts “ ( rut .
 BAH YA D RI I NS C RI PTI O NS .

Tra ns la ti on .

Th e gi ft of an i m age sustaining
- pill by th
a r, e e x alte d Ch i f S i e s nti
'

Mitra, wh o is clot h d with

e re ligion, to th whose o save us from th e fe ar
p
of cor o re al attac h t m en s

Th e tw o last line s of h
t is i nsc ri p ti on are s h orte ne d by b e ing confine d
to one face of th e pill ar, w h ic h th e first is not . Th e first wor dI su p

p ose to b e d i e r ve df rom i n ; afte r fi ll I re a dm , co ve ring,

cloth ing, t k
a i en n a figurativ e se nse . Th e S anscri t e q u i vale nts for
th e re st are a pp t are n .

If orm e r ly d thre a e nam e Ch i f h

of ti
th e d J g it e e re m en one a am ra,

b u t, on loo ki g t it
n a f lly I b li
m ore care u it t b I w gi it
, e e ve o e as no ve .

N X VI o s. XVII . AN D .

Th ese two Nos . t

are h b k t p it
oo m uc t k ro en o e rm m e o m a e

an ythi ng of t em h . Th d b gi wi th N kal t p b bly Dh

e sec o n e ns u
'

ca a ro a s

is to be re fix e p d , an d th i t will b l g t th
en i X XI
e on o e sam e se r e s as .
, .
,

and X IV .

No . XVIII .

h
T is i nsc ri pti on is e ngrave d on an e x cav ation a dj oi nin
g to th e Te m pl
e

C av e , i nte n dd e , as a pp e ars fro m i ts te nor, for d

lo ging- ouse and
a h
yf
re fe ctor or m on s k and pilg i r m s. I t is one h
of t o se on th e ate of d
w hi h w b fc e e ore m a e re m ar s d k .

fe w . t tl m m fi 31 W e rm i ne em wa i ter H i m vii
i
m Q t rfs
f t fiv at: “ te am “w
‘

m as m a r am n ew 01
3
m m : 1 m m ( H I n“ a n
wa n fi rs s h i m fi ts ?) W F:
W e? “ m afi a ! gm u s m w fv r a n“ : m e s fi i tfs m
fa tt en s t ru m SN
w h en a s “ at was “
W W m ( w
i n vm ar s t .

Tr a ns la ti on .

To th e P e rfe ct O ne . In th e twe nt -fourt y h ( 2 4) y ear of th e Portu

nate Padm a, so n of ki ngV asav a, i n th e th i d (3) d
r i l em i
- u nat on an h
d t i rty
se con d (32 ) d y f wi t thi d ligh f l ligi
a o i g ti n e r, s e t u re ous ass na on was m ade
by h l g h i d di t S é kt
t e on - a re f th w y g l d w
m en can ev sa a, son o e av - ar an - car

i gdn t S t Sph
evo e e C th t thi id
a va t
uran. t d om e en o s res e nce , cons ruc e

f rom t
re ve re nce
y p t y p y fol dm f l t d
are n s, e com an o earne m en o e e va e

m i d t—
n hi h f o t di t p i t f th f q t
s ou se or m e n ca n r e s s, rom e our uar e rs

( f
o th w ld
e ) Th i i
or i p ti l w
.
g d wi th s h i
nscr l i on a so as e n rav e a c se n
th tw e y f th ( 2 4) y
e nt - ou r y t by B dd h k h i t i h
e ar, on m
t accoun , u ara s a, n e
 a nu s m sc a w r ro a s . 1 59

m ont h wh en th e t h re ads w ic h hi nsure th e p rote ction o f B ddhu a are

b o un d th on e arm s of d e votee s .

Note s .

It is not w ort h w h il e to p
S it h l th q i oint ou t to th e anscr sc o ar e e u

v ale nta in th i is ip i
nsc r th y i ll ll
t on, as dily f p ig
e w a re a occ ur rom co m ar n

t h e transcr i p t w i h th tt l i e l h gh i i t
rans at o n ; h a t ou n som e ns ance s t e re

is roo m for a di ff f pi i
e re nc e o i m whi h I i t p t h at
o n on, as n , c n e r re t

Th e las t line i difl

s i lt dI cu y h , i an d th I m a i av e m sse e se ns e . c once v e

i t to m e an th t th i
a i ptie w nsc r t d l ky d y th t
—
on as e x e cu e on a uc a a on

w hi h c , ac c or di g t th
n t
o f lle t f Hi d
cus om h o a se c s o n us, c arm s are

b d
oun roun d th i w e r o d th
n arm s, k f th i t l Th i an e ne c s o e r ca t e . s

day i n ou r P id y i diff t i di ff t di t i t b t lw y
res e nc s e re n n e re n s r c s, u a a s

th e sam e in an
y gi p l P
ve n h p Q ft
ace ll .
y b lder a s QT T, a er a , m a e ou r o

frie n d d it
an
y b i t m a i th t i e d d s e x cav at o n a s re cor e .

No . IV .

h
T i s i nscri ti on p bl
e o ngs to th e S atra p se rie s, wh i c hi s so p rom i ne nt i n
th e Nasi k cav e s . It is i n Pracrit, '
as all at Ka l r e n are , and th e form of

th e le tte rs is ev i d tly
en of th e Gj u arat hi typ e. I t is too m uc h b k ro e n,

h owe v e r, to d
a m it o f a co nti nuous translati on .

Th e first li ne m e nti o s
n t a h
t t e so i law of
n- n- h Nah ap ana, th e St pa ra of

ki ng K sh ah arata, b e stow e d t h ousan dh i m at th e ri v e r Barnfisoya

and lowe r d own, i n th e fo urt h line , a d onation to th e m en di cant

p i th
r es ood is m e nti one d .

B HA I JA NS C R I PTI O N S .

Bh j a a is a sm a ll i ll g th v a e ree m ile s S E fro m. . Ka l r e n, th e B ddh i t

u s

re m ains of w hi h c d ib d are escr e in th e J] . B orn . As Soc . . v ol. i p

. .

48 3, by M r. W t g d e s e r aar .

No . I.
— O ve r a sm all tan k .

i n“ R F“ in fant!us e
ri m i s“
’
s m i t

Tr ansla ti on .

Th e re ligious assignati on of a cistern by Vi ndh y adatta, of th e

fam e d ch ari ote e r K osi ki .

21
 sa nr a na r m sc nrm o ns .
[J a n .

Note .

h
Th oug th e th g phy f th l t yll bl i th K iki h
or o ra o e as s a e v ar es, e os e re

ti
m en d i p b b ly th K ik f N III f Ka l Th t
one s ro a e os a o o . . o r en . e cas of

th l tt
e i e tly th d l th f
e rs s e x ac f th i i i l fig e sam e , an a so e orm o e nta ure .

N II o . .

Th i i i p ti i s
g d nscr ll d ag b on s e n rav e on a sm a o a.
“
li
te tr
i m
1 1 3m m m itt “?
Tra ns la ti on .

Th e gift of a sanc tuar yt o th e j yf

o ul, v e ne ra bl e lor d .

Id o not h
find e re th e nam e of th e d onor, as usual . Th e inscri tion, p
h
t e n, was p b bly
ro a e ngrav e d by p i a r est, at som e p e ri o df u ture to th e
constru ction o f dag b th e o a.

N B — Th tw i
. i p ti
. tB d Bi h
e t b t k
o nsc r ons a e ee n or rsa av e no een a en

by M B tt C pi f th by M W t g d will b f d
r. re . o es o em r. es e r aar e ou n

li th g ph d i D Bi d w k d i l i f J l i ’
o ra e n r . r s or , an n vo . . o ou r ou rna , n
th pl t f
e ti g p 4 38
a e Th fi t f
ron li n t l b t th
. . e rs , o one ne , se e m s o ce e ra e e

t ti
cons ru c f th wh i h it i
on o d by i h bit t f e cav e ov e r c s c arv e an n a an o

N a ik Th
s d f th li
. ti
e h h i t bl gift f
se con , o ree ne s, m e n o ns t e c ar a e o a

w t i t by
a e r c s e rn, p th ti d wh I ta e rson e re m e n one , o se nam e canno ce r

t i ly
a n k t I f h lith g ph h
m a e ou t d . ti j i ea r t e o ra er as no one en re us t ce

t M W t g
o r . d py f th i i pti
e s e r aar
’
s co o ese nscr ons .

J um a Ix sc nrp '
rro n s .

A s Mr . B re tt s
’
pl an of th e locali t y of h t e se cav e s suffi cie ntly

ex pl i h
a ns h i ip ti i b fw e re e ac d t f t thi nscr on s to e ou n d I ,
ne e no re e r o s

pitfo n th th t d i
ur t h i erp t t i t V yan t f o re c t e ns e c or o . er c orre c ac

i il
s m f y f
es o th i i p t
m ani t k by C l ol Syk w ill b e se nscr o ns, a en o o ne e s, e

f d i
o un th JI R y l An S le h .
t f th o a s . oc . vo . iv .
, vn t an ac c ou n o e

D Bi d w k l b f d t d th Jl A S’
c av e s . r . r s or c an a so e re e rre o, an e . s . oc .

B g l l i p 1 0 45
en a vo v
I
. . .
,

N o . .

i n w h er e i n e m Eri n m un F
E

Trans la ti on .

To th e Tri ad A ch bam er for a f

re e c tor y , and a wate r cis te rn,

P
.

t
I h e m ili tar y office r Dh any aka . A re ligi ous assignati on. e ace .
 w a rn m s ca rp rxo x s .
'
161

Notes .

Th e two words we and al l m ay be translate d as if u ncom p ounde d ,

a nd th en th e se ns e will be a sanc tuar y and refector y ; b u t th e pi o nt

o ve r th e i t see m s to i nti m ate h

t is is not th e case .
( Se e Ka h n e ri

p
I nscri tions, pp . 8, 1 5, We h av e h e re ( 1 ! ins te ad of ( a, if
h
t e re is no m is ta k e i n th e transcri t p .

Trans la tion .

P eace . Th e re ligious assignati on of a c h ity

a a te m pl e , c onstructe d
at th e com m an d of th e lor d of Th akapura Sulasy adatta, son of He
rani ka ( a gol sm d h) i h b i t
it , n a ant of K al y ana.

Th e S i t , li ke th e M aré th i i n , m
anscri t eans th e p k f
ea o a m oun

tain and since Juni r is si tuate on th e d high roa df D gi i

ro m e va r

( Dowlata bé d) to K aliag, p k f th o n one of th e ea s o e Gh t d th

au s , an e

p rese nt nam e th ld t w
m eansI pp it t b th Th k p e o o n, su ose o e e a a ura

h ere m en ti d M i f F “ h h ld I thi k b d d
one . l , or i r , e re s ou ,
n , e re n e re

com m an e dd d d d t d Ih d
or or e re ,
”
an cons rue as av e one .

No . I II .

i n .
w ere 11
3 i te m w e Fl! s
i ffl
-
ivfi w i l fi gfir FE
'
6 11 m am ( s

Trans la ti on .

Th e re ligious assignation of a c h ity

a a te m pl by d
e o r e r of A nan
'
d a,

gran s ondof th e d e v otee K p il a a, and son of th e asce tic Nay a, also a

de vo te e .

Note .

H e re we h av e 311 at th e b gi
e nni ng, and ill at th e e nd of eac h li ne .

No . IV .

m m m t n v W m s m i rfi i v i wm

Tra ns la tion .

Peace . Th e re li i ous assignati on of a cis te rn

g to th e p i th d by
r es oo

S uvarnaké ra ( a gol sm d it h) , son of K utira, a citize n o f K lia an.

1 62 s a n v a na x m ac arp n o ns
'
.
[J A N .

No . V .

fi fln m fii fm S a w
w w fe w m fitw m
i h ] fi fi m i n fl am e
Tra ns la ti on .

Th e re ligious assignation of an e x cavate d cav e ( n)

Le a and cis te rn to
th e e x ce lle nt asce ti c, fe arle ss sage s, by th d e e v ote e Nan dk
a a Tri ri ka .

p
Th e i ni tial aus ici ous m ar i n t is i nsc ri tion is k h p p e culiar I pp . su ose

i t m ay be a form of a!( vasti a) e r a s i t, th e S k . P hp th i d l tt

r h lde e r, s ou

b e fit, and th e n fl fi
’
, b i gj
e n oine dt o th e ne x t word, will gi v e th e cav e
asce ti c
”
. If i t re m ai ns, th e ne x t le tte r, a , s h ld ou be d bl d
ou e , to
k m
m a e . We h ave h e re th e wor d Hlfi m ( S a ns cr i t W ) for a

B ddhi t
u s asce ti c . From th e S ansc ri t co m e s th e G k re e S ep p a m , and

from th e Pré cri t S e we r, and Eap avato e . A fe w of th e le tte rs of th e in

scri p ti on are a pp y b dly
are ntl a or im p e rfe ctl yf orm e d . Th e le tte r I
h ave m a e d Fe i n th d li
e se co n ne m ore bl
re se m es ft , and i i n th e las t
line is li k e i t . P hp h er a s e re also w e s ou h ld i , ns tea d of W . re a d
was i n th e se nse of wi n as noti ce dblw e o ; and for fe arle ss, translate
v e nera le b .

i n: m “ m at
fu gitive i s a n i n
i fs fv m a“ fir
m
Tra nsla ti on .

Th e re li
g i ous ass igna ti o n of a cav e b
y S iv akri ti, d e vo tee

Som a, d e sti ne d
for th e te n er- e arte ri e st oo d h dp h d .

d
Re gar i ng th e initiator s m ol, h ave no i nform ati on to gi ve y y b I
It .

p b by
i s not i m ro a l a form of O m , th e t re e su e rior ranc es e signat h p b h d
y
i ng tri ni t , and th e i nfe rior ci rcle uni t Am ong th e ain luc y . J ky
figure s, th e ‘ ‘l’ or dowe r-p ot, ta i ng m e re l th e ge ne ral ou tline ,
l k y
p t y w ll with th i niti l
w ill agre e re t d p i b ly thi
e e a s y blh
m o e re , an , oss , s

m a
y b w h t i
e i t d d Th ai l th G l/
s a w h
n en e f . e re s a so e al t r, or co
’
s oo ,

w hi h c bl th pp p t f it P h p th w d t an ight
re se m es e u er ar o . er a s e or h m

i p ly th p f
m f
e y i il t th fi n i f h
e r orm ance o so m e ce re m on , sm ar o e o t e

B h d by wh i h th p p i t
ra m ns, ll p p ty i c th e ro r e or re nounce s a ro er n e

tem pl & d di t d t ligi p p

e, c. e ca e o re ous u r oses .
 m um m sc a rp m o ns
'
. 1 63

No . VI I .

M m " war was

Fagi n o f: 6 m fu t 3m m?

Tra nsla ti on .

A re ligiou s assi gnation of a c h ity t pl d di t d t th

a a em e, e ca e o e re ligi ous

m en s kill d i e n sac re dl i e arn n

g by
, V i a k fi t i k
r se na a, rs n ran am ong th e
ci tiz e ns. Bi r ng a ll p pl h eo e e re .

Th e sam e re m ar s as k we re m a e d on th e i nitiator y y b
s m ol of th e
last insc ri ti on will a p pply t th i
h o bl th s, onl y th at t is m ore re se m es e

Ji fia n fi h
t , or s f th
es, wh i h f
igh t l ky fig
c orm Th one o e e uc ure s . e

w d ign i th
or S d f th n fi t li e en I io t b e pti f
rs ne c once ve o e a corru on o

m i
, i l t
s m w h i
ar h th o M al l th a , f th
c S i t m
e ara s use or e anscr .

Th e m arkf w t or pl i ly p d t b i t k d th
se e m s oo a n ex re sse o e a m s a e , an e re

f M Pi p
ore r .
gg ti
r nse f t
’
h s sud i g a es i i onpp li b lrom A ft e re a n s s na ca e. er

1 1 , l di g i pl i ly q d t a P b bly th p
a so, ou r re a n s a n ,i an no . ro a e e rson n

q t
uesi i f
on, t h d f th
no p li wea th o h i f f th e o t i l ce , as e c e o e m e rcan e

t
cas e , an dh d t i a th i ty d p ibility thi
a ce r a n au or t an re s ons on s accoun .

Th l di g f
e c onc u l i ni il i ip i
orm u a t Ki h i
n s m d Né i kar nscr t ons a ln er an s

h asb ee n & d
co m e , t b i g b tIf m m
”
c . , an no t rn
”
u e ar 1 canno

b d d
e so ren e re .

N V III o. .

F tq t e W m
‘ ‘

m fw re fi ft m v m t wh i m r a s

i vr iire m r [i ] «in a aw
fu l! a ll “ firfitfir
‘

s! am s am e
s ad i s m Fath er an s .

( i n a we fi wfw m am t uft s w
i t! [t ]

Tr a ns la ti on .

Th e re li i ous
g assi gnati on of a cav e and ciste rn by Sup rakh ariy ii ga,
son of d yi g t g
Vagi rinasa, fo r th e t i p y
se lf- e n n , s ron -as-a-m oun a n com an

of k Th i l
m on s . t d wi th th i
e re s d th i t
a so conne c e s ca ve an e se c s e rns

th p it l t k l ft by N k Gi i i th d t f th wh
e ca a s oc e a ara r n , e e vo e e, or ose o

ti ly d
are e n t d t
re li gi Th i
ev o e l i th i o re dw on . e re s a so n s ca ve an e n o

m ent f g i i
or
g y t v din t dm o nepp lyi g th wi h
o m en ki can s, an su n em t s ns
an d l thi g
c o n .

N otes .

T h e re are consi d bl
era e di fficulties in t is i nscri ti on, h p p
e s e ciall y in
 1 64 au t u m n m sc a rr rro a s '
.
[Ja m

th e last line . Th e I th i k h w
m eani n
g of th e six las t le tte rs, n , o e ver,

wh t I h i h h d '
m us tb e ne ar gi a t t av e l t ve n i . r m eans su c c o e s as m e n

can s t w d ft fil
ear, an ki l th Th ki p b b ly w f
s n or ea e r.
”
e s n ro a as or

th e p p f u r ose
g t l
oi d wa ru f w hi h p p
o d d
e d o n on, or c ur o se resse ee r

an d ti g ki i till d by ti i t d f
er s n s s use t asce cs, ns e a o a m at ress.

N IX o. .

Th i i s ipti i i th
nsc r on th l t
s n d p b bly h
e sam e cav e as e as , an ro a as

re al ti t th
on o th i ge sam e f th w d g n b t
, ll th
as som e o e or s a re e u as a e

li nes are cons id bly b k t th b gi i g I fi d th t I

e ra ro en a t e e nn n , n a canno

g i ve a sati f t y t l
s ac or ti f i t rans a on o .

N X o . .

i n i f“ a nti? 1 h
an ?
“
1 ! s t ars

Tra ns la tion .

To th e sp i itr ual gui d e s of th e co m p y an ( of pi r e sts

) , bli h d
th e e sta s e

h
teac e rs ( Th e ros ) , th e v e ne ra bl e Sulasa, and Ananta V ij y t th i
a a ; o e r

di i p l
sc e s, th e esta lis b h dt h e eac e rs, th e v e ne ra ble C h e tiy asa, and Anan
te vi .

N ote s .

h
T is im p f t i ip ti er ec t i th
nscr f b f th
on co n a ns e nam es o a num er o e

p i ip l p
r nc a e rsons t d wi h th
o nc e t y wh i h th y
co nne c e t e m onas e r ove r c e

are i ib d
nscr i il te wh t w
, s m f d i N IV f th Ké h i
ar o a e oun n o . . o e g er

insc rip i ( p
t ons T h t l. w h p d w i thath i,h l d
a so, e n c om are s, as e m e

t th
o igh t
e r d i g f “ wh i h I f
re n e r n ly o pp d t b “ R, c orm e r su ose o e 1 .

“ d li f f
e v e rs b t h
rom it i
ear, d f wi l d h th
u e re s use or l , an as e anus

v ara o v e rth a b ti t f w Th w d t lfil pp

e as a su s u te or
:
e or I ‘ a e ars

i h 7th li
n t e th t th ine , so i p ti p b bly
a dd
e nscrd on ro a re cor e so m e ona

ti onf rom f h l ity t th p i th d

one o t e a o e r es oo .

No . XI .

s firfir m fir m aw fiw Fe s t i v e faw n ! “ m t

h p p
T is im e rfec t inscri tion re cor s a onation from th e ouse ol d d h h d er

h
Si vadfisa son of th e ouse ol e r Saviti I t is w ort
, h d
of o se rvation t . hy b ht a
 w a rn m sc m p r rou s. 1 65

a Sivadas is h e re foun d am ong th e w ors i h pp e rs B ddh f l fii t

of u a.
' '
l
'

i n m ay m ean th e se con d y m oral dut c h ity d th l t

ar an e as

w or d m a
y h av e re fe re nce t th di t i b
o e s r u ti on o f k dp ii b t
c oo e rov s ons, u

i n th e w ant of th e con e x t t it w ld b ou e h azar d t fi

o us y thi g o a rm an n

ce rtainl y on th e nature o f th d ti e ona on.

N XII o . .

a!m is f e
‘
z i
tm m i
r
gufm s -
u rf em s th an!i n i n

Tr a ns la ti on .

P eace . Th e ch ari ta bl e assignation of th e court o f th e te m pl by e

B ddhu a M itra and Buddh araksh i ta , for th e h om e le ss fat h e rs from

Bre ach .

N otes .

I pp su ose Bh arukach h a is rath e r

B h (fi t!) th Bhuj i th roac an , n e

p i f C t h I j t d b f p 5 0 f N i ik i ip ti
rov nce o u c , as con e c ure e o re , . o ts nsc r ons .

Th fi i i ti l i
e t n y f q tly i M a hi h g d t f d I p
a s ve r re ue n n ar t c an e o , an su

p th t t b th
ose a o h fi i th
e e case h gi will b
e re . lm n e se nse e re ve n e

f ound i th K a h i i ipti ( p
n e g er Att nscr t d by th h li o ns . rac e e o ne ss

o f th pl e th f
ace , ig d t
e se h i g
ore t nJ i hd h e v o e e s, av n com e o un r, a t e

v e ran ad h f th t pl ig d h f
o e em id
e ass d th i i
ne ip t em o r a re s e nce , an s nscr
ti on e n rav e
g d h ti tl d
as d t e e ee .

N XIII X IV XV
o s. .
, AN D .

Th i ese i p ti nscrf d th pill i th p ti f th t pl

ons, oun on e ars n e or co o e em e,

w e re p b bly g d t l t p i d h i t
ro a e n rav e a ti a by i it
a er er o t an s e x cav a on v s

ors . I th 3 d li
n e f N X III w h
r ne o pl i ly tho . “ . e av e a n e nam e a re

g d
ar i g n th o j t i gh t b
e rs, con e c ure s mf d did th i ip i p i e orm e , e nsc r t on rom se

t ff
o o y thi g w th th wh il f l
e r an n or i ti e It i p ie o a c ose r e xam na on . s oss

bl l th t i t
e , a so , y b a f th m a t N
e o X d b th
e sam e na ure as o . .
, an e e nam e s

o f th h d e f th
ea s o i ty e soc e .

No . X VI .

fsfn r i t w w qfil i fin fi m fi u-fi e l m a i n tai n

’ ’
m v rm

Tra ns la ti on .

In th e v illa e of
g Vi tih fi, t h roug h th e in fl ue nce of S ris uka, th e king s
' ’ ’

m inis te r, tw e nt y ac res of lan dw e re

( b estowe d) th e village and wate r
p
ing lace to be a fortunate , firm p ossessi on.
 S A H YA D RI I NS C R I PTI O NS .

I am so rr y th at th e state of h t i s im p ortant inscri tion p d oe s not

p e rm it m e to giv e a m ore sa tisfac o r t y transc ri t p and translati on . Se

v e ral of th e h
c a racte rs are e i t h er inco rre c tl gi ve n, y or so p e culiar, tht a

thy e m u st b e gu e sse d t tw
a : o le tte rs of th e nam e of th e v illage m en

ti one d fall un er d t hi h d
s ea , and th e first le tte r of th e na m e of th e
d onor . Th e tw o last le tte rs y pl i d of th e nam e , h ow e ve r, are v e r a n an

w ll f
e d
- orm e d tly g ,
wi h h
an f h fi t
e x ac h fh
a re e t t ose o t e rs m onarc o t e
A dh dy y wh i th M t y P é i w i t Si k
' ‘ ’
n ra nas t , ose nam e n e a s a ur n s r t en s a s .

O fi t l tt
ur rs t b fit b t i t
e er
y b
canno i t) d p b bely h i i, u m a e , an ro a t s s

a m o re corre ct re a di g th th P a i I pp h w t th
n an e ur n c one . su ose e as a e

ti f h g t t ly p i i i t h
ran h i h
on ll d v d n s e r,
m e o e r m e m
g r e nce e s e re ca e ul a , an

i N X V III W wh i h i t hi P a i p th t
n o .

W . l i ’ I f h c s a m os s ur n c e e . e

h dba ig w
ee n sov e re h ld h p t d l i th
n, e s d li
ou av e ex ec e a so n e secon ne

s ui v t i d t i
, r
an
r a T h i no t i s pi f l d f f
e . e n var a na s a e ce o an o ou r

th ou sand q bi t th t th
s u are
g h I cuh d
s ; d i t by
so t h a , ou av e re n e re e

w d or i i
acre , t q l t E gli h
t s no I t will
e ua p d o an ly n s acre . corre s on , ne ar ,

t th
o bigh i i
e tp tit t p t
n u se a f thi P idre se ny di n m os ar s o s re s e nc , an s

th b t th f th f
u s a ou Ih
re e - o ur ly g s d t th
o an ac re . av e m e re u e sse a e

l t li
as p h p th i h t th t t d f h i thi g
ne er a s e cur ous c arac e r a s an s ourt s no n

m ore th Ft d th
an will th
l ; b an I th ill g
e se nse dw en e n e v a e an ate r

i g pl I thi ip i pl t
”
n - ace are th i acre s i i. n s case e nscr t on s ncom e e .

O th wh l i t
n e id t f
o e, i t th t l d t th
se e m s e v t t en rom , a an , o e ex e n m en

ti d w
one g i
, t thas y th ve n
g h th
o fi t h f
e m onaste r t h , rou e rs m onarc o e

A dh dy ty whil y t p i i i t
’
n ra nas , e e r m e m n s er .

No . XVII .

F rom th e s h ortne ss and b k

ro en state of m an y of th e le tte rs of t hi s

p
inscri tion, I fi d i t di fl
ni lt t cu o gi ve an b
inte lligi le translati on of it ;
an d th e re fore p it asst p ov e r a re se nt.

No . XV III .

“ ufir fm fvr wi t h fil m
‘

3m m m r

Tr a nsla ti on .

A fie l fo r out- d d oor re cre ati on by th e

'
A ndh rabh ri ty a, of acre s .

M enti on is d
m a e onl yi n a c yph e r of th e num b e r of bigh a f l s o and

i n th is d o nati on ; and as th e c yph er occu rs no wh e re l

e se, th t I a can
 1 1m m m sc m p n o rxs
'
. 1 67

find, If orb ear s ec ulati ngp on its v alue . h

T is i nscri ti on is p di tis nc t,

a nd Dr . Bi d r
’
s fac -sim ile di fl '

e rs fro m ou rs b ut i n o ne le tte r, so th at

th e i nter p t ti
re a on m ay be re ce i v e d wi t h a goo dd e al of confi e nce d :

No . XIX .

-
m m m wfir v i e w Fa ts auns
t !“ fan am w e “w h i . t
“ a rts
'

se e .

Trans la ti on .

T h rou
gh th e in fl ue nce of th e A ndh rab h ri ty a,
'
born i n th e town of

M ah é v é ku , tw e nt yfi
- ve ac re s (w e re
gi ve n
) as a p p
e r e tual p ortion on

thi s incom p blara e m o u ntai n a o e . bd

Note s .

Id o not k now if t h e re be an
y tow n i n Te lingana h tb
t a e ars a nam e

in any w ay rese m bli g th

n e o ne gi v e n in o ur te x t ; b u t th e le tte rs se e m

all p lai n and u na m b ig u o us . I s t is a h c ontrac ti on of V arankal, th e

n am e of th e anc ie nt cap i tal ? Gu t is fo r e s
p“ . Th e w or 6 m d m is a

fa v ou ri te am ong th e Maré th as for a p lac e w h h ly

e re o m e n re si de , o r

fo r a v illage gi v e n fo r th e su pp ort of re ligi on ; I pp su ose h e re

to b e a c orru ti o n o f i t
p .

No . XX .

Th is , again, is too m uc hb k ro e n, and contains too m an y anom alous

lette rs for m e to atte m pt to translate .

No . XXI .

sum m it fifv m
a s a i r e nfiffii ft
f ai r m a tfa c

i n: I

Tra nsla tio n .

Twe nt y acre s, accor di g t th y l

n o e ro a stan ard,d from th e m i li ta r y
ofi cer K onri ch é ka, p ro uc n ar e an d i gb l y d
m ou ntai n fe nne l, and a orne d d
h
w i t garde n ow e rs fl
Th e re ligi ou s assignati on to th ose o f di sc ri m i nati ng
.

k nowle dge of an o rnam e nte d cav e , for re li

gi ous p p
ur ose s, by th e son o f

K u ta .

Th e m e ani n of
g th e nam e of t ish m i li tar y fl
i o ce r, in Maré th i, i s
22
1 68 s s nv a na r m sc a rp rroxs
'
.
[JA N .

O ne wh o h as th e k ee nne ss o f M ars (or) is, a hp

w ors i pe r of M ars .

Th e nam e s o f th e ve
ge ta bl h
es e re , e x ce p t th e first, are o u tful, as d b
i
se v e al o f
'
th e le tte rs are anom alo us .

No . XX II .

N o te s .

h
T is insc ri p tion contai ns th e re cor d of a re li gi ous assignation, by
Dh any ap dlaka, of a Sangh agri h a, or m onaste r y , to th e p i th d
r es oo ; b ut
so m an y of th e le tte rs are a no m alou s, th tI a cannot v e nture to translate
h gh I h i k th
i t, t ou t n e first li ne c ontai ns th e nam e of a v illage , and

p h p th w d f
er a s e or or acre s . If so, th e le tte rs are a goo d de al
p d
c orru te
XXIII
.

No . .

N ote s .

h
T is inscri tion p contai ns a re cor d o f no le ss t h an fiv e diff e re nt d ona

tions, for so ofte n doe s th e te rm 2 1 1m l oc c u r once i n th e first li ne ,

twi ce i n th e se cond, once i n th e t i rd, h and o nce i n th e fou rt h . I n th e
first li ne th e do nation is (at ; W W II) t h re e h d d
un re
g old m o h u rs in
th e se co nd ( fwa a vnfi r am ) fift y ac re s and in th e fo urt h a ce rtai n

n um b er of ( w a s
ai l fm vrr w f ) ac re s, ac cor di ng to th e A
’
nd ra h
s tandard .
”
Th e w ord fo r i n th e v i llage ,
”
is also twi c e pl i ly
a n

b
le gi le ; b ut am id th e nu m b er of b k ro en and u nc e rta i n le tte rs, to
atte m pt t o m a k e ou t th e nam e s of m e n and v illage s, as hy
t e o ri
gi nally

sto o d , w o uld be la b our in i

v a n.

No . XXI V .

m a il:Fe f t s e a m
“
i s f i rm a re su m m am a? e m w e
a [arfifl] m e a n : m a .

Tr a ns la ti on .

Th e re ligious assignati o n of e i
g ht ( )
8 acre s and fou r ( )
4 p ole s ,b y
th e m ili tar y fl
i o ce r Aji ty a, bie n
g a fie ld i n th e v illage of S ri Valav é , for
'

d
th e lo ge rs i n th e a o bd e of V i ras th ana .

'

o te s .

h
T i s is th e las t o f a se rie s insc ri bd e on th e w alls of th e last bu t one o f

th e th re e sou t e rn h grou p f s o cav e s . T hy e are all m ore or le ss im p e rfe c t,

and, h f it i
t e re ore , s w ith di fi c u lty t y h at an of t h em c an be translate d .

S till th y i p e a re m orta nt, as h

s ow i n
g th e n um e rou s
grants of lan d
m d by i di i d
a e l n v ua s to th e su pp ort o f th e m on s dwe lli ng i n t os e k h
 a nna s , o s x oaa n i nsc m p rro x s
'
. 1 69

cav es, and on account o f th e m e ntion se v e ral ti m e s m a e of d th e A n

'
dh ra

b h rity as, th e fi rs t h h dy ty I sov e re ign of w ic nas , c o nc e i v e , i hs e re

sp ifi lly
ec d i
ca f t ti h h hd
na m e , n re e re nce o a m e w en e a no t y e t asce nde d
th th e l di g b k t b t th y 2 0
ro ne ; ea n us ac o a ou e e ar n . c .

I y i th th i ill g h lf w y b w
m a no t c e , at e re s a v a e a a et ee n Ka l d r e n an

W dg a p t ll d V l
am W h th V i h
at rese n , ca e a van . e er ra ere m e ans B ddh u a,

p i
o r som e t f i p t j t
re v ous e x cav a or o a cav e , s o en o con e c u re .

No . X XV .

’
fe s e m e fe v gfam ( us e Eli s
Tr a ns la ti on .

Th e re ligi o us assi gnati on o f a cis te rn, by S i v ab h uti, th e

’
son of

S i vas am
' ’
a.

N o te .

Th e nam e s in t hi i ip ti p i t t
s nscr t y on o n o a v o ar of S i va h th w e er he
w as a co nv e rt to B ddhi u ly smd th , or m e re cause e tan k f dt re e rre o to
be e x cav ate d as a m a tt f h i ty i
er o t id c ar , s no sa .

N XXVI o . .

m e HI “ HQ Q I 'IH
um 3m m flflflfl
as fa n s 1 “I u se w i th

Tr ansla ti on .

I n th e y e ar o f th e I p i l N h p a thi bt
m er a a a na s su e rrane an a ode b
( w as e x ca v a te d) f or h t ose ac q i t d with h
ua n e dti di t e sacr e r a nv oc atio n,

and e s ta blis h e d i n wi d s om , by f th f ily f Agh o e am o am a .

( Q uee r s

Angi rasa

We h av e h e re m e nti on m a e of d th e P thi
p wh fig ar an S a tra o u re s so

p rom i ne n tly i n th e m i ddle grou p f th o t Na i k e S ca ve s a s . om e of th e

le tte rs i n th e las t li ne are anom a ous l d th f anh t , e re ore , m u c s re ss m us t

not be lai d on th e translati on o f th t p ti a f th i i p ti

or on o e nscr on.

K U D E N, o n K o a a n I n s c a nv rro x s .

Th e localit y of t ish v illa e , on

g th e Rajapuri cre e k , to th e sou t h of

B byom a , th e e x te nt o f th eB ddhi t i
u s re m a ns e x i sti ng h
t e re , and th e
ac co unt of h di t e ir sc ov e r y by Vi h Sha t i s nu s r , will b e foun di n v ol . iii .

o f o ur S i ty J
oc e
’
s ou rna l i D Wil
, n r y. son s v e r
’
com pl t e e and i nte re sti n
g
 1 70 s anv a nar I NS C RI P I I O NS ’‘
.
[J a n .

m e m oir on th e su bj e ct o f cav e -te m pl es and ot e r re m ai ns h in Weste rn

I ndi a .

No . I .

W h ig
; e m u sq : em 3 nth
a s : uni ts i f“ an i ne rt

Tr a nsla ti on .

Th e re ligi ous assi gnati on o f a c h i ty a a te m pl e for a pl ace of w ors i hp ,

and a de lig tful h se c ure as yl um to th e re ligi ous, by th e d e v ote e Ay itilu .

N otes .

Th e last yll bl
s a e of th e nam e of h
t i s lay d e v ote e is a com m on no

m i nal te rm i nation i n th e Te linga langu age , and th e form er

p art of i t is
p b bly d i d f
ro a r } e r ve ro m a e , a m an of th e m e rca ntile c as te .
”
G ! h as
‘ ‘

b g lly f d d i h
ee n e ne ra o un u se n t e se ns e of a co nfe ctor yf or th e ch ari

t bl
a pply f p i i b t I
e su o ro v s o ns ; u consi d thi er s rat h er i nconsi ste nt wi t h
th i f t
e not o n o pl h h a em e ; e nc e t e translatio n gi v e n e ne m as Ih av e

d d if nt fl
.

re n e re v th
'

as a m , as e a and t are so m e ti m e s conv e rti bl e

i t h th b t it y b f
n o e ac o er u m a e or “ T t
a I - N .

No . II .

«1 5s a re W e 3 7 m a w l ] ts
fe s fvf ts v ( us e e m .

Tr a nsla ti on .

Th e re li gi ous assignati on of a cav e ( Le na) by S i ’

va
p ri ta, in h bi t
a ant

of Mang k a, son of V adh uka, i n h b it

a ant o f Man gk a.

I cannot at p re se nt le arn an ythi ng of th e village h e re m e nti one d

th e nam e m e ans th e h d
ea of a boat,
”
if th e se co nd s
y lla le is b cor

re c tly gi ve n . Th e nam e of th e d onor d e note s th at h e was a conv e rt

from S ai v ism
'
.

No . III .

wa rti m e em w as
ua firm fi rst“: i s“ i n
q .

Transla ti on .

Th e h it bl ig
c ar a e ass nation of a cav e ( Le na) to th e v e ne ra bl e, vi e to

rio us b dy by S d
o , u ar sana,
’
in h b it
a ant of Sl a se tte ( Sash ti ), si tuate d on

th e oce an ( b i k ) rn .
 a nna s , o n x o a a n m sc a rp rro ns
'
. 17 1

N ote s .

T h e re are so m e dim c u lti e s h

i n t is i nscri pi t on ; as, for pl
e x am e , o ne

i n th e first word, and ano t h er 1 n th e w or d( eaq

-
. Whet h hi h ld
er t s s ou

be d e ri v e d fro m a rm , as Ih ave do ne a bo v e , o r from th e roo t $ V,

to a dv ance ,
”
I ca nno t de te rm i ne . Bi t , and m th e fift hN o . a re , I
su p p ose to m e an S l tt
a se e , c alle d by th e B h ra m ans Sash ti . Th e w h ole

of th e last si x w or d I s pp su ose u nite d in o ne co m p ou nd e x

p re ssio n, as

f ar as co ns truc ti o n g oe s . Th e c o nc lu di ng sy m b ol re se m b le s som e o f

th ose we m et w it h at Juni r, as i n Nos V I . . and X .

, b u t is m o re o f th e

fo rm of th e Gop adm a, or co w s
’
h oo f,
”
a luc ky figu re am ong th e
B ahr m ans .
No . IV .

e w
-
e r s: [ ]m u
I n m s si ft “
as a n e ar

Tr ans la ti on .

Th e re li gious assignati on of a ( L ) yb Moh ika Loh av arnaniya

'

c av e e na , ,

of th e town of K arh akada .

T h e re is a town on th e K ri sh né , ne arl yi n a di re c t li ne sou t hf rom

S a tta ra, calle d K arh é d ; p e rh ap s th i s m a

y b e th e to w n m e ant . Th e
m e ani ng of th e s u rnam e i s i ro n-c o lo u re d . If c ou ld, Is I h o uld li k e to

rea d fit ! wi lf ul w o rt hy of th e p eo
p le
’
s p raise .
”
P e rh a
p s h
t e re m ay

be som e m is ta k e i n th e co
p y o f th e fac -si m ile , or i n th e o rigi nal or in
so m e p ro vinc ial di ale c t th e 1 m ig t h h av e b e e n su b s ti tu te df or G .

No . V .

m i nf ra a re fi rearm
3 0] 11 0 i niti ate vin e fir m fiaw
e i s“ 1 ga m e ?!an e a t e n gene s '
fs a gfss as m i s s “ an
NH .

Tr ansla ti on .

A re li
gi ous assi nati on to th e v e ne ra le , o ful ( c om
g an ) , b jy p y by th e

guar d p
ian o f th e m o u ntai n asse s, th e gre at p ro p rie to r Manda v a, son of

th e gre at p rop ri e tor of th e S alse tte m ou ntai ns Vi jy a a, and by Lakh aka

( th e p ai nte r o r write r), son of S ulasy adatta, and also Si vabh uti, son of
U ttaradatta .

Th e first d di g t
w or , ac co r n o th e B ah r m ans h e re , is u se d y s noni

m onsl
y wi th M h aj th gh a ar a, ou i t is not com m on . I co ns id h er e re
 1 72 s anv a na r m sc a rr n o x s.
'

[Ja m

m e q ui v ale nt to e m . Th e re is som e d bt b ou a ou t th e arrange

m e nt o f h
t is inscri tio n p . Eac h li ne h as a b ki h
re a n t e m i d le d and th e

q u e s ti o n i s, are w e to re tu rn fro m h pi t at o nt, or re ad on 7 But i t doe s

no t se e m o f m uc hi p m orta nc e w hi h w y w
c a e do . Ih av e ta k en fir, or,

as th e M arat h as o fte n w ri te i t, fi ts , i n th e M ar t ahi se nse . I t diffe rs

fro m a gh a ut (a t? ) in t h at t h e re is no as c e nt o f conse q ue nce , th e
m o u ntai ns o py e ni n
g so as to e na bl e ou to p ass s trai
gh t on . I t is no t,

h o we ve r, u nli e l
”
k y h
t at i s ! m ay be ta e n i n th e se ns e o f di v is ion k
o r distri c t, a nd th e m e ani ng b e t at h e w as o ne o f th e rov i ncia l h p
g ov e rnors . Ih
av e also ta e n m fa n i n th e se nse o f VIE W " I n N o k . .

h h
1 X w e re se v e ral of t ese w ords agai n occ u r, a di e re nt re nde ri ng is fl
'

gi ve n of som e o f t em h to t ht a nu m b er d
th e re a e r i s t e re fore re fe rre h d .

No . VI .

-
ne w Hi
“
re s i sm ( Fa d ng a re
i
“ gas i n i n!i t s i t !l i tte rct

t ffi t f‘ flfl fa s s m e w “ a t“ s t i m ula nts
‘

gna w s a m e
ge m
s um 1 31 m 1
Tr a ns la ti on .

To th e v i cto ri ous ( com p y) q

an ac u ai nte d wi th th e e sse nce o f h
t ings,
th e re ligi ou s as si nati o n
g of a ca v e ( Le na
) by
, th e no bl e Som ade va.

son o f th e no b le de v ote e Rish i raksh ita .

Also by th e sons o f Rish i raksh i ta Sonaga an d Si vagh osh a, for th e

b e ne fit of Duh ri ta, and also Ri sh ip ali ta, to prom ote re li gion and

sociali t y .

h
T is i nscri tion i s p di i d dv e i nto tw o p arts, and in th e se con dp art,

h
e it e r th e co nstruc ti on is u nc o m m o n, or h
t e re is so m e t hi ng awanti ng .

Ih av e
gi ve n w h Idat ee m th e se nse of it . Th e firs t w o rd I h av e

g e ri v e d fro m m i . Th e c u ri o u s w or din se e m s to b e th e Pré c rit of

c n
“
a , i n th e se nse o f m , of a go o d fa m il y ,
”
fro m flt a . If th is b e
j k
.

o b e c te d to, i t m u st be ta en “ a c o ntrac ti o n of fa cts , si m i lar to

th e m o de rn e fl . Th e w o rd e m
g is c o ns ide re d to be th e dati ve of a

m as c u li ne no u n, de ri ve d from
a" and to m e an th e sam e or so m e t hi ng

ne ar
3 s t, c h e rish ing .

No . VII .

i n m in um Fa g
3! Fi v e: m m fifi
018 im a w w 1m
ne
( in
m i
an : s t irs ag
-te

wfii
“
m a m m am i:
 a nna s , o n x o a a n m sc a rp rro ns
'
. 1 73

Tra ns la ti on .

A re ligi ou s assi
gnation, for th e b e ne fit o f th e fat e r h and m ot e r o f h
th e Sé ky a m en di t B ddh S i
ca n u a
’
r , of th e v illage of Arv a, alo ng wi t h it s

t anks a nd p u bli b ildi g gi

c u n s, ve n to t h ose p ur e in h e art, wh o are

o u tw ar dl
'
yf re e f romif di str e, s tre ss, and
p ai n.

N o te s .

h
T is insc ri p tion ap p roac h es ver y ne a r to th e S anscri t, alt h gh it ou

doe s no t se e m q u i te p u re ; t ush am , a b o unda r yw all,

”
h ld h
s ou e

W t; also am ,
“
am a nd i f I m ista k e no t in th e ne x t li ne w e s h ld h
ou av e

W i nk “ : Th e y f h l
t pe i o hi i t e e tte rs n t s nsc rip tion is m o re

m o de rn t h an an
y w e h h d p i lly th b di
a ve a , es ec a 1n e en ng dow n slig tl h y
of th e h i m , or m a r k f th l g Th B ddh
or e on a . e u a
'
h
S ri o f t is i a
s c ri p ti o n is m ore p b bly
ro d
a t f th s om e e vo e e o at na m e , th B ddh an u a

h im se lf. I ca nnot l th t h
e arn i w y ai ll g t e re s no an v a e o f th h
e na m e e re

gi ve n

V III
.

N o . .

Fe e . a rm ne w m f
[ ]e1 a fim m “( a
a l fa e a ef
‘
1
a m finfife e m e

fe fa m flm fe m a i t: an

e nf e rs s e m
n w i '
ani fe fe i fu v e
e ns '
a rfe a tf e fe e a re as fe aw

Tra ns la tion .

To th e P e rfe c t O ne . Th e re li
gi o us as s ignatio n o f a cav e
( Le na), and

a ciste rn to th e T h e ros, v iz . th e v e ne ra b P le alita -m i tra, th e v e ne ra ble

Agni -m i tra, and h i s sis te r s

’
so n, th e p ifi d D h
ur e u ri ta th e astro lo
g e r,
'

and th e
p u ri fie d Pa dm a ni ka alo n g w i h thtdi i p l e sc e Be dh y a , a nd alon
g
wi t h th e i A
di sc p le sa lh a -m i tra .

h
T is i nsc ri p tion is so p lai n, t h at no re m ar k see m s ne ce ssa r y , e x ce
p t
to no tic e , t h at in f
re e re nce to th e two h igh e st digni tarie s th e p lural i s
use df or th e s i ngu lar nu m b er .

No . IX .

“ 1 fi rfsm af w Fe ature w
’

e re e s e t a re ! e ntr e e i s srfe m e
“

“ saf i s w e e ti e se m e s te s v a rs m ere Ge m Fe w fe gam e

ar r

e fe a e e {a h is a si e s we re firm 1 m ! e e e re z a e f f
31 e v e r e
we te a s e s e fe e ne w s a m e 3 m
3 em fe ve rfe m e fe w
n i
“

( are ge tle m an t e r
 '

s an v a na r ra sc a rp r rox s .

Tra ns la ti on .

Th e re ligi ous assi gnati on of a ca v e ( Le na

) by th S e e cre tar yS 1 v ab h ti ti ,

i nte nt o n e m anc i ati on, and m os t

p bl d e sse , for th e dp e e nde nts of th e

s tro ng -arm ed
p ri nc e K b andap alita, son o f th e strong-arm e d V ij a y a, o f

th e Sl a se tte hills, a nd th e so ns and b h rot e rs of S ulfisada tta and

U ttaradatta .

A lso pill a ar h as b e e n ere c te d to th e sons of th e ve ne ra bl e V 1j ay a,

alo n g w i h S t ulé sadatta, S i v ap é lita, S i vadatta,
' ’
S pil
a a, and also Sai
ly a ru p akam a, and Duh ri ta, a nd for th e assoc ia te s of S i vap dli ta.
'

S i vadatta, and Sulfisadatta

'

Ih ave h e re translate d Sé m anda v a as i f i t w e re Si r m anta, and m a e d

K h andapali ta a p p ro e r nam e . I n No . I V . m a e d th e fo rm er th e
p ro
p e r nam e , a nd tra nslate d th e la tte r, b t I hi k
u t n no w t at t h hi i s s th e
b e tte r w ay ; y e t i t is no t a m atte r o f m uc hi p m o rta nc e . Th i p s e rson

w as p ro b bly
a a rule r o ve r th e C o nc an, i h
e t i h er n t e latte r ti m es of th e
A nd
'
h ra y
dy nast , or a fte r i ts e x ti nc tio n Th e . st
y le of th e le tte rs
p o i nt to th at p e riod, as w e ll as th e p o litic al state of th e c ou ntr y .

N . B Th e re
— . sti ll re m ai n se v e ral i m p o rtant Sah y fi dri i nsc ri p tions,
o f w ic h h fac -si m ile s h av e no t be e n e x e c ute d Mr re tt by
O f t e se . B . h
th e m o st im p ortant is t h at w ic h h e x is ts in a c a v e a t th e h e ad of th e

N ana Gh é t . A fac -sim i le , h o w e v e r, of hi

t s, w as take n by C olo ne l
Sy k e s, py f wh i h ill b f d i th Jl R y l A S f
a co o c w e o un n e o a s . oc . o

G B i i d I l d l i p 2 8 8 Th i i i l i
.

re at r ta n an re an , vo . iv . . . e nt a nv o cat o n to

B ddh i b li
u a d h Dh
s o te rate i
t a t toh f ll w i i
arm a re m a ns t en o o nv oc at ons

t I d
o n ra a nd h Hi d g d b f ot er n u i d (p o s, as N h d e ore no t c e . e ar t e en

o f h t efi li w h
rs t h ne d K h ap
e av e t e wor f di h a ana, so o te n u se n t e se

insc r ip ti f th
ons p i f or ye
g i e cei h oi y t d
m o ne i t ve n n c ar t o m en c an

pi r e s ts I .
g ti h
o c c urs d f
a h
a n at i th li t d l
e en o t e n n ne , an a so ne ar

i t b gi i g
s e nn ndi g , y
acco r
p I y n lf to k a co y g I m se too so m e e ars a o . n

th d li h w d D kh
e se co n ne t e S h or a di h au ,hi d out , occ urs an n t e t r

Sé g ara-
g i i O r h ,
ill i t d d
ce an-
p b b lys, f
n en e h h l ro a as a nam e or t e w o e

i M a hi b b y ”
c h i a n ;l a so a ce rta n
g w i ar t w h p l h dre at arr o r, o ro a a

th h g f th
e c ar e o t i f he cons ruc t on o d h k p i g h gh é i t e c a ve an t e ee n t e t n

re p i i
a r, d s na m e .

h f th li th i d li f N V fC l l Syk
’
I nt e o ur ne , o r r f
ne o i il o . . o o one es ac -s m e s,

w h e av e a
g y h i h
re a t m an
g d i g ti l w h i h b l
-s o u n
g I l d n t e s, c e on , c onc u e,

to h t e ig by wh
sove re th i n l h omw t t d s Th i a m s- ouse as cons ru c e . s

line i n De v ané gari is as follow s

 c na ox ono s rc a r. su m m a a v . 1 75

i h fe FG -
m
‘

e w es . e m .

C olone l y e s co Sk py d
iffe rs fro m m i ne in not av i ng th e first s lla le ,
’
h y b
a nd i n h
av ing i n th e fou rt at for e Th e w ord ( e v e , also, i ffe rs h ‘

. d
slig htly . T h e n, agai n, m i ne w ants th e las t w or d whi h I h , c av e su pp li d e

f rom h is . Afte r t is t h h e re is a large bl k w h h

an , e re t e le tte rs are

w h lly blit t d Th typ

o o e ra e . e e of t h lte se e te rs is so e nti re l y th e sam e

as th t f th La h i
a oi p ti e t nsc r o ns, th t th y
a e m u st bl e on
g to th e sam e

e ra O thi
. t I n s acco u n am te m pt d t
e o j
c on e c ture h
t at th e nam e

V é risé v ari ya is th e Vi ndusé ra of th e Purzi ns, and th e Bindusé ro of th e

Buddh ists , w h o se nam e V arisri ra i n th e Bh ag av at is e sse nti all y th e

h h h dS
,

T is, t
’’
is th e fat th e w o r ti n i s
’
sa m e as ou rs . e n, e r s nam e ; im

p ro a b bly an e pi th t th e , ou
g h S é nti i s th e
'
Ji a n na m e for o ne o f th e
M agadh em p e rors . Th e w or d
w i th ! is p b bly
ro a e m i
]
t ! o r e a rs .

Th e o blit e rate d l tt e er m a
y b e or ; and th e
“
last 1 1 , as th e le tte rs are th e re

i n di sti nct, m a
y b e a m ista k efor It ; t us h gi v in
g u s A so a w ou l
'
k . I d
th en translate Th e son of th e di i v ne V i ndusé ra, o sse sse d o f te n p
fo l d de n ow m e nts, te nfol d lov e li ne ss, te nfol d w e alt h , and te nfo l d
w l dg p k
'
k no e th f e, e ortu nate au s
p i c i ou s, th e fortu nate i m e ri al A so a .

It i y p ki
s ve r rov o ng, hw o e v e r, t h t th
a e i nsc rip ti on s ho uld fai l u s in
th e ve r y pl wh ace e re it b e co m e s m ost i nte re sting . I t w ou ld ce rta i nl y
be g ti
ra fy i g i f n we c ould c e rta i nl y id e ntif y hi t s as one of A so
'
k a s
’

n u m e rous m onu m e nts ; still I co nce i ve , a ll th i g n s co nsi e re d d , we are

w arrante dt d o raw h
t is c onclus i on .

T h e re are als o two i nsc ri tions p k w t

no n o e x ist ne ar M ah ad ( Ma h ar ) ,

i n th e C onc an, g i v e n i n Dr
and r s or , o f w i c w e . Bi d w k ’
h h h av e no t
g ot

f -
ac s m i ile s . T e hy
e v ide ntl e lo ng to th e u de n ( yb K K h) o ra se ri e s .

T h e re are also i ns c ri tions at Ad anta, i n a m u c

p j m h o re m o d e rn

c h a rac te r, ac c urate c o pi es of w ich h are s till a d id es e ra tu m .

C H R O N O L O GI C A L S U M M ARY .

I h
s all now conclu de th i p psw ith ha er a s ort sum m ar y of th e c hi ef

e v e n ts m e ntione d i n th e Sah y é dri insc ri p tio ns, i n c h ro no lo ic al o r e r

g d .

I t w ill b e su ffici e nt re fe re nc e m e re l yt o note th e p age o f th is , and o f

my f orm e r pp a e r, o n w hi h th
c e sta te m e nt m a e d i s fou n dd e . Th e d a te s

wh ic a ve hh not b e e n asce rta ine df ro m insc rip tions, b u t m e re l y m a d e

out by calculatio n, are m ar e k d w ith an i nte rrogation .

B . C .

2 00 A cav e w as e x cav ate d, and an a i m s -h o u se es tab li s h e d i n i t,

on th e to p of th e Nand Gh at, by an Em p e ro r of I nd i a , p ro
b bly A sok a
a
'

, th e fi rs t Buddh is t Em p e ro r 1 7 4 -5
23
l I6 S AH YA D RI I NBC RI PTI O N S .
[JA N .

Th e Great C ave Te m ple at K firle n w as f or m e d by th e li m

’

p or
e r i ) e vab h 11 ti , u nde r th e su p e ri nte nde nc c o f X e no crute s ,
e Gre e k
A s m a ll c a v e w as e x c a va te d a t K é u h e ri by th e sa m e X e no
c ra te s , i n w h ic h a s u p p o se d to o th o f Buddh a wa s de p o s i te d,
ti ll i t was j
re m o ve d to a n a d o i ni ng ta p e , as m e nti o ned b e lo w .

Th e e x p e di ti o n of th e c o ns tr u c to r of th e c a ve m e nti o ne d

b e lo w i nto M alabar, to q u e ll a n i ns u rre c ti o n th e re , too k

p lac e
Th e c e ntral or S atra p c a ve at
’
Nrts i k w as e x c a va te d by
U s h a v adutta , s on-lu -la w of th e S a tra p Na h ap i m a, of th e

Pa rth ia n m o nar c h K sh a h a r zi ta ( Ph ra h a te s - 5s
Lands we re gi ve n to th e m o nk s a t Ju ni r, w h o d we lt i n th e
th i rd se ri es o f so uth e rn c a ve s , by s e ve ra l i ndi vi duals , a nd

es p e c i a ll y by '
S i s uka , c a lle d th e re
'

S ri s u k a , th e fi rst
‘
A nd h ra b h ri ty a so ve re i gn, w h i le h e w as y e t o nly p ri m e

m i ni s te r
Th e Gre at Te m p le C a ve at K an h c ri w as p ro a ly e x ca v a te d b b
by th e sa m e m o narc h , afte r h e a s ce nde d th e th ro ne Th e .

nam e g i ve n h i m a o v b
e i s th a t o f th e Ma ts y a P u ré n ; h e re

he re c e i ve s th e na m e o f B ali n, th a t gi v e n i n th e Bh aga va t

A to p s o r m o u nd was c onstruc te d a t K anh e ri to c o nta i n th e

too th o f B b
uddh a , m e nti o ne d a o ve , a nd also i n h o no u r o f a

ce le b te d Buddh i t d v te e by P h y a rm an w h o
ra s e o ,
us av ,
w as
t d wi th th e A ndh y l f i ly ’
co nn ec e ra ro a am

N .
—Th i s i s th e to p s p n d by Dr Bi rd i n 1 8 39 o e e .
,
a nd
w h i c h c o nta i ne d a p la te w i th th e d a te o n i t .

Th e v i llage o f j a o n th e
K a ra n ,
’

Glu l ts, wa s m ade o ve r to th e

m o nk s a t K firl n by tw
e , g e o r at m i li tar yc o m m ande rs , wh o

i n th e s r t uggle s b e twe n th e e re ga l S a tra p s a nd M a g a dh

Em p e ro r s h ad m o s t li k ly w e re s te d th e j
ad ac e nt te rri to r y
fro m th e fo rm e r, and a fte rw a rds re s igne d i t to th e latte r .

A b out th e sa m e ti m e , a ls o , th e im a ge o f Bu ddh a , o n th e

le ft o f th e e ntra ncc , w h e re th e s e i ns c ri p ti ons a re fo u nd, was

p r o b b ly
a e x ec u te d l s) 5

Th e la rge cave m o st to th e le ft o f th o se th a t c o nta i n i nsc ri p

ti o ns a t asi k was e x c a v ate d a t th e c o m m a nd o f th e q ue en

of Ga u ta m i -p utra , de sc ri e d as lo rd p ara m o unt b of i ndi a

a nd C e y lo n, and w h o h ad e s ta li s h e d i n h i s c a p i tal b a c o lle ge

fo r Bra h m ani e a l, and a no th e r fo r Bu ddh i s t sc i e nc e , an in

s ti tu ti o n fo r te a c h i ng arc h e r y ,
a nd a h o sp i tal
N . B — Re asons
. h ave b e e n a dd u ce d to s h o w th a t th e e ra

m e nti o ne d i n th i s i ns c ri p ti on i s th e Bala b h i , and th a t

b
i t was es ta lis h e d i n c o m m e m o rati on o f th e o ve rth ro w

of th e Grm co -Pa rth i an em i

p re in We ste rn I ndi a , by
 C BR0 NO LO GI C A L S U M M A RY . 1 77

th e u ni ted fo rc e s of th e Magadh Em p e ro r and th e

Ba la b h i Com m a nde r-i n-ch i e f, w h o b
re e lle d agai nst h i s

so ve re i gn , th e re i ni ng ro
g y al S a tr a p , a nd re nde re d h i m
s e lf i nde p e nde nt . Th e se S a trap s h ad , i n all p ro ba
b i li ty , re i gne d fo r a lo ng ti m e i n th e i r o w n r i gh t, and

h ad p re fi x e d th e ti tle re ga l to th e i r fo rm e r ap p e lla ti on, to

p o i n t t h i s o u t T h e la te s t da.te o n a ny o f th e i r c o i ns i s

Sam va t 390 , or A . D. 333 fo r i th ink , fro m th e fo rm

o f th e le tte rs , th a t th e e ra m us t be th e co m m o n S a m v at .

We h a v e , th e n , o nl y to s u p p o s e , th a t o n th e I nd us th e i r

go v e r nm e n t s u bi s s te d fo u rte e n y e ars afte r i t w as o ve r

th ro w n ia G j
u a rat, as th e Balab h i e ra co m m e nce s

w i th A D . . 31 9 . In a c c orda nc e wi th th i s s u p p o si ti o n,

no ne o f th e 40 0 r; gal S atra p c o i ns th a t w e re fo und a t

Ja a i r i n 1 8 4 0 be l o ng to th e tw o la s t S a tra p s . Th e
v a u nti ng , to o , o f li ndre Dam s, th e las t o f th e m b ut
r ule r
'
o ne , o n th e Gi rnar i ns c r i p ti o n, o ve r th e S a tk a rp i
of th e Da kh a n , o ur
’
A nd h ra m o na rc h , c o u ld re fe r o nl y
to so m e p a r ti a l s u c ce ss p re ce di ng th e fi na l ca ta s tro ph e ,

as we u s u a ll y fi nd p e o p le b
oas t m o s t w h e n h a rde st

p r e s s e d. F rom o u r i nsc ri p ti o ns i t i s e v i de n t th a t th e

h i lls i n w h i ch th e c a ve s are e x c a v a te d we re so m e ti m e s

i n p osse ss i o n of th e one , and so m e ti m e s o f th e o th e r

p ar t y .

Th e m o na ste r y ca ve a t K arle n w as e x e c u te d by a m e ndi cant

de vo te e
Buddh agh os h a , th e a u th or of th e P ali wo rk c a lle d in
C e v lo n th e Atth a k a th a , and th e Buddh is t a p os tle of th e
Ba rm an pe ni ns u la , se t u p a m iddle s i z ed im age of Buddh a
on th e righ t p o rc h of th e g e at
r Te m p le C a ve at K anh e ri
D u ri ng
’ ’
th e re ign o f th e A ndh ra m o na rc h Yadny a S ri S at
K a rm , wh o is m e n ti o ne d i n th e a nna ls o f C h i na as h a v i ng
se nt a m b a ssa do rs th e re , a ne p h e w and o th e r re la ti o ns o f h is
se t u
p th e tw o c o lo ss a l i m a ge s o n e ach s i de o f th e o rc h o f
p
th e sa m e gre a t c a ve ; and a t th e sa m e ti m e a vi llage was

gi ve n to th e m o n ks

4 30 ?
O th e r re lati o ns o f th e sa m e em p e ro r es ta li sh e d b an ai m s

h o us e i n c o nne c ti o n w i th a c ar e
’
a t K anh e ri .

431 ?
O th e rs of th e ro y al fa m i l y e s ta b li s h e d a re fe c to r y i n con
ne c ti o n w i th ano th e r c a ve th e re
?
4 33 A m o na s te ry -ca ve w as e x c a va te d at Nas i lt b y co m m a nd of

th e w ife o f th e c o m m ande r i n c h i e f o f th e sam e Em pe ro r

4 00 ?
A te m p le c a ve at K ude n ( K o ra h ) ,
i n th e C o nc a n, was ex

ca v a te d by th e S e c re tar y of th e C h i e f of S alse tte , w h o se e m s

to h ave e x e r ci s e d a u th o ri t y o ve r a c o nside ra ble adj oi ni ng

di stri c t Of c o unll y
‘
g o o s e s o n o e s o s o o o s o o o s o s o o s s o o s o o s g g
1 78 san r s nnt m s c ut r rto us
'
.
[J A N .

N . B—Th e
. ab ove m e nti oned work s are all th at app ear to m e to de ri ve fro m
th e i nsc ri p ti ons p rob ab le i ndica ti ons of th e p e ri od abo ut wh ic h th e y we re
e x ec ute d, wh e th e r b y m eans of th e dates , or th e nam es th e y co ntai n . Th e
ti m e wh e n th e o th e rs we re e ngra ve d c an o nly y e t b e gue sse d at fro m th e
s ty le of th e le tte rs, b ut no ne see m to m e to h ave be e n i nsc ri be d o n th e
Sah y adri roc k s at a late r p e ri od th an th at last m e nti one d, and ce rtai nly

none earli e r th a n th e fi
date h e re gi ve n, bri ngi ng th e m a ll wi th i n th e
rst

two ce nturi es p re ce di ng, and th e fi ve s ucc ee ding t he C h ri s ti an era, duri ng

wh i ch ti m e Buddh i sm fl o uri sh e d i n Wes te rn Indi a, w h i le th e m ode rn H i ndd

sy ste m was si le ntly m o ulding i tse lf into i ts prese nt form , and p re p ari ng to
take th e p lace , a t a som e wh a t la te r p e ri od, o f th e re li gi on o f Buddh a, and

to e x h i b i t th at com p ound of
V e di c p anth e i sm , uddh is ti c al te nde rness for B
ani m al li fe , and i ndige nal su p e rsti ti on, th at i s no w c urre nt i n I ndia .

D uri ng, h owe ve r, th e wh ole p e ri o d of th e Buddh is t asce ndancy , Brah m ans

e x i ste d, s tudie d th e i r li te rature , h ad th e i r h oly p lace s , and p e rform ed th ose

of th e i r ri te s th a t could be
p e rfo r m e d i n p ri vate Th e c o m m o n p eo p le also .

worsh i p p ed K rish na , Bh avani ,

and
'
S i va, as local gods, i n p arti cular
di stri c ts .

Th e trave ls of th e C h i nese Pa Hian sh ow th at at th e begi nni ng of th e Fi fth ,

C e ntury Buddh ism pre vai le d th ro ugh o ut i ndi a and th ose of Wh ang
Th sang sh o w th a t th i s was sti ll th e case i n th e begi nni ng o f th e S e ve nth
C e ntury An i nsc ri p ti on, of date A n 66 7 , o ri gi nally a ffi xe d to a
. . .

Buddh ist te m p le near Na gp o re , sh o w s th a t i t sti ll p re v ai le d i n th e E as t at

th a t p e ri od ( Jl Bo m
. R oy a I A
. s S o c v ol . i p I t
. i s to b
. e noti ce d . . .

h e re , also, th at th e re is a discre pancy of 4 2 ye ars b e twee n th e date A n . .

342 and a . n 42 8
. .

Erra ta .

Wi th out noti ci ng m ore ob vi ous ty pograp h i cal e rrors, th e re ade r i s re q uested to

c orrec t th e fo llo wi ng m ista es k i n th i s and th e p re ce di ng pap e r
Page 3 , line ”
3 fro m bottom , f or e re c te d r ea d b e stow e d as agi ft
” ”
4, 1 72 bef ore C om m a nde r i nse r t w i fe of th e
7, 1 1 fro m top , f or r e ad

32 , 9 from b ottom , bef ore p 9 7 i ns e

. r t vo l x . .
"

33, 14 fl ll l
'”
i s tra
‘
nsla te d lay d i sc i p le ,
”
wh i c h i s th e

J ai n se nse ; b ut i n Buddh ist li te rature i t m eans an orde r of

”
th e p ri es th ood ; th e p re ce di ng word, Agry s , also, m ay
be a p p
ro e r nam e.

8 from to p , f or a th o usand m i lione r ea d a th o usand and a

m i lli on

1 53, 2 Th e word Bh uti ”

, sh o uld be i n b rac ke ts , as it is supp li e d.

In th e Prdcri t i nscri p ti ons q is so m e ti m es c h ange d to 1 ,

and so m e ti m es to accordi ng as th e word i n i ts Sanscri t

a,
fo rm re q u i re s b ut ne ith e r of th ese sy llab les oc c urs, e x ce p t

i n th e Sanscri t inscri p ti ons : wh e re e i th er of th e m is found

i n th e Pracri t, th e ori gi nal i s q ,
A nr I I — S um
'
. .
y f
m ar o th e Ge ology of I ndi a , be tween th e Ga nges,
th e I ndus, a nd C a e
p C om o r i n By H J C A RTE R, Esq ,
. . . .

Assis tant S urge o n, Bo m bay Esta blis h m e nt .

[W i th M a
p a nd

Diagram ] .

P res e a Au gus t l 8 3
5
.

IT is bu t a fe w y e ars si nce th at th e late C a tai n p Ne w b old, o f th e

Ma d ras Arm y , wrote h is S um m ar y of th e Ge olog y of South e rn
I ndia,
”
w h ich w as p bli h d
u s e in vo ls . v iii . xi . and x n. of th e Jl .

of th e Ro ylA a s . Soc . and ce rtai nl y no one h as e ve r p re ce de d or

follow e d h im i n I ndia wh ose O pi nions are e ntitle d to so m uch re s p e ct,

from h is ge ne ral ge ogra h ical and ge ological p k now le d e ,

g h is ac ti v e

p owe rs o f o se rvati o n, a nd b
h is gre at e rsonal e x p p e rie nc e o f th e cou ntr y
b
a o ut w h i ch h e h as wri tte n . I t is to be g re tte d, h ow e v e r, th at
re

h e did no t i nclu d e th at p art of I ndia b e twe e n th e Gan e s and th e

g
Id bn us e cau se , wi th h is ac tual ac u aintance
q w ith th e form e r, and th e

p b l
ui h d b s e o se rvati ons on th e latte r, h e m igh t h av e drawn m uch m o re

fai th ful and use ful c o m p arisons b e twe e n th e tw o th an one be h av i ng

alm ost e ntire l
y b
to th e o se rv ations of oth e rs for a su m m ar y fbo o th .

As i t i s, th e re is no th i ng le ft bu t a care f ul p e rus al of all th at h as

b een w ri tte n, di re c tl y and d
i n ire c tl y , on th e su bj e c t, for at le ast th e las t
twe nt yy ea rs, w i th fre q ue nt re fe re nce to a m use um of au th e nticate d
sp e ci m e ns, be fore th e stu d e nt can fee l h im se lf m aste r of wh a t h as
alre ad yb ee n d one , and e na bl de to p roce e d with confi e nced to furth e r
i nve stigati o n .

Ve r y fe w , h owe ve r, p osse ss su ch O pp ortu ni ti e s, alth ough th e re

are h undre ds so si tuate d in I di n a, wh o, i f th e y c o uld be conv e y dt
e o

th e m , w o ul d not onl yb e a bl t e o e x am ine th e i r res p e cti v e localiti es

e ffici e ntl y , bu t b e m ost
grate ful for th e m eans th us afiorde d
'

of

ad diti onal occu p ti

a on .

F ee ling se ns i bl e of th is, at th e sam e ti m e th at i t is i m p ibl t

oss e o

transfe r such d
a v antage s in b lk I h
u , av e e nde av o ure d to su pp ly h i t e r

pl ace , by givi ng a sh ort y

sum m ar of all th e p i ip l f
r nc a ac ts and
1 80 G EO LO G Y or m e ta .
[Ja m

co nc u s ons l i to wh ich an atte ntive stud y of th e O b se rv atio ns O f o th e rs and

m y ow n lim i te d ex p e rie nce on th e su bj e ct h ave e na bl d e m e to arri v e ,

w ish i ng th at th is lo ng d e si re d c o m p il ation h ad b e e n u nde rta k by en

a m o re co m p e te nt p e rso n.

Th e art O f ndia p I Ip p ro o se fo r ou r co nside ration is comp rise d w i th in

th e Ga u ge s and um J na on th e NE th e I ndus a nd S u tle j on th e

NW th e Bay Of Be ngal and Ara ian Se a b re s

p e c ti ve l y on th e E . and

W .
, a nd C ap e C o m o ri n o n th e S .
; c u tti ng O ff, h o we v e r, th at a ngu lar

p o rti o n w h ic h i s NE . Of a li ne e x te ndi n
g fro m D lh i
e to Fe roze p o re , as

th is wo u ld e ntai l a de sc ri pi t on Of th e ge olo
g y of th e s ub - Hi l y m a a an

ran e ,
g w h ich , b e side s re n d i er n
g th e su bj e c t m uch m ore co m p li d ca te ,

and g bi e n alm ost e ntire lv w i th o u t th e natural b d o un arie s O f th e tract

m e ntio ne d, I am not p p re are d to e nte r u p on .

Wi h t th e
ge ne ral g g eo ra
p h i cal fe a ture s of th is tract I m u st p re su m e

th at th e re ade r is alre ad y ae t u a i nte d, and,

j th e re fo re , sh a ll on ly a dd a

s m all m a p , to fac i litate h is findi ng ou t th e plac e s a nd localitie s to wh ich

I m
y
a h ave o cc as i o n to di re c t h is a tte nti o n.

N um e ro u s as th e ge olo gic a l o b se r v ations on th e p o rtion of I di n a

b e fo re u s a p p e ar to b e , th e re a re s till s o fe w, c omp i arat v e ly s p ki

g ea n , of

g e ne ral b e a ri ng, a nd th e s e o n loc ali tie s so w id ly p e se ara te d, th a t, a fte r

h av i ng p e ruse d m a n yh u ndre ds O f p age s, th e s tu de nt fi nds h im s e lf b ly

a re

on th e th re sh old of h is su bj e c t, a nd wi th b ut a fai nt s k e tch e v e n Of th e

m ost p ine nt ge ologic al fe ature s O f th e cou ntr h e at first th o ugh t so
ro m y
w ll k
e no w n S uc h , h ow e v e r m us t alw ay s be th e case i n an a tte m t to
.
, p
g e ne ralize from u nco nne c te d fac ts a nd data i nde fini te l de sc ri y b e d, w h i ch
m os t o f th e se are . Ye t I ndia h as no t b ee n w i th ou t h e r abl e, faith ful,
and de v o te d ge ologi sts ; b u t th e tre ac h e r y of h e r cli m ate , h e r u ni nh a i te b d
w as te s, w h e re h e r ro c k s a re be s t s e e n, h er e x te nsi v e a nd i m p e ne tra e bl
trac ts o f v e ge tati on, and h er strati fie d fo rm atio ns m e ta m or h o s e d a nd
p
u nfoss iliz e d by th e i nte nse h e at of re p e ate d i ntrus io ns Of igne ou s
m a tte r, h a ve , all c o m bi ne d, O pp ose d th e de v e lo p h e r ge olo
m e nt Of

g i c y
al h isto r , a nd th e fo rm e r s e nt m a n y an e ffi c ie nt e nth u si as t to an

y
e arl gra v e , e re h is tas k o f p rac tic al e x am i natio n h ad h ardl yb e en

c o m m e nc e d .

Th e p ro
g re ss O f I ndi an ge o lo
gy i s, th e re fore , ne ce ssaril y l w d it
s o , an s

adv an c e m e nt now alm o st im p o s si ble , wi th out a p re v i o u s k wl dg f

no e e O

w h at h as alre a dy b ee n d one ; w h i c h , h o w e ve r m u ch m o re a d ly
va nta
g e o us

O b tai ne d by p e rso nal O b se rvatio n in a te m p e rate c lim a te , wi th an a bu n

dant and h igh l y civ i li ze d pp o u lation, w ill no t a d m it of a si m ilar

e x c h an e
g i n I ndi a, w h e re th e u ninh ab i te d and unh e alth ie st p arts are
 I NTRO D U C T O N I .

g e ne ra ll y th e m ost i nstruc tiv e , and c an h ardl be y ex p e c te dt o be i i te d

v s

m o re th an o nc e by th e sam e i ndi v idual .

Li m i te d, h ow e v e r, as o ur a c tual ac
q u ai ntance with th e ge olog o f y
India m a
y b e th e re is
, sti ll e no ugh to sh ado w fo rth a s s te m atic y
o u tli ne O f w h at re all y e x i sts , a nd w h ic h , i f le arnt, y m a m a te ri all y
facili ta te th e furth e r d e v e lo p m e nt of h er m i ne ral and ge ological
re s ou rc e s .

I t w ill h e re afte r b e se e n, th at i n th e trac t m e nti o ne d we h a v e , at

le as t , re p re se ntati v e s Of all th e ge o lo gi ca l se ri e s o f Eu ro p e , fro m th e

O olitic p e ri o d ow n to th e d p re se nt ti m e, w i th m e ta m o r ph i c s trata ,

p
a nd lu to ni e a nd v olca nic roc k i bs na u nda nc e , s uc h as are to b e fo u nd in

o th e r p arts Of th e w o rld . SO far, th e O o li tic de p osi ts a pp e ar to be th e

m o st i nte re s ti ng, b o th in an e c o no m i c al an d in a
g e o lo
g ic al
p o i nt o f
v ie w ; for th e y no t o nl y c o ntai n th e c o al bd
e s of I ndia, i ro n-o re ,

a nd a v e r y fai r lith ogra p h ie li m b ut

e s to ne ; - i n th e i r m e tam o rp h i c s ta te

a pp e ar to a ff o rd th e w h i te m ar bl e of I ndia, w h ic h , toge th e r w i th th e

re d c olo ure d sands to ne , a no th e r p art of th is se ri e s, fo rm th e ch i e f

m a te ri als o f th e Taj M ah al at Agra , a nd th e latte r th at o f all th e p ri n

ei plb
e ui ldi n
g s o f th e tow ns o n th e J um na fro m M i rzap o re to D lh i
e .

At Ajm ee r a nd e lse wh e re th e s am e sa nds to ne , a pp are ntl y m e ta m or

p h ose d, y ie l s d le ad ; co pp er i s fou nd i n th e sh ale s Of th i s se rie s ;

p
s e r e nti ne in Bah ar ; ste atite (p ot-stone ) in m any pl ac e s ; m a
gne si te

ne ar J ub b ul o re ,
p &c .
; a nd th e re se arch e s o f C pt i a a n F ran lin k and

J ac
q ue m o nt i n Bunde lkh u nd , and V oy se y i n S o u th e rn I ndi a, w o uld

se e m to sh o w th at th e o rigi nal c o nglo m e ra te , if not th e re al b e d of

th e di am ond and a p a rt O f, at le as t alm o s t i nvariab ly acc om p anie s, th is
se rie s . IVh ile th e la te disco v e rie s Of th e Re v . M e s srs His lo p
. a nd

H unte r i n th e ne igh b o u rh oo d of N agp ore h av e sh o w n th a t th e

O oli tic de p o si ts a b o u nd in by f ar th e m os t i nte re sting fo ss ils th a t th e

i nte rio r f I ndia h as y e t afio rde d
'

o .

Th e so -calle d c o rne li an m i ne s, agai n, at Rattanp o re , a ou t 4 2 m ile s b

inland fro m th e m o uth O f th e Ne rb u dda, w o uld a pe ar to be i n p
a n o ld b e ac h , c h ie fl
v f orm e d O f ro u nde d di nts fro m th e am ygd l id la o a

roc k s. Bu t th e s e and o th e r c o nclu s io ns h ad b e tte r be gi v e n i n

c o nne c ti o n w i th th e fac ts fro m w h ic h th e y h av e b ee n de ri ve d, le s t
th e m i nd Of th e re ade r be bi as se d in antici p ating th at wh i c h , a fte r

all, m a
y p ro v e to b e fallac ious ; th e j
O b e ct o f th i s su m m a r y be i ng,
not so m uc h to i nsist on th e c o rre c tness O f th e v ie w s it m a
y co ntai n,

as, i n th e ab se nc e o f m ore e x te nde d data, to pl ac e so m e th i ng b e fo re th e

reade r w h i ch m ay draw h is atte ntion to th e j
s ub e c t.
 G EO LO GY O F I NDI A .

With th i s sh ort intro d u cti on, le t us p rocee d at once to th e de scri p

ti on of th e di ffe re nt form ati o ns, com m e ncing wi th th e olde st, and e ndin
g
wi th th e m ost re ce nt . Th e se will be se p arate d i nto Grou p s, h e ade d
re s p y with t b
e c ti v e l a a u lar v ie w o f th e i r conte nts .

i ty h be giv e n, th e ti tles Of h is
’
F th
or au or , t e au th or s nam e alone wi ll

p ubli ti b i g i
ca ons e n nse rte d at th e e nd O f th e article and, w h e n

re fe re nce is m ade to a p
s e cim e n i n th e Socie t y M ’
s u se um , th e le tte rs
Mm . will p re ce de th e c ontri b u tor s
’
nam e , lik wi P MS
e se . . for pi
r v ate

m anusc ri pt .

I th
n p lli e s e ng O f th e nam e s of pl ace s I am com p ll d t
e e o follow th at
o f th M p e a s as m u ch as p ibl
oss e.

GRO U PS .

I .

Pa rm r rrv n PL U TO N I C Ro c x s .

Th i s gro u pi s inte nde d for th e pi r m i tiv e grani ti c roc k s of I di

n a,

wh e n su ch sh all h av e b ee n de te rm i ne d . So far, th e o b se rvatio ns wh ich

h av e b e e n com m uni ca te d on th e pl u to ni c ro c k s a re , c o m p arati v e l y , so

scan ty and so u nco nne c te d, and in e ve r y i nstanc e th e se roc k ths em

se lv e s so i ntim ate l y m ix e d u
p w i th m e tam o r ph i c strata, th a tp i i i
r m t ve

g rani te h as not b e e n sati sfac tori l yd e m onstra e t d , and u ntil th is is done

we m ust c om m e nce wi th th e Olde st s tr a t ifi ed fo rm ati ons.

II .

O LDE R M s r a m oarm c S r a a ra
' '
.

Gneiss . Q ua r t: Rock .

Mi e a S ch is te
. . M i ca ce ous S la te .

Ch lori te S e lti s te . Ta lcose S late .

H ornble nde S e ltis te . C lay S la te .

Gr a nula r Li m es tone .

Ih
.

av e calle d th e se O lde r, i n co ntradistinction to ne we r m e tam or

p h i c s trata, w h i ch als o e x ist in I ndia . Th yy b e ge ne rall

e m a yk now n

by th e ir co m p osi ti on, a nd by th e i r b e i ng fre q ue ntl v e i ne d wi th y roc k s

of th e se condar yg rani ti c se ri e s .

Gne iss .
— Th i s ro c k pp a e ars to be by f ar th e m ost g e ne ral and a u n b
dant of all th e m e tam o
p h i c stra ta . It o cc urs at O o de yp ore
( D ange r

fie ld) , ne ar Baroda ( M m . F ulljam es ) , Zill h a Bah ar ( Sh e rwill) ,

Ra j m ah al h ills Ph oonda Gh au t ( M m . De lHoste ) ,

No rth e rn C i rca rs ( Be nz a) , m o re o r le ss th ro ugh ou t th e p e ni nsu la to th e
Palgb au t ( Ne w b ld)o , and p ro a b b ly t o th e e x tre m it y fI o ndi a . I t fo rm s,
 m m a n oa p m c a oc x s . 1 83

wi th th e oth e r h yp o e ne sch is te s,
g th e scar p at th e falls Of Gai rsup p a,
w h ich is 8 8 8 fe e t, to th e wate r b lwe o , and th e latte r is 300 fee t de e p
C h risti e consi d de re th i s to b e pi r mi tive gne iss : i t is v e ine by d
grani te ( New b ld) o , wh ich C h ris ti e als o consi de re d not th e olde st It is .

a lso v e i ne d by g rani te at Wallav s p ore i n th e b e d O f th e Toom b udra, ,

35 m ile s W SW . of Bijanuggur ( New bold) C h i ttoor on th e Easte rn , ,

Gh a uts , top of Bisly p ass

th e a b ov e M angalore , th e Palgb aut,
S unke rry droog, and Bangalore

It contai ns s p e cular i ron ore ( S i de roc ris te ) i n m ost pl ace s w e ste rn

e x tre m it y f o th e Vi ndh y a range ( F u
j
ll am es ) , Ra j m ah al

i n large bd e s at Malwan , on th e M ala b ar C oast ( Malcolm son ) , a nd at

Hazare e bagh i s a b e d of fiinty b rown i ron ore O f a pi t h y l

c ustre , and

s pli nte r y frac ture , 2 0 fe e t i n th ic k ne ss (W illi am s a ud

p M Cle lland)
‘
.

p
Gra h ite re lace s th e m ica at B p
anuswar ne ar B an alore
g ( Ne wbo ld) ,

T
Tine ve lly , and ravancore ( Ma or Ge ne ral C ulle n) Ti n is fou n i n i t
‘

j . d
o n th e b k an s o f th e Barakur , w i th i n a fe w m ile s O f th e town of Palm ow

Be ds of
garne ts are c om m o n i n y
i t e ve r wh e re , c orun d um

i n So uth e rn I ndi a ( C h ri sti e), and b yl i

er n th e M y sore ( Ne w b old ) .

It v ari es in com p osition, te x tu re , and colou r, contai ni n

g m ore or

le ss m i ca, bi e ng m o re or le ss c om p ac t, m assi ve or sch i stose , and

v ar yi ng in c olo ur from p kl d b l k b
s ec e , ac , row n, re d di h s , to gre y a nd

wh i te . I t is also tinte d gre e n som e ti m e s, w h e n ch lori te re pl ace s th e

m ice . Wh en ver y fine -grai ne d, and d e com p osi ng, it b e ars a close

rese m bl ance to fine -grai ne d sands tone .

M i c a S ch is te .
- Th i s roc k th gh t
, ou no so ofte n m e ntione d as h orn
ble nde sc h is te or gne i ss . i s p b bly lw y
ro a a a s m ore or le ss p re se nt in p arts

of th e latte r . Li k i t conta i ns garne ts in th e South e rn Mah

e i t, also,

ratta C o untr y ( M alcolm son), we ste rn e x tre m i t o f V i ndh a ran e M m

g ( y y
p
.

F ulljam es ) , See . It se e m s to ass i nto m i cace ous slate at th e Ph oo nda

Gh au t . Ne w b old state s, th at alth ough
g ene rall y v e ine d with q uar tz ,

he ne v e r saw a v ei n of g ranite p assi n

g i nto it . Be ing assoc iate d wi th

gne is s andh orn bl e nde sch iste s, th e y O f c ourse p ass i nto each o th e r.

-
Ch loe i ts S cind e — Th is , li k e m i ca sch iste , contai ns
ga m e te i n th e
South e rn M ah ratta C o untr , and asse s i nto m i ce sch iste and gne i ss y p
b d
,

to wh ich i t is su or inate : also i nto ste asch iste (p ot-stone ), m assi v e and
lam i nar, and into ch lorite slate , and cla slate Ta le S ch is te is alm ost y .

y y
s non m ous w i th Ch lori te S e ltis te i n e olo
g g , th ou gh talc y and c h lo ri te

difie r in
'

m i ne ralogi cal co m ositi on p

alc i s fre ue ntl . T q y m u ch m ore
di fficult to di ti s n uish
g from ch lori te th an th e latte r from m ic a, b y
any em pi i r c al ch aracte r.

24
184 L
GEO O GY o r m m a .
[J a n .

Harnble nde S ci n
d e — h is T roc k , th ough not so a unda nt as gne iss, b
is j ust as fre que ntl y m e nti one d . It form s th e easte rn and w este rn
si de s of th e Ne ilgh e rri e s, wh e re i t is fro m 5 to 7 m ile s in b re adth ,
a nd slo pp es e ntli ke on e i th e r si d e on th e grani ti c roc k s w h i ch form
th e ce ntral ax i s o f th ese m ou ntains ( Be nza ) . Lik e gne iss, ga rne ts

a re com m on in i t at th e Ne ilgh e rri e s So uth e rn M ah ratta

C ountr y (M m Ay toun) , and coru ndu m i n Sou th e rn
. I ndia N
( ew b ld)
o ,

&c It. contai ns m agne si te , and ch ro m ate O f i ro n i n ve i ns, at K arp ur,

4 m iles north -w e st o f Sale m , and gre e n g arne ts i n q u artz v e ins at
S unke rry dro og, a b out 20 m ile s SW . o f S ale m Ac tinoli tic
form s Of th is sch is te are fre que ntl y m e nti one d by N wb e old . I t is also

fou nd wi th m ica sch is te on th e M ala b ar C oast, wh ich Ofte n p asses i nto

i t ( Malcolm son, and Mm . y
A tona ) .

Q ua r t: Rosin— C o m m e nci n
g i n th e north , J ac
q ue m ont state s, in
h is j ourne y f D lh i t
ro m e o Bom by
a , th at all th e h ills are co m p ose d O f

q uartz fro m D lh i t Alw

e o ar, as w e ll as b e twe e n Ajm e e r and O ode yp ore .

Th e q uartz Of th e m o u ntai ns at Aj m eer 18 c om p ac t and

g ranular, w ith
disse m i nate d m ica, and o f a v i ole t,
gre y b , ro w n, o r re d colo u r . Tod
m e ntions th e su m m i ts Of th e di v e rging ri d e s
g from Aj m e e r as
g bi e n

q u ite d azzling,
”
from th e i r e norm o u s m asse s O f vi tre o u s rose -c oloure d

ua rtz O n th re at trac t of slate s fo rm i ng th e S u loo m b u r ran e

q . e g g ,

b
a o u t h alf a m ile no rth o f M au np ore , a li ttle village si tu ate d o n i ts ordi

nar y su m m i t, are tw o h ills fro m 1 5 0 to 2 0 0 fe e t h igh , co m p ose d

e nti re l y of c om p ac t w h i te se m i -tra ns p are nt

q u a rtz, in p arts ti nge d w i th

re d, w h ich , from i ts b illi

r ant wh i te colou r, contras te d w ith th e so m b re

h ue of th e slate s, m a k es th e se h ills at a distance re se m bl e snow y

p k ea s
”
( D an e rfie ld
g ) .

I m m e nse bd e s of q u b
artz a ou nd, not onl yi n th e ne igh b ou ri n
g h ills,

b u t in a ll th p l i
e a ns o f S uloo m b u r, and to wards O o de yp ore . F rom th e

su m m it of th e m ou ntai ns rou nd th e De y bu r la k e or Be e rp ore , ri ses an

alm ost p p
e r e ndic ular w all of a la rge co nglo m e rate o r c om p o und roc k ,

c onsis ti ng of im m e nse re ni fo rm , or co m p re sse d

g l b
o ular m as se s O f

h ornsto ne or q u artz , im b e dde d in p as te O f th e sam e , b u t h avi n

g i nte r

p o se d a large q u anti t y of golden m ica i n b i lli

r ant sm all pl ta es ; th i n bd e s

Of m i ca sla te oc c u r ne a r th e ce ntre of th e m o u ntai n, wi th s m all se am s

Of fe ls p ar, a nd large im b dd d
e e m asse s o f L u c ulli te
”
( D ange rfie ld ) . Th e
b illi
r ant th e q u artz i n th e So u th e rn M ah ratta C ountr is
wh i te ness of y
also s o e n o f as pk e i ng v e r b y
s tri i ng, and Ch ri s ti e m e ntio ns ra n e s
g k
O f h i lls th e re w h i ch are c re ste d
w i th li m id q uartz , from th e grani te i n p
w h i c h i t i s i m be dde d de ca yi ng on e i th e r side . Re turning to th e north ,

agai n, J ac q u e m o nt state s th a t h e saw a m ountai n at Alwar com p o se d

 u s r a u oa p n rc s c o r e . 1 85

o f nearl y v e rt cai l strata of q uartz, alte rna ti ng with th in bd e s of bl k ac

am ph i b olic, or argillaceous, e r fe rru gi nou s lim Aroun Jai p ore

e stone . d
a nd Aj m eer loose m i cace o us sand p re vails, wi th p ro e c ting rock s of j
wh ite qu artz, am ph i b ole , m i ca sch i ste , and d yk es Of y
s e ni te and

4 m C h ittore a ri ge of ne arl v e rti cal strata of qu artz,

i les from d y
resti ng agai nst granite on one si de , and alte rnati ng on th e oth e r i n

argillace ous sch iste , on w h i ch a ai n re sts c om

g act li m estone ( Se e p .

Jacque m ont s se ction ) Qu artz roc i s found at th e w e ste rn e x tre m i t

’
. k y
y
o f th e V indh a range , associ ate d wi th m i c a slate ( ardie and Mm H .

y b di bd
’

”
F ulljam es ) and at i ts e as te rn e x tre m it in su or nate e s in
old bl ue slate ,
”
bu t “
m ostl y occu pyi ng a p osi ti on b tw e e en th e d
ol e r

and ne w e r v ari e tie s Of slate s, strati fie d,

”
and re p osi ng on th e b k ac of

o ld bl ue slate m ountains i n ta b ular m asse s, th us form ing m ountai n

declivi ti es u nco ve re d by o th e r roc k s . A c olum nar fibre slat

- y v arie t y
is fou nd b twe ee n th e ne w e r and old e r cla y slate in ne arl y e re ct strata,

p assi ng on th e o ne si de i nto bl ue re si nous c onch oi d lqa u artz, and on th e

oth e r i nto th e ne we r cla y slate
”
O th e r h ills Of slat y
q uartz and O f h om etone in th e sam e v i ci nit y m a
y be re ferre d to th e
sam e form ation

Ve ins and large bd e s of q uartz, m ore or less am e th y ti s ne , are p re se nt

i n th e grani te lai ns p of Hydrabad (V oyse y ) . Th y e occ ur also m ore or

le ss th rou gh out th e p e ninsula b ut th e e xi ste nce of q uartz roc ki s not

so O fte n m e ntione di n th e south e rn as in th e north e rn p art o f I di

n a

i ndee d , afte r cro ssi n

g th e T oom b udra, th is roc o n th e w este rn s e of k id
th e p e ni nsula a pp b d
e ars to b e su o r i nate i n de v e lo m e nt all th e w ay to p
th e e x tre m y
it of I di n a, and m icaceous and c a l y slate nev e r to m y
k nowle dge m e nti one d .

It c ontains le a d at Ajm e er ( J acqncm ont and Di x on ) , wh e re b oth are

in a g ra nular form , and i ron and co pp er i n th e South e rn M ah ratta

C ountr y (M Ay tou n) M i ca is fre qu e ntl foun i n large m asse s, and
m . . y d
di sse m i nate d th rough o ut th e roc ; talc also, and ch lori te , occasi onall ; k y
and th e re is an e x tre m e ly b tif lly g p i f th S th ea u u ree n s e c m e n rom e ou e rn

M ah ratta C oun r t y l d pp tly wi th th l tt (M Ay t )

, c o ou re a are n e a er m . ou n .

M i e aceous a e Sl t d Ch l i t S l t
an Th b or l e a e .
- e se are ut m o re or e ss

lam i nar aggre a g t f fi

es o l y d i fi l y
ne c a d h l i t t h an m c a, or ne c a an c or e, e

form e r re nde r n i g th l
e m ass p kli g i pp m oreth or e ss s ar n n a e arance , e

latte r m ore or l ti y
e ss sa dg y t th t h Th y b th
n an re as o e ouc . e o o ccu r

at th e Ph oonda Gh aut ( Mm . De lHoste ) , and th e latte r i n th e Sou th e rn

Mah ratta C o untr y . Micace ous slate also oc cu rs in th e Suloo m bu r
range ( D an
ge r fi ld)
e . Both p ass i nto cla y slate , b illi y
w h e n th e r anc Of

th e one and th e gre asi ness Of th e oth e r c om pl t ly di pp

e e C pp sa e ar . o er
 186 GEO LO GY or m e n .
[Ja m

o cc urs in a in th e South e rn Mah ratta C ountry (M m

talcose form .

y
A tona ), b ut am I
unable to sta te i f i t e lon s to th e Old or to th e
g b
p
ne w m e tam o r h i c roc ks m y O i ni on i nclines to th e latte r p .

C lay S la te . T
— h is form ati on a pp e ars to be of grea t th i c ness k . I t is
both m assiv e and lam inar, and of a v ari e t y of colours . Tod sta tes th at
th e Aravulli range is ch i e fly c h arac te rize d by grani te re p osi ng on

m assi ve , co m p ac t, da r k bl ue slate .
”
In p assi ng from th e north - r

wes te rn p art of Malwa to Oo d ype o re , acro ss th e Dury awu d valle y ,

and th e Suloom b ur range , towards th e Be yh ut la k e , cla y and ch lorite

slates are alm ost th e onl y roc k s m et wi th for five or six m iles .

Th e S uloom b ur range is foun d to be alm o st e nti re l y com p ose d of

cla y and ch lorite sla tes, in v e rtical or h i gh l y i ncli ned la y e rs, with
subor di nate bd fg te s o ree ns one , gre e nstone slate , and a fine y
cr stalline

lim e stone
( D g fi ld)
an e r e and th e gre at m ou ntai n c h ai n wh ich runs
nearl yi na di ti re c th on nor and sou th , p ast th e w e stwar d Of Oode yp o re ,

di i di g G
v t f
n uz e ra rom Malwa , Bath , and Bagur , is, as far as i t is
k w p i ip lly
no n, r nc a co m
pose d of slate s and p ri m i ti ve lim estone

I n th e C urruckp ore h ills, w h e re m icace ous sla te p asses i nto cla y slate ,

th e latte r occu pi es a b lte Of c ou ntr y 20 m iles i n b readth , e x te ndi ng

across th e di re ction of th e b dd p
strata Th e Ne r u a asses

th g h
rou i t l m ca d h l i t h
a cose a n i t d g i p
c p or d w i th e sc s e , an ne ss, s u e r ose

d l it b tw L it d B g h l t J bb lp ( F k
o om e e ee n am a a an e ra ar , c ose o u u ore ran

li )n ; an d g i tha a n, h id f th N b dd b tw
on e sou t M d l s e O e er u a, e ee n an e a

an dA k t k D
m e r un a Sp il b y t t th r.th hi t s li k th
ur s a es at e sc s es are e e

l
sca es o n a M i b k Mian a l t p ac i gi . l y lt cace ous s a e ass n nto c a s a e occ urs

i th
n Ph e d Gh t (M oon a D lH t ) l i
au h S l m p i. e os e , a so n t e a too r ass, n

th S e th ou M h tt C e rn t y (Ay t
a )
ra V y y
a i h i
ou n rl t j y ou n . o se , n s as o urne

from th i i i ty f N gp
e v c n t C l tt o id S a b lp ore ti o a cu a, a um u ore , m en ons

l y t
c a
[ l
s o ney l t i c ag i i th
s a e b d f w tn ne ss, n e e o a a e rcourse

b twe Ki h p
ee n d S
s k l
e n ore j t ft h i g p d g i
an ure e c a, us a er av n asse ne ss,

h bl d h i t d q t k p t dly l ti g d i
orn en e sc s e, an uar z roc , re ea e a te rna n ,
”
an n

a ll di g t i t
u n t li f
o h
s m e a t h dd A C l y i t i
e rous c arac e r e a s : t a astr t co n a ns

l d
e i d wi h il
o re m xe t N ll t p p t N gp
s ve r ; a g e ore co er ; a a ore m an ane se

an d l d ea d pp
ore , i an i co i er ; y m cace ous ron ore s a ve r c om m o n

p d t f h i k Old l y l t wi h fii ty l t d li t
ro uc o t s roc .
”
c a s a e t n s a e an m e s o ne

w as see n by D H [D H y r . b th K i t h (E t t f
. r. e ne a ou t e s na x rac s rom

Dr H . .
’
s MS . ap . Voy se y ) .

Micaceous and m agne tic i ron ore occur in cla slate i n th e y

South e rn Mah ratta C ou ntr ( Mm Ay tou n) m angane se in th e K u p pu t y .
,

gode range , i n th e sam e ne igh b ou rh oo d (Ay tona and Ne w b old ) , lead

i n th e Easte rn Gh auts at J ungam anip e nta ( Ne w b old ) , pl b g um a o in
 m a u oar a rc a oc x s. 187

th e b ranch of th e Puli cat h ills runni ng sou th from C u dd p h (D H

a a r. .

op . Voy se y ) . Tod m e nti ons

garne ts in a h ill of bl ue slate one m ile
east of Poe m s, a li ttle north Of O ode yp o re ; also on th e fro ntie r of
Ki sh e ngurh and Ajm ee r ; and m i ne s of ti n and co pp e r at Bure ch e ,

c lose by . Ay to un
’
s ENE . and W SW . se cti o n Of th e K upp u tgode
h i lls sh ows a vas t
q uanti t y of iron sc h is te i nte rstrati fie d wi th chlori te

and m i caceou s sc h istes w ith talcose quartz, h orn le n e gne iss, m ic a b d

slate , and h orn le n b d e sc h is te
”
on th e ENE si e one stratum of i ron
. d
ore is 60 fee t i n th i c k ness . Go ld i s foun d i n th e i ro n san d Of th e

wate rc ourse s running from th ese m ountai ns, and also from th e Saltoor
range ad oi ni ng, wh i lej i n th e ce ntre o f th e K u p p u tgo de ran e are
g tw o
h ills calle d th e g reat
”
and
”
d
li ttle gol m ou ntains .
Gr anula r Li m es tone — C onne cte d w ith th e O ld m e tam or ph i c strata,

a pp ears to be a li m es tone , th ough th e fact i s by no m e ans su s antiate bt d ,

on accou nt of th e m e tam o r ph d ose state of m uch of th e O oli tic li m es tone

of I ndia . p
C a tai n D ange rfie ld m e ntions su ordinate b bd e s of a fine l y
granular y
cr stalline lim estone , Of aligh t gre y colou r, O cc urri n
g w i th
gree nstone slate s i n th e cla y and ch lori te slate s O f th e Suloom b ur ran e ,
g
at Maunpo re ,
b tw M lw
e een a a and O o de yp ore
”
also im b dd d
e e m asse s

ofL uc ullite o f bl k l
a ac c o o ur. and dull conch oi dal frac ture , wi th th i n
b d e s Of m ica slate and s m all se am s O f p
fe ls ar, i n m o u nta ins o f ne i ss roun
g d
th e Be yh ut la k e, of th e sam e ne igh b o urh ood . J qac ue m ont saw a

m ou ntai n o f q uartz at Alwar, inte rstratifie d wi th th i n bd e s o f am p h ib oli c,

argillace o us, o r fe rru gi nous lim e stone , in v e rtica l strata . Th e re is a

com p ac t fine l yg dar b luish gre y colour, associated

ranular lim e s to ne , of a k o

wi th m ica slate , i n th e Ph oonda Gh au t ( M m De lHoste ) I t h as all th e . .

a pp earance O f m o untain li m e stone ; w h ile s still m ore co m p ac t v ari e t y

of a ligh te r colo ur e x ists on se v e ral p arts of th e M ala b ar C oast in th e
nei gh o u rh oo b ne ar th e d e ntrance o f th e Goa ri ve r, i n v e r y b di s u or nate

bd e s, asso ci ate d with th e c h e rt and slate O f th at loca lity ( M Dl m . a ze ll

) ,

th is w ou l be worth d e x am i ning m ore m i nute l y , as it id tly

ev en c ontai ns

th e re m ai ns of sh e lls . Li m e stone i s fou n di n h om stone slate in th e

Nulla M ulls m ou ntai ns ; and th e le a d m i ne s of J u n am ani p e nta,
g i n th e
Eas te rn Gh au ts, are in li m e sto ne asso c iate d wi th ar
gillace ous an d
are nac e ous slate s and s h ale s, re sti ng co nfo rm a bly on th e h o e ne
g yp
sch iste s,
”
w h ose age Ne w old state s is u n ec i e b d dd . He also m e nti ons

a y la e r of fine y
cr sta lli ne lim e stone , a pp ly
a re nt m a ne s ian,
g i n gne iss
b k ro e n up by g ranite , a t S unk e rry droog, wi th i nnu m e ra b le garne ts i n
th e li m e s to ne wh e re i t is in contac t w i th th e gra ni te . F i ne wh i te
h igh l y y t lli
cr s a ne w i th gra h ite , i n grains,
li m e s tone , p di sse m inate d i n
i t, or wi th m asse s of re e n and clo ve
g
- rown ? h orn len b b d e, in lam i nar or
1 88 GEO LO GY o r ra m s .
[J a n .

granular cry stalliz ati on, occur in th e district o f Tine ve lly ( M m . Ma or j

Ge ne ral C ulle n) .

0 6s — As . wi th th e Q u ar tz Rock , so wi th th e Clay Sla te, and Gra

nula r Li m e s tone , th e re is i n m an yi nsta nce s no p ibili y f d t
o ss t o e e rm ining
wh ich bl
e ongs to th e O lde r, a nd wh ich to th e ne w e r m e tam o r ph i c

roc k s, from th e p rese nt o b se rv ati ons and th e y ne ve r wi ll be satisfac

to rily de sc ri be d and dis ti nguish e d th ro u gh ou t I ndia, u ntil th e y are

e x am by p i l g l gi t
ine d a h p rac t ca eo o s , on t e s o t, w e ll acqu ai nte d wi th

I di
n g l
an
g y T h
eo o i d l
.y w t e re are e v e nt t o m e am or ph i c se ri e s, at least
and il h i
u nt p ti i l d h
t e r re s e c ve m ne ra s an c aracte rs are de te rm i ne d, th e y
will b p p lly f d d I h i k i
e e r e tua c on oun e . t n t e x tre m e l y p b bl ro a e th at
I h av e i d bly d hi
u nav o b I tb
a o ne t s, ut m us e c onte nt to lea ve futu re
i tig i
nv e s pit
at on y i t k
to l o n o ut m m s a es e t u s ne w di re ct our atte ntion
t th
o k by wh i h h t t w fi t p
e roc s c t ese s ra a e re rs e ne trate d .

III .

PLu ro n rc Ro c x s
'
.

Di ll gia a c

Am ph ib li o c or
H bl di
o rn en c .

Grani tic or Fels p ath i c Roc k s .

Gra ni te — H uge m asse s of a co m p re sse d rou n d or c u oi dal b figure ,

pd p
h ea e u on e a ch oth e r i rre gu larl y or in colum nar pil es and e rrati c

bl k oc p s, com ac t, or u nde rgoi ng conce ntri c la m i nar de com p osi ti on i n si tu,

or in de tach e d p ortions, form th e gran d ch aracte ristic featu re s Of th is
form ati on in I di
n a as w e ll as e lse wh e re and as it app e ars to e x i st m ore

conti nu ou sl y , and to a
g re ate r e x te nt, i n th e ne igh b ou rh ood o f Hyd ra

h ad th an i n any oth e r distric t, so i ts fe atu re s are , p e rh a p s, m o re

stri ki gly d
n ev e lo p die n th is th an in any o th e r p art O f I ndia . V oy se y
state s, th at on q ui tti ng th e ban s k Of th e K i stnah , grani te alone , c h ie fly
of a re d colou r, is th e b asi s Of th e cou ntr y
to th e Godave ry . Re d
fe ls p ar se e m s to b e th e p re do m inant i ngre die nt i n th e se c o n ar d y
p luto nic roc k s th ro u
gh o ut I ndia Th e grani te , w h i ch
. ve i ns th e
m e ta m or ph i c strata, a
p p e ars to be p i i p lly
r nc a re d, th ro u
g h not alwa s, y
for at th e falls of Gairsup p a i t i s g yre d , an so m e ti m e s i t i s re d i n one
p art of th e v e i n, and
g re y in a no th e r V
( y y)
o se w h i le at Goon
taeul, ne ar Goo t , a y g y
still ou n e r re d grani te is se e n to v ein th e d
ol e r

secondar y one ( Ne w old) b . Ca tai n p J kien ns m e ntions a gre yg rani te at

 S EC O NDA RY P L U TO NI C a oc x s. 1 89

Ram te c k, in th e h ills NE . of Nagp ore , com p d ose ch ie fly Of wh i tish

fe ls p ar in ve r yl ar e c r stals,
g y wh i ch is trave rse d th ree or fou r ti m
“
es
”

by g raniti c v e ins, th e granite b

e com i ng fine r i n structu re , and re d e r, d
as i t is m ore re ce nt Re d grani te , h ow e ve r, is far from
. e i ng e xclusi v e l
y b
th e c olou r of th e secon ar d yg rani tes, th ough it se e m s to be th e m ost

p re vailing one .

Protogi ne , Sy e ni te , Pegm a ti te .
— Th e
grani ti c roc s var k yi n stru ctu re

and i n m ine ral co m osi tion as th e p yd o in colour— h e nce th e se a pp ll e a

ti ons at one pl ac e th e y y
are s e niti c, at anoth e r
p ro to gi ni c, and at a th i rd

p g
e m ati ti c, wh ile a ve r y com m on form i s th e q uate rnar com y p d
o un

calle d Sy e ni ti c Grani te , from i ts contai ni ng h ornble nde as w e ll

as m i ce . Th i s is th e p re vaili n
g fe ls p ath i c roc k Of th e Ne ilgh e rrie s
( Be nza
) . Ch ris tie w as Of o pi nio n th at wh i te and re d s e nite s w e re th e y
m o st p re v ale nt roc k s of th e p e ni nsula ; and th at, from bi e ng associa te d

wi th granite , th e y we re th e sam e as th ose of Eg yp t . All wh o h av e

b
o se rv e d th e fe ls p a th ic roc ks of I ndia h ave b ee n struc k wi th th e large
si ze and b eau ti ful flh -es c olou r of th e cry stals of fe ls p ar, and of i ts
f req ue nt p re vale nce in pl ace of th e o th e r i ngre die nts . At S e v e rn
droo g som e Of th e re ddi sh -colo u re d c r stals y are ne arl y tw o inch es
long, and b dd d i im e e n a sm all -
g rai ne d re d di h s g ranite . So m e of

th e da r k d ytl
-re cr s a s at Roan, i n th e dis tri ct of Dh w ar ar, contai n

m inute v e ins of q uartz, and cavi ti e s fille d wi th y l

c r sta s of c h lo rite

( C h ris ti e ) and occasionall yi n th e So uth e rn Mah ratta C o untr y th e

wh ole m ass consi sts of re d c r stalli ne y fe ls p a r, granular o r i n large
y
cr stals ( M l l d M A
a co m so n, a n
y ) M i pp t m . y to u n . ca a ears o b e ve r
p i gly di i d i th l g g i d d f l p th i k d
s ar n ss e m nate n e ar e - ra ne re e s a c roc s, an

i f q
s re ly
ue nt pl d by g h l i re ace d i g th k p gi i
re e n c or te , re n e r n e roc roto n c .

S om e ti it i
m es pl d by ti li (N wb ld) d i lly by
s re ac e ac no te e o , an oc cas ona

e pi d o teTh l . wi h df lp
e f
atte r, b if l k i h
t re e s a r, o rm s a e au t u ro c , n t e

w t es e rn e x tre m i y f h Vi dh y t g ( o M F
t e llj ) bn t I a ra n e m . u am e s ; u am

ig noran t f it t t
o I th Ss h
ex en M h tt C
. n t y h e d o u t e rn a ra a ou n r t e re

f lp
e s iar i p i d by q t ly wh i h b i g
s so m e t m e s acc om an e uar z on , c , e n trans

p t d l l f
are n an wh
c o o ur e ss,
g i d b
o rm s, if l p g ti te n c o a rse - ra ne , a eaut u e m a e

( M m A y
.t ) A g y
o na
g i .p il V re t gh y w
ran h i hte t re v a s at e nca a e rr , c , a

N ik a e ne r
y h t p ,f h
at M t
g l e p o t i
O t e f i o ee ass, con a ns ne sts o m ca as

h d ( N w ld) i ll k i d f g i d
’
l g
ar e as a m an s S ea e . om e t m e s a n s O ran te an

g rani ti k
c roc
y b f d i
s m ad i f
f t p e f h
ou n n t i e re n arts o t e sam e m o u n a n,

as i h
n t a t at Bll y At B ije ggar h g i i g ll y d anu ur t e ran te s e ne ra re

t Vi g l h M l b C i i g y
’
a n o r a, o n t e a a ar oast, t s re .

T igh rac n k h gh h t
t ese roc s t rou ti d d b gi i g i t e ra c t m en one , an e nn n n

th e no rth , w e find no ne i n C utc h ( Grant

) b ut at Nuggu r in Parkur
 1 90 L
GEO O G Y o r 1 1m m .
[J A N .

th e re 18 a h ill of re d and w h i te s y e nite ( i d . w h ich can b e trace d on in

m asse s j u st p j ro e cti ng a o v e b th e sand to Balm ee r, and i ts i m m e diate

ne igh b o u rh ood, w h e re th e grani tic m ou nta i ns are to fee t

h igh , and th e fe ls p ar o f an O p aq ue re ddish y lle ow , or flh es -c olou r
,

im b dd d i
e e n a fine -grai ne d y s e ni te ( M m . F or b es ) . At J eseni, w h i ch i s

a village am o ng th is grou p, th e gra nitic m ou ntains h ave b een dee l py

fissu re d by s u bte rrane an v iole nc e At Mo unt Ath e re is grani te b oo

agai n Mm . W ddi a ngton ) and th e Aravulli range consis ts c h i e o f it fly

"
re p osi ng on slate ,
”
as h as bf b
e o re e e n m e nti one d
( To d) . At Ajm eer

and around J ip a ore re d grani te and s y e ni te are se e n in v e i ns a nd d yk es

tra ve rsi ng th e h ills and m ountai ns o f q uartz, w h i ch p j ro e c t b

a ove th e
sand i n th e se p arts ( J ac
q ue m o nt ) . Be twe e n Oo d ype ore and Malwa
are all th e vari e tie s of gra ni te ba ov e m e ntio ne d , th e re d a nd large l y
y
c r stallize d alwa s y p re dom i nan t (D an e rfie ld
g ) T h
. y d e e x te n m ore or

le ss sou th w ard to C h ota O o d yp

e ore , ne ar th eN b d d ( H dy er u d a ar an

D ange rfie ld ) , and form p art o f th e w e ste rn e x t i ty f th V i dh y

re m o e n a

range ne a r Baroda ( M m . F u lljam es ) . Th e C i ra a t m o u ntains in

K atty awa r c o nsist o f a
gre y y s e ni ti c grani te ( M m . Aston) , and g rani te

m ou nds are se e n p j ro e c tin g b a ove th e s u rface on th e si te o f th e anci e nt

V alabip u ra, a fe w m i le s N W . of Gogah i n th e , sam e p e ni nsula ( N i ch olson) .

Passi ng to th e ne igh b ou rh oo d o f th e e aste rn e x tre m it y f

o th e V i ndh y a

range , w e find th e fort of K alli ngur, a b out 1 10 m ile s W . of M irzap ore ,

si tuate d o n a h i ll form e d o f re d s y e ni te c a pp d with

e sa nds to ne ( J ac
q ue

m o nt ) , and se ve ral s y e ni tic m ou nds i n th e i i i ty

v c n E . norm o us ly c oarse

grai ned
granite is m et w i th i n th e Zill h a Bah ar , as w e ll as fine -grai ne d
p assing i nto e u ri te ( J ac
q ue m ont and Sh e rwill) and re d s e ni te ne ar y
C urru ck p ore ; also i n th e Bh agulp ore a nd Mongh y r distric ts, on b oth

si de s th e Gau ge s, and v e ini n

g gne is s wi th tra p t il wo m es f rom Lu ch m i
p ore Re turni ng to a b ou t m i dw y b ta e w e e n th is and th e
m outh o f th e Ne r b u dda, we h av e grani te on th e sou th side of th e
latte r, b e tw e e n M ande la a nd Am e rku ntak S
( p ils b ur
y) also s e niti cy
grani te w i th flh -es c olou re d fe lsp a r at J ubb ul ore ,
p 30 m i le s i n e x te nt

( F ran li n)k at Baitool , close to th e north e rn b d or e r of th e gre at

tra p distric t ( F i nni s) ve i ni n
g li m e stone , and b u rsti ng th rough th e

sands to ne o v e rl yi ng it at Nag p ore ( Malcolm so n ) i n C uttac k ( S ti r

li ng) , O rissa, and th e North e rn C irc ars, w h ic h , m th th e p rov ince of

Bah ar , are alm o st une x

p lore di s trd
i c ts, as far as th e i r ge olog y and m ine ral
re so urce s are conce rne d . I ts gre at e x te nt i n th e is tri c t d of Hy drabad
h as b een m e nti one d. At V i ngo rla, on th e M ala b ar C oast, it
lim its th e gre at tra pp e an e ff usio ns of W e ste rn I ndi a and th e nce
sou th w ar d , wi th th e oth e r fe ls p ath i c roc k s, form s th e gran d pl t u onic
 s s c o x na nv p w r om c no c x s . 1 91

ne t-wo rk of th e p e ni nsula . Th e re is a grani ti c ri dg e a m ile long and

1 2 0 fee t h igh at th e S e ve n Pago das , e tw ee n M a ras b d and Pondich e rr y ,

close to th e se a ( Ne wbold) and at th e Am oli pass, a b b ou t 20 m ile s from

Ca p e C om orin, th e m ou ntainous trac t of S ou th e rn I ndia en s d in a

bl ff p k
u ea of grani te , p b bly b
ro a a ou t fe e t h igh , fro m th e ase of b
wh ich a low range of si m ilar roc k s e x te nds so uth w ar to th e se a d
( C alde r) . y
Eve r wh e re th e fe lsp ath i c grani ti c
re d roc k
s are m e nti one d

m ore th a n th e gre y or w h i te fe ls ath ic v ari e t ; p y e ve r ywh e re , alm ost,

th e fo rm er a pp e ar to vein th e m e tam or ph i c s trata, w h e re th e y e x ist

and alm ost e ve r

yw h e re b oth se condar y g rani ti c and m e tam or ph i c

roc k s ap p e ar to b e aga in v e ine d or dy lre d by gree ns to ne ( di o ri te )

and th e tra pp e a n roc k s.

Lep ty ni te , Eu ri te , a nd Porp h y ry .
—Th e first is oc casi onall y m en

ti one d by Ne w b old, and Eur i te not u nfre q u e ntl y b u t P orp h y ry ver y

se ldom Wi h h . t t e e x ce pit on o f a dyk p e as si ng th rou gh gne iss at th e

nor th lly p t
e rn sa - or of th e fo rt of Se ri nga pt a am , ne ar to w h i ch Tip poo
w as kill d I k w e , no of no oth e r to wh ich p ine nce is give n
ro m . Th i s,

wh i h h c b d as ee n e sc ri be d by b oth Be nza and Ne w old, i s sai d b by h t e

form er to c o nsis t of we lLde fine d y

c r stals of re d fe ls p ar, w h ic h is
o ccasi o nall y w h it e, im b dd d i p
e e na aste o f co m p ac t fe ls p a r of th e sam e

c olou r.
”
It als o contains tou rm ali ne in nu m e rous ne e dle -sh a e pd
y
c r stals .

Di alla
gic Roc k s.

A b u ndant as th e se roc k s are on h

t e S o u th -e as t C oast of Ara ia,b
wh e re , w i th p
se r e nti ne and di ori te , th e yi n e x te nt alm ost re p t re se n th e
tra p of I din a, th e re is on ly o ne pl ac e in I din a w h e re euph tid o e is
c le arl y m e ntio ne d, and th at is at Banu swa r , i n th e M y so re , a little
w e st of Bangalore . Ne w b ld wh
o ,
o h as de sc ri b die t, s tate s th at i t diff e rs

from th e e u ph o tide o f o th p t
er ar s, in bi e ng a c o m p ou nd of fe ls p ar a nd

q ua rtz, w i th th e latte r p d ire om na ti ng, th e di ll g

a a e var yi ng in colou r

f rom oliv e g re y to sm ara g di g te re e n .

Horn le n ic Roc ks b d .

Di ori te or Gr e e ns tone — . Th i s roc k difl '

e rs from th e fine-graine d
dio rite s of th e tra pp e an e ff usions, to wh ic h we sh all com e by o
an -b d ye
bi y y
,

in e n
g of a coarse r stru ctu re and e ntire l c r stalli ne , and no t c on

taini ng th e sm all p orti on of am or ph o us o r u ncr

y stalli ne earth , wh ich
p
,

th e latte r do, i n re se nti n no v e si cular ca vi ti e s, and no zeo li tic m i ne rals,

g
b ut i m b ddi e ng, y
i f an th ing, ch ie talc, m ica, or garne ts fly
Beside s th e se .

diffe re nce s, d
i t se l om ove rli e s th e oth e r roc s to any e xte nt, occurring k
25
1 92 ( m om ent o r ra m s .
[J a n .

ch ie fly i n v e ins, inte rcallations, d yk es, or m ural ri dg e s, th e latte r

som e ti m es, w i th grani te on e ach si de ( Malcolm son) .

p
I ts stru c tu re , c o m osi ti o n, and colou r var : for th e y m ost p art,
p e rh a s,
p
y
i t is large l granu lar, cr stalline , and of a dar y k bl k g l
or ac re e n c o o u r,

wh e n i t is alm ost wh oll com ose d of h orn le n y p b d d th f l ly e , an e re ore c ose

a pp roach e s Bro ngniart s ’

am p h ib oli te ; f
or o g i i dal p t d
ran to a as ec an

struc tu re , w h e n i t co nsis ts o f e q ual q uant i i ff lp

t es o dh bl d
e s ar a n o rn en e ;

or p py or h ri tic, w h e n it is fine -graine d, wi th one or th e o th e r of its

i ngre di e nts i n large c r sta ls y .

An old tra
”
is sai d to p e x is t in th e b ig
”
and
“
little M ounts
at M adras , and o n th e grani te of th e
Se ve n Pagodas, w h i ch is com
p o unde d of fe ls p ar, b
h orn le nde , and q uartz, w i th a sm all ro ortion
p p
of m ica, py p ro e and e p id t o e, w h ich e nte r it as fo re ign m i ne rals
"

( Dr . H
p . a . Voy se y ) . N wb e old also de sc ri b e s a si m ilar roc k at C h in
le ut, 36 m iles S S W of M adras, wh i c h is garniti fe ro us Am p h i boli tes
g p . .

also e x i st in th e Sou th e rn M ah ra tta C o untr , w h i ch are re s p e c ti v e l y y

m icac e ous a nd garni ti fe ro us
( M m . Ay to un) and a b e a uti ful di o ri te ,
com p ou nde d of e q u al p a rts o f transluce nt, c o lo urle ss fe ls p ar a nd dar k
g re e n, g ranula r b
h o rn le nde , w ith c h lori te disse m i nate d i n th e latte r . A
com p ac t gre e ns to ne , foli ate d , and ringin
g w h e n stru c k , is ofte n use d for

li ngu m s ( Dr . H . ap . V oy se y ) . C om m on h orn le nde b of an oli ve

gre e n

i s th und i n th e B u rs -m aul, i n N oo rc ull, i n pir m i ti ve tra p, w i th garne ts

A p ph y i ti
or r c g re e nsto ne is fo und i n j
co n u nc tio n w i th s e ni te y
in a co nsi de rab le trac t bt e w e e n th e vi llage s o f C u rh urbale e and Pa lm ow ,

i n th e zi llah of Huzare e bagh . Th e p ph y i i

or r t c structu re is p ro duce d
by sm all pi e ce s o f talc, of u ni fo rm i
s ze ,di i sse m na te d th ro ugh o ut th e

m as s o f h orn le nde b
Goi ng to th e sou th e rn p art o f th e p e ninsula, Be nza de sc ri b e s a trac t

of 1 5 m iles i n e x te nt, 5 m ile s NW . of Sale m , w h ic h is co m p o se d o f

di ori te v e i ne d wi th m agne si te . Th e s truc ture and com p o si ti o n of th e

ro c ki s onl y se e n fro m th e su rface , as th e re are no h ills, onl y m ou nds,

w h ic h are all i nte rlace d w i th a ne t-w or k of m agne si te v e i ns fro m

—
0 3 i nch e s i n k
th ic ne ss, m assi v e , or in cau li fl w y t lli ti
o e r cr s a za o n.

Strom e y er fo und th i s m a ne si te
g to b e c om p d
osef g i 4
o 7 8 9 m a ne s a
‘

c ar b o ni c aci d and li m e 0 28 . I t is nea r ly h yd h

an y rous , ea v ,

and so h ard and co m p ac t as to stri k e fire wi h th b k

a am m e r, rea s

w i th a c o nch oi dal fracture, and h as a w ax y stru cture also e fl '

e rv e sces

sligh tly wi h t aci ds . As b e stus, talc slate , a nd ne ph ri te occ u r h e re and

th e re , and w h e re th e m a nesi te is i n c o ntact wi th th e m ain ro c k th e

g
latte r i s o ph i i tc . Anoth e r p art of th is di o ri te p b bly i
ro a s allu de d to

by Ne wbold, wh o states th at at Karp ur, 4 m iles NW . of Sale m , is a

 s ac o nn s nv L
P U TO N C I no c x s . 1 93

h o rn le n b d e sch is te , alte rnati n

g wi th talc ose m assiv e sch iste , ne tte d
wi th m a gne si te v e i ns, a on l g w h i c h , also, ch ro m a te of i ron runs, and

la y e rs o f m a ne s i a n ro c
g k lik e se r p e nti ne , th e w h ole of w h i ch i s d yk d e

wi th b as alt . C h rom ate o f i ro n i s also s ta te d to e x is t ne ar T i hi

r c no o p ly ,

also w i th m agne si te at Hansoor i n M y so re ( Gilc h ri st) and th e latte r

i n th e Ne llore dis trict . Se r p en
ti ne i s o fte n m e ntio ne d in su b ordi nate

bd ie s n m o u nta i ns or h i lls, am o ng b
th e h orn le nde sch is tes, b ut ne v e r
p
se r e nti ne roc k , o ccurri ng w i th di o ri te a nd e u ph tid o i A bi e , as n ra a.

I t i s, p e rh a p s, w o rth re m e m b e ri n
g, th at th e on ly p t f I di wh
ar o n a e re

h ornb le ndic roc k pp s, a roac h i ng to th ose of th e South -e ast C oast of

b
Ara i a, h ave b een no ti c e d, i s i n th e ne i gh b o u rh oo d o f calcareou s

bd bl
e s e o n in
g g to th e low e r C re tace ou s and u pp er O olitic y
s ste m s ;

and th e se , a ai n,
g di h
h av e onlh yb p f h e e n noti ce n t e so ut e rn art o t e

p i l b tw P di h y d T i h i p ly M y w i f
e n ns u a, e ee n on c e rr an rc no o . a e n er

from th i th t h l tt
s, a i t t th
e at f A bi e r ex s d th t th y
on e c oas o ra a, an a e

nev e r h i d i th g t p t f I di ?
av e e x ste n e rea e r ar o n a

Lik th g i ti th g t
e e ran c, k i d dyk th
e re e ns one roc t s v e n an e e m e am or

p h i c t s rata l t y h
a m os d i g f
e ve r w t h f e re , i an , co m n a te r e orm e r, v e n

h
t em l wh il th y
a so, i th i t
e et th are
g h by tnh t pp e r u rn ou r ou e ra e an

roc k s

A b f s t t d th i g
e ore s a e t t ti, ity i e r i l idg
re a e s con nu s se e n n m u ra r es ,

an d t no ly i g
as k Th y
ov e r n i ly b th i
roc s . th e occ u r e x te ns ve o n e

g ranit i d i t i
c t f H
s r c
y d b d od t h g h t th p
ra a i l , ( M anl l rou ou e e n nsu a a co m

son an d N wb ld) e S dyk h b t d f 2 0 il

o . om e es ti av e een race or m es con

nuo us ly ( N wb ld) Ab t Hy b b d th y
e o . f ou1 0 0 t 30 0 f t ra a e are rom o ee

b d d yb
ro a , an d f 1 5 t 2 0 il
m a e trace i lly p
rom di g o m e s, oc cas ona s re a n

ou t li l (V y y)
a tt e Ab o 4 il
se th . f Dh b tw G y
ou t m e s so u o one e , e een oo t

an dK l th
u rno o i b l i g t dyk 1 5 0 f t h igh d 20 0
, e re s a asa t c re e ns o ne e, ee an

f tb
ee d roa i g th
, h
runn n
g g f d t rou d li t
a ran e o san s one an m e s one m oun

t i
a ns ( N b l d )
ew d o t h il
, l an
g f B k i l
ne ar
p ly w i th i 4
e v i l fa e o un a , n m es o

th e M j w ll
u n 1 ra, as th b k f th M ji i lf V y y w
e as o n e an s o e un ta tse , o se sa

a g y
re e nstone or s e n i i g t i d w i h t g c i t th
re e ns one
g i ti
”
ve ne t ran e, e ran c

i
v e ns bi gi e n p t d i th wh i
n som e ar s d p j re i g2 f t
, n o e rs te , an ro e c t n ee

b y d th w h d f f h g t
e on e e at e re Th i
sur ac e o t t b . t et re e n s o ne . s m us no e se

down, h ow e v e r, as an i nstlm ce o f g rani te v e i ni n

g gre e nstone , for th e

ge nui ne ne ss of th e latte r is by no m e ans a pp are nt, from h is c alli n

g i t

gre e nstone or s e ni tic y gre e nstone .

”

Th e o th er two roc k s m e ntio ne di n th e ta ble , vi z . Eclogi te and He m “

th en , th ough pro a e xisti ng, h ave b bly

not y e t ee n m e nti one in b d
d
_

I n ia . Fo r th ei r ch aracters, as we ll as for th ose of th e oth e r rocks in

1 94 o s o w ov J
or m nu .
[ a s .

th is grou p I, m ust re fe r th e re a e r d to th e Article Roch es ,

by
Ale x an d re Bronguiart , i n th e “
Di ti c onnaire de s Sci e nces Nature lles .

C au s a u v
x AN D S IL U R I A N Ro c x s

Ne wer C lay S la te , wi th be ds S y e ni te .

of Q u ar tz oz e Bre cci a . P orp h y ri ti c Gr e e ns toae .

Tra nsi tion or C am bri an H ornble nde S la te .

Gne i ss . S la ty Q uar tz .

We h av e now com e to a p e ri od wh i ch followe d th e pti f

e ru on o som e

of th e re d fe ls p ath ic ro c k s, at leas t, i n wh i ch i t see m s d i bl t b

e s ra e o e ar in

m i nd th at ch lori te fre que ntl y pl re ac e d th e m i ca, re nde ri n

g th e roc k
p roto ini c,
g and th at th e y
c r stals of fe ls p ar th e m se lve s so m e ti m e s c on

taine d c h lori te . V oy se y m e nti ons th e p assage of

grani te a b out
”
Hy drabad from g re e nsto ne to p o t-stone . S ti rling m e nti o ns th a t th e

granite b
a out Gan j am , in C utta c , i s k ch i e fly re d, and a o unds in b
g arne ts, and v e i ns of ste ati te . C h lorite slate , ste ati te , and h orn le nde , b
w i th m i ca, and a b undance o f garne ts, all fo rm p arts o f th e m e tam or

p h i c ro c k s, and we th e re fo re m u st be p p re are d to m eet th e i r de bri s ,

toge th e r w i th th ose of th e re d fe ls p ath i c o ne s wh i ch b k ro e th ro ugh

th e m ,
i n th e se di m e ntar y strata w h i ch im m e diate l y followe d th e

e ru pi t on o f th e latte r .

y t f t tifi d d p it pp t i t i th C
S uch a s s em o s ra e e os s a e ars o ex s n e u rruck

p dRj
ore an h al h i ll i th B h g lp
a m a di i wh h y h s, n e a u o re s tr c t, e re t e a ve

b t di d by D M C l ll d h d ib th p i i lly
ee n s u e r .
‘
e an , w o e sc r es em rov s o na , as

th y h
e
y t y i ld d
av e asf il d t
eh h d f C b i e e no oss s, u n e r e ea o am r a n and
”
Silurian Rocks, as follows

N e we r C la y S la te a nd Q u ar tz oz e Br e cci a .

Th e old or pi ii r m t ve v arie t yi s s u c ce e de d by th e ne w e r gre e n or

C am bi r a n v ari e t y f lt o s a e : th e gre e nish o r ne w e r cla y slate , re fe rre d by

au th ors to th e transi tio n g or re yw k ac e se ri e s, e x te nds fro m Bh e m Bh an
to m i dwa yb e twe e n Goordh e e and Mu r grah , bie n
g a distance of 6 to
8 m ile s i n 11 SW di re ction, ac ross th e trave rse o f th e strata, w h i ch
. run

SE and dip SW .

y
Th e c onti nu it o f th e old lue and ne we r gre e n slate s is inte rru b pt d e

by i nte rm e di t
a e bd e s of
q uartz a nd talc ose slate s, w h i ch inte r p ose

b e tw e e n th e m .

“
Be ds s u bordi na te to th e N e we r C lay S Ia le .
— ( a) Blue c om p act

q uartzoze b re ccia, v e i ne d, lik e m ar bl e, w ith wh i te stre aks, rese m b li ng

 C AM BR A N A N D S
I IL U R I AN noc x s . 1 95

transi ti on li m e stone , occu rs in b d f 5 t 50 y d

e s o o ar s in b re adth ,

alter nati n
g w ith th e ne w e r c a l y l t b tw Bh s a e, e een em Bh an and

Goo rdh e e .

( )
b y k
Gre w ac e , or Ste ati tic Sandstone .
— Th i s g re y k
w ac e or

ste ati ti c sa ndsto ne form s th e ab p ru t a nd p re c i pi t o us ridge of o ute r

g h a ts a t G uidor e , w h e re i t i s u se d as a u i ldi ng s to ne i n th e c o ns tru e b

ti on o f th e old fort at th at lace p
I t is a qu artzoze sandstone, co ntai ni ng
.

ste ati te diallage w h ich giv e th e fre sh roc a e culi a r gre e nis h
and k p
y e llo w c olou r, and re si nous lustre , w i th a c o m ac t s li nte r frac tu re p p y
all w h ich ch arac te rs i t lose s on lo ng e x p osu re , b i e com ng an ordinar y
fine -grai ne d, y ll w
e o e arth y sands tone .

I t te rm i na te s at th e north s ide of th e p ass by wh i h th K c e e w le e

riv e r e nte rs th e pl i a ns at Gu ido re , w h e re i t fo rm b ld p ipi

s a o re c to us

e sc ar
p m e n t, re s ti n
g on m i ca slate .

I h av e b een long fa m iliar wi th th e ch aracte rs of th is ro c k in

Re m s o n, and alth o u
gh I ne v e r saw it cov e re d by an
y o th e r,
y et I
b lie e ve i ts p p pl
ro er ace to be w i th th ose gre at q u artz oze b e ds w h ic h
are conne c te d w i th th e ne we r cla y sla te , b ut ne v e r on any s u se q ue nt b
form a ti o n, —nu i m p o rtant p ractic al p oi nt to u nde rstand, as i t p lac e s th is
roc k c onside ra bly ante ri o r to th e sands to ne of coal m e as ure s, for
wh ich i t m igh t o th e rwise be m is ta k en .

Tr a nsi ti o n or C a m br i a n Gne iss .

Th i s ro c ki s of
g re at e x te nt i n th e Bh agu lpo re distric t, co m p os i n
g
two-th irds of th e i nte rm e diate co u ntr y fro m th e C urru c kp o re to th e
Ra j m ah a l h i lls, toge th e r w i th th e gre ate r ortion o f th e sou th e rn ridge s p
of th e j
Ra m ah al grou p
I t co nsis ts o f q u artz, m o re o r le ss h o rn le nde ,
. b
le nti c ular no du le s of fe ls p ar, m ore or le ss com p re sse d and fl atte ne d,
coarse g arne t
p bb
e l e s, and m ic a, all e m b dd d i
e e n a m a tri x o f e arth y ,

h alf c ry stalli ne f lpe s ar. Wh h h en t e o rn bl d p en e re do m i nate s, th e ro c k

ass um e s th e fo rm o f a so t, f p li b l h abl e or n e nde slate .

Th e se bd
e s so m e tim es dd lysu h en c ange i nto a fine granula r

struc ture , re tai ni n

g all th e i ngre die nts of th e c oarse r v ari e t y , b ut
assu m i ng th e a pp e arance of sandsto ne fl g (b
a s, e tw e e n M ungra and

Be lh a rh ) .

F rom th e p artial or com pl e te de c om p ositio n of th e h orn le nde b and

fe ls p ar, th e ro c k o fte n app e ars as a co ars e p se udo-cr stalli ne y co nglo

m e rate , c ontai ni n
g d
no ule s of fe ls p ar. ( Be d o f th e Bu ndooah ri v e r .
)
In oth e r si tuations th e fo rm a tio n ass um e s th e fo rm of slat yq uartz,

or a som e w h at com p act, b ut c lose granular s tru c ture , co ntai ni n

g
m ore or le ss m ica and h orn le nb d e , ch i e fly th e latte r . Be ds of th is
 1 96 c s o no o v or m nu .
[J A N .

q uartzose v ari e t y alte rnate so m e ti m e s w i th th e coarse -graine d roc k .

S
( y p
u a ata m .
)
In so m e si tuati ons th e fo rm ati on p asse s i nto, an d alte rnate s w i th ,
b e ds o f m ic ace ous a nd h o rn lendic b sc h isto se form , and e ve n contai ns

s m all bd e s of ca lc a re o us b i re cc a ; a ll w h i ch v arie ties a re m et wi th i n

th e as c e nt fro m th e gh a t bl e ow S uy ap atam , w h e re th e fo rm atio n is
m uc h dis tu r b d by
e b
o u t u rs ts of trap and q uartz d yk es.

Th us th e line of se c ti o n fro m m i dwa yb e tw e e n Goo rdh e e and

M ungra to S uy ap atam , a dis tance of 12 m i le s, a t ri

gh t an
gle s to th e

y
di re c tio n o f h igh l i nc line d strata, e x te nds e x clusi ve l o v e r y th is form a

ti o n, th e strata ru nni ng du ring th e first a i t o f th e se c tion, w i th p s li

gh t
de v iatio ns i n th e di re c tio n of NW .
, di p 4 5 °
to 6 0
°
SW .

“
F ro m Nuugajoo r to Lu c h m ip ore ; th e firs t p a rt of th e c ou ntr y
alo n
g th e sa m e li ne of se c tio n is m u ch dis tu rbe d and b roke n u
p by
q u artz d yk es and ro u nde d h ills of tra p . Am idst th e se di sru p ti ons,
bd e s of th e sam e coarse - ra
g i ne d slat y roc k rea pp e ar at i nte rv als, co m

p i os ng th e c o untr y as b e fo re .

Afte r p as si ngLuch m ip o re a b ou t a m ile , i n continu atio n of th e

sam e line of se c ti o n, th e roc is k se e n p ass i ng in pl ace s i nto y
s e ni te ,

w ith o u t u rstsb of wh ich it alte rnate s, m o re or less, all th e way to

Noo ny h ath .

F ro m th is last m e nti o ne d pl ace to K otty c oon, a distance ,

of 24
m ile s along th e sam e li ne o f se c tio n, ( s till c ross i n
g th e di re c tio n of th e
strata ) ,
th e roc k re su m e s i ts ch arac te ri stic coarse y
c r stalli ne slat y
s tru c ture , m uch bli g g i b t di i g i h d f th t
re se m n ne ss, u st n u s e ro m a roc k
by h ddi i f h bl d w h i h i l y p t i th i w h il
t e a t on o orn e n e, c s a wa s re se n n s, e

it i fs o i p i i i
ra re o cc u rre nc e
g i n r m t ve ne ss .

I t l diff f a so th p i i i k i h
e rs rom e i w h i h it
r m t ve ro c n t e m anne r n c

oc cu rs filli g p ll y nd f i g l w
u va d l i g pl i
e s, an b w o rm n o un u at n a ns et ee n

p i i
r m t i
t1 v e f l y l
m o un a ns o d g i i
c a h i s ate di an ne ss, as n t e nte rm e ate

l w
o y b w h C kp
cou ntr et d h B
ee n th g lp
e h ill
urru c
g i o re a n t e a u o re s ; a an

( h t g h
ou b k b
p y p
ro i f y
en u i t ), b e ru N gj
t d
ons o s en e e tw e e n au a oo r a n

N o on
y h h d lat ly i an i h
ast , wh as l d t oc c u rs n t e so m e at e e v ate

va ll y e p igh
s co m th w os n d li i ti f h R j h l h ill
t e no r - e ste rn ec v es o t e a m a a s,

di g f
e x te n nN y h h tromK y oon i li g th
at b b o t o tt c oo n, e nc rc n e ase , u

ne v e r asc e ndi ng h igh e r on th e accli v i tie s o f m ou ntai ns .

At K otty coo n i t is s ucce e de d by b d e s of gra nular sla t y q uartz

and tra p bf as e ore , and fina lly d i pp b sa ears e neath th e c onglo m e rate

u nde r lyi g th n e coal m e asu res .

M i ne ra l Conte nts of Tra nsi tion Gne iss Garne ts abou n in th is

.
- d
roc k , m ore
p arti cu la rl yi n th e v ici ni t y of q uartz d es, wh e re th e y yk
 0 11 1 1 3 11 1 11 11 A N D s xw a ra n a o c x s . 1 97

fo rm a large p p re ortion of i ts bt
su s ance , d d i th y f l p
im be d e n e ar e s ar

and h o rn bl d f
en e, rom w h ich th y e are di l dg d by th d
s o p ii e e e co m os t on

of th e m atrix , and th u s form a g rav e lly d p it the f f th

os on e s ur ac e o e

so il . S
( y p
u a a tam .
)
Th e garne ts h e re are of uni form si z e , and s ph e ro idal sh a e , p
som e w h a t la rge r th an a m us k t b ll
e a , and w h e n sh ar ply stru c k wi h t a

h am m e r, e ach nodule se p t ara e s i nto tw o e q u al arts, wi th out e x h i bit p

ing a frac tu re d su rface . I b o se rv e d th e sa m e h e nom e non m an p
e ars yy
ago in q u artzo ze v e in-stone s, from v e i ns o f cla y slate in R e m s on . It
contai ns no v alua bl e m i ne rals
Sy e ni te .

Th i s co nsi sts of unstratifie d, eru p te d m asse s, com p d

ose ch ie fly of

y
cr s talli ne fe ls p d h bl d
ar an orn e n e, w i th a s m all p pro o rti on of
q u artz .

Fe ls p ar is th e p d i t i g di
re om nan n re e nt, and g e ne ra lly gi v e s m o re o r le ss
of a re ddish y ll w l t th
e o co our o e m ass . I t fo rm s lo ft y coni cal p k
ea s,

( g
Lu w ah ne ar Noony h ath ), and ro u nde d h ills, e ach so m e ti m e s com

p d ose of a si n
gle un rob k e n m ass ; ( Panc h Pah ar, i n th e Bh agulp ore
di t i t
s rc C h ara Pah ar, i n Pe rgunah C u rruc dy ah , e twe e n Palm ow
, and b
and C n rh 1 1rb ale e ; ) o r i t i s ro e n i nto s m alle r o ve rl i n
g b k
m as se s, e i th e r y
protru di n
g si n l
g from t h e y
surfac e ( nea r Lu ch m i o re and Su a a ta m
p y p ),
or ac c u m u late d in rugge d py ra m idal h ills ( Nane ore ,
g ne ar Bunta
Ram p ore in Pe rgu nah Me lly p ore , M o ngh
, y r distri ct) .

Th e se s y e ni te s som e ti m e s
i nto th e tra nsition gne iss, ( 2 m ile s p ass

fro m Luch m i po re , o n th e way to Se rie ah , and also at th e ase o f b

Lugw ah h ill, ne ar Noony ,) and are also fo un i n v e ins, along wi th d
tra p p , e ne tra ti ng gne iss .
( Bed of th e K u ttoo re ah ri ve r, 7 m ile s from
Luch m ipo re .
)
“
M i ne r a l Co nte nts ‘
o S
f y e ni te — . Tb i y s s e ni te co ntai ns
gale na at

Panch Pah ar, ( S h e rwi ll,) as w e ll as at Ture e Pah ar, and so m e o th e r

pl ace s in th e Bh agulp o re distric t . I n th e first m e nti one d loc ali t y th e

g ale na occ urs in a d e co m p i os ng be d of g q coarse

gl ass ranular ua rtz, y
ac ti noli te , o r, ( as Mr . D dd o su
gge sts,)
p p
e rh a s, cocc oli te and ea rth y
fe ls p ar . Th e gale na, i n sm y
all c r stals, co nsti tu tes a out 2
p e r ce nt o f b .

th e m ass .

At a no th e r p t ar of th e sa m e distric t i t is m o re a b undant, and

fo und by M r. D ddo to be rich in silve r .

P orp lty ri ti c Gr e e ns tone .

Th is first a pp eare d i n th e b e d of th e K uttoore ah riv e r, 7 or 8

m iles on th e NW . sid e of Luch m i p ore , i n th e Bh agulp ore istric t, d
wh e re i t occu rs m assive, as b
we ll as ta ular and stratiform , consisting
1 98 o no noo x op ra m s .
[Ja m

of h orn le n b d e and q ua rtz . I t is e x tre m e l yh ard and u n yi ldi e ng . Th e

q u artz i n th e m assi v e v ar e t i y is di stri bu te d i nto num e rous diff d use

y
c r stalline p oi nts, w h i ch a re dis p e rse d th rou gh ou t th e m ass . I n th e
t b a ular v a rie t y th e q uartz o c c u rs in pl ate s a nd fl atte ne d nodule s,

dis pose d i n p arallel li ne s w i th th e ta b ular struc tu re , p rese nti ng th e

ap p e a ranc e o f h orn le ndeb slate , wi th w h ic h i t co rre s p onds i n struc ture,
at Sooru djajah .

I n th is sh a p e i t form s a be lt of c o u ntr y3 or 4 m ile s i n b dth

re a ,

alte rnati ng in pl ace s w ith tra nsi tio n gne iss, b oth roc k big h
s e n m uc

dislo cate d by p i e ru t ons o f se c o ndar yt p ra , wh ic h last b d tly

occu rs a u n an ,

p arti c ula r ly t L h
a uc m ip ore .

H ornble nde S la te .

Be d s p re se nting th e a pp e aranc e of h o rn le ndeb slate , bu t contai n

ing q u artz aggre ga te d in c om p re sse d and flt l nti

a e c ular-sh a pd e no dules

a nd p la te s, i ns te a d o f fe ls ar p , o cc ur i n th e Ra j m ah al h i lls i n th e be d
of th e Go o rna ra ri v e r at K o tty coo n, w h e re i t fo rm s in so m e loc alitie s
th e b asis of th e c oal m e a s u re s, and in o th e rs i t giv e s su pp o rt to th ic k
bd e s of gra nula r s late
q u artz .

“
Th e s am e h o rnb le nde slate also oc c u rs i n th e b e d of th e Brah m i ny
ri v e r at Buktah n Pa h a r, li k e w ise form i ng th e roc o n w h ich th e c oal k
m e as u re s re s t . It e x te nds fro m th e nc e to C u rrac ntta, w h e re i ts li ne
of j u nc tio n w i th th e co nglo m e ra te s u nde rl yi ng coal m e as u re s is w e ll
sh o w n .

Th i s h o rnble nde l
s ate m ar k s th e b o un d y ar of th e c oal m e asu re s

fo r a dis ta nc e of 20 m i le s, and fo rm s c o ns id bl e ra e trac ts of th e j

a d ace nt

c ou ntr y ,
w h e re th e c oa l m e as ure s disap p e ar .

Th i h bl s o rn e nde sla te app e a rs to be i de ntical w i th th e Lu ch m i

p p ph y i i
o re or r tc gre e ns to ne th e o nl y diff e re nc e i s th at th e q u artz i s
a
gg g re ate d i n le ntic u la r no dule s, o r com p
re sse d i nto late s, so as p
to p ro duc e a sla t y s tru ctu re , m o re , h ow e v e r, i n ap p e ara nc e th an re ali t y ,

fo r th e ro c k c an sc arc e l yb e said to p o sse ss a sla t yf rac tu re , bi e n

g y
ve r

y
di ffi c ultl frangi le b so th a t th e re is little o r no re al dis tinc ti on be tw ee n
it a nd th e Luch m ip o re ro c k , e x ce p t th e le ntic ular or lam i na te d fo rm
o f th e q u artz .

S la ty Q ua r tz .

Th i s c o nsists o f
g ranu lar
q u artz, fo r th e m ost p art o f th i c k slat
y
structu re , so m e ti m e s th ic kb - e dde d, b ut alw a y l di ps m ore or e ss s ose d to
split i nto th in h ard flg
a s . It o ccu rs ppi g i diff tly h
ca n n e re n t e sub

y t lli
cr s a ne and o th e r tra pp e an slat y k d ib d i th i
roc s e sc r e n s se ctio n.

Th e Bh u nya m ountai n, at K otty coon, i th R j

n h l h i ll i
e a m a a s, s com
 C A M BR A N A N D e xm
I a n n a oc x s . 1 99

p ose d e ntire l y of th e se bd e s, aff or di ng a th ic ness of at k le ast 400 fee t,

re s ti ng o n th e transi tion gne i ss, and h ornble n d e slate of th is pl ace .

I t li k i e w se o cc u rs at th e O osilah p dass, u n e r si m ilar ci rcu m stanc e s,

ca ppi g thn e o ute r ran e of

g gh auts b l wS y p
e o u a atam in th e Bh agulpore
distri c t .

Th e low e r bde s in b oth th e se lo cali ti e s assu m e a m assiv e ch aracte r,

a nd re si no us or w ax yl us tre , i ndicating an a pp roach to th e ste ati ti c or

g yw k
re ac e
q u artzos e sa nds tone of Gui dore , to wh i ch p e ri od th e y
p hper a s re fe r, bi
e ng ante ri or to all th e c oal m eas ure c on
glom e rate s,

alth ou
gh i t is di ffi c ult to fix th e e x ac t osi ti on o f th e se
q uartz os e p
sandstones, from th e c i rcu m sta nce o f th e i r form i n i solate d m o untai n
g
ca p s, unc o v e re d by o th e r ro c k s . It c o ntai ns no u se ful m ine rals .

C onglom e r a tes u nde r ly i ng Coa l .

( O ld Re d S a nds tone f)
Th e se conglom e rate s form a h ill y tract, e x te n di n
g so uth from
C u rrac ntta, i n th e Ra j m ah al di s tri c t, as far as th e countr yh b as ee n

e x am ine d i n th at di re c tio n .

Th e no rth e rn b ou ndar y of th is form atio n is w e ll m ar e k d by th e

C urrac ntta b i ll, a p ro m i ne nt d bl p k
ou e- ea e d m ountai n, 90 0 fe e t b
a o ve

th e se a, si tu ate d a b o ut 5 or 6 m ile s sou th -we st of M ussi nia . A b ou t a

m ile w e st of th e las t m e nti o ne d v i llage th e c oal m easure s i nse nsi l by

di sap pe ar, and all traces of th e m are lost low ri ge 2 m ile s distant,
on a d
wh ich is th e y p i ti onl o n n th e Ra j m ah al h ills wh e re th e se coal m e asure s

are no tb d d by t pp
ou n e ra e an roc k s .

Th e c o nglom e rate swh ich h e re d i pl

s ac e th e c oal m e asu res consis t

of th i k b dd d
c - dt e e fg l d d
c oarse sa n s o ne , com p d ose o rav e , san , an v ario u s

i d q
s ze p bbl b dd d i
uartz oze fi g
ei ll i e s, em e e n a ne ar ac ou s m atrix .

Th d th i k b d lt
e se coarse an t w i h th i b dd d l c g e s a e rna e t n- e e , c ose - rai ne d,

flg li k
a - dt f fi t t
e san s o ne s, o yi g i th i k f a ne e x u re , var n n c ne ss ro m 1 2 to
on ly 2 3i h or d d g i by nc e s, d th i k b d
s uc ce e e , a a n, coarse an c e s of th e
sam e natu re .

Afte r se v e ral alte rnati ons of th is ki d f n or th e s p ac e o f a m ile or

m ore ( e x te n di ng across th e dire c ti on of th e strata ) , th e roc k ass um e s a

m ore u ni form ch aracte r and a re ddish colo ur .

C urracntta m ou ntai n consis ts of a m ass y

of s e ni te , c ov e re d by
h orn le nde b slate on th e one d d by th glsi t
e, an e con om e ra e s u n e r d
d e sc ri p tio n on th e oth e r. Th di pti
e i p l g dsru ve m ass s ro on e on th e
north si e d into a large tra p dyk wh i h h b t d f e, c as e en race o r som e

m i le s .

Th e se conglom e rate s, re st n i g y
on s e nite and h orn le n b d e slate,

26
2 00 GEO O G Y o r L 1 1m m .
[Ja m

te rm i nate a fe w m ile s north of C urracutta m ou ntai n, form ing a narrow

w e dge -sh a p dt
e di ping to th e east,
rac t, p b e ne ath c oal m e as u re s .

W est a nd south o f C u rrac u tta th e co nglo m e rate s ex p and, in th e

di re ction of th e strata, i nto b roa d and le ngth ene d ridge s and v alle y s,

e x te ndin
g for se v e ral m ile s to Se m ani o o r,
j wh e re th e yb e co m e c ov e re d

b e ne ath th e y t p f h di t i t
se co ndar ra O t e s r c .

F rom th e g l p t
e ne ra f h t y
as t ec o t e cou n r o th e sou th , i t is p re s um ed

th at i t i s co m p d h i fly f th
ose c
g l e O e se co n o m e rate s, e x te ndi ng to wards
th e ci v il stati on of Soore y , i n wh ic h dire c tio n, acco rdi n
g to i nfo rm ation

re c e i v e d fro m th at pl ace , c oal m e asu re s a

gai n o ccu r.

F ro m C urracu tta to Se m j
ani oo r th e se c o nglo m e rate s are un di s

tu rb e d, p re se nti n
g an u ni form dip O f a ou tb fo r a di ts a nc e Of 5
m ile s ac ross th e o utgoi ng of th e strata b ut a pp roac h in
g S em a1
jp o or,

th e strata th e re b e c om e i nv ade d by , a nd c o v e re d wi th , out b t urs s O f

tra p, w h ic h co m p o se all th e cou n t y ly i

r ng to th e no rth , e xce pt wh e re

s m a ll p a tc h es o f alte re d c oal m e as ure s o cc u r .

No fossils w e re found i n th is form ation, th e natu re O f w h i ch is

th e re fo re i nfe rre d m e re l yf ro m i ts p iti b tw
os on e een th e c o al fo rm atio n

on th e o ne h and, and th e o th e r tra pp d l ty

e an a n s a roc k s on th e o th e r,

as w e ll as f ro m i ts m i ne ral ch arac te rs, w h ich diffe r ve r y m u ch from

th o se o f c oal m e as ure con
glom e rate s .

S ubordi na te Be ds — No b
car oni fe rous sh ale or cla y i ron stone
-

”
occ u rs i n th is con
g lom e rate .

S uc h a re Dr . M C le lland s de sc ri tions O f h is
‘ ’
p C am bi r an and Silurian

Roc k s, toge th e r w i th h is O ld Re d Sands tone

”
we h av e now to

i de ntif y th e se de p osi ts w ith si m ilar stra ta i n o th e r p a rts, if p o ssi b le b u t,

b e fo re atte m pit ng th is, i t is de si ra le to b p re m ise th e follow i ng ta b u la r

sum m a r y Of th e i r p i ip r nc al ch aracte rs

Ta ble .

Old Blue Slate , s up e rpose d b y be ds of q uartz and ta lcose

S lates .

Ne we r C lay S late , alte rnati ng wi th th e fo llo wi ng s ub o rdi na te

b e ds
Blue com p ac t Q uartzo ze Bre cc ia ,
v e i ne d ,
li ke m arb le , w i th wh i te

k
s tre a s , rese m b li ng Transi ti on Li m estone ; i n b e ds Of 5 to
k
50 y ards i n th i c ness , alte rna ti ng w i th ne we r clay s late .

k
Gre ywac e or S te ati ti c Sands tone co nsi sts of a q uartz oze sand
sto ne , c o ntai ni ng ste ati te and di allage of a p ec uli ar gre e ni sh

e llo w c o lo ur res i no us lustre , and sp li nte ry frac ture alte rnate s

y ,

w i th ne we r c lay slate .

Re s ts on be ds o f q uartz and talcose slates, wh i ch agai n rest on

O ld Blue S late .
 C A MBR AN A N D srw a u s
I aoc x s. 20 1

fi nals i n fi ne and coarse -grai ned be ds , alternati ng ; m assi ve o r

in fl ags co m pose d of q uartz m o re o r less h ornb le nde le nti

, ,

c u la r fl a tte ne d nod u les o f fe ls p ar c o arse garne t e bb l nd

p es a , ,

m i ca i m be dde d i n a m atri x o f e a rth y h alf c ry s ta lli ne fe ls pa r ;

oc c u rs so m e ti m es i n th e form o f sandstone fl ags , of a gran ular
stru c ture , slaty , q uart y z , wi th m ore o r less m i ca and h o rn
b le nde alte rna ti ng w i th c oa rse b e ds of th e co m posi ti on ab o ve
desc ri be d . I t p rese nts m i caceo us and h ornb le nde sch i stose be ds ,
and e ve n sm all be ds o f ca lca reo us h re ccia . Rests on p ri m i ti ve
gne i ss o r p ri m i ti ve clay sla te , and a
p sses i nto sy e ni te .

Sy e ni te , ch ie fl y co m pose d of c ry stalli ne , re ddi sh - e llow

y fe lsp ar

S y e ni te
and h ornb le nde , wi th a li ttle q uart z, th e fe lsp ar p re do m i nat
”
.

i ng . Passes i nto Transi ti on Gue i ss ; ve i ns gne i ss alo ng

wi th trap .

( Gree nstone of a o r h
p p y ic
ri t stru cture , strati form or m assi ve ,

q uartz ; q u artz
1l
c o nsis ti ng O f h ornble nde and di sse m i na te d i n
nu m e ro us cry stalli ne p o i nts i n th e m ass i ve var i e ty in fl atte ne d
nod u les , as ab o ve state d , i n th e strati form vari e ty . A lte rnates
U
”
L wi th s tra ta o f Transi ti on Gnolss .

Hornb le nde S late of a r

p p y
o h ri ti c s tr uc ture , co nsis ti ng o f lenti
c u lar c om p re sse d nod u le s , and p la tes of q uartz and h o rnb le nde .

U nde rly i ng e i th e r th e b as is o f c old m easures, slaty q uartz ,

o r
”
O ld Red Sands to ne c o nglom e rate .

Granular Q uartz of a th i ck slaty str uc ture , be co m i ng m assi ve

be low, and o f a re si no us or w a x y lus tre ( i ndi cati ng an a pp roac h
to th e ste ati ti c o r gre y wac ke q a rtz o ze sandsto ne O q
u i do re ) .

C ap p i ng th e s ub -cry s talli ne a nd o th e r tra

p p ea n sla ty roc k s of
L th i s se c ti o n k
th i c ness 400 fee t .

C onglo m e rates i n th i ck be ds, co nsi sti ng o f grav e l, sand , and

q uart
O ld Red
l z p e bb les , in
th i n be ds o f fi ne -grai ne d sands to ne ,
an argi llace o us m atr i x ,

fl
ag-li k e
alte rnati ng w i th

ass u m i ng, a fte r

S a nd iw a m i le acro ss th e di re c tio n of th e s tra ta , a m o re u ni fo rm

l
u

c h arac te r , and re ddi s h c o lo ur. Posi ti on, b e twe e n th e coal

L m e as ure s and o lde r tra p p e an and sla ty roc s k .

S uch is a tab ula r vie w of th e se strata and loo ki ng for th e i r e x te n

s io n to o th e r p arts, we c anno t h el p b i g t k wi h th g
e n s ru c t e re at re se m

bl a nc e th at e x is ts b e twe e n th e com p i i f th G yw k
os t on o e re ac e or
” ”
S te ati ti c Sands to ne and Tr a ns i ti on Gne iss of th e C urruc kp o re and
Ra j m ah al h i lls, and th e ste ati ti c sandsto ne wh i ch im m e di ly ate o v e rlie s

th e sy e ni tic a nd gre e ns tone h ills of K ali ngh ur a nd Adjigh ur, so m inu te ly

de sc ri be d by Jacqu e m ont . Wi h t h is p p h y iti
or r c stratu m
”
wh i c h
trav e rse s th is sandstone , w e h av e not hi g t d j
n o o ust now but h e
p a rti c ularl y allude s to th e s te a ti te , wh i ch di vi de s th e strata of sa nd.

sto ne i nto la y e rs, and e nte rs i nto th e are nac eous structure of th e roc k
2 02 a no no o r or I ND I A .
[J a n .

in p aralle l lam inm th e re d f e lsp a r, in p ortio ns of a lam i nate d strue

tu re and rou nde d p o rti ons o f

q uartz, w i th m i ca p re se nting h e re and

th e re s p o ts of a v i ole t colou r .

M ore ove r , as re gards th e o rigi n of th e se m ate ri als, Jac q ue m ont, in

d e sc ri bi ng th e y
s e ni te blwe o th e m , notice s va ri e ti e s i n w h ic h m ica
s as so ci e nt
'
a l Am p h ibole , sans am ais la su ri m e r e ntiere m
’
j pp e nt ; des
ro ch es
’
p
dc F e ls ath e t d Ac ti no te , ou de F e ls ath e t de p D i ll g
a a e

do u te nse s, i ci c om m e a Adj igh ur d a ns la natu re de le urs e le m e nts

”

( To m . i . p .

We th e re fore y
m a , I th i k n , re asona bly i nfe r th at th e sandsto ne of

th e se loc alitie s, and th e Gre w ac y k e or S te ati tic S andsto ne

”
a nd

Tra nsi ti on Gnei ss '

of th e Bh agu lp ore di s tric t, w e re ch i e fly d e riv e d

f rom th e re d fe ls p ath ic ro c k d th s, an at too, p roba bly , of th e sam e a

g e,

e ve n if we dou t th e ide nt b ity f th fo e orm a tio ns . A s to th e p re se nc e o f

g arne t p bb
e le s
”
i n th e T iti rans on Gne iss, th at m ay de p e nd on

localit y ; as w e ll as th e e ru pi f y
t on o s e ni tic and g re e ns tone roc k s . Th e
S la ty Q ua r tz ”
rock , Dr M C le lland th i n
.
‘
k s, is alli e d i n com p ositi on

to h i s Gre wac y k e or S te ati tic Sandstone .

”

Passing to th e oth e r si de o f I ndia, v iz . to th e Sou th e rn M ah ratta

C o untr y , we h ave h e re to o, i n th e ne i gh b h dou r oo of Dh arwar and

e lse w h e re , a c on lo m e rate , si m
g ila r to th e Gre yw k ac e , or S te ati tic Saud
s to ne .
”
Li
Ay to un also gi v e s a se c tio n of a h ill ab o u t 3 m ile s
eu te na nt

so u th of Bh agulkote , w h ic h is c om ose d o f sandstone and sch is tose cla , p y

a lte rnati n
g i n ve r y th ic k be ds . I n th e v alle yb e twe e n Yark ul a nd

Bh agulkote , y
cr stalli ne gre e nsto ne and re e n sch i ste s alte rnate
g w i th e ac h
o th e r i n strata wh ic h are ne arl y v e rt ca i l, and o n e ach s ide o f th e m a re

ra nge s of v e rtical strata o f sa nds tone , co nsis ti n o f as

g j pi d e ou s and
q uartz

p bble e s, wi th m u ch fe ls p ar, in a sandstone c e m e nt ( y

A to u n) also i n th e

bed of a wate rco u rse at K alu dgh e e , C h ristie o b se rv e d sla te s i nte rla m i

nati ng wi th g re yw k ac e . Ne wb old also state s th at th e sands to ne o ve rl yi ng

th e grani te b e twe e n Goot y a nd K urnool, w h i ch th e fo rm e r p lace i s

at

re d, and contai ns ch lo rite and ac ti noli te m i x e d w ith th e fe ls ar, i s c om p

p o se d o f wh i te q uartz e p bbl e s, from th e siz e of a filbe rt to th at of a

m an s
’
h e ad,
”
a fe w of tra p d an b
h o rn le nde , and of tou gh ac tino li tic

fe lsp ar, also fl

inty sla te , th e ver yh arde st p arts o f th e h yp o
ge ne a nd
g rani tic ro c k s ; but h e saw no fragm e nt of ordi nar y gra ni te , o r of

gne iss . Go ing to th e no rth , th e re is a de com p osi n

g c on gl o m e rate at

Balm e e r of th e sam e de scri p ti o n, th e gre ate s t p art o f th e c e m e nt o f

w h i ch , as w e ll as p arts o f th e p bbe le s th e m se lv e s, is com p ose d o f a

c h al k -w h i te , fl
n e, ste ati ti c e arth ( M m . F or b es ) . O f th e e x is te nce

of a gre e n ste ati ti c san s to ne or d gre y k w ac e i n th e Sou th e rn M ah ratta

 Oo LI Tl C s na t as . 2 03

C o untr y , com p d
ose of gre e nish ch lori te , re d fe ls p ar, and
q u artz p bble e s,

th e re c an be no dou t b and w ith re fe re nc e to th e p re se nce also o f

T ransi ti on Gne iss

”
th e re , C h ristie o b se rv e s All th e transi tio n

gne iss I h av e se e n in Dh w ar ar i s w e ath e re d, close l y re se m b li ng lo ose

d
san stone .
”
Th e on ly pi r m iti ve g ne i ss
”
he app e ars to h av e m e t w i th

w as at th e falls of Gai rsu pp a .

k pply
,

Th e sam e re m ar s, h ow e v e r, a to th e ide ntification of th e se

dp e os its with th ose of M C le lland s
‘ ’
C am bi r an and Siluria n Roc k s
”
of

Bh agulpore , th at I m ade w i th re fe re nc e to th e c o nfusi on w h i ch e x i sts

b twe ee n th e O lde r M e tam or ph i c Strata and th e m e tam or ph o se d strata o f

ne we r form ati ons . Th e re is c om p ara ti ve l y no th i ng y

de fini te l de sc ri be d
p
re s e c ting any of th e m , and it is e vi de nt th at th e re are no t o nl y th e
M e tam or ph i c Strata, and th e C am bir an and Silurian Roc k ”
s, p ro v i

si o nally so calle d, b u t also m e ta m or ph i c roc k s of th e followi ng grou p

all of w h i ch are at p re se nt so u nc h arac te ri se d, th at th e re is no p ossi

bili ty of d
fin ing ou t to wh ich se ries th e o se rv ati ons b on s uc h ro c k s

a pply . Th e slate s of th e O lde r Me tam or h i c Roc s a p k pp e ar to b e m os t

e x te ns i v e ; th e de p osi ts of th e “
C am bi r an a nd Siluri a n
”
follo w and

th ose of th e ne x t se ri e s th e le as t by f ar, o f all. F urth e r th an th is

w e h ardl yk now m o re th an th at su ch se ri e s e x i s t .

O ur last ste p i s to i de nti f th e y

O ld Re d S a nds tone o f M C le lland, ‘

b ut th is cannot be we ll done u ntil th e followi ng se ri e s i s de sc ri e d, b

wh i ch we sh all p ro visionall y call O oli tic .
”

V .

Oo u '
rt c Se am s .

T ara Sandstone .

K attra

Punna Sandsto ne .

Pre vi ou s to e nte ri n
g u
pon a se p arate de sc ri ti o n p of th e m em b e rs

of th i s se ri e s, wh ich h as alre ad yb e e n state d to be th e m os t i nte re sti ng

in I ndia, on ac co u nt of i ts alm ost u ni v e rsal oc c u rre nce , i ts m ine ral
re so urce s, and i ts o rgani c re m ai ns, it w ill b e as w e ll to p re m ise a fe w
b
o se rv a ti o ns on th e fac ts w h i ch h ave le d to a k nowle dge of i ts e x is te nce ,

and o f th e p arts i nto wh ich i t h as b e e n su bdi id d v e .

Th at tract of i t w h ich is m o st co nti nuo us , an d pp a e ars to h ave b ee n

least dis tur b d by

e l
v o ca ni c in fl ue nce , e x e n s t d f th ro m e e as te rn b o rde r

of th e tra p of Malwa , ne ar S augor, to t h ll i l d p

e a uv a e osi t of th e Gange s
near M irzap o re and i t is th e re fore to th is th at w e m ust ch i e fly l oo k

fo r i ts t ypi cal ch arac te rs .

 2 04 o ao noe r or i ND I A .
[Ja m

p
C a tain F ran li n, wh o first e x lo re k p d th i s di s trict, p oi nte d ou t, th at in
trav e lling S W f rom . M i rzap ore into Bunde lkh und , two ran e s o f
g b ills
o r e scar p m e nts are su cce ss i ve l y asce nde d, e ac h of w h i c h te rm i nate s i n
a plate au . Th e first ran
g i s e nti re l c o m
e o se d o y
f sand s to ne ,
p p re se nt

i ng no argillaceo us stra ta w h ate v e r i n i ts c o m osi tion b u t th e p se cond

ran e ,
g w h i ch ris e s from th e pl t a e au of th e first, an d is also o
f sa nd

sto ne , doe s p re se nt
gi
arllac e o us stra ta, v iz . i n i ts u pp p er art, w h ic h
a
g ai n
p ass i nto lim e stone o n th e late au p .

Jae q ue m o nt, w h o followe d F ran k li pp n, a are ntl y with th e de scri tion of p

th e latte r i n h is h and, rec ognis e d a th i rd range o f sandsto ne h ills in
k
F ran li n s Pu nna
’

g ran e , w h ic h th e latte r app e a rs to h ave re

garde d as

m e re ly an acc ide ntal e le v ati on of th e se c ond pl t a e au and on asce nd

i ng th e se , h e ob se rv e d th at th e y w e re c om p ose d of fi ne
g i
- n
ra
e d,

re ddi sh , and m o ttle d or v ari e ga te d sandsto ne , re sti n

g on th e argi lla
c e ou s stra ta, w h i ch ac com p anie d th e li m e stone of th e se cond pl t a eau .

Th i s range J ac
q ue m o nt c onsi de re d b a 30 0 fe e t h igh
ou t .

M ore ov e r in , a we ll from 3 6 to p b
4 5 fe e t de e , e tw ee n Do uzo une p ore
and Puttrah u t, h e fou nd s m all y la e rs o f anth racite b e tw e e n s tra ta o f

co m p ac t li m e s tone , th e latte r b kire a ng w ith a co nch oi dal frac ture , and

p re se nti n
g a dar k bl k b l
, ac - ue c olo ur . Th e se a re h is w o rds Le
c arb one , en q ue lq pl ue s ace s, s
’

y re se m bl e asse z p ou r form er de
p e tite s c o uc h e s m i nc e s, q ui ont tou t- -fa a
’
i t l asp e c t b ill
r ant e t la dure té
”
d Anth rac i te
’
.

L ly
as t , Dr Adam .
, wh o trav e lle d ac ross th e se sandsto ne ran e s,
g
sta te s th at at Loh a rgong th e li m e stone is in a v a lle y b ou nde d on all

s ide s by sandsto ne h ills, w h i c h v alle yh e c om p are s to th e b e d o f a lake ,

i nto w h ich th e K e n ri v e r e nte rs on th e sou th , a nd m a k es i ts e x i t at th e

no rth e rn b o rde r and o n le avi ng th is v a lle yt p o rocee d sou th w ards to
Be llary , w h ich is 4 5 m ile s dista nt, h e p ass e d o v e r a ri d e o f sands to ne
g
h ills . Th i s fac t, i f i t w e re n e c e ssar y , m i gh t b e adduc e d to su p p o rt
Jacq ue m o nt s
’
o b se rv a ti o n, th at th e re i s a sa nds to ne fo rm a ti o n a b o ve

th e s h ale s a nd li m e sto ne . Both F ran li n k and Adam allo w th at th e

li m e sto ne re s ts o n th e sandstone o f th e se c ond p late a u b u t, th ey go no

furth e r .

Le t u s now tu rn to a se c tio n affo rde d by th e sam e trac t o f sa nds to ne

i n th e ne igh b o u rh o od of Bi djigh ur , w h i ch i s a b ou t 1 55 m i le s e as t o f

Lo h argo ng, on th e ri v e r So n, w h e re th e stra ta di p to th e no rth , as in

Bunde lkh und , and p re s e nt a scar p e d s urfac e to wards th e so u th , w h ic h
is bu t a c ontinu a tio n of th a t at Be llary ; w h e re , also, I m igh t h ave
m e nti one d th at Dr A dam .
, a fte r h e h ad de sc e nde d th e ri d e
g bt e wee n
th is pl ace a nd Loh argong, agai n saw am o n
g q u artz ro c k s
( alte red
 o o m rl c
'
sc a m s . 2 05

i andstone in v e rtica l strata, som e , wh ich h ad a p e culiar stri p ed

arrange m e nt in th e m ass, and in colour, lu stre , and c o m p ac tne ss , not

u nli k e th e li m e s tone of Loh argong .

”
But to re tu rn to ou r s u bj t ec .

Mr O s . b o rne , w h o, u p on th e i nfo rm ation com m u ni cate d by M r . H yd y

e e ,

res p e c ti ng th e e x i ste nce o f c oal ne arBidjigh ur w as se nt to e x am ine ,

th at ne igh b o u rh oo d, s tate s, th at i n goi ng from Bidp gh ur to th e ri v e r Son ,

by th e Ek-Po wa y Gh au t, he sa w li m e s to ne strata of all co lo urs, and

so m e o f a lith ograp h i c stru c ture , o f w h ich h e p

se nt s e ci m e ns to C alcu tta .

A fte rw ards, h e pi k d
c e u
p bl k p
ac ortio ns o f li m e stone , w h i ch i s b tte er

se e n i n si tu in a nulla ne ar M arkoonda and in th e b e d o f th e So n,

pi e c e s of c o al bu t h e did not se e any c oal -s trata th e re . O ne of h is
se c ti o ns o f th e Son sh o w s “
li m e stone
”
r
c op pi ng o u t u nde r 5 0 0 fe e t o f

q u artz y sands tone , and b e low th e li m e s to ne gre y w ac e k . Alto

ge th e r th e fo llo w i ng s e c ti o n, fro m a b ov e dow nwards, i s c om p u te d from
h is o b se rvations

S ands tone , 6 0 to 8 0, and 70 0 fe e t ; sh ale , w i th e x u datio ns of e tro p

le u m sa nds to ne i nte rlam i nate d w i th sh ale i nty slate sul h ate o ffl p
i ro n li m e sto ne of all c olours, so m e p
li th ogra h ic i n struc ture .

Th i g i v e s 70 0 fe e t
s of sandsto ne a b ov e th e sh ale s and lim e stom e ,

a nd w h e n w e fo llo w th e b k
an s of th e S on o nw ards to Rh o tasgh u r, i n th e
zillah of Sh ah a dab ad, w e find i t still th i c k er . p
C a tai n Sh e rw i ll, w h o
surve y e d th is zi lla h , w ri te s O ne of th e p re c ip ic e s i n th e fo rt of

Rh o tas I fou nd by m e asu re m e nt to b e fe e t, a sh e e r m ass o f

sandsto ne , wi th o u t a b u sh or tre e on i ts surfac e . And afte rw ards, in

allu di n
g to th e li m e sto ne o n th e e as te rn scar p of th i s sandsto ne b
ta le -land,
h e state s, th at it form s an u n ro b k en b e d from th e foot of th e fo rtre ss
”
of Rh e tas to th e v illa
ge of Dow dand , a di stance of 30 m i le s north

and, still
“
p roc e e di n
g i n a n o rth -w e ste rl di re c ti o n, a t th e d i y
s tanc e

of 13 m ile s, w e m e e t w i th th e sa m e li m e sto ne i n th e v alle o f S oo re a

g y
Kh p b b
,

”
oh , at th e de th of fe e t e low th e su m m i t o f th e ta le land-
.

Th e ge ne ral a pp earanc e of th is li m e stone is of a dar k slate c olo u r,

b k
re a s wi th a c o nch oi dal fracture , stri k es fire w i th ste e l, is i m p lp bl
a a e

i n te x tu re , and q ui te fre e from any e x u v i ae . Portio ns of i t w e re se nt

to C alc u tta fo r trial i n lith ogra h py . In a fe w c ase s i t w as nearl y

bl k ac , also o f a p l y ll
a e e ow or bu fl '

c olo u r .

U nde r th e fortre ss of Bh ote s , and in o th e r pl ac e s, p

C a tain Sh e rwi ll
also state s i s th e followi ng se c tion Sandstone fe e t i ndu rat
cd p o
”
t-stone 30 fe e t ; dar k sch i stose roc k o r ore of alu m , 10 or 12
fe e t .

Th e re is th is i m p ortant di ti
s nc tion, th e n, b tw th
e een e sands tone o f

th e gh auts or e scar p m e nts w h ic h lead to th e t bl l d f B

a e - an o unde lkh und
206 e no no a r o r ra m s .
[Ja m

ne ar M i rzap ore , and th e escar p m e nt o f th e san dt s one at Rh otasgh ur,

’

vi z . th at o ne h as th e sh ale s at th e top , and th e oth e r h as th e m at th e

b o ttom .

Passing still f urth e r eas tw ard, and le av ing th e v alle y of th e Son,

toge th e r w i th th e gre a t conti nuous sandsto ne tract of Bunde lkh und we , ,

p
a cc o rdi ng to C a tai n Sh e rw i ll, first m e e t, i n th e zillah o f Ba h ar wi th ,

grani te h ills ca pp d wi h
e t d
san s to ne ; th e n at Gy a o th e rs w h i ch are

co m pl t ly d
e e e nu de d ; and o n arriv i ng at th e b ou ndar y of th e z illah of

M on g h y g r, ra ni te p k p j
ea
g fro m
s, am idst h ills of
ro e ctin
q u artz .

We h av e p
now re ac h e d th at oi nt on th e Gange s, a ou t 60 m ile s sou th b
o f wh i c h , th at i s fro m Soo rajgh u rrah , is th e C u rh u rb alee coal-fie ld, w h ich
”
M C le lland s O ld Re d Sandsto ne , a nd fo rm s one of
’
th e grea t
‘
re sts o n

coal de p i n th is p art of ndia

o si ts and alth ou h w e a re
g I no t, i n th e
p re se nt sta te of ou r k
no wle dge , a le to c onne c t i t w i th th e b carb o ni fe

ro u s sh ale s o f Bunde lkh u nd , th rou gh Bah ar , y e t th e latte r m a

y b e trac e d
f ro m th e b k an s of th e Son to th ose of th e K yl o e at Palam ow , w h i ch ,

agai n, i s close to th e w e ste rn e x tre m ity of th e Dam oodah v alle y , wh e re

b
th e gre ate st nu m e r o f th e se coal e p o si ts h av e be e n disc ove re d, d and

no t far fro m w h ich , too, i s th e c a fie ld o f C urh u rb ale e

o l- .

T h th typ
us e e of th e O oli tic Se ri e s b
a ov e b
ta le d wo ul d pp a e ar to be
es at bli h d s e .

Th t k t l
a i dv l
e e n, a e nte , and i nte ll ge nt tra e l e r acq u e m ont, — w h o ne w J k
at onc e fo r w h at to se e k, h ad th e ab ili t to disce rn, and w as ne v e r at a y
loss to de sc ri e , — uri n
g b h i s sh ord
t v isit to B u nd e lkh u nd, o n h is w a
y
from C alcutta to e lh i, first c om D
le te d th is se rie s F ran li n, a p . k
b y
roth e r o f th e gre at Arc ti c v o age r, h ad gone so far as to sh ow th at th e

sh ale s and li m e stone ove rlaid th e sandsto ne , bu t J ac

q u e m o nt adde d th e

Pu una range o f b ills to th e latte r i n 1 8 30 . Su b se

q ue ntl yM alcolm son,

i n 1 8 3 7, sh owe d th at san sto ne d ov e rlai d sh ales and li m estone i n Se n

th e ra I ndia, a nd las tl y , Ne w b old p ro v e d, by th f ll wi g e o o n se c tion o f

th e Moodalaity p as s, ne ar K u rnool, from b dww d

a ov e o n ar s, th at th e
lowe r d
san sto ne also e x is te d th e re

S ec ti on f
o th e P ass of M ooda la i ty ( Ne wb old) .

C om p ac t li gh t-c o lou re d sands one , t p assi ng i nto q uartz roc k and con

lo m ora te , 1 2 0 fee t
g .

Be ds of co m p ac t li m es tone , of ligh t ti nts of green, re d, and b u floften

’

li ne d w i th d ar k r e d j p
as e r,
a nd li gh t-c olo u re d c h arts , 3 1 0 fee t .

C alcare o us and argi llace o us sh ales , u su ally re ddi sh , a nd li ve r-c olo ure d,
ass i ng i nto wh i te ; surface s of lam i na; ofte n co ve re d wi th li gh t
p
gre e n ( ch lo ri ti c fl ak es , 50 fee t .

Lam i nar sandsto ne , m i caceo us scale s be twee n th e laye rs .

Massi ve sandstone .
 TARA s a nnsr o ua . 20 7

Pre vi ous, h owe v e r, to all th e se , C a tai n p J D H b t ( 1 8 28 )

. . er er state d,

p
re s e cti ng som e coal w hi ch w as foun d by Li t t ( w C e u e nan no olone l )
C antle y , i n th e vi cini t y of Nuh n, b
a ou t 40 m ile s ENE . of Um b e ls ,

i n th e Sub- i m H y
ala an range , th at it e x is ts in a form ati o n of fine
sands to ne a b ove , sh ale s and estone i n
li m th e ce ntre , and conglom e rate s

blw
e o th at th i s i s th e C oal Roc
”
k of I din a ; and b e furth e r
add s Th i s d
san stone is, I th in k it alm ost ce rtain, p art of an

e x te nsi v e se con ar d yf orm ati on, w h i ch on th e one h an d i nclu d es th e

d
san sto ne h ills of Sylh e t, and on th e oth e r th e saltife rous range of

Lh a ore .
”

L tly as , in 1 8 37 C a tain p ( now C olone l) Grant

’
s v alu a bl p p e a e r on

th e ge olog of C u tc h a y
e are , pp d and i n i t also m ay be trac e d a si m ilar
se ri es to th a t of unde lkh u nd, B as th e followi ng se cti on, from a b ov e

dw o nwar s, com d p ile df rom h is d e scr p

i tions, will sh ow .

S andstone , coarse and soft, or co m p ac t and cry stalli ne .

S la te -clay of v as t k
th i c ness , alte rnating wi th li m es to ne of a li th ograph i c
str ucture , and gre y co lo ur, also oc casi onally wi th slaty sandsto ne .

Th i n be ds o f coal interm i x ed wi th blue clay or sh ale , th i ck be ds of sand

stone alternati ng wi th slate clay .

Having th us d
e n e av ou re dto sh ow th e ge ne ral istri u ti on of th e d b
b
se rie s a ov e e sta bli h s e d, le t us now rocee to th ep d
e scri tion of i ts d p
m em b ers se p t ly
ara e .

T ara San dt s one . ( a . J . c .

)
Th i s nam e i s de ri v e df rom th T e ara Pass gh au t, wh ich le a s fro m
or d
th e allu vial de p o si t of th e Gange s , a b o ut 1 0 m iles SW of M i rza ore ,
p .

to th e su m m it of th e first d
san s to ne range of Bunde lkh und , th e route

ta k by F
en ranklin and J ac q u e m ont, w h o h av e d e scrib d it e .

Sy nony m s. — New Re d Sandstone ( Fran lin k an d J q ac u e m o nt

) . O ld
Re d Sandstone
F rom F ran lin k and J a cq u e m o nt we le arn th at th e T ara San dt s one is
com p d o se offine grai ns of q uartz, wi th a li ttle m i ca, wh i ch is h e ld to
g the by er an argillac e ou s ce m e nt of a re d co lo u r, th e latte r v ar in i n
g y
i i y
nte ns t . I ts stru c ture is “
ra th e r fri a le b th an p t
co m ac ,
”
b ut i n
m an y pl ace s is su fficie ntl y h df ar or arch ite ctura l p p u r ose s . It is
h orizo ntall y strati fie d, bu t p re se n s no th in
t g e lse , e x ce pt f w a e ne sts o f
re d cla yh e re and th e re , to di t b it
s ur s u ni form i t y and conti nui t y .

T ow ards its u pp p
er th e grains
art b ecom e e x tre m e l yfi ne , and th e
colour o f th e m ass ch anges to
gree n ; afte r w h i ch i t p asse s i nto ar
gilla

ce ou s (and talco se J ac
q ue m ont
) strata of gre e n and re d colou rs alte r

nating, b u t th e latte r still conti nue s to p re dom i nate .

27
20 8 o no no a x or m nu .
[Ja m

Th e th i c k ness of th i s dp
e osi t h as no t b e e n state d . It co u l d not be
dt e e rm i ne d at th e T P ara ass, on accou nt of b
th e ase o f th e h i lls big
e n

d
u n e r th e alluv a i l d p it f th
e Gos o e ange s . Bt J u acq ue m o nt re m ar s, k
on th e auth or ity f C p t i
o D a a n ru m m ond, th at th e su m m it of th e
T a ra Gh aut is 30 0 m e tres ( 90 0 fe e t in roun d nu m b e rs ) b
a o ve th e
v alle y of th i s ri ve r .

No fossils h av e b e en found i n th is sandstone , and no m ine rals,

be y d th
on e re d ox id e of i ron wh ich colours it .

A th p
t e as s of M oodalaity m e ntione d , Ne w b ld
o de scri b es th is , or

th e low e r sandsto ne th e re , as
“
lam i nar
”
and m i ca ce ou s,
”
p as si ng

do wnw ards i nto m assi ve sands tone ,

”
and a ov e b i nto sh ales of wh ite
and re d c olours, w ith gre en flka e s o f ch lo ri te .

I n C u tch th e T ara Sandstone is no t no tic e d by G rant, p b bly f ro a rom

fl
th e i nsu i cie nt e le v a tio n of th e m asse s ; an d h is b ig p i
or n ex e r m e nt

a
p p e ars to h av e onl y re ac h e di ts u pp p er art, if e v e n th a t .

I de ntifica ti on wi th “
O ld Re d Sandsto ne
”
of M Cle lla nd —
‘
. Th i s

consis ts i n th e gre at sim lic it p y of com p osi tion in b o th th e a b se nce

o f cr y stals o f re d fe ls ar, w h i c h p m ay be i nfe rre d fro m th e sile nce of

Jacque m ont and M C le lland on th is

‘
p oi nt, and th e si tua ti o n of th is
form ation im m e di ate l yblw e o sh ale s and ca r oni fe ro us b de p osi ts in b o th

i ns tance s, wh ich are e v ide ntl y c onne c te d w i th e a ch o th e r . Th e

p re se nc e of c o n
glo m e rate s at th e T ara Pass is no t see n, p e rh a p b
s e ca use

th e y m a
y b e u n e d
rne ath th e p
allu vi al de o si t o f th e Gange s b ut th e
te x ture of th e sandsto ne i s t t d by J
s a e acq ue m o nt to b ecom e finer
i n asce n i ng, d and th e re fore p b bly b
ro a e c om e s c oarse r i n th e o pp osi te

d ire c tion .

With f re e re nce to th e lowe r lim i t of th is d

san stone , J acq u e m ont, in
all di g t th
u n o e di ffe re nce bt e w ee n it and th at o f Bunde lkh und re p os

ing on th e s e ni te y of Bis ram gu nd j Gh aut and Adjigh ur, close by ,

state s Malgré l e x tré m

’

e re sse m bl ance o ry c tognosti q ue d o nt

j e v e ns i
de pa rle r, j i ncli ne a
’
croire ce p e ndant,
q les
g rcs da ue T ara Gh aut c t
da K
a th ra Gh au t a pp arti e nne nt s u ne au tre fo rm ati on , et q ue ce tte

form ati on e s t ce lle da N e w Re d S a nds tone m ais

j e s ou
pe o nne
q ue ls
g res ro uge anc ie n re cou v re le s S y e ni te s da Bis ram ga nd j Gh au t et de
tou te ce tte p artie des m onta
gues de Bunde lkh und .
”

He also state s th at h e did not j

se e th e unc tio n o f th e two, but
th at th is m igh t h ave b ee n c onc e a e l d by p su e rfici al de tri tus ; wh ile
C o ulth ard o b se rv e s o f d
th e san s tone at th e O pp osi te e x tre m it y of

Bunde lkh und , ne arHi p ra ur, b twe ee n Saugo r and F a una, th at th e

g ra ni te is “
ca pp d by h
e ea s
p of fe rrugi nous c onglo m e rate , w h ic h
 x a rra A
' '
s na ns s . 2 09

conglom erate is conne c te d wi th a stratum of iron ore , on wh ich th e

Ne w Re d Sandstone is se e n to re
’
p ose
”
d
th is san s tone , agai n, b e com e s

co ve re d wi th re d and v arie
gate d sh ale s in a pp roach i ng Saugor, follow e d
by th e p
su p e r ositio n o f m ore sandsto ne , wh ic h h e re and th e re , as in a

h i ll at Bh ilsa , p re se nts th e flt t
p a o and scar e p d id s e s, w h ic h w e sh al l
by d y e find to b e
-a n -b c h aracte ris tic features of th e u pp er m em b er

of th is se ri es .

Sh ould th is i de ntification of th e sandstone of th e T ara Gh au t and

t I pt
”
th e “
O ld Re d Sa ndstone of M C le lland be
‘
corre c , wo uld ado

th e te rm of T ara San dt
s one
”
for bo th , p artic ular ly as th e latte r is
p rov isi onal.

Kattra Sh alcs .
( a . J . Li m es tone .

Coa l .

Th is te rm h as b e e n ta k en from th e K attra Gh aut, w h i ch is th e nam e of

th e p ass le ading from th e first to th e se c o nd pl ate au o f Bunde lkh und ,

w h e re F ran li n k and J ac
q ue m o nt saw re s p e cti v e l y th e T ara Sandstone
p assi ng i nto ar
gillac e o u s strata li m e sto ne on th e se c o n d pl t a e au

bi tu m ino us sh ale c ro pp
i ng o u t i n th e gle ns of th e Bap n ri v e r and

anth rac i te in a w e ll so th at re p re se ntati v es o f all th re e su b -di vi sions of

th is m em b e r of ou r O oli ti c Se ri e s are th us fo un dt o e x is t in Bunde lkh a nd ,

th ough m ore p d l wh
de ve lo e e se e re .

— C l y Sl t F Li
S y nony m s a - a e o rm ation
( y y)
V o se . Argi llace ou s m e stone

( Malc olm so n ) L. i t d S am na e e ri e s or U pp er Secondar y ( Grant) .

Th e se in th e i r p u re st state are alm ost e nti re l y com p d

ose d
o f i n urate d

l y
c a , and arran e d
g i n strata o f all de gree s of th i c ne ss,k v ar yi ng from

la m i nar to m assi v e , a nd o f all ki nds of c olo urs . Wh en m i x e d wi th oth e r

subs tanc e s p y wi h h wh i h i f q tly th

in co m an th y
t t em , c s re ue n e case , e

m a
y b l e b i i
ca ca re o us,
q if i t
tu m l no us, uartz e ro us, m c aceo u s, a cose , or

chl i i or Th y p i t h d t b th b
t c . e ass db l w h
n o t e san s one o a ov e an e o t em .

an d l a wi h i t i
te rnate pl t th t t th t
n so m e th aces, o su c an e x e n a e

casca d f h R j i e o i t eB d lkh d an di g t F
r ve r,
”
n kli un e un , ac cor n o ran n,

h w
s o i f d
s a se r e s i t tifi d oi th l t l y 390 f
sa n sto ne n e rs tra e w s a e c a , ee t

hi k
”
t c Th y. l i t ti fi d wi h li
e are a so d l i th
nte rs ra e t m e sto ne an coa , e er

t g h
o e t e r or sep t ly d h gh i
ara e l t d fi i
, an t i b th t ou so m e t m e s a m os e c en n o ,

th y h i fly d i
e c h i i p t
e f
e r ve h p t e fr mth o r ance ro m t e re se nce o one or e

oth e f h
r o d p i Th i h f littl t b id b t
t e se e o s ts . e re s, t e re o re , e o e sa a ou

th h l by h
e se s la es d h i g g ph i l
t em t i will b
se v e s, an t e r e o ra ca e x e ns on e

b t es id di
co ns i wi h th
e re th b f th
n co nnec t on ies t e o er m em e rs o e se r .
2 10 a no noo r or i N DlA . [J A N .

Re s p e cti ng th e ir fossili fe rou s conte nts, too, p er as, th e re is li ttle

known . Dr . Bradle y , i n a le tte r o n th e d
san s tone at th e north e rn o rde r b
of th e tra p , wri tes In th e sh ale s north of Elli e h p oor was th e onl y
pl ace wh e re If di p ou n m re ssio ns of leav es, pl ants, and fe rns . Th e fe rns
app e ar to bl e ong to P e cop te ris . In one , h ow e ve r, th e pi nnule s di fl '

e r.

S te m s, le av es, re e ds, and m atte dl e av e s a ou n b d .

”
But i t is in co nnec
ti on wi th th e c oal strata, or o v e rl yi ng san stone d of th is se ries, th at
th e fossils of th e sh ale s h av e b e e n ch i e fly foun d , and i t is th e re fore
wi th th e d e sc ri p ti ons of th e se th at th e y will res ect ve l
p i y , be notice d .

Lim e s tone .

Th e p i ip l h t f th li t
r nc a c arac ers o e m e s o ne are i ts uniform li th ogra hi c p
te x tu re , lidity
so h id l th f t , conc o a sm oo rac u re , and h ardne ss ; de ndri ti c
su rface s ky g y l p i g i
sm o re co our, ass n nto d k
ar sm o ky bl ue and

p aralle l th in stratifica ti on .

y p t th h t i C t h
Ev e r wh e re i t N
rese n s h ese c arac e rs : n u c , near ee m uc ,

B d lkh d
un e th i
an S Bidj g h d t Rh t gh
, on e r ve r on, ne ar i ur an a o as ur,

Fi b d th Bh i K l dgh i th S h M h tt C t y
roza a on e m a, a u ee n e out e rn a ra a ou n r ,

on th i ddl th i d f th Ki t h
e m d f
e th C dd p h i th
r o e s na , an as ar sou as u a a , n e

M d P id
a ras y G t D g fi ld H di F kli J q
re s e nc . ran , an e r e , ar e, ran n, ac ue

m on t Sh , ill O b M d w T yl
e rw
( , h ) M l l
s orne , ea o s a or m us , a co m son,

V y ye se d N wb ld h
an p ti ly d ib d th i li t i
e o , av e re s ec ve e scr e s m es one n
diff tp t
e re n f I di d ll g
ar s o i gi i g i t th h n t b a, an a a ree n v n e c arac e rs a ove
’
m e ntione d, whi le th e Socie ty 3 m use u m v e ri fies m o st o f th e ir ac cou nts

by p
s e ci m e ns of th i s form ati on from se v e ral of th e se place s .

It diff e rs, h ow e v e r, wh e n dp
e arti n
g from i ts ge nu i ne com p ositi on,

j ust as th e sh ale s di fl
e wh i
‘
r ch inte rlam i nate i t, th e coal strata, and th e
d
san stone, in bi e ng m ore or less argillace ou s, bit um i nous, or
q u artzi

fe rous of diff e re nt degree s of h ar d ness, coarse ness, and fria ili t b y of

struc ture and of all ki d f n s o colou rs, stre a e k d d i g td b tI an v ar e a e u

am incli ne d to th i n k th t h a t e la tte r ly
on wh it h b
occ u rs e re as ee n

ex p dt
ose o h eat . I t is som e tim e s q ui te bl k L llit
ac i i
. ucu e o ccu rs n t

b twe een Dach ap illy and th e K istnah V se ) ,

( y y
o ne ar Bidjigh ur on th e
b
Son ( O s o rne ) , and in se ve ral oth e r lace s p .

y
It i s oc casionall v alue d and i nte rli ne d with j p as e r and ligh t colo ure d
ch e rts, w h i ch p j ro e cti n
g from it d un er w e ath e ring near C u da d ph a ,

g iv e it a sca rous a b pp e arance ( N w b ld

e ) o also c ontai ns drus y cavi ti e s,

calce d oni es, and oorne lian, north of Nag p ore ( M alcolm so n ) . Sm all

cry stals of qu artz occur i n th e lith ogra h ic form p s, wh i ch re n e r d th e m

m ore or le ss unfit for li th ogra h i c p p pur oses in d d th p

ee e re se nce of

siliceo us m atte r e ne rall m ore th an th e want of uniform ity of structure ,

g y
,
 m u ns r o s s . 211

se e m s to d
re n e r th i s li m e stone too h ard fo r lith ogra h py ; b ut Iq ue s

tion, am ong i ts i nfini te v ari e ti e s, w h e th e r th e re is not so m e pl ac e w hi ch

w ould yi ld fe o rm s as se rv i c e a bl e as th ose i mp t df or e ro m Eu ro p e . Th e
argilla ce ou s v ari e ti es are fre qu e n tly fl k d wi h
a e t g re e n ch lo ri te

ste ati te of a w h i te ch al ky nature is fo u nd i n th i n b e ds i n i t, i n th e

K eym or ran e
g ( S h e rwill), and i n th e ne igh b ou rh o od o f C udda ph a ,

wh e re it also p as se s i nto th e co m p ac t form of F re nch C h lk a ,

”

and is cut i nto p e ncils, w h i ch are u se d for sm oo th i n

g li m e-pl t as e r,

(1 w ri ti ng on clo th p p re a re d for th e p p
ur ose ( N e w o ld) b . A s m all

de tach e d b ill at th e fort of Rh otasgh u r is alm ost e nti re l y com p o se d

of a da r kb lue p ot-sto ne , w h i ch , wi th th e sm all v e ins and e ds of b

p
se r e ntine th at are found in low h ills i n th e zillah of B ah ar ( Sh e rwill ,
)
are not i m p b bly
ro a assoc iate d wi h t th is li m e sto ne .

I t is o f a snow -w hi te c olou r, and trav e rse d by ch lori te sch i ste in th e

b e d of th e Ne r b u dda b tw
e ee n Lam ai ta a nd Be ragurh , ne ar J ub b ul ore
p
( Fran li n) k and b e auti fu ll gy ranular and cr stalli ne ,
y w ith re d a nd

w h i te steati te i nte rm ix e d at K h o rari , 6 m ile s no rth of Si ta baldi , ne ar

Nag p ore ( J k
en i ns ) . I t also e x i sts in m an y pl ace s i n th e fo rm of gra

nular, sacc h aroi d, w h ite m ar bl e b ut i n all th ese i nstance s a pp e ars to

be m e ta m or ph o se d by h e at . J ac
q ue m ont m e nti ons, at Alw a r, b
a ou t

65 m iles north -e ast of J ipa o re , th i n bd e s o f am phi b oli c li m e sto ne

( He m i th re ne Bgt ) . of a blac k colo ur, alte rnati ng wi th q ua rtz i n v e rti cal

strata, th e latte r b e co m i n
g su b
ordi nate ; and at B e sso na ( th e first

tow n in th e te rri tor y of Jai p ore com ing from Alwar) a

g ranu lar, w hi te
sa cch aroi d m ar
'

bl e, in so m e of w h ich gree n am ph ib ole and flka es of

am ph i b ole and talc are also disse m i nate d ; also at j Ra gh a r, 7 m ile s

w e st of Nusse e rab ad, w h e re m i ca is adde d to th e am p b h i ole h us w e
. T
h av e all th e ch i e f m i ne rals of th e m i ca and b
h orn le nde fam ilie s i n, and

in co nnec tio n wi th i t, b ut th is, as Ih ave bf e ore sta te d, is un e r ad

m e ta m o r ph d ose state .

Wh e re v e r th is li m e stone i s si tuate d th rou gh ou t I din a, i t h as u nde r

go ne m o re or le ss distu r b a nce a nd de nu d tia on . Gre e nstone and trap

a pp ear to be th e p i ip lr nc a age nts w h ich h av e b ee n en a ed
gg i n th e
form e r, fo r th e se y it d l t h ly
alm ost alw a y s ac com p a n , an a re a m os t e on

ig k wh i h pp t h i d d i t Y i f q ly t
neo u s roc s c a e ar o av e nv a e . et t re ue nt re s s

on g i ranby w h i h i
te ,t pp t h c b p t a h p t
e arst d o av e een u se m o re t an e ne ra e ,

an di h S h
n t e M h tt Cou t e rn t y th ld a t ph i h i
ra a ou n r e o e r m e a m or c sc s te s

h b f d p h gh i b t h ly i t
av e een o rce u t ro u d d f it t; u t e on ns ance re c or e o s

b i g i d
e n d
v e ne l p di an
g i t i t
e nve o K i Re t k in ran e s a am ar , near am ee , n

th h ill NE
e f N gp
s ( J
. k i
o d Ma l l )
o re en ns an a co m son .

It i t f s no
q t ly b i
un re t d t ue n
g t t by f t
re cc a ed o a re a e x e nt, rac u re an
2 l2 o a o no a v or l N DI A .
[Ja m

re co nsolidati on unde r a ce m e nt of calcs par . A re m ar a k bl e instance of

th i s e x ists ne ar th e v illage of Guddunk e e ree , i n th e Sou th e rn M ah ratta

C ou ntr y , w h e re th e d yk e , so to s p k ea , or e d e s o
g f th e strata b re c c i ate d,

ru n along th e pl i a n NE . by N . a nd SW . by S Li . e ute nant y

A tona ,
w h o de sc ri b es i t, s tate s th at i t is c om p ose d o n o ne si de o f rh o m b o h e dral

calcs p ar, and on th e o th e r o f b re cci a . O n th e W NW . not le ss th an

20 y ards
”
of p ure calcs p ar e x is t i n co ntac t wi th th e u nalte re d li m e sto ne

of th at si e d and on th e ES E . si de th e u nalte re d roc k gra du all y

b e co m e s m o re and m o re b recc i ate d, u ntil it p ass es i nto th e calcs p ar.

Th e strata a re of cou rse v e rtical, and th e calcs a r p w oul d ppa e ar to

h av e b y
e e n c r stallize df ro m a wate r y so lu tio n.

Th i s li m e sto ne is fre q ue ntl y de nu de d of i ts ov e rl yi ng sandstone and

sh ale s i n So uth e rn I ndia, and in th is s tate is no t u nc o m m o nl y c o v e re d

by p tra , as ne ar F e roza bd a on th e Bh im a ( M e a do w s T yla or,

Ne w bo ld gi ve s th is li m e sto ne a k
th ic ne ss of 3 1 0 fe e t at th e p ass of

Moo dalai ty , ne ar K urnool ; M ea d w T yl

o s a or from 1 0 to 30 fe e t on

th e Bh i m a, w i th strata fro m 2 i nch e s to 2 fe e t th ic k Dr .

Bradle y m e nti o ns a sands to ne h ill no rth of Ellie h pore ca pp d ith

e w

6 fe e t of lim e s to ne Th e Gu pt a cav e s o f Bah ar , b 40

a ou t or

50 m ile s NW . of Bh ote s , are i n li m es to ne , and th e i r e ntranc e is state d

to be fro m 1 0 to 1 2 fe e t h igh ( S h e rw ill) . M uch m o re dfi e ni te i nfor
m a ti on, h o we v e r, on th is h e ad, is re
q ui re d,
to gi v e an ide a o f i ts ge ne ral
k
th ic ne ss ; wh ich , p b bly
ro a , i ts i nte rs tratificatio n wi th th e sh ale s, or i ts
p osi tion
g e ne rall y ,
w h e re e x ose d to p v i e w, m a
y h av e re nde re d diffic ult
to o bt i a n . In no p art m e ntione dd oe s it app e ar to b e so th i c k as at

th e p ass o f Mo odala i ty .

Ge ogr ap h i ca l Ex te ns ion —I f we . allow th e wh i te y

c r stalli ne m ar bl e

g e ne rall y of I ndi a to be m e ta m o r ph i c strata o f th is li m e sto ne , w hi h I

c

th i n k we m ust do, u ntil o th e rwi se p ro v e n, th e n w e sh o uld h av e th is

form of i t i n th e Gi rne r of K atty aw a r ; th e li th o grap h ic o r o ri gi nal

fo rm , i n C utc h ; th e w h ite m ar bl b e, a ou t y
O o de p ore ; th e li th ograp h ic
form ,
b e tw e e n Ne e m u ch and C h i tto re th e w h ite m ar le no rth w ards, in b
th e ne igh b o u rh ood o f N usse e rab ad, J ai
p o re , Be ssona , a nd Alwar ; th at o f

Mokrano i n th e J dp di t i
c o re s r c t, from w h ich th e w h ite m ar bl e of th e Taj
Mah al w as ch ie fly k ta en ; a narrow s tri pi n
g i nali ts
s tate 1 ori
5 0 m i les

lo ng i n Bu nde lkh und ; m o re a ai n a

g b ou t Bidjigh u r and Ro tasgh ur o n
th e Son ; i n th e state of w h ite m ar bl e, i n th e b e d of th e Ne rb u dda ne ar

J bb lp
u u o re ; also th e sam e at Ram te e k, in th e h ills NE . of Nag p ore ;

alo ng th e lo we r p arts of th e W urda and P y ne Gu nga towards th e ir

fl
c o n ue nce , w h e re th e yf o rm th e Pranh e e ta ; th e nce to th e Godav e ry,
and along th e latte r and i ts ne i gh bourh ood, m o re or less, to th e v ici ni t y
 m n ns ro x a
'
. 13

of Rajam u ndr
y ; d i t i t f Sh p
in th e th B hi
s r c o ora ore , o n e m a of e v e r
y
va rie t y o f co lo u r, an d g tly di t b d d b k
re a
p b s ur e an ro en u a ou t K alu dge e ,
i n th e So u th e rn M h tt C a t yral g h Ki t h f
a o un r ; a on t e s na , ro m K urno ol

to Am ara w atte e , and m o re or less all ov e r th e tri angular are a form e d

by th e latte r pl ace i n th e e ast, Goot in th e west, y and th e Tre p a tty
h ills i n th e so uth ; sou th -e as t o f th e la tte r pl ac e a narrow va lle y
e x te n sd th rough it fo r 1 5 0 m ile s, w h e re i ts strata are in m an y pl aces

v e rti cal ( M alco lm son ) . As y e t i t h as not e e n notice i n th e so u th e rn b d

p art o f th e p e ni nsula, e i th e r in i ts o rigi nal o r m e ta m o r h ose d sta te , p
an
y m ore th an th e sandstone s a nd sh ale s w h ich acc om p yian t at th e
sam e ti m e its b
a se nce th e re is by no m e ans de te rm ine d, for th e re is
m e ta m or ph i c li m e sto ne i n th e dis tric t o f Ti nne ve ll y , as h as b e fore b een

sta te d, w h ich close l y re se m bl h t fes t a rom th e ne igh b o u rh oo d o f Nag

p o re ; b ut th e n all m e tam or p h i li c m e sto ne s are so m u ch k ali e, th at,
w i th o ut m o re inform atio n th an th e i r m e re lo calit y , th e y ly i
on ndica te

p lace s w h ich m a
y d e se rve furth e r e x am ination .

M i ne r a ls .
—Gale na i n se ve ral lace s i n th e C u da p d phb d a e s ( Ne w b ld)
o

and Dr . H j
i n V oy se y s ou rnal, u st a fte r m e ntio ni ng th e li m e stone ,
.
’
j
sta tes , th at i n a ranch of b ills so u th bo f C udda ah , w h i ch ru ns p
e as t and we s t, h e fou nd s m all v e i ns of pl b g um a o .
”
Th i s w ould b e
inte re s ti ng i f fo und i n th e li m e sto ne , si nce , as bf e o re state d, th is m i ne ral
oc cu rs i n th e m e ta m or ph i c lim e stone o f Ti lly
nne v e and y
C e lon ( Ma j or

Ge ne ral C ulle n) .

O rga ni c Rem a i ns . — Ca pt i a n F ran lin k state s, th at at Nagound

( Bu nde lkh u nd) , i n th e b e d of th e O m e ron ri v e r, wh e re th e lo we r and

ce ntral bd e s of th e li m e sto ne are ex p o se d, fragm e nts of fossil w oo d

”
and fragm e nts o f ste m s of fe rns are se e n i n th e m . He also gi v es a

figure o f a g yp hri t h ll e s e ,
”
w h ich , h ow e v e r, i s too indis ti nc t to be
of any u se
y teh p tly ep ar u on th is p
fo unds h is o i ni on of th e i de nti fica
tion of th is li m e stone wi th th e Li as .

Th e re is a cas t o f a large tu r inate b d sh e ll, lik e th at of tur bo or

p le u r o tom a ri a , i n th e So cie t y ’
s m u se u m , wh ich was found by C a tai n p
Nicolls, wh o p re se nte d i t, 1 0 m ile s NE . of Saugo r . It i s co m pose d

of c alc s p ar . Th i s i s close u p on th e li m e s to ne o f Bunde lkh und .

Wii r t ng of th i s lim e sto ne ne ar Ne e m uc h , Dr . H ardi e sta te s th at th e

or ani c re m ai ns
g in i t are nu m e rous, and th e n a dds th at one ki nd, w h e n

h alf ex p ose d i n th e roc k pp, a e ars i n th e form of a succ e ssi on o f

c
y li ndri cal co nv e x b odi es, th e le ngth of wh ic h v ari e s from 1 to 2

inch es th e ytp a er to a p oi nt, and fre q ue ntl y se e m m i nu te l y ram ifie d

at b oth e x tre m i tie s . In one o r two i nstance s h e o b se rv e d th e te rm i na
ti on of such b dio es to be in th e m ass i tse lf, and i n such case s th e yh ad
2 14 0 30 m m ! or m m a .
[J a n .

o b i
v ou s lyb ee n arrange d b dl in un e s or fascic uli . In o th e r i nsta nces
th e se c yli d in r c al b di pp d t
o es a e are o se nd off anas tom osi ng b ranch e s,

w h ich u ni te th e m t g th o Th y e er . e do not diff e r i n c om p ositi on or

c olou r fro m th e li m e s to ne in wh ich th e y are found . He also m e nti ons

“
longi sh ta p e ri ng canals,
”
and anoth e r fossil b dyo , sh a p d lik p
e e a ear

b e nt u p o n i tse lf one o f h is figure d fossils ve r y m u ch bl h

re se m es t e

im p re ssi o n o f a Z a m i tes .

Ne w b old also m e nti ons tu b u lar and e lli p ti cal cavi ti e s i n th e lim e

stone near K u rnoo l, and ne ar C udda p ah , m i croscop ic b odi e s of a s h e

p
p
roi dal sh a e and m ultilo cular stru c tu re , i n th e ch e rt, w h i ch is i m b dd d
e e

i n th e lim es tone .

I n th e Sh o rap ore di t i t it pp
s r c s u e r su rfa ce in m an yp arts p re se nts a

nu m b e r of coni cal ca v i ti e s from 0 to an inch d p ee , and a ou t b h alf an

i nch wi de at th e o rifice th e y are so m e ti m e s so close toge th e r as to

form a h one y com b pp a e a rance , and som e se e m to h av e a s pi ral form ,

w h ich is i ndic ativ e of th e ir h avi ng b e e n fre tte d out by g rai ns of san d

agi tate d by th e w in d ( Mm . Me adows T yl a or ) .

Li ttle or noth i ng fossil, th e n, h as y b

et een fo un di n th is li m estone ,

to de te rm ine i ts age or p osition ge olo

g i call i n y I di n a ; and e v e n in
C ntch , wh e re so m an y or ani c re m
g ains e x ist i n th e sh ale s acco m p y an

i ng i t, no fossilife rous yh b p e c ulia ri t as ee n assigne d to it nor ca n w e

ex p e ct to fi d n y i i f i it p
m an n t, or n s u re st form i t a pp e ars to b e alw a s y
su b ordina e t t th oh l d h e sp a e s, an t en osse sse s a c om p ac t, fine , lith ogra h ic p
te x ture , wh i h ic ld I th i k
s se om , n , accom
p ani e d by m an y or anic
g
re m ai ns .

Th e b
a se nce of fossils in th is li m e stone , h owe v e r, is of little couse

q u e nc e , since in th e sh ale s w ith wh i ch i t i s i nte rlam i nate d, b

a u ndance

b o th of m ari ne and fre sh -w ate r h av e no w b een fo und th e form er

su fficie nt i n nu m b e r and s p e c ie s to e na bl e
g e olo
gi sts to lace th e sh ales p
of C ntch am on
g th e lo w e r O oli ti c e d p osi ts . A nd from th e c on e s

p o nde nce o f th e la tte r to e th e r w ith th e C u tch

g sa nds to ne , in m i ne ral
de tail, re lati v e p os i ti o n, and ph y i s c al fe atu re s, w i th th e s h ale s a nd u
p p er

sands to ne o f I ndia g e ne rall y as w e ll as th e p rox i m it y if no t c o nti nu i t y

of th e se form a ti o ns i n th e tw o c ou ntrie s, Ih a ve pl ac e d th e m all p ro v i

si onally i n th is se ri e s .

Th e fossils from th e sh ale s i n C ntch , w h ich are figure d in C olone l

Grant s ge olo g
’
y of th at p ro vi nc e , co nsi st of im p re ssi o ns of lants and p
sh e lls z— Ly cop odi tes fe rns , , ree ds, zam ite s . C onch ife ra, te re b ratula ,

o stre a, p h oladom
y a A m . m o ni te s, bl e e m ni te s, and a p o rti o n of th e
b one of a Sau rian re tile p . Th e follow ing are Mr . J . de C Sowe rby
.
’
s
 m e a ns I N c v re H
'
. 2 15

de sc ri tions p of th e sh e lls th ose of th e ve

g e ta bl e im p re ssi ons will b e

i v e n at th e e nd of th e ne x t se c ti on
g
N .
—All th e fossi ls wh i c h h ave no t th e i r locali tie s m e nti one d we re fo und at

C h are e , ab o ut 30 m i les N E . of Bh ooj , c lo se to th e b o rde rs of th e R unn .

P h ola do m y a i nom a ta . -Trans ve rse l

y e lo nga te , o v ate , gibb o se , c o nce ntri cally

c o rr uga ted be a ks v e ry nea r th e ante ri or i ty ; lo ngi tudi nal ri b s ve ry

e x tre m

o b sc u re , ro u nde d . Wi dth 1 5 i nc h , le ngth nea rly 1 1 li ne s .

P ho la d om a r a nosa — O va te , s ub tri angu lar, gi bb o se , o rnam e nte d wi th fo ur or

y g .

fi ve ro w s o f tra ns ve rse ly -e lo nga te d and b u t s li gh tly -e le va te d tube rc les th e ante ri o r

s i de ne arly s trai gh t, fl
a tte ne d, th e p oste ri o r p roduce d ; bea ks ve ry p rom i ne nt .

Le ngth 2 i nc h e s , w i dth th e sam e .

P h o la do m y a a ngu la ta . — S u b tri gonal, i b b ose , o rnam e nte d w i th fo ur or fi ve

g
s h a rp r i bs , w h i c h a re m o st p ro m i ne nt ne ar th e e dge ante ri o r si de s trai gh t, ne arly

flta , le ngth and w i dth e q ual in so m e sp e c i m e ns 2 i nc h es .

P . a ngu la ta a pp roac h e s P . M u rch isoni v ar. o f Ph i lli p s .

( Ge o l . of York s .
,

p l . vi i . fig .

A m p h i des m a ? ova Ze — Transve rse ly e longate , o vate , c o nv e x , sligh tly w ri nk

.

le d, ante ri or si de sm all, trunca te d di s ti ngu i sh e d fro m th e re s t o f th e s h e ll b y a

ge n tle de p ressi o n p o ste ri or ex tre m i ty ro unde d, rath e r p nted.

o i Le ngth l l li ne s,
w i dth 1 i nch 4 li ne s .

“ w h ate ve r th at e i th e r th i s th e follo w i ng b e long to th e

Th e re i s no p roof or

ge nus A m p h ides m a th e y are , h o we ve r, v e ry nea rly re late d to a A . dona cif o r m s

a nd A . sec u r t om f w of Ph i lli p s .

A m p h ides m a h ia ns Transve rse ly e longated , conv e x , sli gh tly w ri nk led

.

si des ga p i ng, th e a nte ri o r sm all s e p a rate d fro m th e res t o f th e s h e ll b y an ob sc ure

de p ress i on ; th e p oste rio r ro unde d, a li ttle a tte ne d Le ngth 1 i nch , w i dth m o re fl .

th a n 1 1 i nch . Th e sp e c i m e n b e i ng b ro ke n ,
we h a ve no t th e m e as ure c om p le te .

C or b u la
Zy ra ta — R o u nde d , tri a ngu lar ,.c o nve x , tra nsve rse ly r i b b e d : r i b s

ab o ut 1 5 , p ro m i ne nt, ro unde d ; p o ste ri o r s i de o f th e large r v alv e fo rm e d i nto a

d i sti nc t lo be , co nve x , ne arly sm oo th th e b ea of th e sam e v a lve m uc h i nc urr e d, th e k

m a rgi n to o th e d . Le ngth and b re adth ne arly e q u al
,
s o m e ti m e s e x c e e di ng h alf an i n c h .

O c c u rs gro up e d i n de nse m asse s w i th T: i gom a P u llus , a sm o o th U nc ula , & c

'

A sta r te u ni la te ra lis —Trans ve rse ly o b o va te , a nte ri o rly tr unca te d , c onve x

.

ra th e r fl a tte ne d ,
and m ar ke d w i th 8 or 9 c o nce ntri c ra ga) ne ar th e be a ks a nte

ri o r si de at ri gh t a ngles w i th th e h i nge li ne s ; lune tte co nca ve , o v a te , p o i nte d.

Wi dth gre a ter th an th e le ngth ,

b ut v ar i a b le i n p ro p o rti o n, ge ne rally ab o u t 1 3 i nc h .

A sta r te p is ifo rm i s — Ne arly glo bo se , . w i th p o i nte d b e aks m ar k e d wi th 8 or 9

sh ar p trans ve rse ri dge s e dge to o th e d Le ngth 3 li ne s . .

Tri gonia cos ta ta , e a rn— Th i s sh e ll v ari es sligh tly , b oth i n form and m ar k i ngs
ge ne ra lly th e fo rm i s be twe e n th at of T . costa ta Pa rk i nso n, or M C . . t 85,
. and

T . elonga te , of M C . . t 43 1
. wh i ch Lam arc k ,
ap p a re ntly wi th j usti ce , c onsi de rs

to b e b u t o ne sp e c i e s .

Tr igoni a p u llus ? ( M C . . t
. 508 , f 2 , .
— 1he ' ‘
m ar k i ngs on th e p o ste ri or s i de

are no t so re gu lar as i n th e Engli sh s p e c i m e ns , b u t th e re i s no o th e r di ffe re nce .

C ac ulla a '
v i r ga ta . — Transv e rse ly e lo ngato - uadra te , q w i th p ro e cjti ng i nc urve d
b eaks , v e ry conve x , m ar ke d w i th m any lo ngi tudi nal, i r re gu lar, sh a rp ri b s ; p os

te ri o r m argi n ob li q ue l
y tr u nc a te d . Le ngth 1 ; i nch , w i dth 2 1 i nch es .

Loc be tw e e n Hub b y e
. and Jo orun .

28
2 16 . e ao no o v or m o re .
[Ja m

N ue ula tm m tra ta . —O bli q ue ly oval, fi ne ly stri ate d conce ntri cally ; beaks
c lose to th e ante ri or e x tre m i ty . Le ngth 4 lines , width 6 li nes.
S pe ci m i m pe rfe c t, alo ng wi th C uculle
ens very a vi rga ta .

Loc . be twee n Hub by s and Joorun .

N ar ni a ? cune iform is — Transv e rse ly

. e longate , e lli p ti cal, gi b b o se ,
sm ooth ;
beak s close to th e ante ri or e x tre m i ty , sm all, i nc ur r e d . Le ngth 6 li nes , w idth
1 0 li nes .

P orters p a r ti tus — B road, . sh ort, e lli p ti cal, dep resse d, m ar k ed wi th two

c oncave radi i , wh i ch di vi de th e into th ree p arts , bo th e x te rnally and i nte r su rface

nally , th e late ral p arts b e i ng fl atte ne d ; conce ntri ca lly and m i nute ly wa ve d, wav es

alte rna te ly larger and sm alle r ; ea rs sm all, nearly e ual Length 6 li nes, wi dth q .

6 li nes .

Loc . Hubby e h i lls .

P li ca tula p ecti noi da ( M C t — l f th i s di fie r.at all fro m th e B ri ti sh

. . .
’

sp e c i es , i t i s i n h a vi ng rath e r m ore th e h abi t of an O strea , wh i ch i s ap pare nt i n

th e e x p ansi on of th e e dge .

E x ogy ra coni ca .
( M C . t 26. and Th e
- fe w spe ci m ens m ost de tach e d
from th e m atri x ap p e ar no t to be q ui te so de e p as th ose fi gure d i n th e M ineral
C onch ology .
’

Loc K atrore h i lls

. .

O str ea ca ri na ta ? ( Lam . Hi st . Nat . vi. 2 16 ; M C .

—Th e sp e ci m ens
.

be i ng ge ne rally m uc h conce aled i n th e stone , or b ro ke n, th e de term i nati o n of th e

sp e c i es i s not p ossi ble ; th e m ost p e rfec t i ndi vi duals re se m b le th e y oung state of

‘

0 . ca n na ta , b ut th at sp eci es i s so near i n som e sla tes to 0 r

g ge a r i a ,
.

t. and 0 soli ta ria . t th a t f ragm e nts canno t be dis tinguis h e d

. .

O strea M a rsh ii .
( M C . . t .
— Th e 0 . M o n i ca v ari es so m u ch i n di fier
'

e nt loca li ti es, th at w e fi nd no dim c ulty in refe rri ng th i s sh e ll to th at sp e c i es,

alth o ugh th e p lai t
s are m ore num e ro us th an us ual .

Th i s spe ci m e n i s accom p ani ed wi th an i m p e rfe c t P lica tula .

Loc K a trore b i lls

. .

Tsr eb ra tula -
i nter m edi a . M
( C . . t 15, f
. . Va n — A sm all sp e ci m e n, and

rath e r m ore dee p ly p latte d th an m ost of th e Euro p ean vari e ti es of th e sp e ci es.

Te rebr a tula bip lte a ta M

( C 4 37 , f 2 , Va n — A v ari e ty o f
'

. . . t 00. a nd . th is

v ari able sp e ci es, fo und i n th e re d c h al k at H uns tanton, is p re ci se ly si m i la r i n fo rm

to o ur spe ci m en, e x ce p t th at i t wants th e angle on each si de of th e beak, wh i ch i s

h ere ob sc ure ly visi b le .

Loc J ooris h i ll. .

Tsrebra tula calla . ( M C t 437 ,.f l ) . . . . Va n —A rath er longe r sh e ll th an th e

Bri tish fossi l, and de fi cie nt in th e ce ntral p lai t,
wh i c h m ost ge ne rally o cc urs i n

full-
g ro wn i ndi v i d uals of th at spe ci es .

Loc p ass o f th e Hub bye h i lls

fi
. .

Te reb ra tu la sanctum ( M C t 8 3, f
. . . .
—A larger sh ell th an th e one gure d
in M c . .
,
and not so ne at, b ut h ardly posse ssing any ch arac te r sufi ci e nti y strong
to m ar k i t as a species ; th e re are , h o we ver, rath e r fewer p lai ta .

Loc . le e rla h i ll
. .

Te rsbra tula nobi li s. —Tetrsh edrai , rounde d, sh arp ly p latte d p lai ts ab o ut 1 6,

te nding to th e beaks ; 4 or 6 of th e m m uch e le vate d alon th e m

g iddle of th e disk
b eaks sm all and p esse d
r si des concave near th e beaks.
 r ossu s m e urc n . 2 17

A large h andsom e sp e ci e s wh en y ou ng, th e ge neral form i s de p resse d, b ut th e

m iddle i s e v e n th e n m u ch e le vate d Le ngth and wi dth each 1 2 i nch , de p th of
.

th e valves u ni te d som e ti m es m o re th an 2 i nc h es .

Tm e b ra tu la
'
di m idia ta ( M C . . t 2 77, f
. .
—W h e th er th i s h e T . di m i
di a ta or T i nco nsta ns , ( M C t 2 7 7 f is a q ues tion th e spe ci m e ns are no t

fi
. . .
. .
,

p e rfec t e no ugh to se ttle . Th e fl atte ned form of th e speci m e n gure d agree s wi th

th a t of T di m idi a ta , b ut th e
. bea ks o f o ur sp e ci m e ns a p pe ar too m uch i nc urr ed

( p e rh ap s fro m p re ss u re ) , and so to app roach T i nco ns ta ns

. .

Loc J oo ri s h i ll, and near C h aree

. .

T qi
e r e br a tula m, gi b or . — Transve rse ly ob ovate
b o se , p
latte d p la i ts angular,

ex te ndi ng to th e b e a ks, ab o ut 30 , h alf of th em on o ne si de o f th e fro nt sli gh tly

ra i se d ; b ea k of th e larger v alve p ro m i ne nt, sli gh tly i nc u rve d A large r sp e cies .

th an th e last, o f th e sa m e fa m i ly , we ll disti ngui sh e d b y i ts wi dth and e v en surface .

Le ngth , l l i nch , wi dth 2 } i nch es , de pth o f th e v alves uni te d 1 ; i nch .

B ucci rm m p um i lm —O vate po i nted , transv e rse ly stri ate d s p i re sm all ;

wh o rls 4 , sm oo th i n th e i ddle . sli gh tly co nvex

m ape rture o vate , p oi nted at b oth
ex tre m i ti es . H e igh t 3 li nes , di am ete r 2 li nes .

Loc Mh urr . .

Belem ni tes ea na lie ula tus, S oh lo th ? ( Z ie ten, t 2 1 , f —Th e fragm e nts

fi
. .

we h ave of th i s Bele m ni te agre e we ll wi th Z i e ten s

'
u
g er of B . ca na lie u la tus,

wh i ch i s v e ry p ro b ab ly no t di sti nc t from B . s ale a tus o f M i ller .

( Geol Trans . . 2 nd
se ri es, vol . i i p art 2 , p 6 9, p l vi ii fig
. . . . .

Be le m ni tes i —A ne arly cy li ndri cal fragm ent, wi th o u t a sulcus, v ery li k e

B elo nga tus of Mi lle r
. .

N a u ti lus h ea d ge a r“ ? ( M C t
. . .
—Flattened , sp h e ro idal, wi th a ve ry sm all

um b i lic us ; fro nt approac h i ng to at fl si des rath er c o ni cal ; se p ta 15 in a wh orl

ap e rture w ide r th an lo ng si p h e nc le un no wn. k Dia m e te r 3} i nch es , th i ck ness
2 } i nc h es , le ngth of th e ape rtu re 1 ] i nch .

'

Th i s di fie rs from N h ex agonus i n h avi ng

. a sm aller u m b i li c us, and i n b e i ng
m ore rou nde d. I t wants th e li nes th at oc c ur i n th e m iddle of th e front of

N li nea tus, wh ic h i t nearly

. rese m b les .

A m nw m tes H e r ee y i (M C Va n — Th i s
‘

. . . t. 1 95 ; Z i e te n, 1 9 , t 1 4 , p . .

difiers fro m
'
th e Engli sh spe ci m e ns only i n h avi ng a w ide r um b i lic us It agre e s

fi
.

we ll wi th Z ie te n s ’ ’

g re ,
u wh i ch di fie rs a li ttle fro m th e Englis h s pe c i m e ns , to wh i ch
A . m a cr ocep h ai us , fi gu re d by th e sam e a uth or at tab . 5, f 1 . and 4, ap p roac h es

ne a re r .

A m nroni tes elep h a n ti nus.

glob ose , wi th a v e ry w i de u —Ap p roach i ng to
m bi

llcus e x p osi ng th e i nner wh o rl w h o rls ob tuse ly angular at th e i r sides , c rosse d b y

ve ry p rom ine nt ro unde d cos tm , wh e n di vi de d i nto two , as th e y pass o ve r th e fro nt ;

ap e rtu re trans verse ly e longa te d, ge ntly a rc h e d. Di am e te r 4 i nc h es , th i ckne u 2}

i nch es, le ngth of ap e rture abo v e an i nch .

A m m o ni a : f orm os us — Disc oi d, w i th . a rounde d e dge , um b i li ca te , radi ate d

um b i li c us narrow , ac u te ly coni ca l radii num e ro us , sli gh tly e le vate d, o bsc u re nea r

th e um b i lic us , ofte n fo r k ed nea r th e i r com m ence m e nt, p assi ng in a di rec t co urse

ove r th e front ; a p e rture sagi tta te , wi th tr unca te d angles . Diam e te r 5 i nch es ,
k
th i c ne ss 2 1 i nch es , length of ap e rture 1 ; i nc h .

Am m oni tes la m allosus .

— Discoi d, th i ck , w i th a rounded m argi n, nm b i li e ate ,
radi ated ; u m b i li cns narrow, e x posi ng a sm all p orti on of each i nner wh o rl, sm oo th ;
218 G EO LO G Y o r 1 1m m .
[Ja m

radi i num e ro us, e le vate d i nto o btuse lam e llm , com m e nc i ng wi th a c urve u p on th e
e dge of th e um b i li cus , ofte n fork e d up o n th e m i ddle of th e si des , b e nt fo rward as

th e y p ass o ve r th e m argi n . Di am e te r 4 i nc h es , th i c ne ss 1 2 i nch k .

Am m o ni tes 0 p i s — Di sco i d,
. c om p resse d,
w i th an ob tuse e dge , radi ate d i nne r
w h o rls o ne -th i rd e x p ose d w h orls s ligh tly c onve x o n th e i r sides , th e i r i nne r e dge

ro u nde d radii , c o m m e nc i ng wi th a c u rve at th e i nne r e dge o f th e wh o rls , n u m e ro us,

p rom i ne nt, ro u nde d , o fln e fo rk ed ne ar th e i ddle , sli gh tly b e nt fo rward as th e y

m

p a ss o ve r th e f ro nt ; a p e rtu re e lli p ti ca l . Di a m e te r 4 } i nch es, th i c ne ss 1 } i nch , k

le ngth o f a p e r tu re 1 } i nc h .

Am m oni tes a r th ri tic us .

— Disco i d, th i c k ,
w i th c onv e x w h orls , and ro unde d

m a rgi n, tub e rc ula te d a nd ri b b e d w h o rls h alf e x p o se d, ab o u t 4 , th e i r i nne r

m argi n sm oo th lu b e rcle s large ,
ne ar th e m i ddle of th e si de s o f th e w h o rls , ab o ut

1 2 in e ac h w h o rl ri b s p ro m i ne nt, ro unde d , 3 or 4 from e ac h tu b e rc le , and s o m e

ti m es an i nte rm e di a te o ne
; ape rture ne arly c i rc ular, c o m l
p e te d 3 or 4 ti m es i n e ach
w h o rl w i th a th i c k e ne d e dge . Di am e te r 2 5 i nc h es , th i c k ness 1 i nc h .

Am i gnobili s — Di sco i d, de p resse d, u m

m oni tes . b i li cate d k e e le d radi ate d ;
, ,
front
ro unde d, w i th a sli gh tly p ro m i ne nt e nti re k ee l um b i li c us sm a ll, w i th s q uari sh

e dge s , e x p osi ng a s m a ll p o rtio n o f th e i nne r w h o rls radi i c o ve ri ng h alf th e w h o rl,

k
i n p a i rs o r for ed , com m e nc i ng and te rm i nati ng w i th o b sc ure tu be rc les , w a v e d
a p e rture sagi tta te , narro w Di a m e ter nearly 3 i nch e s, th i c ness 1 0 li ne s
. Le ngth k .

of th e a p e r tu re 1 } i nc h .

Am m oni tes cor r uga t us M C f — An i m e rfec t s eci m

? ( t 45 1 p p e n, rath e r

fi
, .
. . .

m ore s tro ngly ri b b e d th an th e one gu re d in M ine ral C o nch ology .

’

Am m o ni tes a r m i ge r .
—Di sco id , i nne r v oluti ons e x p ose d i nne r wh o rls radi

a te d, and fu rni sh e d w i th a row o f tu be rc les o n th e i r s i de s o u te r wh orls w i th a ro w

of tub e rc les ne ar th e i nne r e dge , a nd a row o f s p i ne s near th e o ute r e dge o n eac h

s ide ; th e tub e rcle s and sp i nes c onne c te d by th i c k ri b s ; m a rgin fi at ; ap e rtu re

o b lo ng, s q ua ri s h . Di a m e te r 7 i nc h es .

S tro ngly re se m b li ng A p e ra rm a tus ( M C t . b ut th e w h orls i ncre ase . . .

m o re ra p i dly i n s i z e , a nd th e ap e rture i s lon e r P b b l A t A

g ro a y c a e ua , p e ra r . .

m a tus , a nd th i s , are o nly va ri e ti e s o f one s e ci e s

p .

C r i noi da l s ce nts , ap p are ntly of 3 sp e c i e s .

Coa l .

Be fore e nte ring u p on a p ti ar cu lar de scri tion p of th e coal strata, wh i ch

a
p p e ar to b e m ost de ve l p di
o e n Easte rn I ndi a, we st of th e H oo
gh l y
and

, b
Gauge s it is de si ra le to gi ve f urth e r ro o f o f th e ir clai m to p a
p lac e i n

o u r O oli tic Se ri e s, a nd th is can onl b e done i n th e re se nt state y p of o u r

k nowle dge by sh o w i n
g th e c onne c ti on of th e latte r w i th th e c ar ob
ni fe ro us sh ale s o f Bu nde lkh und .

I t w ill b e re m e m b e re d th at F ran li n foun k d “

bl k b i t
ac um i nous
sh ale
”
c ro ppi ng ou t i n all th e gle ns
”
on th e north -we ste rn si de of

Bundelkh und , p a rticu larl yi n th at o f th e Be gi n ri ve r ”

th at J acq ue
m o nt fo u n d anth raci te i n th e si de o f a w e ll ne ar Ram p ore and th at
on th e sou th e rn side o f th is sands tone trac t Os b orne fo u n dpt e role u m

e x uding from sh ale , w ith p i e c e s of c oal i n th e b ed of th e S on ne ar

 COA L .
2 19

Bidj gh u r i th at b
a out 40 m ile s e ast o f th is pl ace th e Son i s j oi ne d by
th e K yl o e, th e b k an s of wh i ch are , ac cor di ng to Sh e rwill , c om p d ose
”
o f sands tone si m ilar to th at i n w h i ch th e Rajh urrah c o al m i ne s are

si tu ate d, 18 m ile s from th e Bah ar b ou nda r y ”

; and th at 5 0 m ile s
u
p th e sa m e riv e r is Palam ow, w h ich , wi th i ts ne igh b ourh oo d, h as
be e n th e si te of se v e ral coal o p e rati ons w h ile a b ou t 30 m ile s SE . of

Palam ow, a ai n,
g is th e c
sou r e o f th e Dam oodah , at w h ich c oal h as b e en

see n to h asse t ; and h e re and th e re e as twardl y all alo ng th e va ll y

e of

thi s ri ve r to Burdwan d p it f th i
, wh e re f I b lie e ve th e coal e os s o s p t
ar o

I di w fi t di
n a e re d rs ll th g t b l
sc ov e rei p i (
, f as w e
) as e ve e a e m re ss o ns e rns

f
re e rabl t th O liti p i d L ly th l tt b i g id i l w i h
e o e o c er o . as t , e a er e n e nt c a t
so m e l t ly di a e d by th R M H i l p i th
sc ov e re d e ev . r. s o n e san s to ne ne ar

N gp a wh i h i
o re , th t b t t b
c d ib d
s f a i g ha ou p p o e e scr e as o rm n t e u er

m em b f th O li i S i f I di w
er o e o ldtc t h e r es h o n a, e cou no ave a m uc

m ore di t h i f
re c id c th th i
a n o i p f f th
ev ti
e nc e an s, n roo o e c onne c on

wh i h c i t b twex s s th b it i e h l f B d lkh
e en e d d h um no us s a e s o un e un an t e

g t
re a l d p
co ait w t f eh H h
os s
g ly d G esg dof h it e oo an au e s, an o t e r
t i i gf
con a n n i l b l gi g t thoss O li i S i g
s e on llyn o e o t c e r es e ne ra .

C ar boniferous Dep osi ts of th e O oli ti c S e ri e s i n Be nga l We st of , tire

H oogicly a nd Ga nge s .

Th ese co nsis t of coal, sh ale , and san s tone , d b ut of no li m e sto ne , so

far as h as b een o b se rve d and th e y pp h i fly t

a e ar c e o o cc u py th e de p re e

sions of th e granitic and m e tam or ph i k wh i h

c roc s c form th is p a rt of

I ndia ; b
p di h
e co m i ng ex ose n t e b k bd
an s or e s of w ate rc ou rse s or

i wh i h h
r v e rs p d h gh th
c iave p t wh i h h asse t ro u em , or n e scar m e n s c av e

b p d d by ph l f h k wh i h th y w d p i
ee n ro uce u e av a o t e ro c s on c e e re e os te d .

P h p th
er a t p w f l g t
s f h l tt h
e m os b th t pp o er u a en s o t e a er av e een e ra e an

eff i wh i h w ill b d
us o ns, ib d h ft
c e e sc r e e re a e r.

Th e c oal o cc urs in strata fro m an i nch or le ss to 9 or 1 0 fe e t i n

th ic k nes s, i nte rstratifie d w i th sh ale and sandsto ne , th e wh ole p osse ss i n
g
a dar k bl k ac or blue colour, o f a g re ate r or le ss i nte ns i ty Th . e re is no

p a rtic ular orde r i n th is i nte rstrati fication, e i th e r i n th e th i c k ne ss o f

th e strata, or in th e ki d n o f strata w h i ch follo w e ach o th e r. Th e co al

m ay be b tw e ee n tw o argillac e o us strata, or b e twe e n two sands to ne

strata, o r h ave a stratum o f e ith e r on e i th e r side and th e sh ale and

d
san sto ne strata m a v ar
y yi n th ic k ne ss b u t th e th ic k e st b e ds o f th e
latte r far e x ce e d th ose of th e fo rm e r. S om e tim e s th e c oal i s c lose u p o n

th e su rface , at o th e rs i t is c ove re d by a v ari a bl e k

th ic ne ss o f sh ale o r

sandsto ne . Th i p b bly d p d
s ro a e e n s on th e am o unt o fd e nu datio n wh i ch

th e strata m a
y h d g av e u n e r one . In one se ction o f a sh aft su nk at
2 20 e s o noo v or use rs .
[Ja m

Palsm ow by M r . Hom frey, 2 0 0 fe e t o f d

san s tone sup er ose p d th e first
b e d of sh ale and coal, pi d 6 f t 1 i h d th f ll w d
wh ich occ u e ee nc , an en o o e

t t
a s ra um f 30 f t f o dt ee b f th o t h l
san s one pp d At e o re e ne x s a e a e a re .

Si g n ra, i th n igh b
e sam e ne h d 20 f t f dt
our oo p p d , ee o san s one su e r ose a

b d f
e o l d h l 2 f t2 i h
coa an s a e th i k f ll w d by b d f
ee nc e s dt c , o o e a e o san s one

o f 18 f t d ft w d th i
ee , an a b d f l h l d dt
er ar s nne r e s o coa , s a e , an san s o ne ,

for 20 f t 1 0 i h ee d d by b d f nd t f 60 f t At
nc e s, su cce e e a e o sa s one o ee .

Ch i naC y l
oor i th
, i i
a so , ni ty l y d h l 7 f
e v c n t 6 i h fi ,t w
c a an s a e ee nc es rs , as

f ll w d by b d f
o o e a d t 8 5 f t th i k t R ig g
e o san s one dt ee c a an un e , san s one

24 f t 6 i h ee h l 39 f t
nc e s, s a e d th l I th ee , p t ti f
an e n coa . n e com u a on o

th ti
e se c f th C h b l
on o e l fi ld by D M C l ll d th
u r ur a ee coa e r .
‘
e an , e re are

a lt g th
o e 8 00 f t f fi
er d ee ,g o i d i
ne an d t w i th
coarse - ra ne , m cace o us san s one

con gl t (
om e ra e sth f p ili
e g ) b tw
orm e r th pp re v a d l w n e e en e u e r an o er

g roup f s o l h l
c oa d
, sd t t
a e , an t san s one s ra a .

S om ef th o l e coa y h ll w f d d ti
m e asures are ve r s a o , rom e nu a on or

i t i
n rus on o f ig k th ne o us roc s, o d p O h ft k by M
e rs are ee er . ne s a sun r.

H f y t th
om re ai f R ig g
e m nes o h d 2 10 f t p an i g th
u n e reac
gh e ee , ass n ro u

17 b d f e l
s o coaf wh i h w
, none th
o 16 i h c t 3 f t e re m ore an nc e s o ee

in th i k c d f i f i
ne ss, an q li ty o A h w
n e r or i t i tua
y . s, o e v e r, s no m

p p h t gi
u r o se e re o y f ll th h ft d ti
ve a su m m ar f o a e s a s an se c ons o

h
t e coa l th t h
m e asu res b d i th a di t i t b t t p i t
av e ee n m a e n ese s r c s, u o o n

ou t th i p i i e r g os l ly
t on h i d l p
e ne ra t d th
, i t e
g l g i r l e ve o m en , an e r eo o ca

re al ti I h ll l d wh t I h t ff
ons, s a conc u e th i th i p t
a ave o o e r on em n s ar

f I di by i ti g D M C l ll d
’
o n a nse r n ll t
r .
‘
t f th C l
e an s e x ce en acco un o e oa

fi lde f C h b l
o ur wh i h will
ur a e e , typi l d
c ip ti se rve as a ca e sc r on

for th e wh ole .

Th e de p osi t of wh ich th is i s a conti nuatio n e x te n s d from th e '

Dam oo dah coal-fie ld north -west, alon

g th e v alle o f th e ar a ar to y B k
C urh urb alee , wh e re i t re sts im m y y k
e diate l on c r stalli ne roc s, and is

dis ti nguish e d by th e nu m e rou s v alua bl b d d ib d i th i

e e s esc r e n s re p ort

u nde r C urh u rb alee C oal-fie ld

th e h e ad of
I t also e x te nds at i nte r .

vals ( th e p
articulars o f wh i ch h av e not e t
y ee n s u rv e e d) from th e b y
j y
Ad i v alle no rth i nto th e Ra m ah al h ills wh e re i t is i n o ne lace j p
found re stin
g on conglom e rate sandsto ne
[Dr M C le lland.s
‘ ’
p ro v isi onal

O ld Re d San dt s o ne ,
”
o ur T ara San d sto ne , p ro v siona
i lly ] , and a

com pl t e e se ri es of Siluri an and C am bi r an Roc k s.

Curh ur ba le e Coa lf el

Th i s coal-fie ld su rr un s o d th e v illage C urh urbalee , Pe rgunnah

of

C urruck dy ah , and is situa t d 60 g

e eogra p h i cal m iles sou th of th e Ganges ,
at Soora j gurrah . Th coal fie ld i s
e - b ddoun e on th e north e rn and e astern
 c u an v a nam a c oa n F E D I L . 22 1

si de s by fine ta le -lan b d s, com p d ose of gne iss ( v illage s of Suli ah ,

Bissunpore Moh u np ore , , and Dundee de e ) .

Th e so uth e rn b ou nda r yi s im p e rfec tl y m ade out, th e coal m e asure s

bie ng c ut off in th is di re cti on by q uartz dyk es and s e ni te y ( Bu dde ah ,

Gop h ai , and Lopsah dee v illage s) .

Th e we ste rn bou n ar rests d y on m ica slate at th e v illa e

g of

Pe pp ratah n .

Th e coal b asi n is 4 m iles from east to west, and 2 from north

to sou th .

Th e co al m easu re s are th rown up in ta u l b

ar sh a
- pd e h ills, wh i ch
trave rse th e b asi n fro m e as t to we st . Th e so u th -we ste rn de cli vi ties of

th ese corre s pond wi th th e ge ntle dip of th e strata, w h i le th e north

we s te rn de cli vi ties consis ts of b k ro e n e scar m e nts, p form ed by th e e dge s

of th e u plift d e strata .

Th e lowe st le ve l of th e coal b asi n is 8 00, and th e h igh es t 900 fe e t

b
a ove th e se a .

Th e u pp e r se ries of th e coal m easure s, wh e re th e y are e x p d

ose in
th e se ctions form e d by th e Sookne id ri vule t ( on th e north e rn si de of
th e b asi n ) , are as fo llow

Sandy sla te , c lay vary i ng i n k

th i c ness fro m w to 50 fee t .

C o m p act c lay sto ne p assi ng i nto c lay i ronstone , 1 0 to 20 fee t.

S la ty sandstone wi th m i ca .

S late c lay , w i th th i n be ds o f coal and sh ale , vary i ng from 50 to 5 00 fee t .

F i ne sands to ne of unce rta i n k

th i c ness, wi th th i n be ds of co al and
bi tum i no us sh a le .

Th e lowe r se ries of roc k s com p osi ng th is c oal-fie ld c onsis ts of h ar d

th ic k b dd d
- e e d
san s tone s, co m p ose d of e arth y fe ls p ar, e nclosing fine
( 1 course
q uartz oze no dl u e s, from th e siz e of g rai ns o f sand to th at
of sm all p bbl e e s.

Th i s con
glom e rate re sts on gne iss, or in som e pl aces on m ica slate ,
and is in pl ace s i nte rsecte d by tra p and
q uartz dyk es i t alte rnate s
wi th bd e s of coal, bi t um i nous sh ale, and cla yi rons to ne , i n th e follow
ing or d er

A be d of bi t um inous sh ale occurs som e ti m es, e ith e r alone , or in

conne cti on wi th a thi n be d of cla yi t rons one .

I n th e latte r case i t is succe e d d by e a se con d b d f bit

e o um i nous
sh ale , followe d by a bed coal, w h ich is again succ ee e d d by anoth e r

be d of sh ale .

I t often h a pp e ns th at a si m ilar re p ti ti
e on of sh ale , i ronsto ne , and

coal, occu rs two or th ree tim es in succession, wi th a ve rti cal se ction of

5 0 to 1 00 fee t .
222 L
GEO O GY O F m m a .
[Ja m

Wh e n cla y i ronstone is no t p rese nt, a be d of h ar d fe rrugino us

sandsto ne usu all y occ u pi es i ts pl ac e .

Th e w h ole se rie s of sa ndstone , c oal, b it um inous sh ale , and cla y

i ronsto ne , are re p re se nte d i n th e anne x e d c o m p u te d v e rti cal se c tion,

i n o rde r to sh o w th e alte rnation o f th e se ve ral bd e s, w h i ch are dis p d o se

i n strata p
dip i ng to wards th e ce ntre o f th e b i as n, at angles yi g
v ar n

from four to tw e lv e de gre e s wi th th e h oriz on .

Th e re lati v e p p ro o rti o n o f e ac h m em b e r of th is se ri e s to th e ge ne

ral th i c k ne ss o f th e w h ole , is as follows

S la te clay , are nace o us sh ale s & c fo rm i ng th e

. up p e r m e as ure s . 5 00 fee t .

S andsto ne l 7 00
C o al, 2 0 b eds , to ta l th i c kness 92
Bi tum i no us sh ale , 4 4 be ds , i ncludi ng unde r-c lay s ( wh i ch
m e an th e sa m e k
th i ng) , to tal th i c ne s s

C lay i rons to ne 2 4 b e ds, to ta l th i ck ness .

fee t .

Th e wh ole th ic ne ss of th e k u pp e r a nd low e r se rie s o f co al m e asu re s,

b h tk
ot a en toge th e r, m a
y th e re fo re be e s ti m ate d a t fe e t, as sh ow n

ab ov e , as w e ll as i n th e com p u te d v e rtical se c tion . No li m estone

o cc u rs i n th is c o al-fie ld, nor h av e an

y fo ssils e e n fo u nd,b e i th e r i n th e
sandsto ne s, sh ale s, or slate cla y b u t w h e n th e co al b e ds are once

O p e ne d, s u ffic i e nt fossil re m ai ns w ill th e n p b bly b

ro a e fou n d to th row
som e furth e r ligh t o n th e s u bj e ct .
”

L e av i ng th i s di stric t, and p ro ce e din

g w e s tw ardl yf rom th e ne igh b o ur

h ood O f Palam o w, w h e re m an y sh afts h av e b e e n su n k , c o al h as b e e n se e n

a b ou t 16 m ile s so uth o f C h e rge rh , i n th e distric t o f Singrowla ( F ran li n) k

30 m ile s E . of Soh ajp o re , at th e c on fl ue nce o f th e T ip an and S on (i d ) .

at J ubb ul o re ,
p i n di i
gg gn a w e ll, m ore th an 35 y e ars sinc e ( He r b e rt )
33 m ile s so u th o f Hosh u ngab ad, on th e ro a d to Baitool ( Finnis) and

at Sh apore i n th e sam e ne i h
g b o urh oo d, dis cov e re d by C p t i a a n O use le y
In th e M ah ade wa h ills, a co nti nua tio n o f th e Satp oora ra nge ,

1 00 m ile s due north of Nag p ore ( Mm . J e rdo n ) also by th e late Dr .

‘ V
alk e r 10 m ile s from th e co n fl ue nc e o f th e Godav e ry and Pranh e e ta,
w i th bi tu m inous sh ale , li m e sto ne , and sands to ne a b ov e i t, o n all si de s

and by h is p pl eo e i n th e fo rm o f anth raci te in m i cac e ou s sands tone

in a se am 3 fee t th i c k at Du nti nap e lly, 20 m ile s from Sangaum ,

w h ich is 65 m ile s w e st of C h innoo r . Dr . Be ll , w h o h as also b e e n c on

du c ting a b i or ng e x p e ri m e nt at K o tah , in th e sam e ne igh b ou rh ood,

h as k i dly f
n av o ure d m e w ith th e follo wing i nte re sti ng and v alu a bl e

se c ti o n o f th is loca t li y , from b
a ove dow nw ards C onglom e rate o f no

gre at k
th ic ne ss ; sandsto ne in h ills from 5 0 to 5 0 0 fe e t i n h e igh t ;
 G EO GRA PH C A I L Bx rnnsro u '
. 2 23

argillace ous lim e stone , 9 fee t bit um i nous sh ale , i i nch ; argillaceo us

lim estone , 1 foo t ; bi tum i nous sh ale , 4 i nch e s ; fi b rous car onate b of

li m e, im p ure lim esto ne , and bl ue cla y roc k , 8 inch e s ; b it i um nous sh ale

2 fe e t 1 i nch ; lam inate d sandstone , 8 fe e t i i nch ; bi t i um nous sh ale ,

b
1 foot 6 inc h es ; fi rous car onate of li m e , 1 i nch b ; b it i um nous sh ale ,

1 foot 3 5 i nch e s im p ure li m e sto ne , 5 fe e t 3} i nch e s bl k ac are nac e ou s

cla y , 3 fe e t 6 i nch e s ; sands tone , 2 3 fe e t ; cla y , 7 fe e t 6 i nch es ; san d

s to ne , 2 fe e t ; cla y sh ale , 1 fo ot 9 i nch e s ; li m e stone , 1 foo t 8 i nch e s ;

cla y sh ale , 1 2 fe e t ; re d m arl, 2 7 fe e t, and li m e sto ne w h ich w as onl y

p e ne trate d to th e e x te nt o f 2 i nch e s .
”
L tly
as , th e late C a tai n K i ttoc p
h as giv e n se c ti ons o f c oal strata at Talch e e r and U ngool in C uttac k ,

w h e re th e c oal i s fou nd w i th i n 1 3 fe e t o f th e s urfac e , wh i c h , from th e

m ic ac e ous sandstone th at ac c om p ani e s i t, i s i n all p b bili y p

ro a t art o f

th e fo rm ation we h av e j u st b e e n c onsi de ring . I n th e O oli ti c sand

s to ne of C ntc h i t was lo ng since dis co v e re d by C olone l Grant .

”
U nde r th e h e ad of Garrawarra, wh i c h is a tow n o n th e sou th side

of th e Ne rbudda, b
a o ut 80 m ile s ab o ve Hosh ungab ad Ans te , d , i n h is
“
Ele m e nta r y Ge olog y p 54 1 ,
”
.
, state s O n th e Se e ta Re w ar ri v e r
th e re app e ar to be th b d [fre e e s o c oal ] , w h ose th ic ne ss i s 2 0, 4 0 , k and

2 5 } fe e t re s p e c ti ve ly th e se are c ov e re d wi h t a th in b e d of sandstone .
”

”
Agai n, u nde r th e h e ad of J ubb ulp ore , he states At 9 m iles
fro m th e s ta tion th e re large be d o f first-rate q u ali t , m an
is a ar s y yy d
th ic k , c rossi n
g th e be d o f th e Son
”
Th e ne are st art of th e Son to
. p
J ub bulp ore is 4 0 m i le s dis tant, so th i s w o uld a pp e ar to be th e large st
b e d y e t disc o ve re d . No au th ori ti e s are
g i ven .

Ge ogr ap h i ca l Ex te ns i on — Th e e x tre m e s o f th is coal form ati on, so

far as h av e y e t b ee n di sco ve re d i n th e trac t of I ndia u nde r c onsi de ra

ti on, i nc ludi ng th e angular p orti on by e ond D lh ie a nd F e roze p o re , are

th e con fl u e nc e of th e Godav e ry and Pranh e e ta i n th e so u th ; in b

a ou t

and Nah n, i n th e S ub - i m H y
ala an range , in a b ou t 30
°
30 N
C ntch Bh ooj i n th e we st, a nd Burdwan ,
b
a o ut 50 m ile s NW . of

C alc u tta, i n th e eas t . But by far th e gre ate st nu m b e r of pl ace s i n w h ich

i t h as b e en notice d, i nde e d I
igh t say alm ost th e w h ole , w ith th e
m

e x ce pi t o n of th e north e rn and so u th e rn e x tre m e s, are e twe e n th e 2 oth b

and 2 5 th p aralle ls o f la titu de and h e re th e gre a te st e v e lo m e nt of th is d p
form ati o n a pp e ars to be i n th e e ast, p
e x e ndin
g i tse lf ou t to wards th e

w e st . I n th e distric ts of Burdwan Birbh oo m M ongh y r

, ,
Ram gh u r,
, and

Palam o w, p
i ts gre at de ve lo m e nt a e ars to b e at th e e x pp p e nse o f th e u pp er

and u n d e r s ands tone , to e th e r w i th th e li m e sto ne , fo r th e se

g are fre
q ue ntl y unre cognisa bl p ti
e, ar l
cu arl i n th eyfir nam
s t- ed dis tric ts, wh ere
th e coal form ati o n a pp t e ars o re st c h ie fly on th e grani ti c o r m e tam orph ic

29
224 L
G EO O GY o r m nra .
[Ja m

roc k s . Th e re are m an y oth e r pl ace s, no d bt b tw

ou , e ee n Be ngal and Ba
h ar on th e north and east, and O rissa and Be rar i n th e sou th and w e s t,

re s p e c tiv e l y , w h e re th is v alua bl e m i ne ral m a

y be fou nd b ut i t re m ai ns

fo r future ex pl o rati o ns to p ro v e it m ore sati sfac toril , and to y

o i nt o u t p
w h e th e r th e c o al i s so si tuate d w i th re s p e ct to o th e r m i ne rals or w ate r
c arri age as to m a k e k
i ts w o r i ng w orth th e c onside ration o f th e Go ve rn
m e nt o f I ndia, o r p
th e s e c ula tio n o f a riv ate c o m p an p
Poo r V oy se y y .

w h o trave lle d th ro ugh th is co untr yf ro m Nag p ore e as tw ards to C alcu tta ,

th rough S um b ulp ore , and m e t w i th bl k ac slat y li m e s to ne , bl k ac c alca

re ona cla y slate a nd sandsto ne on h is w ay th ith e r, s ta te s o f th e m at

L ow an and Bellagu rh I am c o nv i nc e d th at th e roc s o f th i s k
form ation are c o nte m p orane o us w i th , a nd [ or ?
Jp i r or to, th e grani te .
”

B
.

ut h e did not li ve to c om m u ni cate m ore ab out th e m , for h e di e d

( of th e fe ve r m e nti one d in h is J ou rnal ) b tw e een th e le ft b k an of th e
b d pl
‘

S nb nnre e ka and C alc utta, h avi ng een fou n i n h is a an ui n

q 24
h ou rs afte r h is dea th .

F or an anal sis of y th is coal I m us t re fe r th e re ade r to th e ta le b on th is

su bj ec t p bli h
u s ed in v ol. vi i . of th e B1 . As . Jl . p . 1 97, w h ich w as
e x trac te d fro m one o f th e Re p orts o f th e C oal C o m m itte e . To th is I
h av e o nl y to add, th at th e coal occasi onall yp re se nts p
th e s h e roi dal

structure com m on to ni any form ati ons . Th e -

s ca
o lle d “
Ball c oal-

se nt by M Willi r . am s from th e Burdwan m i ne s to M r . Pi ddi ngton is

o f th i k i d h
s ph n , t e s e roi ds o f w h i ch are from th e siz e of a c annon- all b
”
to a m an s
’
h e ad ; som e are 1 8 i nch e s in di am e te r. M r Pi ddington
.

state s th at th e a pp are ntl y c once ntric la y e rs are o bliq ue rh o m b id l

o a

pi r sm s .

Th e following v e ge ta le im b p re ssi ons from th e San dt s one and C lay ,

w i th bd e s of C oal,
”
in C utch , are de scri b d by M
e r
. J M . orri s, at th e
e nd of p
C a tain Grant s Ge olog
’
y of th a tp i
ro v nc e

P tilop h y llum . S te m F ronds p i nnate ; p i nna: closely app ro x im ate d,

li near, lanceolate , m ore o r le ss e longate , i m b ri ca te at th e b ase , attach e d o b li ue ly q
b ase se m i -ci rc ular o r ro unde d ; v e i ns e q u al, sle nde r, p a ralle l .

a im — We h ave ve nture d to form th ese fo ss i ls i nto a di s ti nc t ge nus, conc e i v

i ng th at th e c i rc um stances o f th e o b li q ue i nse rti on of th e p i nnaa, and th e i r o ve r

lap p i ng e ach o th e r at th e b ase , are c h a rac te rs too i m p o rtant to adm i t of th e i r b e i ng

u ni te d to th e ge nus Z a m i tes, to w h i c h so m e si m i lar foss i ls h a ve h i th e rto b e e n
”
re fe rre d. Th e Z p ec ti na ta of th e
. Foss i l F lora b e lo ngs to th i s ge nu s , a nd a
c are ful re v i si o n o f th e fossi l C y ca de a: m ay p ro b ab ly di sc o ve r o th e r sp e c i e s h av i ng
th i s m o de o f a tta ch m e nt. F rom th e s truc tu re o f th e f ro nd th e y m ay , h ow e v e r , b e
c o nsi de re d to b e lo ng to C y ca de ce , and to di ffe r from Z a m i tes i n th e o b li u e i nse r q
ti on of th e p i n e at th e b ase ,
a nd from C on if e rae b y th e abse nce o f a p ri m ary ve i n

i n th e p lanar .
 nua nw a u FO S S I LS . 2 25

P ti lop h y llu m asut if oli um .

—Frond p i nnate p inna narrow , li near, e longate ,

ac u te a t th e a p e x .
”
Th is s pe c i es di ffe rs from Z p e cti . a ta o f th e
n Fossi l Flora, i n i ts p i nnee
be i ng narro we r , lo nge r, and m ore ac ute and m ore nearly re se m b les th e P olyp odi ta

p e c tem f orm is f
o S te rnbe rg .

P . C u toh e nse .
— Frond p i nuate pi nna; sh ort, scarce ly overlap p i ng at th e b ase
ap ex o b tuse .

Th i s s p e ci m en h as also be e n refe rre d to th e ge nus, fro m i ts p i nna ( alth o ugh

a pp are ntly a rounde d b ase ; b ut th e
wi de r a p art th a n i n th e o th er sp e ci es ) h a v i ng
abse nce o f all tr ace o f v e nati on i n th i s fo ssi l m ust re nde r i ts co rre c t de te rm i na ti o n
v e ry do ub tful . It rese m b les i n form th e Z . Buckle ndii of S te rnbe rg, ( p ts
ar 5 and
” a lso be
6, t . 23 . f . or e ve n Z . ta x i na of th e Fossi l F lora, and it m igh t
c om p are d to som e p i nnati fl
e d P oly p odi P p lu m uta and P ta x ifoli um
um s , as . . .

Ly cop odi ta q i na —S te m fl — l Branc h es li near, e longate , leaves disti ch o us ,

alte rna te , o vate , la nceo late , ac um i nate , adnate a t th e base .

Th i s sp e c i m e n h as bee n re fe rre d to Ly m p odi tes from i ts rese m b lance to th e

barre n po rti o ns o f Ly c op odi u m Jm ie ni and L . volubile .

F ue oide s di e h e tom us Frond . com p resse d di ch otom o us, branch e s u ne q ua l ,

p atulate , ap e x ob tuse ly ro unded .

To th e Re p o rt of th e Ge ologi cal S urv e y of I di

n a for th e Season
1 8 48 Dr M C le lland h as
.
‘
a pp e nde d th e follo wing d e sc ri p ti ons o f

ve
ge ta bl e im p re ssions foun di n th e B u rdw an Coal-fie ld
Bur dwa n F ossils .

I m ay h e re add i n th is p lace th e fo llo w i ng unde sc ri bed fossi ls o f th e Burd wan

coal-fi e ld , wh i c h m ay se rve as a te r m of c om p ari so n b e twee n th e B urdw an and

o th e r c o al-fie lds ge ne rally m ost o f th e m are i n th e collec ti on of th e Asi a ti c

S oci e ty .

“Z a m sa ’

,
Bur d wa ne nris —Leafl
e ts . li ne ar-ob long, b ro adly i nse rted at th e base ,
and ro unde d at th e ap e x .

sp ec i osa — Tr i zy gi a Hoy le Fi g 8
’
S p h anwp h y llum . sp e ci os a , s I llust 2 . . . .

Lea ves v e rti c i llute , fan-sh ap ed, fre q uently b i -lo b e d p lace d i n th rees at i nter vals
o n a sle nde r fl oa ti ng ste m .

O bs — Th e re
. can be no do ub t of th i s b e i ng a we ll-m arked Sp h a nop h y llu m ,

h aving th e fu rro we d s te m and b i furcate d ve nati on o f th at ge nus .

I t i s th e m o st b ea uti ful fossi l h i th e rto fo u nd i n th e Burdwan coal m e as u res .

Sp h a nop h y llum f as i cula t m .

— Lea ve s ve rti ci llate , fa n-sh ap e d, i n de nse i m bri
cate d fa sci c u li , p ro b ab ly at i nte rvals, o n a s le nde r fl o ati ng ste m . Di scove re d by
Mr Th e ob ald i n th e Bu rdwan c oal fo rm
. a ti on .

Th i s fossi l o ccu rs i n th e form of de ta ch e d le nti c ular b od ie s , from h a lf an i nc h

to an i nc h i n di am e te r, and is so ab undant a s to gi ve u i te q a c h aracte r to so m e o f

th e u p pe r be ds of b i tu m i no us sh a le o f th e c o al fo rm a ti on .

O bs .
— Fro m th e s h a p e a nd de ta ch e d ch a rac te r of th ese b odi e s , th e y m i gh t b e
s u pp o se d to b e th e stro b i li o f so m e co nife ro us p lant, a nd, be i ng com p ose d o f an

fi
i n ni ty o f de nse ly i m b ricate d scales , m ay s ti ll p ro ve to be of th at nature Bu t .

th e fl
u e le a f
y a nd m e m b rano us c h a ra c te r o f th e sc a le s , p
rese nti ng th e ve na ti o n o f
S p h am op h y ll u m , sugges t th e p ro ba b i li ty of th e i r be i ng de nse wh o rls of leaves
or fro nds .
2 26 e s o noe v o r I NDI A .
( JA N .

P oa ci m m u rica ta .
—Leaf long and e nsiform , u p wards of an inch i n b re adth ,
a nd consi sti ng o fp aralle l unconnec te d ve i ns .

0 bs — I t occ s i
. ur n th e B urd wan c oal- fi e ld, alo ng w i th F ucoidss ve nou s .

P oa ci tcs m i no r . —Th is i s an e nsi fo rm leaf , u s ually h alf an i nc h i n b re adth ,

and

of i nde fini te le ngth , c onsi sti ng o f se v e n o r e i gh t coarse , lo ngi tudi nal, e q ual ve i ns ,

w i th o u t any trans ve rse c onnec ti o n wi th e ac h o th e r.

0 bs .
—i t i s fo und i n b i tu m i no us sh a le i n th e Raj m ah al and Burdwan coal

m eas u re s and also in a re nac e o us sh ale i n th e Burdwan c os l-fl

e ld .

G lossop te r is ( m o u th — S p re adi ng and ste m less ; th e fronds long, sti p i tate ,

li near-ob lo ng , be co m i ng i rre gu larly narro w at th e base ; a p e x b road , o b tuse ly

p o i nte d ; p ri m ary v e i ns b i furc ate se c o nda ri es and te rti ari es re ti c ulate .

Va ri e ty .
-I n w h i ch th e p ri m ary ve i ns are di ch o to m o us, and th e se co ndari es

b i furc a te .

Glossop tsri s f rondosa — F ronds ob long ovate , m i dri b sle nde r,

. and co nti nue d to
th e a pe x o f th e frond ; v e i ns sle nde r
,
di ve rgi ng a t an o b tuse angle fro m th e m i dri b ;
all o f an e q ual si ze , a nd re ti c u late d .

O bs — O nly two i nco m p le te fragm e nts o f th e u pp e r a nd m iddle p orti on o f th e

.

fro nd h ave b e e n e x am i ne d, fro m w h i c h i t wo uld ap p e ar to b e from 4 to 8 i nch es i n

le ngth , and 1 5 to 3 i nc h es b ro ad .

Glossop ter is rs tic u la ta . — Leaves ob lo ng, o vate narrow a t th e b ase ape x

;
ob tuse , la nce olate m i dri b stro ng, grad u ally tap e ri ng, and te rm i nati ng b e fo re it
reac h es th e a pe x ; p ri m ary v e i ns close -se t and nu m e ro us, c u rve d, and ari si ng

ac u te ly from th e m i dri b se condari es fl

ne ly re ti c u la te d .

Te niop te r is da nosoi dss .

— Glossop te risda nce ai des , Roy le , l llust l . . c .
—F rond
o vate ; v e i ns b i furcate , p aralle l, w i th ou t te rti ary v e i ns .

O bs — V ari o us
. spe c i m e ns s h ow th e fro nds of th i s fossi l to h ave b ee n from 3 to
5 i nc h e s i n le ngth , and fro m 1 } to 2 ; i n b re adth .

N ote .
— C alam i tes o cc ur b oth i n th e Burd wa n and Raj m ah al c o al m e asures,

b u t I h ave se e n no sp e ci m e ns of th e m in c olle c ti ons . O ne la rge s p ec i e s oc c urs in

th e sands tone o f th e c oa l m easu re s at K otty coo n, i n th e Raj m ah al h i lls, of w h i ch ,
h owe v e r, no sp e ci m e ns we re c ollec te d.

P ecop te rts Li nd ley a na , Roy le -Bi -p i nna te

'

p i nn m g i ve n o f nea r
.ly a t righ t
angles w i th th e m i dri b , li nea r-ob long and ob lo ng-o v ate ; se c ondary p i nnu les h a v i ng

th e ve i n i n th e ce ntre o f e ach p nnule

i nearly s trai gh t, and e x te ndi ng f ro m th e

b ase to th e ap e x of th e p i nnule , gi vi ng o fl bli q

’
o ue ly si x to te n sm all b ranc h es or

te rti ary v e i ns o n e i th e r si de .

Va r ie ty .
— S e condary v e nni e i n th e ce ntre o f each p i nn ule m ore c urv ed , and

ac ute a t i ts o ri gi n p ob ab ly a
r di s ti nc t sp e c i es , b ut th e s p e c i m e ns e x a m ine d a re too

i m p e r fe c t to a llo w of th e satisfac to ry de te rm i nati on o f th i s p o i n t.

P ec p te i s a nis
o r i — fl
Bi -p i nna te , ce ntral ve i n
. of e ac h p i nnu le b lf nrca te in
o th e r re s p e c ts i t i s th e sa m e as P . L i nd ley a na .

Va ri e ty . — Pi nnules c lo se ly p lace d,
so as to ap p ear alm os t as th e lobe s o f an

i nc i se d leafl e t .

F u co idcs m om s — F re ud si m p le , m em b rane - fle sh y , h i dde n v e i ne d , sp atula te ,

li nea r-ob lo ng, b ase p ro lo nged and na rro w a p e x ob tuse and ro unde d m i dri b

b ro ad a t th e b as e , gradu ally di m ini s h i ng to th e ap e x ; th e v e nati o n, w h e re i t i s

p e rce p ti b le ,
is ac u te wi th th e m idri b , a nd arc h e d. Th i s fossi l i s c onta i ne d in
b i tum i no us sh ale of th e Burdwan c oal-fie ld.
 PU N NA sa x ns ro na . '
227

C onclusion der i ve d f r om th e f oregoi ng F ossils .

O bs .
— C om pari ng th e ab ov e res u lts wi th th e ge ne ral distrib uti on o f fossi l p lants ,
we find fo ur ge ne ra, nam e ly , Z a m ia , Te ni op te r is , F ucoidss , and P e cop tsri s ,
afl ‘
e rd twe nt
y p
s e c i e s o f lo we r O o li te foss i ls , and e le ve n coal m e as u r e foss i ls . Of
e igh t ge ne ra of I ndi an co al m e as u re fo ss i ls h e re de sc ri be d, fo ur of th e m are c om m o n

to th e c o al m e as u res of Europ e , na m e ly , Sp h a nop h y llu m , P oa ci tes , C a la m i tes,

To th e se m ay b e adde d Boy le s ’
Ve r te b ra ri a I ndian and V ra di a te fro m Bu rd
fi
.

w an, gu re d i n pl i i . . of h is l llus t . Bo t . Hi m alay a and Bro ngu i art l ’

Gloss op te ris Brownia na and G A ngus tifolia , from

’
. th e Ranigunge m i ne s , ne ar
Raj m ah a l.

A ls o th e two I c th yo li te s fo und b y D rs Wal e r . k and Be ll re sp e c ti ve ly , a t K e tc h ,

i n th e Ni zam s te rri to ri es , ne ar th e co n ue nce
’
fl of th e Godave ry a nd P ra nh e e ta .

Th a t o f th e fo rm e r, nam ed by C o lo ne l S y k e s Lep ido tus D ecca ne nsi s , i n b i tu m i

”
no us sc h i s te , b y S i r P Eger to n, w h o e x am i ne d th e se o rgani c re m ai ns,
is sta te d .

“
to be a ne w sp e c ie s Th e scales are p e rfe c tly sm oo th , and th e fre e p oste ri or
.

m argi ns e nti re , wi th o ut any trace o f se rra ti o n A ra m us o f th e lo w e r j a w i s se e n .

in one sp e ci m e n, sh owi ng th e tee th to b e co ni cal, w i th rath e r e lo ngate d b ase s .

Th e re i s li ttle do ub t b ut th at i t i s a tru e O oli ti c fo rm , a nd a p p are ntly o f th e d a te

” “
of th e Li as . Th e ge nus Le p ido tus w as p ro b ab ly an estuary o r i n-s h o re fi sh ,
f ro m i ts fre q ue nt assoc ia ti o n w i th te rres tri al v e ge ta b le re m ai ns, as i n th e Hy de ra
”
b ad s p e c i m e ns .

O f th e sp e c i m e n s ub m i tte d b y Dr B all to th e Ge ologi c al S oc i e ty ,

. and wh i ch
C olo ne l S y k e s h as nam e d D a p e di us E ge r toni , S i r P Ege rto n s ta te s .

I t be lo ngs to th e ge nus D a p edi us, w i th si ngle -p oi nte d tee th Te tra gono lep is
o f Agass i z —no t o f B rown I t a p pe ars t o be a ne w sp e ci e s, d l e ri ng fro m th ose
. fl '

h i th e rto de sc rib e d , i n th e o rnam e ntal p atte rn of th e scales I t i s an O o li ti c fo rm , .

”
p ro b a b ly o f th e age
th e Li as of .

“ ”
Th i s fo ssi l was fo und i n a slab of li m e stone , and th e re fo re , sh o uld p ro pe rly ,
”
h av e be e n lace d u nde r th e h e ad of
p Li m e s tone i n th i s s ub -se ri es b u t th i s ;
m atte rs li ttle , as b y -aud-b y e th e se stra ta m us t b e gr o u p e d accordi ng to th e k i nd of
organi c rem a i ns wh i ch th e y co nta i n, and no t ac co rdi ng to th e i r m i ne ra logical
c h arac te rs .

Th e fo llo w i ng list of fossi ls fro m C ntch , and th e De se rt to th e no rth -e ast o f th at

p rov i nce , w h i c h we re descri be d b y M r J de 0 S o we rby to illustra te C o lo ne l S y kes

. . .
’

o bse rva ti o ns o n th e m in v o l. v. of th e Ge o l . Tra ns 2 nd S e ri e s ,

. s h o uld h ave
”
Grant s Ge o logy of 5
'
accom p ani ed th ose e x trac te d from C ntch , p 2 1
.

A sta r te m a or .j A . com p r essa ,

a nd A . rotu nda C or lm la p ecti na ta Tri goni a
Sm ea i i ; Tara nte lla s trin ta Trre b ra tu la m i c r or li y ncli a ; A m m oni tes fil m s,
A . sal ons , A . P otti ngsri i , A .
fi ssus , A . tor q ua tus , and A F o r nix
. .

Punna San dt s one .

( a . J . c .
)
Th i s nam e is d e ri ve df rom th e to w n of Punna, in Bunde lkh und ,

b
a ov e wh i ch is a ran e of
g h ills calle d by F kli ran n th e Punna b ills or

Se cond Range ,
”
but wh ich J ac q ue m on t bf
, as e ore state d , found to be a

th ird range .
2 28 u ao m uv o r m an .
[J A N ,

Sy nony m s .
- Di am on dS d t an s one ( Malcolm son ) . p
U pe r p art o f Vo
y
se y ’
s C la y Sl t a e Form ati o n .
”

I t is to be re
gre tte d th a t J ac que m o nt, wh o first p oi nte d ou t th e
e x iste nc e o f th is ran e ,
g w as no t a bl e to ex pl ore m ore th an th e low e r

p art of i t, wh i ch th e follow ing e x trac t fro m h is wor k will sh o w is c om

p d ose o f sands to ne re sti ng on th e K attra Sh ale s Je ne s ui s

p as

m onté su r le ur som m e t [th e Punna h ills] le urs p e nte s so nt c ou v ertes

de bi o s, q ue pl u sie u rs cap ece s de M i m o sos re nde nt d un

’
ac ces tres
p é ibl n e ; m ais
j e m e suis e le v é
’

j us qu a le u r h au te ur m o e nne , dans ls
’
y
lit de qu e lqu es ruisse au x q ui e n de sce nde nt Le s fragm e nts dont ils
.

so nt re m p b b
lis sont une ta le a régée de s c ou ch e s q ui c onstitue nt le s assise s
p
s u é ri e u re s O r, je n y trouv e q u u ne se ule v ari été de Grés
’
.
’
lu s , p
rouge q
’
u au c une de celle s q ue
j
’
ai ob se rvé d ans la p re m i ere et la
de ux icm e ra ngée , lie de v in clai r, agrai n tres fin, co m p ac te . Qu e lq ue s
a ns de ces Grés sont m ou ch e tés de bl anc, e t re sse m bl e nt
g rossiere m e nt a
de s p ph y
or res . Ces p oints bl aucs sont de s p artie s on l ox y de de fe r
’

n a
’

p as p é né tré . He th e n ob se rv e s Le s se uls b anc s de Grés q u e

j
’
ai v us a déco uve rt, v e rs la b as e de s colli ne s, offrai e nt la struc tu re co u

c e ntri q u e q q ue
j
’
ai re m ar ué dans le s co u c h e s de la b as e de la p re m iere
rangée e n m o ntant de Mirz ap oor a Lalgand e , m ais a ve c c e tte di ffere nce
j
q u e le u rs surface s étai e nt p lu tot la ne s
q ue p cour e s b . Ce so nt de s
so rte s de p arallélip ip édes e m oi tes le s uns ans le s au tre s Ib d .

h av e adde d th e latte r o se rvatio n b

e cau se i t coinc ide s wi th a si m i lar b
stru c tu re notice d by C p t i a a n Sh e rw ill at th e foo t of th e h ill of

Sasse ram , i n th e z illah of Sh ah a b ad, wh ich form s th e te rm i nati on of

a s p ur th row n off from th e north e rn face o f th e loft y ran e o f

g th e K ey
m o re sandsto ne m ountai ns .
”
Th i s is at th e eas te rn e x tre m it y of th e
s andsto ne trac t of Bunde lkh und , w h ich w e sh all also find by -and-bye
to b e c om p d ose o f no th i n
g b u t th e Pu nna San dt s one , re sti ng on th e
K attra Sh ale s wi th th e ir lim e s tone , e ropi ug o u t at Rh o tasgh ur
a nd o th e r pl ace s clo se by . Th e s truc ture is so re m ar a k bl e, th at

i t h as re c e i ve d p a artic ula r de sc ri tion p by C p t ia a n Sh e rwi ll, w h o, li k e

J ac
q ue m o nt, first te rm s it c onc e ntri c, and th e n o b se rve s, th at th e
p re ss u re a b ov e and late rall y h as cau s e d th em [th e s ph e res , w h i ch
a re in ro ws,
”
] to be so m u ch fl tta e ne d th at th e y res e m bl e sq uare

c olum ns .

To re tu rn, h ow e v e r, to th e pl t a e au of Bundelkh u nd . We find th at

.

F ran lin, i n k d esc ri bi ng th e e sc ar m e nts of p fou r w ate rfalls, rangi n

g
from 2 7 2 to 4 00 fe e t dee p , all alo n
g th e sam e d e clivi t y , and wi th i n 40
m ile s of e ac h o th e r, state s, th at th e y are all com p o se d o f th e sam e

sandstone form ati on ; and in o ne i nstance , th at i t re sts on ar illace ous

g
 P U NNA s a x ns ro na
'
.
.
22 9

strata . Th e latte r fac t e sta lish e s th e i de nti t b yb e twee n i t and th e Pnnna

Sands to ne . M ore ov e r , th e e aste rnm o st w ate rfall is not m ore th an 30

m iles from th e bank s of th e Son, w h ic h b k

an s w e sh all by -an d-by e fi nd
to be co m p o se d alm ost e ntire l y of th e Pu nna Sandstone , re sting, as

b e fore s ta te d, on th e K attra S h ale s . F ortunate l y k

F ran li n h as b een

p articular i n h is de sc ri tion p of th i s sandstone a t e ach o f th e w ate rfalls,

a nd th e re fo re from h is and Jac qu e m o nt s

’
o b se rv ati ons, we sh all be
a bl e to ta k e o ur de sc ri tion p of i t fro m Bunde lkh u nd , ass is te d by th e

k
re m ar s o f o th e rs w h o h ave i nci d e nta ll y allu de d to i t, i n th i s p t f
ar o

I ndia .

M i ne ra logi ca l a nd e ologi ca l C a r a te rs
G h c — F rom th e se sourc es, and

th e s p e cim e ns Ih av e se e n o f th i s sands to ne , it app e a rs to be co m p osed

of v e r y fine grai ns of q u artz, a nd m o re or le ss m ica, u ni te d toge th e r

by an argi llace ou s m ate ri al Th e latte r v arie s in qu anti t
. and th e y ,

m i ce y b
m a e e nti re l a y b se nt I t se e m s ge nerall , to b e o f fi ne stru e
. y
tu re , and c olo ure d w i th diff e re nt ti nts o f re d, b rown, lilac , gre y , and

wh ite , or any tw o of th e se toge th e r, th e o ne form i ng stre a s, s ots, or k p

s p k
eci a- a ground of th e
s, o th e r. Su p y
e ri orl i t ap p e ars to b e com p ac t

and qu artz , e co m i n
g y b
m ore fria le b and loose b lwe o . I t h as b ee n

h orizonta lly d p e osi te d, and now p re se nts m assi v e and lam e llar strata .

To th e se c h arac te rs it a pp e ars ne c e ssar yt o add, th at i ts te x tu re m a

y
b e com e so coarse as to p ass i nto a c onglo m e rate at th e sam e ti m e

th at i t i s also ne c e ssar y to c auti o n th e o b se rv e r agai ns t co nfo unding

th is co nglom e rate wi th o ne , a pp are ntl y o f su b se

q u e nt fo rm atio n, wh ic h
ov e rlie th i s sandsto ne , and wh ic h w i ll b e h e re afte r m e ntione d
m a
y .

Th e Punna San dt s one re sts c onform a bly on th e K a ttra Sh ale s w h ich .

a pp e ar to p ass i nto i t, i n th e sam e m anne r as th e T ara Sandsto ne p as se s

i nto th e latte r . In so m e pl ace s in So uth e rn I ndia it re sts di re c tl y on

th e li m e sto ne , w ith ou t th e i nte rve ntio n o f any sh ale s ( M alco lm so n ) .

I ts th ic k ne ss v arie s, e i th e r from o rigi nal i ne q u alit y or su b se q ue nt

de nu d ti a on . At p re se nt k
i ts gre ate st now n de th is in th e e as te rn p
p art o f th e Keym o re range , wh ich i s b ut a co nti nuatio n eastwardl o f y
th e V i ndh y a range , and th e north -e as te rn p a rt o f th e sands to ne trac t of

Bunde lk h und . H e re , i t i s 7 0 0 fe e t t hi k c , ne ar Bidjigh ur on th e b ank s

of th e S o n ( O b s o rne ) , and fe e t th ic k at Rh otasgh u r, i n th e
zillah of Sh a h b da a ( S h e rw i ll) at th e sc a r p s of th e w ate rfalls i n Bun
de lkh u nd, w h ich w e re e x am i ne d by F ran k li n, it d oe s no t a pp e ar to
e x ce e d 36 0 or 4 0 0 fe e t, and J ac
q ue m o nt consi de re d th e Puu na ran e
g
of b ills to be b
a ou t 30 0 fe e t ab ov e th e le ve l of th e se c ond pl t a e a u.

F rom 300 to 4 0 0 fe e t is th e th ic gi k
v e n to i t i n So uth -w e ste rn
ne ss

I din a, b
a ou t Ry e lch e rro a nd S undro am , i n th e C e de d
g ist ri c ts D
2 30 G EO LO GY OF I N DIA .
[J A N .

( Ne w b old ) . O n th e O pp osite si de , h ow e v e r, viz . at Paloonch ati, a b ou t

15 m i le s w est Of th e Godav e ry , and in ne arl y 18 N th e re i s

. a ran e
g
O f e nti re san stone d h ills, w h ich a pp e ar to re st o n ar
gi llace o u s strata,

th at V oy se y conside re d 6 0 0 fe e t h igh , bu t w h ic h M r urr, w h o was . B

y
th e n surv e ing th e se di stri c ts, th o ugh t fe e t h igh Th e falls .

O fG k k po a re se nt a sandsto ne e sca r m e nt o f o nl p y 1 78 fee t h igh , wi th

alu m i no us sh ale s Of v ari ous colou rs at th e b ase
( New b old ) . In m an y
pl ace s th is sandsto ne is not onl y m u ch th i nne r th an th i s, b ut altoge th e r

ab se nt, w h e n th e li m e sto ne o r argillace ous stra ta o f th e Sh ale s b eco m e s

th e h igh e st m e m e r b of th e se rie s, as i n th e ne igh b ourh o od O f th e

B h im a, i n th e dis tri c t of S h orap ore , & c .

I t attains i ts gre ate st h e igh t o n th e an s O f th e K istuah viz b k , .

fe e t ( Malcolm son), w h ile i n th e lai ns O f th e C arnatic, and th e distric ts p

wate re d by th e Pe naa r ri ve r, i t is b u t a li ttle a b ov e th e le v e l Of

th e Se a
Fre q ue ntl y it pp p s u er art i s i n th e state of q uartz ro c k p
, re se nti ng

g re a t fissu re s ; o c c asi onall y also, i n Sou th e rn I ndia, i t h as a j oi nte d

rh o m b oi dal s tru c tu re ( M alc o lm so n ) , and som e ti m e s th e c once ntric

lam e llar o ne . C h ris tie an d Ne w b o ld m e ntio n th is i n th e Sou th e rn

M ah ratta C ountr y , and th e latte r also at th e Gu ndicotta p ass to i ts
e x iste nc e at Sasse ram an d in Bunde lkh u ud I h av e alre ad y allu dd e .

I t is also som e ti m e s b re ccia te df rom v olcan c i dis tu r b ance and su bse

u nt re co nsolidati o n
q e .

Th e b ills o r m o unta ins ca pp d wi h

e t th is sandstone and th e sh ale s,

ge ne rall y p, re se nt a scar p Of th e fo rm er follo we d by an i ncline d plane

Of th e la tte r, wh ile th e su m m i t is e i th e r h oriz ontal, or te rm i nate d by

a rugge d fantastic o u tli ne , no t unli ke Old ru i ns .

Su bj e c t as th is se ri e s h as b e en th ro ugh ou t to th e i ntru sion of igne ous

roc k s, and th e i l
v o e nt p
dis lace m e nt w h ich ac co m p ani e s su b te rrane an

fo rce , th e Punna Sands to ne h as O f cou rse p artici p ate d

i n th e ge ne ral
o v e rth row , a nd a pp e ars i n all ki nds o f p osi ti o ns a nd c o ndi tions ; b u t no

one m e nti ons th e i ntrusio n i nto i t O f an y hit n

g b ut d yk es of th e
tra pp e an roc k s . M alcolm so n sta te s, th at a fe w m ile s no rth of Nag p ore

th e s trata o f re d sands to ne are b e nt, fracture d, and c o nv e rte d i nto

c om p ac t
q u artz roc k , at th e i r p oint O f c ontac t w ith th e gra ni te ; w h ich
h as b urst th rough i t
”
b ut I am no t q ui te sure if th is b e th e sandstone

u nde r consi de rati on .

Wh en m e ta m or ph ose d into q uartz roc k , i t w ould a pp e ar to h ave

been som e ti m e s c alle d
“
h ornsto ne .
”
Tod, I th in k , calls it “
tra p ”
!
in allu di ng to th e fo rm atio n O f th e pl t a e au O f K o tah i n M e war . He
O b se rve s th at th is pl ate a u c o ns is ts O f
“
tra p ,
”
th e p re vai li n
g colour Of
 P U N NA sa nnsr o ns . 231

wh i ch i s wh i te ; i t is p
of a com ac t and close -graine d structure , of a

wh ite colou r and a ou b t K l li p ph y itio a , or r c at Sh ah adab ad, i t is of a

m ix e d re d and b ro wn colou r, and w h e n de com p d

ose w ould b e ta k en

for a griD g fi ld it d w i h i g l gi l p f
tstone .
”
an e r e se ts o n n s eo o ca m a O

M lw a h
a as t p ph y y tho rns o ne h i dg b
or di g h
r ,
”
e sa m e as t e r e ou n n t e

t p f M lw
ra O l by h i h t th h l
a a c ose ,
wd H di gi c res s o n e s a es an ar e ve s

a s mi il d i p ti
ar f h
e sc r ppi g f h h ill f C h itt wh i h T d
on O t e ca n o t e O ore , c o

i l d i
nc u es h di t i t n t e pl t f K t h H di h w
s rc or a e au O ll o a . ar e, o e v e r, ca s

thi s q t
“
b i
uar zoze d t t th t i t p
re cc a, t
”
an
p d i d w
s a es h i h a re se n s scar e s e s, c

t e rmi t i na e l pi g pl n a s o f h h l n h i h itane O t W t e s a es o n w c re s s . e ca n

h dly I h i k f i l t
ar , t n g i ,
i th i at h P o re co S d t n se S h n s e u nna an s o ne . er

will g i , i hi d
a a n, ip tin f th R j gh
s h ill
e scr f th Zi ll h Bh
on o e a ar s, o e a a ar,

d dd th t h y p t li ly
”
ca ll h l t
s t e h t
at e r o rns o ne , l
an a s a t e re se n ve co ou rs

o f d p pl b l
re , urg y i h
e, g & N
ue , w b ld
re ti
s i
- re e n
,
il c . e o m en ons a s m ar

roc k i th E t Gh w t f N ll
n e as e rn d id
au ts it t b es o e ore , an c o ns e rs o e

l
a te re d dt Th q
san s one t h ill f Aj
. f
e i l t
uar z p pli h s O m e e r, O a v o e or ur s

ti t n , d i d d ll th
an n ee ll d d t by T d pp
a ose t b th F
a u e d o o , a ear o e e u n

S dtan s one t ph d lth gh I h pl d h

m e am or ose ; a g t h ou av e ace t em am on e

O ld M t er ph i R k b h i i ly d p i i lly
e am or c oc s, ut t s s on one ro v s o na .

G g phi l E t
eo ra i ca— Th P S d t
x e ns on pp . b l e t u nna an s one a e ars to e a m os

un m li it d i i t e t t n ths t pex e n wh i h w o ve r
gg d e trac u on c e a re en a e .

I t app b p
ears t t N h
to e i th S b Hi
re se n l y
a
g a b n n e u - m a a an ran e , e

tw e en h t ib t i t e f th J
r u ar es O d S tl j d e t d f
u m na an u e , an to e x en as ar

so u th as th e Nage rry h ills, in th e Easte rn Gh au ts W NW . of Madras ,

to C u tc h i n th e w e s t, and to th e Ra j m ah al h i lls i n th e e as t . Grant

states th at th e h ills a b out Bh ooj as su m e , w h e n ca pp d by
e th e sand
sto ne, th e usu al form o f an a b ptru e sc ar p m e nt, w i th a long i ncli ne d
O pp osi te si de .
”
All th e tow ns on th e J um na, from i ts c o n fl ue nce w ith
th e Gange s to D lh i ppe , a e ar to b e b u ilt O f th i s sandstone , and am o n
g
th e i r e di fice s stands fo rth th e Taj M ah al, e dge d wi th th e b e au tifu l

w h ite m e tam o r ph ose d li m e sto ne o f th is ? se rie s .

Th e pl i
a ns of Bikaue e r J Odp ore , , and Je ss ulm e e r, a pp e ar to be
cov e re d wi th th e loose san d of th is form ation, w h ic h e v e r y now and

th e n p j ro e c ts a o v e b th e se drear y w as te s i n i ts c onc re te or m e tam o r

p h ose d fo rm s . Our m use u m p o sse sse s s p e ci m e ns from Balm eer

p re

se nte d by Dr F For . . b es from C a tc h , a nd from K atty awar . It

b d o r e rs th e north e rn a nd we ste rn si de s Of th e tra pp e an trac t of M alwa
( D g an e rfie ld ) , and a pp ears i n th e Bu ndai r h ills Of Bunde lkh u nd , on

i ts e aste rn side , e x te ndi ng to th e u tm ost li m i ts of th e V in h dy a ran e ,

g
wh i ch i n th i s di re c tion m ay be sai d to re ach M o ngh y r, on th e Ganges .

W estwar s d to Hosh uu gabad and on th e O pp osi te si de of th e Ne r b dd

u a,

30
 2 32 e s ow o r or m o n .
( JA N .

form ing th e north -e astern b d

oun ary of th e great trapp e an tract of

We ste rn I ndia, from wh ich we h ave num e ro us s e cim e ns p from Dr .

Bradle y a pp e ari ng at Nag p ore , and e x te n di ng from th e nce along th e

Godave ry to i ts de ou ch m e nt b . In th e So uth e rn Mah ratta C ountry ,
on th e Bh i m a, along th e Kistuah , and m ore o r less continuousl y on th e

eas te rn si de of th e p e ni nsula from th is ri ve r to th e Nage rry h ills,

by e ond wh i ch i ts e x iste nce h as not be e n rec ognise d , nor doe s i t a pp e ar

to h ave b ee n see n on th e w este rn si e d from th e Ce de d Di t i t s r c s to

Ca p e C om orin .

M i a e ra ls .If th e q u artz m ountains

- Of Ajm ee r be th i s san stone d
m e tam or p d
h ose , th e n i t contains lea , d as h as bf
e ore b een state d ;

and w h e n w e re m e m b er th at th e li m es tone b
a out Cu dd p a ah , wh i ch
is i ntim ate l y connec e t d wi th dth is san sto ne , c ontai ns
gale na in se v e ral

pl aces, it d oes not se e n v e r y i p b bl F

m ro a e. urth e r th an th is Ik now of

no oth e r m ine ral worth w ki g i it

or nI th n . n e i ntroduc tion, i t is state d
th at th e O oli ti c Se ries e s ron ore , u as y e t yi ld i
th in th e re is nob t I k
satisfac tor y d
e vi e nce of i ts e xi ste nce i n it to any gre at e x te nt, at all

e v e nts i n th e u nm e tam orp h ose c ondition of th e strata Th e resou rces d .

of th i s se ri e s a pp e ar to b e m ore e c onom ical th an m i ne ral ; at th e com

m e nc e m e nt of pIh by i t k
th e grou d th l tt w d av e , m s a e, use e a er or ,

wh i h i p h p
c s, ppli bl t th Old M t ph i St t
e r a s, m ore a ca e o e er e am or c ra a .

l y l t pp f N ll & ? ”
I wh t
n a i thc a -s a e s e co er o e ore , c .

O g i R
r an c i — F y y p t th d t f I di h
e m a ns . or m an ears as e san s one o n a as

b k w t yi ld i p i
ee n no n o f pl t
e C p t i D g fi ld i
m ress ons O an s . a an an e r e , n

h i l tt
s t Si J h
e er M l l o rth g l gi l f t
o n a co m f M lw on e eo o ca ea ure s o a a,

w itt
r th
e n m oreth i ty y i an t t th t h r w b tw th
e ars s nce , s a e s a e sa e ee n e

sal ty f t f th
rac ure o d t tJ i M lw
e san s one a p i g th w d e e run, n a a, ass n nor ar

t O d yp
o e ore ,
g t b l i i p
num e rous ve e a i f p i f
e re m a ns or m re ss ons o a s ec e s o

fern, a pp i g t b i ear n b i d tt o e dw k w
n a car on ze w ffi i t s a e,
”
an e no no su c en

to reaso na bly i f th t th i i th d t n er ad i d ti
s s e san s o ne u n e r cons e ra on .

G t ranb t 1 8 37 f d h i p i
, a ou , b d ib d i th
o un t e m re ss o ns a ov e e sc r e n e

d l y wi th b d W h ly
”
dt
san s one an f l i C t h
c a e s O coa n n c . e av e on one

p i
s ec m e n o f th C t h d t b i g g t bl i p i i th
e n c san s one e ar n a ve e a e m re ss o n n e

m use um d th t , y l ly
an a bl th fi i
ve r c ose dt re se m es e ne m c ace o us san s one

a t th th f Eli h p
e nor d h t i th
o c igh b h d f N gp
oor, an t a n e ne our oo o a ore ,

wh i h l c b a sog t b l i p i
e a rs v e e a e m re ss o ns .

B t it i ly wi th i th l t y th t
u s on tt ti
n eh b f ibly
as ea r a ou r a en on as e en o rc

d w t th
ra n g oi i e f h i
or an c b f th O
re m a ns o li ti S i t s m em er o e o c e r e s.

Th h ppye i id
a f fc o nc bl l lity d bl i q i
e nce O a av o u ra e oca an a e n u re rs

h avef i h d wi h
urn s li t f f
e us il th t wi ll
t a t bli hs l ti g
O oss s a es a s a as n

i t i th
n e re st n g i i f h i d t
e or an c re m a ns o d t t t tll s san s one , an soon se a m e a
 F O S S LS I in m s S A ND BTO NB o r m o r o ns . 2 33

di scussions re s ec ting th e p g gi cal age of th e se rie s to wh ich i t

e olo bl e ongs .

I allu e d to th e re se arch e s of th e Re v M e ssrs islo and . . H p H unte r,

wh ose y
Ge olog of th e Nag ur State is u lish e d in th e last num e r p ”
pb b
of ou r J
ournal, and from wh i ch th e followi ng e scri ti ons of th e d p
fossils in th e sandstone of Nag ore are e x tracte p d
M ollusca .
— h e seT occur onl y at M angali 60 , m ile s sou th of Nag
p ur, and consist of p
two s e ci e s of m i nu te Cy re na, (1) o ne , wh i ch i s th e
sm alle r, bi e nggl b
o ular, and th e oth e r a tter fl a nd m ore e longate d.

Th e g b
v e e ta le re m ai ns are e x ce e di n l
g
~
y b d t d t b a u n an , an are o e

foun d in all pl ac es w h e re th i ddl b d

e m pp Th y h l
e e s a e ar . e av e a so

b ee n re ce n tly di scov e re di n a s m i il p iti ar Eli h p by D

os on ne ar c u r, r.

Bradle y . As th e y are m e t wi th t N gp d th
a di g a ur an e surroun n
countr y , th e yi nclu de se e s, d le ave s, and ste m s.

S a da — F our p
s e ci e s . O f th e se th e first two discov e re d we re
fou nd at Bh okara
Notwi th stan i ng th e ir e ing sm alle r, th e are
. d b y
e vide ntl re late y d
to tw o of th e form s of Ca rp o li tltcs figure in ley d by L d
and B utton i n th e i r F os si l F lora , v ol iii 1 93 Th e th ir kin of . . p . . d d
see d
w as first m e t w ith at am ti, Mr Sank e , to wh om K p by am . y I
u nde r m an
g y b
o li ati ons for th is, as w e ll as oth e r fav o urs S h or tly .

p
afte r C a tai n Wa sh are and
p f ou nd i t a t T ond a k h e ir i , 1 4 I m i le s N W .

of Na
g u r p
A fou rth s
.e e , w h ic h occ u rs at S ile w a d ad , i s la n c eol at e ,

and v e r y
m i nute d
U n e r th is h ea m ay , erh a s, re q ui re to be com
. d p p
p re h e n e dd
a c i rc ular de ressi on, rese m p
ling i n size and form th e b
p
im ression le ft on wax a by p y
re tt large ke y, wh i ch w as iscove re by d d
p
C a tain Wapsh are at B h oké rs .

Le aves — Di coty le donous 2 O ne a leaf of a coni fe r, a out 1 inch

. . b
long and i» inch b
road across th e m i ddle , m i ri i nclude d I t h as d b .

b
o vi ousl
y b ee n a stro ng i n e x i le le af, and wi th i ts sh ar o i n tfl b
m a y pp
b
h ave e e n rath e r form i a le db
A sm all i e ce of Z a m i te s fro m am ti ,
. p K p
not 5 inch long, and y e t it ive s off from i ts tin m i ri 2 0
g i nnu le s, y d b p
each c ontaini n
g 6 or 7 m icrosco ic p v e ins . Th e re are se v e ral le ave s
o b se rv a bl e Ka p ti pp tly M
in th e strata y l dat m , a are n onocot e onous .

O neki dly t ib t d by M S k y i 1 7 i h l g d i h
n con r u e r. an e s nc e s on an nc

b d Bf d p iti it h d b pli i tw f b tw th i d
roa . e ore e os on a een s t n o or a o ut o- r s

o f i t l gth
s It
en
y p i b ly .b th l fl t f
m a l g Z oss i t b t e e ea e o a ar e am es u

I di p d t
am s i d it th
ose P t
o c ons wi h y i t
er ra er a oa cs es,
'

t ve r m nu e v e na

ti on. Th y b i d f
e sam e m a t h i bj t w h i
e sah h l ft o ano e r cu r ou s o ec , c as e

42 p ll l li
ara t t hi g
e f
ne s s re c d f g t ti
n facross a c on use m ass o ve e a on, or a

di t s ance o f3i h d wi th b dh fi f i h
nc e s, an a re a t o o an nc .

B t th t
u d b
e m os tif l l wh i h th
com m on an dt e au u e av es c e san s one

f ti
orm a p d on th f d ff
ro uce s are Th y i l d e ron s o e rns . e nc u e
2 34 o a o no o r or m m a. ( Jan .

P ecop teris .
—O f th i s ge nus b u t fe w s e cim e ns h av e e e n fou nd, p b
and th e se at Ka p m ti onl y T y
h e are , h owe ve r, of two isti nct s e cie s
. d p .

A pi nna bl e ongi ng to one of th ese p

s eci e s i s furnish e d on e ach si e d
w ith l l pi nnules, wi th a ce ntral v e in, re ach ing to th e a e x p . A p
s e ci

m e n of th e oth e r s e cies is p ve r yp e rfe c t, and p rese nts four bip i nnate

fragm e nts, y
l i ng toge th e r i n suc h a m anne r as to i ndi cate a
'

t i pi
r nnate

fron , d p i nnse wi th from 8 to 1 0 i nnule s on each side , th e p v e nati on

m uch b ranch e d , and wi th out a ce ntral v e i n e x te n di ng to th e a e x p .

Glossop te ris — Th e . th i s g e nus are

s e cies
p of v er y nu m erous,

a m o unti ng to 1 0, and all i n e x ce lle nt re se rvatio n p . With th e i r large

i ron-colou re d fron d s and di ti t
s nc ve ins, and i n se v e ral ins tance s wi th
p f t f tifi ti
th e i r e r ec ru c ca on, th y f e orm th e m ost i nte re sti ng fossi ls of th e
ve
g t b
e al k i g d e th t I h n om a av e e v e r se e n . Th e s p e c ie s diff er from
h
e ac th o i ier h p n s ze , s a e , v e nation, a nd arrange m e nt of th e sori .

O f th
ne o i pw d f 20
em s u ar s o inch e s long and 3 b d roa , w h ile som e

l b
s a s are ti ly d wi h
en re cov e re t p
a s e cie s li ttle m ore th an 3 i nch es i n
le ngth . Som e h av e th e v e nati o n coarse , o th e rs fine ; so m e h av e i t
starti ng from th e m i d ib
r at a v e r y ac ute angle , oth e rs nearl y at righ t
angles . Th e sori i n all case s are dot li k e b ut i n som e th e y are large
and roun d ; i n oth e rs th e y are sm all and e lon ate
g d ; in som e th e y are

pl dace c h ie fly along th e m argi n, in ot h e rs w i th 4 or 5 y fill

row s th e
u p alm ost th e wh ole of th e fron d Th i
. s ge nus i s th e t wi d ly diff
m os d e use

of an
y i n th e form ati on wi th in th e Nag p ur State . It h b f d t as een o un a

C h ai ndé , and als o at Cb orkh e i ri, a di t s ance of 1 20 m ile s, and at i nte r

m e diate pl ace s. Th e localit y th at h as fu rnish e d m p ost s e cies is Sile w ada,
wh e nce Iw as favoure d with a m agnifice nt s a l b by C p a tai n Wapsh are .

Cy clop teris ne s e c .
—O p i es of th is ge nus h b as ee n di scove re d t a

Tondakh e i ri, along wi th th e c oni fe ro us leaf ; le ngth 2 5 i nch es, b dth

rea

1 i nch . Th e frond is c row ne d wi th fructi fication in form lik e th e

fl owe r of a culti v ate d c oc k scom b . Anoth e r s p e ci e s m et wi th at

K am pii t s m u ch large r .

Sp h e nop ter i s .
- Th e s p ec i m e ns o f th is ge nus wh ich are im b dd d
e e

along wi th th ose of Pe cop te ri s are m uch m utilate b ut th e d sm all

fragm e nts th at are fou nd e xh b

i it a ve r y b
e la orate , th ough clear,

v e natio n .

T w m op
’

te r i s .
- Two p
s e c i e s, one narrow, wi th d
secon ary

strai gh t and p p
e r e ndic ular to th e m e di an th e oth e r v e r yb d roa , wi th

se con ar d y v e ins c urv e d and o bliq ue .

S team T
— h e se are ve r y b d
a un ant at Silewdda, including ge ne ra of
wh i ch I can find no trace s in an
y F ossi l F lora to wh ich Ih av e h ad
ac ce ss . Th y e are a pp are ntl y Ex ogenous , b ut do not p re se rve th e
 r o ss rns nu m a SA ND S TO N E o r m o r o ns . 5

structu re o f Th y h p
th e w ood d w ll d fi d b k wh i h
. e av e osse sse a e - e ne ar , c

is o ft bliq ly t i t d d h ibit th i t i f l
en o ue s r a e , an wi thex s e c c a r ce s o e av es, a

b d
u i
occas ona lly l ft fte th f t t lk h d f ll
e a r ff S e f hoo -s a a a en o . om e o t e
scars are l git di l on th u t na d o b e rs are id ransv e rse , an em rac e a cons e ra

bl p t f th
e ar ot Th y i g l p ly di t ib t d i
e s em . e are n e ne ra s arse s r u e , n one

l g t
ar e s e rn 3 f t l g ee d pw d on f f tb , d th b i g ly
an u ar s o a oo roa , e re e n on

i gl
a s n pp t B id th E g
e scar a are n . t es f h i h th es e se x o e nous s e m s, o w c e re

f di fl h d d M
'

are our orfi ve

g t w
e re nt i e ne ra, t a g li e re as one sco ve re a n a ,

l g wi th Cy
a on wh i hr e nas ,b di ti tly f dt h
c can if e s nc re e rre o t e con e rs,
from th l t i e li k di p i ti
a t ce - f ite Th w d f
s os on o if s scars. e oo o a co n e rous

t
s em , t d i t
co nve r e il b t t i i g
n o s e x, t f it b k w u d g
re a n n no race s o s ar , as u

ou t f h
ro m d
t e C h a da O th
roa t
ne ar p i g th w d
n . e r s e m s, re se rv n e oo

lt d by i b d t i d f th
,

b t u so a e re th t th t t
ron a e s ruc ure cannot e e e rm ne ur er

th an th t i a th t m us b E g a ve i b d een t Sil adé

x o e nous, occ u r n a un ance a ew .

O thn the h o d t er an b dd d i th k t M6 g li h ibit

a s em em e e n e roc a n a ex s

e ve ry k f h i gb E d g
m ar o av n Th p ti een bt i d i lik n o e nous . e or on o a ne s e

a hi
t t
n rat an, 14 i h l g wi h t nc es
y pp r t j ion t U , d h it ou an a a en o n . n er t s

su -b ki gd n om l b l
m ust a sod e c asse

Eq i ti t u se di g t B b y A t p l y lli t — Th p
es, or acc or n o u n ur s ero t es . e e en

li i ty f th
ar o p i f hi g
e s ec m e n o wh i h w di t d by M
s e nu s, c as scov e re r .

H t t Sil idé w ll f Y k h i
un e r a e wa , as fig e di as oh F il a or s re one , ure n t e os s

Fl ora ( l i ii
vo p 1
. 8 6) . d h
. f E q i t l
un e r t l i h t i
t e nam e o
t u s e um a e ra s , s, t a

i lw y f
sa a s d i t d with li ttl
ou n assoc a e d di h i g li di i g e rou n scs, av n
‘
ne s ra at n

th i g li k th ph
’
fro m a co m m on t ce n re ,
g som ef l i n e e ra m a o a ca am te .

Th e au th ors of th e F ossi l F lor a w e re u nce rtai n wh e th e r th e discs

b l g d t th
e on e o e ste m , ne ar wh i ch th e y are fou nd ; b ut i n th e Sile w é da
p i
s e c m e n,h db t e ro un odies, of w h i ch th e re m u st h av e b ee n two and

tw pp i t h th
o o os e eac o e r at th e arti c ulati on, p tly
ar re tain th e i r ori ginal

p iti
os d p tly h
on, an ar av e falle n o ut, leavi ng a radiating h ollo w to sh ow
wh h y
e re h db
t e o nce a ee n. A ve r y com m on pl ant at th e dp e ositi o n of

th e sandstone w as th e
Ph y lo tlte ca
l — I n gi ving th is nam e to th e ge nus th at h as h i th e rto
.

b ee n calle d
Ca la m i tes in ndia, follow th e h i gh au th ori t o f B Iro ng I y
niart and Mc C oy , w h o h av e de scri bd pe s e ci m e ns fro m Australia . Th e
o pp osi te sulcati on of ou r I ndi an ge nus clearl y p se arate s i t from
Ca lam i tes . Wh t pl a ace it ough t to h ol d in a classi fica ti on re m ai ns

d btf l
ou u . Gop p e rt ra n s k it am o ng M onocot le dons y , im m e di t lya e

afte r Equ is e ti tes, w h ile McC oy com p are s it w ith th e C as uari na . Ih av e

not bl i h
be e n a e, n t e nu m e rous s eci m e ns wh i c h p Ih av e m e t w ith , to
ve r i fy th pi i f e O n on o th e latte r em i ne nt ge ologis t, not h av i ng e te cte d d
e i h
t erb k ph ar or a ane rogam ous fructi fication h e re a e ar to b e in
. T pp
236 e no no o v or uw u .
[J a n .

all ni ne s p e ci e s co llecte df rom Bh okdra , Silewada, and Ka pti difli

m ,
'

er n
g
i n th e num b e r of sule i , wh ich range from 6 i n th e se m i-ci rcum fe re nce
to 3 1 . Two from K p
am ti w e re se nt to m e by Mr San . ky
e , and one

from Sile wada by p

C a tain Wap sh are .

Ver te br a ri a — T
h is is th e stran e st ge nus
.
g am on
g ou r Nag p ur fossil
pl ants . Hith e rto it h as b ee n d esc ri bd
e from s p eci m e ns o bt i
a ne d

e x clusi v e ly f rom th e Id
n ian and Australian coal-sh ale . Th i h s as led to
a lim ite d i
v ew o f i ts nature . Mc C oy ’
s ge ne ri c ch arac te r a ppli es m e re l y
to th e radiate d b dy o , wh ich is fou n di n co nne ction wi th th e m ai n ste m ,

a nd wh i ch h b li
e e e ve s to be p m ade u of a d
sle n e r ste m surroun e d d
by d e nse l y a
gg re
gate d w h orls of v e rtic illate c une i form le av es, h avi ng a
di hc otom ous v e nation .
’
O f th e co rre c tne ss o f th is d escri p ti on of wh at
w as bfe ore th e a u th o r at th e ti m e, Ih av e no re aso n to d btou , bu t i t i s
q ui te i na pp p i
ro r ate , w h e n it co m e s to be p re di cate d of th e san s tone d
p
s e cim e ns . Th e se h ave no sle n e r ste m d or y gg g t d wh l
de nse l a re a e or s

of le ave s . O n th e co ntra r y , th e m ain s e m t i th i k s k d with tw

c , m ar e o

ro ws of bl
o o ng, d
ro un e d, o r angula r e e va l ti dd p
ons i and e re ss ons, an

gi vi n
g o f? b ranch e s and twi gs at di ffe re nt i t l di
n e rva s, an ll di ti na rec ons .

M r San . k yf e o rwa rde d to m e th e first san d t p i f Ka pti

s o ne s e c m e n ro m m ,

and i n th e sam e we e k I f d it oun at Ton d kh i i

a d
e r , ly t
an m ore rece nt a

C h anda .

S u ch a re th e p i ip l f
r nc a ossils o f th e San dt s one , p p ly
ro er so calle d .

e ne ath i t occu r som ebd e s of Sh ale , w h ich m a

y be e as p
art o f th e
h ld
sam e fo rm ation . Th t ese s ra ta are de ve lo p e d i n th e di stri ct north of

C h anda, and b tw e ee n K orh adi and Bh okara , w h e re th e re d sh ale

contai ns th e followi ng organi c re m ai ns

Rep ti li a 7 — A footm ar , o f
. k i o f an i nch long, and as m uch b d roa ,

wi th th e i m p ression of five claws . Th re e s p eci m e ns h av e b e en

o bt ia ne d, each exh i bi i g ly
tn on one pi r nt . Th e sh ale , wh i ch i y
s ver

b it l d
r t e, oes not a m d it f o a surface of m ore th an a fe w s uare
q inch es
b i gp
e n roc u re d . O n th e sam e s p e ci m e ns as b e ar th e footm k
ar s are

se e n th e trac k s of

Lu m bri carice (Earth w orm s) .

— Th at th e se anim als h av e b e e n o f th e

nature h e re i n icate d will b edto any one w h o c o nside rs th e e vi de nt

app e ara nce of th e f urrow s : th e w ay i n wh i ch th e h ea h as occasi onall d y

b p
ee n ush e d forw ard, and th e n wi th drawn ; th e tu ular h oles w h ich b by
th e grou n dh b as een pi e rc e d, and th e inte stine sh a pd e e v ac uations wh ich

h av e b ee n le ft on th e su rface . W orm b ori ngs h av e b ee n found i n th e

gree n sh ale of Tadadi, 70 m ile s sou th of Nag p ur .

Th e onl y ve
ge ta bl e organism wh i ch h as b di een sco ve re d in th e
sh ale is a sulcate d pl ant, w h ich m ost p ro a b bly b l g e on s to th e ge nus
 c o na m nn m u ns ro u n or na rro w 37
'
.

Ph y llo tlte e a, b ut, as a sufi ci e nt le ngth o f th e ste m h as not b een o bt i d

a ne

to di pl y th
s a e articulati on, i ts p re cise ch aracte r cannot b e fix e
Dr . Spilsb u ry se nt to th e Be ngal Asiati c Soci e t y a sp eci m e n of

silicifie d w oo d , p
wh i ch C a tai n Ouse ly o bt i d f
a ne rom a trun k f o a tree
th at h e b
o se rv e d p i g th ass n rough a cav e rn in th i s dt
san s one , ne ar

Pugra, on th e l ft b k f th
e an o e Ne r b ddu a, on th e roa df T d rom en u

ki ra to Baitool . Do th e sili cifie d pl a m

”
tree s wh i ch Dr. Sp y d ib
r e sc r es

as resti ng on li m e s tone a out b a m ile from Saugo r, b l g t th i

e on o s

form ati on, or to th e th i n i nte rtra pp e an lacustrine one , to w h ich w e

sh all co m e by -and- by e
’
l Th e Re v M r islo state s i n h is
. . H p pp a e r, th at
sili ci fie d d b d w oo a oun s at Sile w ada ; and M alc olm son o b se rv e s th at
Mr . G dd f ed it t es oun s re we d over th e c ountr y NW . of Mangap e tt on

th e Godave ry, towards th e j u nc tion of th e latte r w ith th e Wurda ,

( Pranh e e ta wh i ch i s i n th is San dt s o ne F orm ati on ; wh i le Malcolm so n

h im se lf foun d coni fe rous

”
w o od at Mangap e tt , re se m bli ng th at of

Pondi ch e rr y . But th e latte r m ay als o h ave co m e from th e lac ustri ne

form ati o n to wh i ch Ih j av e ust allude d .

Ne w b old saw r i ppl ke m ar s in th i s san dt s one at th e falls o f Go k ak, and

at th e p ass of Gundi cotta .

Minute C oralline Li m e stone o f Baugh .

Th e re is a fossili fe rou s li m e stone , of w h i ch m u ch of th e ornam e ntal

arch i te cture i n th e o nce fam ous c it y of Man d oc , si tuate d i n th e

Vin h dy a ran e , a
g b ou t 1 60 m ile s up th e Ne r b dd
u a, is c onstru c te d, a nd

wh i ch di ffe rs from an
y o th e r in I ndia th a t I h av e se e nd e sc ri be d.

Sp i f th i li
e c m e ns o s m e stone w e re p re se nte dt o th e Soc i ty by
e th e late
Li t t Bl k
e u e nan a e, am o n
g oth e r m an y v alua bl e contr ib iut ons o f th e
ki d wh i h th i fl
n i c s o ce r m ade to th e m u se u m .

It i s of two colou rs, re d and y ll w

e o , m ix e d wi th wh i te , and of a coarse ,

com p ac t stru c ture . Th i s c oarse ne ss, w h e n e x am ine d wi th a C oddington

lens, i n a p li h d
o s e se c tion, i s foun to d dp d e en on th e p re se nce of innum e

ra bl e m i croscOp ic corals and th e colour, on ox i d e of i ron, w h i ch i s di ffus

ed th rou gh two -th i rds of th e m as s . M an y of th e corals are b ranch e d,

and th e i r c e llular arrange m e nt v ari e s wi th th e p

s e ci e s of wh ich th e re

are se v e ral . Th e m o st p re v ale nt a pp e ars to be one i n wh ich th e ce lls

ra di t p w d
a e u ar s and o utw ar s d in a c u rv e df orm from th e longi tu inal d
ax is, i n th e m anne r of F a vosi te a . Th e p oints m ost w orth y of m e ntion

i n th e organi c re m ai ns of th i s li m e stone are th e a pp are nt a se nce b of

foram inife ra, and, wi th th e e x ce pti on of a m i nu te tu r inate b d sh e ll

h e re and th e re , i ts alm ost e nti re com p ositi on of b ranch e s of m inute

corals, fe w of wh ich e x ce e d of an i nch in diam e te r .
2 38 o no noc v or I ND A I .
[Ja m

J acq ue m ont, wh o v isi te d Mandoc , h as also notice d th i s rock, and

state s th at h e could not find o ut th e q uarri e s from wh i ch i t cam e bu t

th e follow ing p assage p
fro m C a tai n Dange rfie ld s ge ological
’
d e scri pti on

will I th i k pp y n , su l th e de ficie nc y
Passing from Malwa to Guze rat to th e SW , th e first w e ll-m ar k ed
d e sc e nt occu rs ne ar Ti rre lls , and c o nti nue s
gra d lly
ua for 1 4 m ile s to
Para . I n th e gre ate r p art of th is di stanc e o cc ur th e tra p roc k s of

M alwa , su cce e d d by
e coarse d
san stones and li m e stone s, wi th i m m ense

q u artz bd e s, sili ce ous gri t-sto ne , and c oars e co n

glo m e rate s . Th e lim »
sto ne is i n ge ne ral, co arse , a ro ach i ng in arts to e arth , of a
. pp p y d p ee

b ri ck -re d i nte rm i x e d wi th w h ite and containi n

, , g o fte n m uch sile x .
”

Th i s li m estone , w h ich is i d e nti cal p

i n de sc ri tion w i th th at o f Man d oc ,

h as a ve r y li m ite d e x te nti n h is ge ological m ap, wh e re h e e signate s i t d

“
co arse g ra n ular ,
”
and see m s to e x i st i n tw o sm all stri s on th e p
sandsto ne close to Baugh , and to th e sam e e x te nt o n th e fine or

co m p ac t lim e stone ne ar Sadre e . Th e form er is b

a o ut 32 m ile s w est of
Mandoc , and th e latte r b
a o ut 30 m i les w e st of Ne e m u ch .

I t is at Baugh th e n, th at th e q uarrie s of th is li m e stone a

, e ar to pp
e x is t, and as i t se e m s m o re co nne cte d w i th th e O oli tic Se rie s th an any
o th e r form ati o n, I pl ac e p
i ts desc ri tion h e re for th e p re se nt, m e re l y
addin
g th at I h i k it d
t n e se rv in
g of fu rth e r e x am im ation, on accou nt

of i tsp e c uli ari tie s, and th e p b ro ab ili t y of i ts yi ldi

e ng fossils wh i ch
m igh t d e te rm ine its geologi cal age .

Di am o n d C o nglom e rate .

C onne cte d w ith th e O oliti c Se ri e s w ould a pp e ar to b e th e co nglo m e

rate w h i ch co ntai ns th e diam o nds of I din a, us uall y ll d th D i d

ca e e am on

Bre ccia ,
”
b u t wh y i t sh ould h av e e e n te rm b edb i I l
re cc a am at a oss

to c once i ve F ran li n and Ne w old c om m e n

. k b t hi
on d b h w ld
t s , an ot ou

call it a con lom e rate

g . Hy l e ne a so calls it a conglo m e rate .
”

A b re c ci a i s form e d by bt a su e rranean succ ussi on o r sh oc k , w h i ch

re d uces m ore o r less of th e form ation ov e r wh ich i ts i n fl ue nce e x te nds

to a fragm e nta r y state , a nd th e se fragm e nts are e i th e r re tai ne di n si tu,

and re conso li date d by a y

c r sta lli ne c e m e nt de ri ve d from th e p are nt

roc k , o r onl y carr e i d t o sh ort dista nce s, bf e ore th e y are u ni te d toge th e r

by som e fore ign m ate ri al . Th e fragm e nts o f a b re c ci a a re th e re fore

ne ce ssa ril y a ngula r, and th is i s i ts ch arac te ri stic feature .

A conglom e rate , o n th e oth e r h an di , s com p ose d of such fragm ents

afte r th e yh av e b e e n rolle df o r som e di ts ance , or of th e h ar d p ti

er or ons

of di i s nte gra e t d k roc s w h ic h h av e unde rgone si m ilar trans p t ti or a on,

 I
D A M O ND c o u c no u nna r s '
. 239

and th ere fore h av e b e co m e m ore or le ss rou nd th is is th e ch arac

te risti c fe ature o f a conglom e rate .

Th e re is, th e re fore , a w ide diff e re nc e b tw e een th e h istor y of an angula r

p o rtio n o f a ro c k , and th at of a rou n d one or p bbl

e e : th e form e r can

ne ve r h av e q u i tte d far, th e roc kt o w h i ch i t ori gi nall ybl e onge d ; th e

latte r m ay h av e trav e lle h u ndre d d s of m ile s .
y fa Th
ll f ro m i ts
us it m a

p are nt roc ki nto th e b e d of a ri v e r, b e rolle d and rou nde d i n i ts as sage p

th e nc e to th e se a : th e re i t m ay unde rgo a furth e r attri tion, an db b e u ri e d

in som e b e ac h . Afte r a la p se o f ti m e, by th e ch ange s o f le ve l i n th e

land, it y b e si t
m auate d i n th e m i ddle of a conti ne nt, a nd th e stratu m i n

p
w h ich i t w as last de osi te d h av i ng e e n fractu re d and raise a ov e th e b d b
c o m m on le v e l o f th e c ou ntr y , it m a
y agai n fall i nto a no th e r ri v e r ; and

so on, m a
y b e trans p o rte df ro m pl ace to pl ace for age s, or so long as i ts
i nte grit y e x i sts .

H e nce i t also follow s, th at during th e m igration of th e p bble e, it m a

y
b e th row n i nto co m p y wi h
an t oth e rs from v ari ous fo rm ati o ns b e si de s

i ts ow n, all o f wh i c h m a
y b e wi de l se y p arate d, and o nc e or m ore i n i ts
trav e ls it m a
y be i m b e dde d
w i th th e an
gular fragm e nts of a rock

wh ich h as b e e n sh a tte re d close to th e pl ace o f i ts las t de p osit.

Th i pp s a e ars to b e th e nature of th e Diam on dC on

glom e rate of I ndia,

wh ich c o ntai ns p bbl e es of

qu artz, j pas e r, y
l dian sto ne , e pid o te , m ica
c e ous i ron ore ,
g arne ts, corun d um , &c .
, v ar yi ng according to th e loca
li ty , m i x e d w ith se m i-rou n g d d e and an ular fragm e nts o f sandstone and

sh ale , im b dd d i
e e n q uartz sand, w h i ch h as b e com e m ore or le ss c onso

li date d th e form er bi e n
g th e h arde st p arts p b bly
ro a of th e Olde r
Me ta m or ph i c Strata and Plu to nic Roc k s, w h i ch m u st h av e b een

b rough t from a gre at distance , or h av e u nde r one

g long attri tio n in
s om e w ay o r oth e r to h av e a ttai ne d th e i r p re se nt rou ndne ss ; and th e
latte r, p b bly
ro a de bris of th e O oli ti c Se rie s, w h i ch , from th e i r su b

a n ula r and fragm e nta l form i ndicate a m uch ne are r ori gi n. I n th e

g s,

m ids t of th i s h e te roge ne ou s de p osi t, to wh ich th e te rm o f co n lo m e rate

g
is ce rtainl y m o re a p pli bl ca e th an b re cc ia, th e di am o nds are scatte re d,

and th e w h ole p
s re ad ov e r a
g re a tp art o f I ndia i n th e way wh ich w i ll
h e re afte r b e m e nti one d .

Th e followi ng ta le b w ill affo rd th e b e st se c tio ns o f th e d p it

e os s in
p y wi h h i
c om an t t s c on
glo m e rate th at h av e e e n u li sh e d b pb . Th y h e av e

b p il d f
ee n c om e ro m
’
V oyse y s d
e sc ri tion of th e i am o n p d d i m ne s at

Banaganpilly , a v illage in So uth e rn I ndia, a ou t b 12 m ile s w e st of Nnu

diala, and a b ou t 30 S by E . of K urnool and from F ra n li n k and J acq ue

m o nt s
’
de sc ri tions p of th e di am o nd m i ne s at Punna, i n Bunde lkh und,

b oth o f w h i c h w o ul d ppa e ar to h av e b e e n ta k e n ve r y care full y

31
2 40 GEO LO GY O F I
I ND A .
 I
D AM O N D C O NG O M ERATE L . 24 1

F rom th e se se c tions i t will b e O be

s rv e d, th a t th e re is a di ti
s nct se ri e s

Of dep osi ts ov e rl yi ng th e Punna San dt s one . k

F ran lin state s th a t th e
roc ky m atrix Of th e di am ond re sts o n 4 0 0 fee t Of San dt
s one , b e ne ath

ky
”
wh ich th e re are strong i ndi cati ons o f coal, and th at th e roc m a tri x

is p p d by 1 2 f t
su er ose ee of argillace ous sh ale , calcareous slate s n i th

d di i
en r ki g dt c m ar n s an d
san s to ne . J ac q u e m ont c onfirm s th e latte r
p t wi th h
ar , p ti t e e x ce on O f th e calc are ous slate s, Sec .
”
bu t gi v e s a
mi t d nu ei p ti f the sc r on o e com p osi ti on O f th e strata, in w h ich h e state s
th at th e re are a ngula r p i e c e s o f s a nds tone a nd sh ale am ong th e rou n e d d
p e bbl e s of th e di am o nd c on lom e rate .
g
In Sou th e rn I ndia th is li ttle se ri es w oul d pp a e ar to b e som e w h at

th i c k e r, for V oy se y states, th at at one art h e saw th e sandsto ne p

b re cc ia
”
( di am on c ongld
o m e rate ) u n e r 5 0 fee t O f sandsto ne cla d , y
slate , and slat y li m e stone
”
wh i le Dr . Hy e ne , accor di ng to F ran lin, k
o b se rv es, th at th e diam on d b di e s Of th e sam e nature wi th th e ro c k s

b oth b
a o ve and blw
e o it b u t is dis ti nguish e d from th e m by i ts
s upe ri o r h ar d ne ss, and th at th e fl oor is so h ar d th t i t t i k fi
a s r es re w i th

s te e l,
”
a p e culiarit y wh i h c F ran kli n states e q ua lly ppli t th P
a es o e unna

m ine s and th e re fore th e latte r was of O pi ni on th at th e diam ond be d

ab tB ou anaganp ill
y , to w h ich Dr . Hy f d e ne re e rre , re ste d on san sto ne . d
Th i h w s, o e ve r, is no t so e vi e nt as d d i bl e s ra e .

Bu t Ne wb old , i n h is d esc ri p ti on o f th di d e am on m ine s O f Banagan

p i ll y
g iv es a se c tio n O f th e diam o nd con lo m e rate ,
, g ( w h i ch h e state s i s
-
i nte rst rati fie d wi th h i gh l c r sta lli ne fe rrugi nous y y re sti n
g
on dar k bl ue lim e stone and furth er state s i n h is Sum m ar y ,
”
th at
fossil ch e rt from th e lim e stone is ofte n fou nd i m b dd d i th di e e n e am o nd

b re c c ias of Banaganp illy , &c .

”
Also th ta th p bbl f e e es rom th e
li m e s to ne roc k s are bo th rounde d
and an u ar, g l d h th
an di t at e am o nd

c on
glom e rate u su all y re sts o n li m estone ,
”
n i S h I di
ou t e rn n a.

T h is i s m o re co nclusi ve w ith re fe re nc e t it f
o ti
s b q
orm a on su se ue nt

to th e O olitic Se rie s th an Dr He y ne s .
’
O b ti f w
se rva ons, or t o re as o ns,
1 s t, b e cause i t is m ore de fi ni te , and 2 nd, be cau sei t b i g tw d p r n s o e o si ts

toge th e r of to tall y di ffe re nt natu re s, one of wh i ch , v i z . th e li m e s to ne ,

w e no w k no w m us t not o nl yh av e b ee n de nude d, bu t b k ro en u
p ,
bf e o re

th e o th e r coul dh av e b een fo rm e d.

I t would a pp e ar fro m th e te x ture Of th e Punna San dt s one and th e

K attra Sh ale s th at for , age s p re v i o us to th e de p osi t of th e diam o nd
con
g lo m e rate , th e cu rre nts O f th e w ate r i n wh ich th e y w f d e re oun

m us t h av e ee n ve r b y
ligh t, and th e m ate rial s re a a p d b t by th ou em

ve r y btlsu e ; a nd, th e re fo re , th at b oth m ust h av e b dd ly h g d

e e n su en c an e

wh e n th e di am o nd co nglom e rate bg e an to b d p i d if
e te os te , no
2 42 G EO O GY o rL m m a .
[J A N .

su s p dden e alto e th e r
g for a ti m e, as th e d d e nu ati on O f th e lim e stone
w ould se e m to i ndi cate .

Th e p re se nce o f an ular
g p o rti ons o f sandsto ne , and fragm e nts Of r

sh ale s i n th e diam on d c onglo m e rate O f Punna, wi th th ose of c h e rt fro m

th e lim e sto ne a t Banaganpilly , als o su pp o rts th i s i
v e w.

All th e se O b i
se rv a t o ns te nd to th e c o nclusi on th at th e diam ond con

glo m e rate is p tly

ar fo rm ed fro m th e m a te ri als O f, a nd th e re fo re
su b se
q u e ntl yt o th e O oli tic Se rie s, y e t V oy se y h as state d th at th e
m a tri x o f th e diam ond i n S ou th e rn I
ndia i s th e sandsto ne re cc ia o f b
th e cla y slate fo rm a tion,
”
and h is l y
c a slate form a ti o n c onsists of th e
Pnnua Sandsto ne and K attra Sh ale s . It i s p ib l o ss e th at h e m a
y b e

righ t, b u t a t th e sam e tim e i t is e vi d e nt th at t e su h bj t ec re ui re s

q fu rth e r
i nv e stigati o n .

I sh o u ld no t om it to m e ntion anoth e r diam on d m atri x w h i ch h as

b een de sc ri be d by F k li ran n in Bundle kh nnd : i t lie s i n c re v i c e s o f th e
s ands to ne , o r on th e sh ale s, and co nsi sts O f a c on
glom e rate O f j p
as e r, ly
dian, q u artz, and m o re re c e nt w h i te sands to ne p bbl
e e s, toge th e r wi th

q uartz sand, i n a so ft, pl as tic, y ll w

e o c la y . I n th is are none O f th e

g re e n
q u artz p bbl
e e s, w h i c h i ndic ate th e p re se nce O f th e b e st diam onds ;

a nd i t is i m m e di ate l y c ov e re d by wh i te q uartz grave l, and th e n th e

re d fe rrugi no us grav e l O f th e ne igh o u rh oo d b .

Am ong th e e p bb
le s from th e m e tam o r h ic roc s i n th e diam ond p k
I
c o nglom e rate o f S o u th e rn ndia, M alc olm so n m e nti ons m i cac e ou s iron

ore and c o ru ndu m .

L ly ast , in c onfirm ation o f th e v ie w a b ov e ta k e n, o f th e e x iste nce o f

a c o nglo m e ra te o n th e Punna S andstone , and th at con lo m e rate form e d

g
Of de bri s O f th e O oli tic S e rie s, w o uld a pp e ar to b e th e followi ng e x tract

f rom th e le tte r w h i ch Dr . Be ll , of th e Nizam

’
s Se rv i c e , k i dly n w rote

m e re gardi ng th e stra ta p asse d th rou gh in b o ri ng a t K t h o a . He

state s

I b O se rv e in y ou r se c tion th at y ou h av e om i tte d an i m orta nt la e r p y

w h ich e x i s ts i n th e y
K o tah dis tri c t, nam e l th e m os t sup e rfic ial, w h i c h is
a c o nglom e ra te : i t is Of no
g re a t th i c kne ss . Be ne ath th is , w e h av e
s ands to ne , fo rm ing h ills, v ar i n fro m 5 0 to 5 0 0 fe e t i n h e i h t, re sti ng
y g g
u p on argillac e o u s li m e s to ne , 9 fe e t and th e n follows th e list Of th e

sh ale s alre a d y m e ntio ne d . He a fte rw ards adds I m e nti one d th e

c ong lo m e rate b e d as b
i m p ortant, e c au se i n o ne O f i ts w ate r-w orn frag
m e nts I disc ov e re d a c roc o dilian foss il, c o nsis ti ng O f a m ai s of de rm al
sc ale s, w i th a fe m u r, a nd s om e fragm e nts O f o th e r b o ne s, u p on wh i ch

P f
ro e ssor Owe n cam e to th e c o nclus io n th a t th e ch arac te r O f th e scale s,

as w e ll as th e le ngth a nd sle nde rne ss Of th e fe m u r, a

gre e m o re wi th
 I
D A M O ND C O NG O M ERATE L . 2 43

th ose Of th e Te le osaurus and am

p h i c ce li an croco dil es, th an w i th th e
e x is ti ng gav i als .
’
Th is i s a m ost signi fica nt fact, as i t was pi k
c e d up

5 2 0 fe e t b
a ov e th e le v e l of th e Pranh e e ta ri v e r .
”

Pro fe ssor O we n s
’
re m ar k by s no m e ans e sta bli h s an i d
e nti t yb e tw e e n

th e se c ro c o di li an re m ai ns and th ose Of th e O oliti c p e riod, th ou gh

th e yt e nd to i t . Dr . Be ll , in a su b se
q u e nt c o m m u ni catio n, i nform ed

m e th at th e yw e re fo u nd i n a fragm e nt O f th e conglom e rate i tse lf , and

no t i n a w ate r-w o rn fragm e nt c ontai ne d i n th e c onglom e rate .

Th e re c an, h ow e v e r, h ardl yb e an
y d b
o u t, th a t a c on lo m e rate doe s
g
e x i s t on th e sa ndstone O f th e O oliti c p
de osi ts, m ade u p artl O f th e i r p y
de br i s, w h ate v e r y b e i
m ats age a nd th at as th is c o nglo m e rate is
som e ti m e s fo u nd re sti ng o n th e li m e s tone Of th e K attra Sh ale s, a

c o ns ide ra bl e de nu datio n m u st h av e o cc u rre d b e fo re th i s c o uld h a ve ta k en

pl ac e ; also th at o th e r ro c k s, w h i ch th e n p re se nte d a k
na e d s u rfac e ,

m igh t h av e th is c onglo m e rate re sti n

g on th e m as we ll as th e m em b e rs

of th e O oli ti c Se ri e s .

Since w ri ti ng th e b
a ov e , Ih av e h ad an o pp ortu nit y O f re adi n
g Dr .

Be y ne ’
s T rac ts,
”
w h o, i n h i s e x c e lle nt de sc ri tion p of th e dia m on d
m i ne s Of So u th e rn I ndia, state s th at th e diam g l
on d
om e rate c a s
con p
th e gran e s of b ills b
a ou t C u da d ph a , th e h igh e st Of wh ich i s a o ut b
1 0 0 0 fe e t a b ov e th e le v e l of th e c o u ntr y ”
th at th is ca
p p i ng is
b e tw e e n 10 a nd 2 0 fe e t th i c k a nd th at a sim ilar ston y ca p
”

e x is ts in o th e r p arts Of I ndia, p a rti c ula rl y b a ou t C h i ttle dro og and

Hurryh u r ,
”
b ut th at at th e se pl ac e s th e h i ll a nd c a
p c onsis t o f

diffe re nt ki nds O f r oc k , w h e re as h e re [ at C u dda p h]a th e y are s i m ila r .

”

O f th e natu re o f th is c a ppi ng Dr . H b . O se rv e s All th e diff e re nt

pl ace s i n w h ich th e di a m o nd h as b een h i th e rto found co nsist e i th e r i n
alluv i al soi l, o r in roc k s Of th e la te st fo rm atio n, and c ontai ning s u c h a

gre at p ortio n O f rou nde d p bbl

e e s as to h av e ra th e r th e a pp e aranc e O f a

c on
g lo m e rate th an a n
y o t h p
er s e ci e s O f sto ne .
”

b
I n de sc ri ing th e diam ond m i ne s Of O valum p illy , wh ich are abo ut
6 m ile s from C ud dph
a a , Dr 11 . . s tate s Th e surfac e soil i s sand , and y
1 foo t th ic k , afte r wh i c h co m e s 3 fe e t O f re d cla y ; and th e n th e dia
”
m ond c o n lo e rate I n th e Ello re dis tric t th e dia m ond s tratu m is
g m .

co ve re d by a th i c k stratu m o f calc a re ous tra p . Th e th ic k ne ss O f th e

c on
glo m e ra te diffe rs from 2 to 6 fe e t, e rh a s m o re i n s om e lac e s p p p .

A t O v alu m p illy Dr . H
fou nd i n th e h e a s O f stone s from th e
. p
d d
i am on c o nglo m e rate wh ich h ad e e n e x am i ne th e follow ing b d
p e llu c id
q u artz, h orns to ne, a s e ci e s Of fe ls ar re d, row n, p p b
bl i h
u s bl k j p
a nd ac as e r e p id o te , b asalti c p bbl
e e s and san s o ne ; dt
sm a ll gl b l i o t u ar rons o ne ,
”
fragm e nts of d
corun um , and in th e
2 44 G EO L O GY or I ND A I .
[J a n .

north e rn diam on d di t i t f M
m ine s, vi z . at Parts] , i n th e s r c O asu

lip p bbl f l d y
ata m , e li
es O dg t ( W i h
co c e f on , c o rne a n, an arne s . t re e re nc e

t tho igie orf h p bb l f p id t it will b

n O t e b d th t I
e es O e o e, e re m e m e re , a

h av el dy ll d d t
a re a h i f
a b ti f l f l p th i k
u e o t e e x ste nc e O a e au u e s a c roc

f romth Rw K t e p d f pid t d d f l p f
e a an a, co m ose O e o e an re e s ar ro m

th di t i t l
e sam e t pp
s r c k h i l
,
i i
a so , c o m e s a ra e an roc , t e v e s c u ar cav t es

o f hi h w fill d w ith p i d t
c are l i p t wi h
e lit O th e o e a o ne , o r n ar t ze o e . n e

S h
o ut C t f A bi t
e rn oasI f q ly t with b h th
O ra k a, o o, re u e nt m e ot e se ro c s,

b t h
u p id t w
t e e b i d with l
o e p i t d f li
as co m ne ca care o us s ar ns e a o ze o te

i h
n t e ygd l id Ep id pp t b by
am a o . o te a e ars o e no m e ans u nco m m o n

i thn d f l p th i
e re k th gh t I di )
e s a c ro c s ro u ou n a .

VI .

C nnr a c no u s SY S T E M .

Th i y t
s s s em a pp e ars to h av e b ut a fe e le b re p re se ntati v e in I di n a, and

to b e e ntire l y c o nfine d to th e so u th e rn e x tre m y

it of th e p i e n ns ula,

w h e re a trac t of li m e sto ne , co ntai ni ng fossils p e culi ar to th L e o we r

C re tace o u s and p b
U p e r O o li ti c e ds e x te nds, f ro m a p oi nt 9 m i le s i nland
Of Pondi ch e rr y T to ri c h i no o l , a di stanc e O f 1 0 0
p y m ile s, and p e rh a p s

still f u rth e r . Th i i s s s ub -di vi de di nto sm alle r trac ts by u ph e av al and

de nu dation, as w e ll as by th e c ou rse s o f ri ve rs . I t is s ta te d th at th e
foss ils Of th e Po ndic h e rr yb e ds diff e r fro m th ose of th e bd e s ne ar

T i h i p ly
r c no o .

N b ld gi ew o ves th e follow ing de sc ri tion p Of th e li m e sto ne near th e

fo rm er

It i s usu all y of a ligh t b row ni sh o r g re y colou r, te x ture sub -c ry s- o

talline , gradu a ting i nto e arth y to ugh unde r th e h am m e r, and inte r

strati fie d w i th ar
g i llace ou s a nd fe rru i nou s
g b e ds Of a loo se s tru c tu re ,

w h i ch O fte n a b o u nds w i th fossi l s h e lls Som . e p arts O f th e roc k are so

s p kl d wi th
ec e a dar k -c o lou re d sa nd as to re se m bl e a i
p p e ri no, th o ugh
th e natu re Of th e sand, w h e th e r v olc a ni c or no t, c annot be safe l y
p rono u nc e d p u o n. O th e r v ari e tie s are h ar d and c o m p ac t e no u h
g to
b e ar as fine p a olish as m an y of ou r m ou ntai n lim e sto ne s . I t h as
b een lo ng u se d for th e ste p s of do o rs, a nd in som e O f th e p av e m e nts

a nd old forti fications a t Pondi c h e rr y th e re m ai ns O f th e O ld

q u arri e s are

s till to b e trace d, th ough ch o k e d up by bbi h ru s .

”

It app e ars to re s t o n
g ra ni te , h yp g o e ne , and g re e nstone roc k s,

u nle ss th e se h av e b ee n th ru s t i nto i t .

Be tw e e n th e V e la u r and th e C ole roon ri v e r C a tai n p L wfa ord saw

fo ssi life rou s li ne sto ne b e ds, di vide d by a stratu m Of fossi li fe ro u s m arl,

a b o ut 4 fe e t th i c k : th e lowe s t b d e s c o ntai ne d m ost fossi ls . At

 c ns r a c no v s S YS TE M . 24 5

Ga roodam u ngalum th e re i s a rid e

g Of bl ue fossi life rou s li m e sto ne ,

w h ic h d
e x te n s no rth and sou th for 5 m ile s e ac h w ay , and at V alco nda
a calcareo u s sch i ste , also m a ne si te , th e latte r i n loose nodu le s a nd
g
m ass e s, im b dd d i
e e n th e soi l ; h orn le nde b ro c k also p re v ai ls .

Th e li m e sto ne o f T i h i p ly i
r c no o s sta te d to be le s s y
c r s talli ne , loo se r
i n te x ture , and dar k er in colou r, th an th at of Pondich e rr y .

O f th e colle cti o n O f fo ssils fro m th e se bd e s w h i ch w e re p re se nte d to

th e Ge ologic al S oc ie t y by Mr . Ky a e a nd th e Re v . W H . Ege rton,
.

Profe ssor F or b e s, to w h o m th e yw e re su b m i tte d for e x am i nation and

re p ort, state s as follow s
I n th e d e scri pti ve c atalo
g ue accom p yi
an ng th i s re p ort, and re fe r

ri ng to re m ai ns Of i nv e rte b rate ani m als i n th e v alua bl e c olle c ti o n Of

fossils fro m So u th e rn I ndia 1 68 S p e c ie s of M ollusca are

e nu m e rate d, 1 5 6 O f wh ich , as far as can be asce rtaine d, are u n esc ri d bd

e

fo rm s. Th e re a re also a nu m b er Of s p e ci e s of Radiata .

Th e re sults of th e ir e x am i na ti on y b
m a e b fly
ri e s ta te d as follows

l s t — Th e th re e de
. p o si ts, v i z . y
Pondi c h e rr , V e rdach e llu m [a ou t b
35 m ile s S W . Of Pondich e rr y] , an d T i h i p ly
r c no o , de sc ri b d by M
e r.

Ky a e, are C re ta ce o us, i nasm u ch as th e re are ch aracte r st c i i k w no n

C re tace ou s fossils i n th e colle c tio ns from all O f th e m , wh ilst no fo ssils

of a ny o th e r s ste m y o cc u r . Th e ne are st alli e s O f th e m a ori t j y Of th e
p
ne w s e c i e s are C re tace o us ; and am on
g th e
ge ne ra and sub - e ne ra are
g
y wh i h
m an c , as far as we k no w , are c onfine d to, or h ave th e i r ch i e f

d l p ti
e ve o m en n th e C re tace o us y
s ste m . Th e th re e de p osits are c on

ne cte d w i th e ach oth e r zo olo

gi c all y by th e associ atio ns of c e rtai n

s p e cie s c om m on to tw o of th e m , w i th oth e rs found i n th e th i r d .

2 nd .
— Two of th e th re e dp e osi ts, v iz . V e rdac h e llum and T i hi
r c

nop ol
y , are O f a diff e re nt e p oc h o f th e C re tac eous e ra from th e th i rd.
Pon d ich e rr y . Th e two fo rm er h av e se v e ral s e c ie s p in c om m on
( an d
th ose p
s e ci e s am o ng th e m o st p rolific i n indi v iduals) , wh i ch are no t

fo u nd i n th e th i r d . In th e m w e fou nd alm ost all th e s p e c ie s i de nti ca l

w i th Euro p e an fo rm s . In se v e ral O f th e ge ne ra Of w h i c h th e re a re

m an yps e c ie s, th e form s are altoge th e r di tis nct, alth ou h ,

g j dgi
u ng from

th e e vide nce afforde d by m ine ral c h aracte r an d ass oc iati on O f s p ec ie s,

th e c on d i ti ons O f d p th e and e
s a- otto mb at th e tim e O f th e de p os i ti o n o f

th e strata se e m to h av e b ee n th e sam e . Th e diff e re nc e , th e re fo re ,

m ust h av e dp e e nde d on a re p re se ntati on of s p e ci e s by p s e cie s i n ti m e,

and no t i n dep th .

3 r d — .Th e b d pp
e s a are ntl y conte m p o raneo us, vi z T i h i p ly . rc no o

and V e rdac h e llu m , m a

y b e re ga r dd e as e q ui va e n l tt h pp g o t e u er re e n

san d and gault th e Euro e an p p s e ci e s th e y i ld bi g ih

nc u e e n e t er
2 46 G EO LO GY or l ND I A .
[J A N ,

c h aracte ris ti c u pp e r gre e nsand and gau lt fo rm s, or e lse suc h as occ u r i n

th ose strata . Th e s p e c ie s th e y co ntai n are e i th e r clo se l y alli e d to k no wn

u pp erg re e nsan d or gault s p i e c e s, or p e c uli ar to th e I ndi an b e ds .

—
M ia Th e Pondic h e rr y dp e o si t m a
y b e re arde d as
g e lo n i
g gn to b
th e lowe st p a rt O f th e C re tace ous sy ste m . I n i t alm o st all th e fossils
a re ne w s u c h as are analogou s to k p
now n s e c ie s are alli e d to fossils of

th e lowe r gre e nsand of English ge olo gis ts, and Ne ocom ie n O f th e

F re nch . I n th e ge nu s m p
ost de v e lo e d i n th is de osit, v i z am m o n p .

i te s, th re e -fou rth s O f th e s p e c ie s b e lo n
g to th o se s u b - e ne ra e s
g p e c ia ll y
c h arac te ri s tic o f th e L owe r Ne ocom ie n o f th e M e dite rra ne an b as i n

w h ils t of th e re m aini ng, as m an y p re re se nta ti ve s O f O oli ti c fossils oc c ur

as Of u pp er gre e nsa nd . Th e bl
re se m ance b e tw e e n th e am m oni te s Of

th is p art O f th e c olle c tio n and th ose of C as te llane , i n th e south of

F ranc e , is ve r y re m ar a k bl e, th ough th e s p e c i fic i de nti t y O f an

y of

th e m i s do u tful b . H a vi ng se e n no acc ou nt o f th e c o nc h ife ra O f th e

C aste llane b e ds, I c annot sa

y h ow far th e analog yi b s orne o u t am o n
g
th e bi l
va v e M ollu sca , am ong th e ndian I s p e c ie s Of wh i ch th e re are

m an y ve r yp e c uli a r fo rm s .
”

O f th e c olle c ti o n of fish e s te e th
’
m ade by M e ssrs . Ky a e and C u nliffe
i n th e ne igh bo u rh oo d Of Pondi ch e rr y , Si r Ph i li p Ege rton state s as

follows
With th e e x ce p ti on Of two S p e c im e ns, th e c olle ctio n is e nti re l y
com p o se d o f te e th o f Squ alo id fish e s . O f th e se two e x ce pti ons, one

bl g t
e on s o th e Ga noi d o rde r, and to th e fa m il y Of
c nodo nts, a nd is
p b bly
ro a Sp bce roclus
a th e o th e r is re fe rre d to th e C y l id g
c o e nus

E nc bodus , th e te e th v e r y c lo se l y re se m b li ng th o se O f Encbodus h a locy on,

a s p e c ie s c om m on to th e ch a lk of England, C o nti ne ntal Eu ro p e , and

No rth Am e rica . O f th e Placoi d re m ai ns , tw o s p e c ie s o nl yb e lo n

g to th e

se c tion o f th e Sq ualoid fam il y , w i th se rra te d te e th , a n db h ot of th e m are

re fe ra bl e to th e ge nus Co r a x , w h ich Agas siz i nform s us is res tri c te d to th e

c h al k . O ne s p e c ie s is no t distinguish a le fro m b C om a: p r is todo ntus ,

of th e M ae stric h t bd e s . Th e o th e r is u nde sc ri bd e . Th e S q u aloi d te e th ,

w i th c u tting e dge s, com p ose th e b lku Of th e c olle c ti on . Th y e are

re fe ra bl e to at le ast a doze n sp e ci e s, all co rre s ondi ng, i n th e a se nc e O f p b

pl i t
a s o r striee on th e su rface O f th e e nam e l Alth o ugh th e re are c lose .

app rox i m ati ons a m o ngs t th e m to th e s p e c ie s b h f th ot O e C re tace o us

a nd M ioc e ne p e rio d,
y e t i t i s so m e w h a t re m ar k bl h I h
a e t at av e no t se e n a

fe ature no r a c h aracte r w h ic h re calls i n th e re m o te st de gre e th e form s Of

th e Eo c e ne p i d Th y b l g p i ip lly t h Od t
er o . e e on r nc a o t e on a s
p i d t yp e

o ne s p e c ie s b i g l ly lli d i f t id i l w i h th
e n c o se a e to, no e nt c a t e O donta sp is
ra
p /ta i o don o f th h lk f E p
e cTw t
ah p i O urO e . o or re e s e c e s are re fe ra ble to
 C R ETA C EO U B s Ys rE n 247
'
r .

th e ge nu s 0 todus , one a roach i n

g 0 todus a
pp e ndi c u la tu s als o f rompp
th e ch al k
O f th e ge ne ra fou nd i n th e Po ndi ch e rr
. e ds, th e fo llow i n
g yb
i s th e strati gra ph i cal distri b u tio n assi ne d
g by Agassiz . Th e ge ne ra
Lam na , Odo ntasp is, and Ox y r h i na , e x te nd fro m th e re ce nt p e ri o d to
th e Gre e nsand i nclusi v e , th e J urassi c s p e ci e s bi
e ng now se p arate d from
L am na u n e r d th e g e ne ri c ti tle Sp b e nodus, and from O x y rh i na u n d er th at
of M e ris todon . O todus e x te nds fro m th e crag to th e Gre e nsand , and

Goran: i s re stri c te d to th e tru e c h al k . Th e Ganoid ge nus Sp h ce r odus

ra nge s from th e T e rtiar yb e ds to th e O oli te , and th e C y l id E
c o nch odu s is
re stri c te d to th e ch al k . Th e di stri b u ti on O f th e s p e c ie s is as follo w s
La m na , 5 te rtiar y , l c re tace ou s ; O donta sp i s, 5 te rtiar y , 4 cre tace o u s ;

Ox y rh i na , 1 1 te rti ar y , 2 cre tac e o us ; 0 todus, 8 te rtiar y , 5 cre tace o us

and C am s, 5 c re tac e o u s Of th e fiv e Placoi d ge ne ra w e h av e 2 9

.

sp i ec es i gi p
oc c u rr n n th e s u e r cre tace ous, a nd 1 7 i n th e c re tac e o u s
-

d p it b
e os s ; p b
u t no t a si ngle s e c i e s h as y e t e e n fou nd ante ri o r to th e

l t p i d
at e r Th id
er o th ff d d by th P di h
. yfih
e ev e nc e , e n, a or e e on c e rr s e s,

pp t yi ld t g b ti t i y th y fM
,

a e ars o e s ro n c orro o ra ve e st m o n to e accu rac O r.

F b i w d i df dy f h i t b t i f h
’
or e s th
v e s, e r ve ro m e s tu O t e nv e r e ra e re m a ns O t e

sam el li y d I f lly
o ca i id w i h h i i
t , ig i g th
an t u co nc e t m n ass n n e se s rata

t tho C t e p id I h
re ace o u s i li d — i d i g th er o . am , o w e v e r, nc ne c ons er n e

num b f p i ll t d wh i h t b f d g
er o s e c e s co wh i h ec e , c m us e re e rre to e ne ra c

w k e d now i p i h yd d i th t tig ph i l l
e c re ase n s e c e s as t e e sce n n e s ra ra ca sca e ,

f th
ro m l f M i ht p i
e oc c urre nc e a so o d f h p ae s tr c s e c e s, an ro m t e re se nce

of th e ge ne ra C om e: and Ench odus,y no t et fo und so low as th e

Ne oc om ian, — to p lace p
th i s de osi t h igh e r i n th e sy ste m s th an Mr F or . b es
”
is i ncli ne d to do fro m h is i nv e sti gation .

Both th i s and Pro fe sso r Boyle ’

s re p o rts on th e fossils of th e se calca

re o us b e ds a re o nl y c o nsi de re d by th e i r re a e c ti v e au th ors
p p rov i s io nal.

Th e de sc ri p ti v e c atalo
gue m e nti o ne d bv Profe sso r Ro vle w as no t

p u bli h s e d, b u t figu re s and de sc ri ti o ns p of th e te e th e x am i ne d by Si r

P Ege rton
. ac c o m p y an th e O b se rv a tio ns a b o ve transc ri b ed .

Th e fo llo w ing i s a lis t O f fossils w h i c h w e re also c olle c te d by M e ssrs .

Ky a e and C nnli fl'

e , of th e M adras C i v il Se rv ice , from th e sa m e bd

e s,

and na m e d by D r . M C le lland
‘

C La s s A N NELI DES . C L A S S C O NC H I F ER A .

Pam . S a n r n na c ns . Pa m . A R C A C BA .

S e rp u la r ec ta . N uc u la p ec ti na ta .

C LA s s C O NC H I FERA . Pa m . M A LL E A O E A .

Pa m . A nc a c a a . I noce m m us .

C uc u lla cr a ssa ti na Des h Pam . O s r na c a a .

fl
.

A r e a C u nti O strea tra becu la ta

‘

ei .
.

c rassa ti na . G ry p h c a .
2 48 GEO LO GY O F I N DI A .
[Ja u .

C La ss M O LLU SC A .

Pam . C A LY r r ns c s a'
. 1 7
am . Nnnrr a c a s .

P ileop sis p la na —Sam e , or allie d to . N eri ta tra nsosrsa ri a .

( g
S i n le sp ec i
sh e ll i n c oa l form atio n at C h e rra . m e n, i m pe rfe c t .
)
r otu nda . N a ti c a s u lculosa .

Pam . C O Ln sac a a . N er i ta sp eci ous ( )

i
Buli m us I ndia ns . Pam . S c a u nra na .

S ca la ri a a nnu la ta .

Earn . M a na nu x a. s ona ta .

M e la ni a na ( l) i m pe rfe c t . bicos ta ta .

Pam . P a nrs r o u a r a . tr icosta ta .

P aludi na . Alli ed to P a ludi na se m i K a y e ii .

ca r i na ta . Brand . Des h . C oq . Pa m . Tu a s ru a c ns .

Poe p l x v S pe ci es of th i s ge nus
. . . Troclm s li nea r i s .

e x is ti ng i n i ndi a and e lse wh e re . Pa m . C a u au r nna .

O bs .
—I t i s m u ch to be re gre tte d, th at M a r e: levis .

th e o nly sp e c i m e n i n th e co lle c ti on is Pam . O nr u oc nnrr a .

no t aum c ie ntly p e rfe ct to allo w of th e Buculites C om p re sse d, ta pe ri ng, con

.

sp ec i e s to w h i c h i t be longs be i ng acc u alsti ng o f sh ort j o i nts ; m a rgi ns

rate ly de te rm i ne d ; b ut th e p re se nce o f a u ne q ual, b o th so m e w h at fl atte ned .

fre sh wate r sh e ll i s i m portant, as te ndi ng Pa m . NAU TI LA C BA .

to sh ow th e de posi t to h ave ta e n p la ce k N a u ti lus . Th ree di sti nc t s p e ci es .

near th e m o uth of a ri ve r, or i n a bas i n Pa m . Au u o na c na .

alte rna te ly sub ec tto salt andfre sh

j wa te r . Am m o ui tes .

Ec h i ni , flh es
s
’
tee th , and Ham i te s , c o ra lli ne s of th e Turb i ne lla sp e c i es , and

o th e rs of a i f
p y orm
r sh ape . Th e re are also sh e lls of th e fa m i li e s M y ari a, Ny i n
p h acea ( Astarte ), C ardi acea , My ti lace a , Pe c ti ni de s, Ostracea ( re se m b li ng o gy ra ) ,
Tu rb i na ce a (Turri te lla l), C ana li fe ra ( Py r ula l) , Alatm P urp nri
f e rn ( Bucc i nu m C onvolutw ( V o luta i ) A m m onace a ( O rb nli te a and C ri o ce ra ,

ti te s ) A nu m b e r o f s ulca te d cy li nd ri ca l bo die s no t e x ce e di ng th e th i c k ness o f a

.
,

q ui ll , of di fl ’
e re nt le ngth s, b u t ge ne ra lly fro m 2 to 3 i nch e s lo ng, a nd in a ll c ases

b rok e n oil, a re sc atte red i n th e s u bs tance O f th e ro c k . Th e y rese m b le s om e wh at

th e sp i nes o f e c h i ni tes . Th e re was a lso a fo und ve rte b ra of a fo ss i l, w h i c h Pro

”
fessor O we n p ro no unces to rese m b le th a t of M oso sau rus .

I t sh o ul db e re m e m b e re d, th at alth ou gh th e lim e stone b e ds i n th e

sou th e rn e x tre m it y of I di
n a h av e all b ee n pl d ace i n th e c re taceo us

grou
y p , et th at y
Profe sso r Ro le fo und i n th e c olle c tio n O f fossils from
Po ndich e rr y th re e -fourth s O f th e a m m o ni te s e x p e ciall y h c arac te ri s tic of

th e Lw o er Neoc om i e n w h i le of th e re m ai ni n
g , as m an y p re re se nta ti v e s

of O oli tic fossils O cc urre d as of u pp er

gre e nsan d ; and h e nce , th at a
p art of th e se bd
e s m ay bl e ong to th e O olitic Se rie s .

V II .

EO C E N E F o nu x r ro w .

Th e m ost south e rn p osi ti o n i n wh ich th i s form ati o n w ou ld a pp e ar to

e x ist in I ndia, is i n th e w e ste rnm ost s p urs of th e Rajp ee p la h ills,
wh ich form th e le ft an b k
o f th e v alle y of th e Ne r b ddu a, a out b 50
 ac c e s s s c e n ar i o s . 2 49

m iles fro m th e se a . I t would a pp e ar also to e x st i in Bate islan d wh i h

, c

is si tua te d at th e north -wes te rn e x trem it y of K attyaw ar b ut th e p rese nce

of m ore fossils, i f not of num m uli te s, is re
q u i re d , to p rov e th at th e se
are not d p it
e os s of th e Mioce ne age . C ntch i s th e m ost sou th e rn

p rov ince i I di
n n a w h e re th e e x i ste nce o f num m uli tes h as satisfac toril y
e sta bli hs ed th at o f th e Eoce ne Form ation, and h e re i t onl y e x ists in
a sm all tract ; fro m wh ich , h ow e v e r, i t is p b blyro a conti nu e d on, u n e r d
th e allu vi u m of th e I ndus, to th e ne igh b h d
ou r o o of Hy drab ad, w h e re
i t agai n a e ars to pp a m u ch large r e x te nt also e x te ndi ng b twe een Rc re e
and Da i kc te , and
j p b bly ro a u nde r th e alluvi u m on to J e ssnlm e e r i n th e
Grea t D t i f th y ll w li
e se r , e e o m e s tone o f th is pl ace , wh i ch is th e sam e as

th a t h i fly
c e d f t b use or om sto ne s in L o we r Scin d bl
e, e ongs to th e
Num m uli ti c Se ries .

Noth i ng m o re is k nown of th i s form ation at t h e Rajp ee p la b ills, or

in Bate i sland, th a n th at we p osse ss se v e ral s p ec im e ns from th e form e r,

ch arge d wi th O r bi toi des Pr a ttn, w h ich we re p re se nte dt o th e m use um

by M j a or F ulljam es ; a nd s p e c im e ns from th e latte r contai ni ng num

m uliti c fossils, wh i ch w e re p re se nte d by Li e u te nant T yl

a or, of th e

I ndi an Nav v . We h av e also se v e ral s p i

ec m e ns of lim e stone from th e
north -w e ste rn th ir d of K atty aw ar, w h i ch se e m from th e i r structure to
bl e on
g to th is fo rm atio n ; b u t th is i s all th at can be sta te d o f th e m ,

fo r th e y c onta i n no foss ils wh ich a re re co niza

g bl e .

Th e o nl y tract of nu m m uli tic lim e sto ne , ac cordi ng to C olone l

G rant, w h i ch e x i sts i n C ntch , i s si tuate d i n i ts no h w e ste rn e x tre m
rt - ity ,

ne ar th e m outh o f th e e aste rn b ranch of th e Id n us, wh e re it a pp e ars

to h av e dwi ndle d aw a yt o a m e re re m nant, u nless i t w as ne v e r ver y

m uc h large r . I t e x te n df s rom Lu ckp u t sou th wards for 30 m ile s, and i ts

north e rn, w h i ch i s i ts wi de st p art, is 8 m iles ac ross . Wh e re sm all

se c ti o ns o f it p re se nt th e m se lve s, as i n th e b kan s o f ri v e rs, it c o nsi sts

of soli d roc k , o f a c re tace o u s a pp 7 0 fe e t i n th i c ne ss,

e arance , 60 or k
fille d wi th N um m uli tes, F a sci oli tes, and O rbi toli tes O r bi toi des i n th e
illustrati o ns) i n oth e r parts i t consis ts o f nu m m ulitic m ar c f th e

sam e de thp . It is ov e rlaid by loose fossils, and de ta ch e d p ortions o f

i ts own su rface , or by th i t t a n s ra um of grav e l.

Ne ar th e h ill ll d Bb th
ca e a c a, e num m uliti c m arl is cu t th rough by
a yk d e cf ver y p td k g co m ac ar ree n b asalt,
”
of wh i ch co ni c al m asse s,

pp d with
ca e th e m arl, are unde rgo ing s ph e roi dal d esq uam ati on and

d p ii
ecom os t o n at th e line o f co ntac t b tw
e ee n th e two .

Th e num m uli ti c li m esto ne c f Sci nde , th at is to say at Hy drabad,

j b
wh i ch p ro e cts a o ut 60 fe e t a ov e th e le v e l of th e alluv i al lai n, i s b p
soli d, w h i te , and c re ta ceous a ov e , wh e re i t i s ri ch l ch arge wi thb y d
2 50 o s om ov or ra m s .
[Ja m

F asci oli tes e llip ti ca, and o th e r nu m m u li tic fossils, and y ll w pl

e o , asti c,

and m arl y b
e low . I fai le d to discov e r any nu m m uli te s in e i th e r

p orti on

k
At S a h e r, th e range o f num m uli ti c h ills, w h i ch , accordi ng to Dr .

J . P M alcolm
. so n, do no t e x c e e d 4 0 0 fe e t h igh , a re com p ose d o f

f ria le b or c o m p ac t lim e s to ne , of a wh i te o r c re am c olo ur, re s ting on

y lle ow ish w h i te pl as ti c c la y th e form e r rich ly c h arge d w i th N um m u

li tes , and pl e nti full y i nte rs p e rse d wi th fl

i nts , w h i ch als o e nv e lo p e

N um m uli te s a nd O r bi toli te s, th at are si lic ifie d.

Th e followi ng se c tio n co m pi
r se s th e th re e last di v i sio ns of th a t
de du ce d by C p a tai n V i car y fro m an e x am inatio n of th e bd be s a out

K urrach e e , and th e co m p os itio n of th e Halls ran e ;

g th e oth p t
er ar of

th e se c ti o n w ill b e gi ven u nde r th e h e ad of M i oc e ne a nd Plioc e ne

”
F orm ati ons

Pale are naceo us li m e stone , w i th h y p p ony ces , nu m m uli te s,

c h aro i de se .

N nm m nli ti c li m es to ne o f th e Halls range .

Blac k slates , k
th i c ne ss un no wn k .
”

I n h is de taile d de sc ri p tions, C a tain Vi car p y alm o st alw a y s

p artic u

lat ize s th e e x is te nc e o f num m uli te s i n th e firs t di v i si o n of th i s p art o f

h is se c ti on, w h e re as h e use s th e w o rd j
ad e c ti v e l yf or th e se c o nd p art,

o r nu m m u li tic li m e sto ne , as i f h e h ad no t se e n n u m m ulite s so o fte n

i n th e latte r w h i ch , w i th
y m own o b se rv a tio ns o n th e coas t o f Ara i a, b
i ndu ce s m e to th i n k th at th e y h av e no t a v e r yg re at v e rtic al ra n e ,
g
a nd th at th e li m e stone wh i c h fo llows th e m , alth o u
gh contai ni ng

b
a undance o f O r bi toli te s a nd Alve oli na , c o ntai ns no N um m u li te s b ut
I by am no m e ans ce rtain o f th is .

At M us k at, o n th e coast o f Ara ia b pp o osi te Sc i nde , th e re i s a ve r y

cle ar se ctio n o f th i s se rie s ec se d in m an y pl i ac e s, n th e -
se a c lifl '

It c o nsi sts su p e ri o rly o f c oarse li m e s tone , o f a y ll wi h

e o s w h i te c olo u r,

from 60 to 1 0 0 fe e t th ic k ; th e n a re nac e o u s li m e sto ne , c o ntai ning a

g re at m an y corals ; a fte rwards th is p asse s i nto sa nd, w i th v e i ns of

gyp sum and th e sa nd agai n i nto b e ds o f p bble e s re s ti ng o n se rp e n

ti ne k w i h pi h b k di ll g
ro c t nc - ec a a e, or on di o ri te . I n th is se ri e s, at

M us k N wb ld f d b d
at, e o ou n a e of nu m m uli te s, w h ic h Ih ad not th e

g oo d fortune to se e duri ng m
y e xam ination .

A si m ilar se c ti o n is see n i n th e island o f M as i ra, re sting h e re , also,

on di ori te and p
se r e ntine roc k s b u t th e p bbl
e e -b e d se e m s to be
re plac e d by re d and dar k -c olo ure d cla y s, wh i ch , from th e i r a pp e arance ,

in dicate a co nfo rm a bl e transi ti on of th e la tte r i nto th e form e r.

 ac c e s s r ossm s o r c v rc n
'
. 25 1

Th e are nac e o -calcare ou s strata in one p ar t of th i s i sland a b ou nd in

nu m m ulite s of a si m ilar ki n d to th ose wh i ch Ne w b o ld fou nd at

Mus k at .

O n th e m ai nla nd of Ara b ia, opp o s i te th e so u th -w e ste rn e x tre m it y of

M asira i s , ano th e r se c ti on o f t h kie nd, b ut h e re th e de p o si ts are m ore

or le ss w h i te . Th e li m e stone , w h ich is a b ou t 1 5 0 fe e t th ic k , re s ts o n

a g re e ni sh -wh i te cla y .

D oe s th i s m arl o r cla y , o r sandy de p o si t wh i ch u nde rlie s th e m um m a

liti fe rou s lim e sto ne re s p e c ti v e l y at M us k a t, M as ira , on th e m ai nlan d

of b
Ara ia, i n C a tch , and i n Sci nde , li m i t th e v e rt ca i l e x te nt o f th e
nu m m u li ti c b ’
e ds 2

Th at th e re are O r bi toli te s A lve oli na i n gre at q uanti tie s u nde r

and

th is, as bf
e o re state d, th e p
w h i te c om ac t li m e sto ne w h ic h u nde rli e s i t on
th e co as t o f Ara i a, b and wh i c h a pp e ars to av e rage u pw a rds o f

fee t i n th ic k ne ss, furnish e s a b undant e vi de nc e , but I ne v e r saw an

y
Num m u li te s in i t ; y e t th is a pp e ars to b e th e nu m m uli ti c li m e sto ne

wh i c h Ca p ta i n V i ca r te rm y s th e b kb f th
ac o ne o e Horn range ,
”
and

w h ic h he s tate s in one p art

“
a b d wi hou n s t nu m m uli te s, &c . It
is ver yd e sira bl e th at m ore de finite b ti h
o se rv a o ns s o u ld beb o ta ine d of

th e Num m uli ti c Se ri e s, and in no p f h w a rt o t e orld, p hp

er a s, c o ul d
th is be m o re sa ti s fac tori l y acc o m pli h s ed th a n i n Sc i nde .

Ih av e b e e n alw a s y s truc k '

w i th th e w h i te ne ss, u ni fo rm fine ne ss of

stru c tu re , and
g rea t th i c ne ss k of th i s lim e sto ne , w h ich fo rm s th e ch ie f

fe ature o f th e S o u th -e aste rn C oas t of Ara ia ; b and th e fe w fossi ls I

fo u nd in th e c olo ure d s trata im m e diate l y u nde r it on th e c oas t o f

Ara ia b so re se m bl h e t ose o f th e lo w e r gre e nsa nd or u pp e r o o li te , th at

I canno t he lp h i k i g th
t n n at th i s w h i te li m e sto ne is th e a nalo
gu e o f th e
ch al ki n th e se re gi o ns .

Th e follow i ng is a list o f th e fossils o bt i a ne d by C olone l Grant fro m

th e num m uli ti c form ati on i n C ntc h , w h ich b een de sc ri b d by
e Mr . J .

de C So we r . by
C a r di u m i n te rm edi um .
- Th i s sh e ll, of w h i c h w e h av e only casts , is ve ry near

i n fo rm to C a r di ta i nte rm ed ia of La m a rc k h i nge , as we le arn fro m

th e th e
i m p re ss i o n, h o w e v e r , w ants th e lo ng m argi na l to o th w h i ch m ar s th e ge nus k
C a rdi ta Le ngth 1 i nc h , w idth th e sa m e
. .

bigu um — Th e f u rro ws
'

C a r di um am . up on th e s u rfa ce o f th i s c as t are dee p e r

th an th e y w o uld be i n a cas t fro m th e Eu ro pe a n C . se r r a tu m , w h ic h i n th e ge ne ra l
,

fo rm of th e s h e ll, a nd nu m be r of fu rro ws , i t rese m b le s m o re s tro ngly th a n i t doe s

th e C lwuiga t u m
. of th e I ndi a n se as . Le ngth 2 i nc h es 1 li ne , w i dth 1 i nc h 1 0 li nes .

A r ea h y b ri da —Transve rse ly o b lo ng, o b li

“
. q ue , lo ngi tudi nally c os ta te d ; cos tm

strongly m ark e d wi th th e li nes o f growth , th ose on th e ante ri or si de furrowe d alo ng

th e m i ddle area narrow . Le ngth l l li nes, width 1 4 li nes .
2 52 c s om or or I N DI A .
[Ja m

Nearly relate d to th e re ce nt A . r h om ben, b ut w i th a narrowe r area be tween

th e be ak s, a p p ro ac h i ng to A I ndi ra . of Li nnta us .

P ec tu nc u lus P ecte n .
— orb i c ular , co nve x , ri b be d ; ri bs ab o u t 30 , radi ati ng
,

c re na te d by th e li nes of gro w th h i nge -li ne sh ort. Le ngth 10 li nes, wi dth

l l li nes .

V e ry ne a rly li ke P p ecti na tus

. of Lam arc k , b u t w i th m o re num e ro us a nd m ore

di sti nc tly granulate d ray s.

N ucu la Ba boorm ’

m —Tram v e rse ly o val, conv e x , sm oo th ? lune tte sun k b e aks

ne are s t th e ante ri o r s i de . Le ngth Q i nch y w idth 1 i nch .

Ne a rly rese m b li ng N . Bowerba nkii ( Ge ol , . Trans 2 nd . se ri es, v ol . v. p 1 36,

.

p l 8.
,
f i l ,).b u t no t tr uncate d o r p o i nte d be lo w th e lune tte .

P ec te n le vi -cos ta tas .
— S h ort, sm oo th , radi ate d radi i ab o u t 2 0 , large , e q ual
to th e b e tw ee n th e m ; e ars la rge
s p ace s i nsi de furro we d Le ngth 1 i nc h 4 li nes . .

Le ngth a li ttle less th an th e w idth , b ut th e e ars e nte r so m u ch i nto th e si des

fi
th at th e y con ne th e b e aks i nto a s m all a ngle , and m a e th e fo rm ap pe ar m o re k
transv e rse th a n i t re a lly i s .

O s tr ea ca ll if e ra ? ( Lam . Hi st Nat . . v ol . v i. p 218

. De sh ay es , C oq Fos .

s i les dos Env de Paris , . v o l. i .

p 339 , p l i i f i ,
. . . .
— A ve ry p onde ro us sh e ll, wi th
o nly a s h a llo w ca vi ty fo r th e ani m al Le ngth 3 5 i nc h es, w i dth 2 !i nch e s, th i ckne ss
.

o f th e sh e ll ab o v e a n i nch and a q ua r te r.
‘

O s trea o r b ic u la r is . — o rb i c ular , p lai te d b oth e

valv s c onve x ; p la i ts angula r,

re pe ate dly fo rke d ; su rface i m b ri ca te d Le ngth and wi dth a bo u t 2 i nc h es

fi
. .

Rese m b ii ng O F la be llu lum , b ut m ore re gula rly and ne ly stri a te d

. .

Loc Luck p u t
. .

N e r i ti u a r a ndis . — S h ort, coni cal, Tm oo th s p i re conce ale d ap e rture

g ve ry

large b ase co nve x , i ts m argi n ro u nde d. D i am e te r 3 i nc h e s , h e i gh t 1 } i nc h .

Th i s rese m b le s N S ch m ide lli a na , b ut h as

. a large r a p e rtu re i n p rop o rti o n , and

a le ss e x ce ntr i c a p e x ; i t i s a lso h i gh e r . Th e s p ec i m e n i s li ttle m o re th an a c ast,

a nd doe s no t e x h i b i t th e e dge o f th e i nne r li p , b ut s ti ll i t s h o ws th e a ttac h m e nt of
th e li gam e nt p r o e cj
ti ng fro m th e lo we r s urface , and th at th e a p e rture occ up i ed
m o re th a n h alf th e base .

G lobu lus obtus us .

— Glo bc se , w i th a v e ry sh o rt sp i re ; wh o rls ab ou t 6;
ap e rt u re o va te , e lo nga te d, p o i nte d a bo ve ; um b i li cus ope n, narrow . H e i gh t 1
i nch , di am e te r th e sa m e .

Th e s h o r t s p i re o f 5 wh o rls gi ves th i s sh e ll a ve ry b lu nt aspe c t.

Tu r bi ne llus b u lbiform is.

— S h o rt, f us i fo rm ,
sm o o th ; sp i re p o i nte d wh o rls 6 ,
fl atte ne d i n th e m iddle ; a p e r tu re narrow, p oi nte d at bo th e nds . He i gh t ab o ve 7
i nch e s , d i a m e te r 5 i nc h e s .

R e se m b les T N a p as , b ut h as a m ore e longate d sp i re

. .

C y p ce
r a de p e s
r s a — O b o va te , w i th a b lu nt s p i re , and
. a fl attened sp ace across

th e m iddle o f th e b ac k . Le ngth 3 5 i nc h es , w i d th 2 i nc h es 7 li ne s .

Th i s be i ng only a cast, we c an gi v e b u t a v e ry i m p e rfe c t de sc ri p ti on .

N um u la r i a — De dec re asi ng i n p ro p orti onal c o ni ca l,

m a c u ta .
p ressed s i des

h e i gh t b y age w h e n y o ung rad ia te d , w h e n f ull gro w n granu la ted volu ti ons and

se p ta nu m e ro us e dge sh arp Di am e te r 5 li nes, th i c ness 1 ; li ne

. k .

Di sti ngui sh ed from m ost oth er spe ci es of Nu m m ula ria by th e coni cal form
of th e si des.
 ac c e s s F O S S LS I or core s . 253

N um m ula r ia obtusa . —I rre gularly orb i c ular, th i ck , sm ooth sides flatte ne d ;

m argi n ro unde d ; v o lu ti o ns and se p ta v ery nu m ero us . Di am e te r o f th e larges t
i ndi vi dual 1 0 li ne s , th i ck ness nearly 5 li nes . A re m ark ab ly th i c k sp e ci e s.

Ly cop h ri s E p h ip p i u m O rb i c ular , de p resse d, . c urv e d so as to rese m ble a

saddle , w i th a ge ntle e le v a te d um bo on e a c h si de ; m argi n th i c k , o b tuse , w i th a

narro w wave d k ee l i n th e m i ddle ; grai ns o n th e s u rface s m all and e q u al. Di a m e

ter 1 5 ch ,
i n th i c k ness 3 li nes .

"
Ly ce p h r i s di s p am us . — Le nti cular , th c
i k , v e ry th i n, e x p ande d, sh arp -e dge d

m argi n grai ns on th e s urface larges t i n th e ce ntre of th e di s k . Di am e te r 5 i nc h .

Th ese two fossi ls m ay p ossi b ly be di ffe re nt sta ge s of gro w th of th e sa m e

sp e c ies fo r th e re oc c u r along wi th th e m m any c u r ve d
p la tes ,
w h i c h a re i nte rm e

di ate i n form .

Th e gra i ns on th e s u rface are th e p roj e cti ng e x tre m i ti es o f i nte rnal c olu m ns,
not m e re ly granulati o ns i n th e s ub s ta nce o f th e fo ssi l, as i n so m e s p e c i e s o f

N um m u la rt a . Th e i nte rnal stru c ture i s to ta lly di ffe re nt fro m th a t o f N u m

‘

m u la r ia ,

as i t is o nly o n th e i nne r f
s u r a ce s o f th e two p la te s th at a ny a p p e a rance o f a s p i ra l
or conc e ntri c se ri e s o f c e lls ca n be tra ced i n p 30 0 th e se fo s si ls a re ass ig ne d
. .

to th e ge nus O rbi toli tes .

F a sci oli tes k

r i nso n) — Elli p ti cal, wi th b lunt e x tre m i ti e s b ands
( Pa e llip tic a . ,

c urve d . Le ngth 5 ; li ne s , d i am e te r 3 li nes .

Se ve ral s p e c i es of th i s ge nu s o cc u r i n th e te rti ary form ati o ns o f E urop e , b ut

th e y are lo nge r i n p ro p o rti on to th e i r th i c k ness .

E ch i nus dubi us — O rb i c ular, de p re s se d are m granula ted , co nca v e , and ne arly

.

free fro m gra i ns along th e m idd le th e large r f urni s h e d wi th two ro w s o f tu b e rc le s

near ea ch s i de ; th e lesse r w i th o ne ro w o n ea c h s ide f th b u lac ra i n
p o re s o e am

num e ro us arc h e d rows . Di am e te r abo u t

3 i nc h e s , h e igh t ab o ut I } i nc h .

Th i s h as a p p a re ntly im p e rfec t tub e rc le s , and i s m u c h longe r th an C i da r i tes

va riola rss B ngu i art)

‘

( ro , w h i ch , h o we ve r , i t m uc h re se m b les .

Ga leri ta p u lv i na tus.
— O rb i c ular , de p re sse d p h e roidal, co ve re d, w i th
,
s m i nu te
tube rc les . A m b u lacra , o bsc u re be ne ath , c ro ss e d b y grooves a bo ve Di a m . e te r 3}
i nch es , h e i gh t 1 i nch l o li ne s .

A sp e ci es m uch li ke G dep ressus.

( La m arc k) , b ut m o re conv e x , and te n ti m e s
th e si ze o f i t .

C lyp easter q i m s ? (flGo ldfu

’

ss, p 1 34 ,
t 4 3 ,
f — O u r sp e
. c i m e n a pp e a rs . .

orb i c ula r th an th e C fil f G l f « i p e rfe c t to b e

'

to be m o re m s o o d u ss , b u.t i t s to o i m

de te rm i ne d , th e p os te ri o r h alf be i ng nearly all b ro k e n away . Le ngth a b o ut 2}

i nc h es , wi dth 2 i nc h e s, h e i gh t 1 i nc h .

C i y p eas ter va r i a ns .
— More or less c b ov ate , h e m isph e ri cal b ase sligh tly

c oncav e i n th e m i ddle ; a m b ulacra e lo ngate d ; a nus transve rse . Le ngth 2 ; to 3

i nch es , b re adth 2 to 2 ) i nch es , h e i gh t 1 !to 2 i nch es .

0 . Bond of M unste r ( Goldfuss, t 41 , f

. . rese m bles th i s , b u t i s m ore

de p resse d, a nd h as a c i rc u lar anu s.

S p a ta ngu s obli q ua tus . —Gi b bose e m argi na te at th e front ; b e h i nd c b ovate ,

rath er acc um i nated , and truncate d ob li q ue ly u p wards . A m b ulacra dee p ly s unk

i n 3 large and 2 sm alle r o v ate p i ts ; base sli gh tly conve x . Le ngth 2 5 i nc h e s ,

wi dth 2 i nch es , h e igh t 1 ; i nc h .

S trongly rese m b li ng S . Buckla ndu ( Goldfuss , 1 5 4, t . 47, f . I t i s, h o w

e ve r, m uch la rge r, and h as uneq ual am b u lac ra . i n th is and th e alli ed speci es,
254 e no no o v or ra m s .
[J A N .

w i th c oncave am b ulac ra, th ere is a re ti culate d band surro undi ng th e am b ulacra,

w h i ch dese rves atte nti o n .

23 a. S p a ta ngus a cc um i na tus ? ( Go ldf uss 1 5 8 t 4 9 f — O ur sp ec i m e n is

fi
, , , . .

no t q ui te so m uc h e le v ate d p o s te r i o rly as th e g re
u g i v e n b y Go ldf uss ,
ne i th e r i s

it q ui t e so w i de i n b o th th e se c i rc u m stances i t a p p ro ach es to S la c u nos u s b ut

.

i t i s la te rally c r us h e d , w h ich m ay ac co u nt fo r th e di ffe re nce . Le ngth 1 } i nch ,

w i dth nea r ly th e sa m e , h e i gh t 1 0 li ne s .

S p a ta ng us e longa t us .
— Elo ngated , o vate , de p re sse d ; fro nt e m argi nate ba se
c o nv e x am b u lacra c o nc a ve , w i th tw o o f th e ro w s o f p re s
o ne ar ly ce ntra l ; ap e x

e x c e n tri c ; m o u th re m o te fro m th e m argi n . Le ngth ne arly 2 ; i nc h es , w i dth 1}

i nc h ,
h e i gh t 1 i nc h .

Th e tw o p o s te ri o r a m b ulac ra a nd th e p osteri o r p or ti o n of th e sh e ll are b ro k en

th e de s c ri p ti o n i s th e re fo re i nc o m p le te .

Loca li ties . - All th e se fo ss i ls we re fo u nd at Bab oa h i ll”

or Wagé -h é -p udda .

So far, m
y o b se rv atio n of th e fo ssi ls w h ich h ave com e f ro m th e
nu m m ulitic fo rm a tio n i n S c inde , le ads m e to th e O pi nio n th at th e y
c h ie y diff
fl eri n S p e c i fic c h arac te rs, f rom th ose of th e Pari s Bas i n w h ich
h av e b e e n figu re d by D e sh a
y e s, a nd th a t ve r yfw e ne w ge ne ra w i ll be
fo u nd a m o ng th e m . So m e o f th e li m e sto ne a t Hy drab ad is re m ar k bly
a

li k e th e C alc ai re gro ssie r .

”

Alth o u gh th e fo ss ils are a b u ndan t alm ost by e ond conce pi

t on,
y et th e y
are m o s tl y u s e le ss fo r de sc rip tio n, on a c c o u nt o f bige n th e i nte rnal
c asts, and no t th e p e tri fie d re m a i ns o f th e sh e lls th e y p re re se nt.

Th e re a pp e ar to b e onl y two s p e ci e s of N a uti lus at le as t ou t

of 180 S p e ci m e ns co lle c te d f rom all p a rts, I h av e o nl y m et w i th

th at nu m b e r, vi z . 1 50 of one and 30 of th e o th e r. Th e large st i s

th e sc arc e s t .

A s th e yd o no t a pp e ar to h av e m et p
w i th de sc ri ti ons , th e followi ng
m ay p rov e ac ce pt bl a e

N a u ti lus j — (n ) ( C ast ) — S b -o rbi cu lar di sc o i dal,

m a or . . J . c . . u ,
c om p re sse d ;
m argi n a ngula r ; w i de ly um b i li c a te d s u tu res u ndu lo us , do ub ly s i gm o i d ; s i p h on

v e ntra l. S i ze — Lo nge s t d i a m e te r of large s t s p e c i m e ns 1 2 i nc h e s ; large s t trans

ve r e s d iam e te r u p w a rds o f 6 5 i nc h e s .

O bs .
— Th i s s pe c i e s , fro m i ts a ngu la r m argi n, re se m b les , i n fo rm , th e s ub -ge nus

Goni a ti tes a m o ng th e Am m oni tcs . I n th e p os i ti on o f i ts s i p h o n, i t agree s w i th

N a u ti lus z i g z a g, b ut i ts s u tu re s are k
s i m p le , li e th o se o f N D a nic us I h a ve . .

ne v e r see n a s p e c i m e n o f N . z i gz a g fro m S c i nde , th o u gh w e h ave one i n th e

m u se um w h i ch P ro fe ssor O rle b ar b ro ugh t fro m th e Eo ce ne of Egy p t . N . m a orj
m us t, i th i n k ,
h e th e large s t nau ti lus o n re c ord .

— — S ub -glo b u lar
N . " l i ne n ) ( C (H
a s t )
. J . c .
; m argi n . ro u nd ; um b ilicate d ;
s u t re s b - i m o i d s i p h o n v e nt ra l S i z e — Lo nge st d i a m e te r 3 i nc h e s ; la rges t
u s u s g ; .

trans ve rse d i am e te r up w ards o f 2 } i nch es .

O h m — Th i s sp e c i e s agre e s w i th N h ex a gonus i n th e p osi ti on of th e si p h on and .

fo r m o f th e suture ; b u t i t di ffe rs from i t i n no t h avi ng a s u lca te d k ee l o r m argi n .

 V O LC AN C I a oc x s . 25 5

D escri pti ons of m ost of th e large st form s of fossilize dF oram ini fe ra in

Sci nde w ill b e fou nd in th e last num e r of th is b J o urnal .

As ye t we know noth i ng de fini te of th e nu m m uli ti c form ati on o f th i s

co u ntr y , alth o ugh its fea tu re s a re so s tri ki ng, th a t th e m ost disi ncli ne d
fo r o bse rv atio n o r th e stu d y o f natu ral o bj e cts c om e awa yf rom Sci nde
as to nis h e d at th e geologic al se c ti o ns of i ts roc s, and th e k v as t
q uanti t y
o f organi c re m ai ns w h i ch are distri ute ov e r th e m b d .

V III .

V o nc z m rc Ro c x s .

Ba sa lt
Tra pp ean Syt s em , l st Se ri e s .

Am ygda loid
.

La te ri te .

Su b se
q ue nt to th e de p o si t o f th e Punna Sandstone , or th e last b e d o f
th e O oli tic Se rie s, i n th e i nte ri or of I di
n a, a succe ssio n o f tra pp e an

e ff us ions to o k pl ace .

Th ese w e re m o re p ro fuse in som e th an in oth e r p arts , and, ge ne rall y ,

m ore e x te nsi ve , as th e e x isti n

g trac ts and w e ath e re d b loc k wh i h
s c a re

s ca tte re d o v e r m an y pl i a ns re s p e c tiv e l y te sti f y . Th e tra pp dyk e an e s,

too, w h ic h e x ist th ro u h o u t
g th e gre ate r p art o f I ndia, fro m th e su m m it
of th e h igh e st N l h i h le v e l o f th e se a, and
m ou ntai ns ( e i g e rr e s) to t e

th e y
c r stalli ne m e tam o r ph ose d s tate o f th e u pp p er art o f th e Punna
Sands to ne i n m an y pl ace s, — a pp are ntl y f ro m h e at a ppli d e to th e
su rfac e , —all te nd to th e i nfe re nce th at th e tra pp e an e ff usio ns e x te nde d

ov e r a m u ch
g re a te r p art o f I ndia form e rl y th a n at th e p re se nt day .

Th e large st trac t re m ai ning i s th at on th e w e ste rn s id e of I ndia , b ut

su ffic ie nt ti m e h as e lap se d s inc e th e last of i ts e ff us io ns w e re p ou re d

fo rth to w e ath e r dow n i ts c one s, c fia c e

'

i ts c rate rs, dissi p a te i ts sco ri ae .

b k rea
pu i ts l p
ai ns, and transform i ts s u rface to s uc h a n e x te nt, th at
f ro m an a ri d, b k
lac , u ndulating v olc anic w as te , i t h as now b e co m e a

trac t o f m ountai ns, h ills, and v alle y s , c ov e re d w i th ver dure and c u lti

v atio n ; and, wi th th e e x ce pi t on of th e c rate r o f Loo na r, wi th o u t a

k no w n t rac e o f an v e nts, to
y pi o nt o ut th e localitie s fro m w hi c h th e
v olca nic m atte r o f w h i c h i t i s co m p o se d w as j
e e c te d .

Th i s tract, calle d by Malc olm so n th e Gre at Basaltic Di t i s r c t of

I ndia,
”
e x te nds c o nti nuou sl yf ro m th e w e ste rn si de o f th e b asi n of th e
M alp urb a in th e S o uth e rn M ah ra tta C o u ntr
, y ( P MS. . Ay tona ) , to
Nee m uc h , on th e e x tre m e m orth e rn li m i t of M alwa ( Dan ge rfie ld) ;

and transv e rse l yf rom Balsar , on th e c oast a b ou t 20 m ile s sou th o f th e

Tap te e ( L u sh ) , to Nag p ore i n C e ntral I ndia

( Malcolm so n ) . Th e s e
33
 256 o s o no o r or I NDI A .
[J A N .

are i ts e x tre m es north and south , and east and west ; th e form er a

di stance of ab ou t 5 3 5, and th e latte r o ne of 35 0 m iles . Be twe e n

Dalsar on th e w e st and Nag p ore on th e east, i t contracts north ward
to a w idth of o nl y 80 or 90 m i le s, w h e re th e Ne r b u dda c rosse s it
b e tw e e n Ch i c uldah a nd Ba rway ( to m e nti o n th e large tow ns close

to i ts li m its) . Afte r th is i t agai n e x

pands o ut to form th e trac t
of M alw a , w h ic h e x te nds e astwards to Te ndu kai ra, b
a ou t 70 m i les
w e st of J ub b nl o re , and
p we stwards to Tandla D an e rfie ld
g ) F ro m
p b
.

Nag ore sou th -w e stward to Be ejap o re i t is o unde d,

a i n Malw a,
s by an

i rre gular and m ore or le ss a b pt b

ru o rde r ; and i ts coast-lim its are
Balsar i n th e north and Malwa i n th e sou th .

Th e re is ano th e r p ortion, w h i ch e x te nds e astw ar df rom J u bb ul ore

p
to A m e rku ntak, th e sou rc e o f th e Ne r b u dda S
( p i lsb u r
y) , a nd sou th -w e st

tow ar d s Nag p ore ( F ran li n) ; k

b ut I am ignorant i f th is oi ns th e j
m ain trac t .

As th e re i s ne cessaril y a grea t sam e ness in th e trapp e an e ffus ions

th rou gh ou t I ndia, w h e re ve r th e y e x i st to any e x te nt, w e sh all ta e o u r k

p h t f h
ty ical c arac e rs ro m t e
gre at dis tri ct j ust descri be d ; and e v e n h e re ,
a p t w ld
ar t fii ou se e m o su ce fo r th e wh ole , for th e rem ar k s of D an e r
g
fi lde i i M lwon fC t n a a, o o ulth ard i n th e a d oini n
j g di stri c t of Sau gor,
and f Syk M l l
o es, a c o m so n, and Newbol d in th e De ccan, are bu t
rep titi f h th
e o ns o e ac o er .

I ts two grand ge ological fe atures along th e anticlinal ax i s of th e

W fl
.

e ste rn Gh au ts, wh e re i t h as attai ne d th e h i gh e st e le v ati on, are at

su m m i ts and strati ficati on Th e latte r arise s from th e alte rnation of

.

com p ac t and am ygd l i d l y

a o a e rs, w h ich , on w e ath e ri ng, gi ve to i ts late ral
o u tli ne s th at i rre
g l t p
u ar s eli k - e form , fro m wh i ch th e tra e an e ff usio ns pp
h av e de ri v e d th e i r nam e . C a tai np D ange rfie l d nu m b e rs I4 b a is
”
in
Malwa th e low e st and large st o f
,
wh ich is 30 0 fe e t i n th ic k ne ss . Th e se
are e
q uall y n um e ro us, if not m ore so, alon
g th e W e ste rn Gh au ts,
wh e re th e p
scar s are o f m u ch gre ate r m a ni tu e
g d th at of th e p ass o f

Ah o p e h is, accordi ng to C olone l S yk e s, fu lly

fe e t h igh , and
th at of Hu rrich u nde rgh u r, a b o u t 2 0 m i le s north o f i t, scarce l le ss y
th an b
dou le th at h e igh t .
”
Th e m ountai n of M ah able sh wu r is from
to fe e t b
a ov e th e le v e l of th e se a . F ro m th e se su m m i ts
th e tra pp e an di strict sle p e s ofi su dde nl
‘

y o n e ach si de , b ut m o re a ru b p tly
towar d ths e we st, w h e re i t re ach e s th e le ve l of th e se a w i th i n 4 0 or 50
m iles of th e anticli nal ax is .

Be side s i ts stratification , it p re se nts in m an y pl ace s, on close r i nsp e c

ti on, a colu m nar structu re , w h i c h i s ch i e fly fi d con ne to i ts co m p ac t

b e ds, and wh i ch se e m s to h av e b e e n m o re f q ly
re ue nt notice d o n th e
 r e a p p e a r! nr s us ro ns .
257

su m m i ts of m ou ntains, and i n th e bd e s of va lle y s and wate rcourse s,

th an in any oth e r p art. Th us Colone l S yk es m e ntions a surface of

p e nta
g onal di i i v s ons i n th e h i ll f - o rt of Singh u r, wh i ch is fee t

ab ov e th e le v e l o f th e sea also i n th e h i ll-fo rt o f H ur ri ch u n de rg h u r,

;
just m e nti one d ; w h i le C a tai n n
a g e rfi e ld m e ntio n s th e m p i n th e b e d D
o f th e C h u m b ul and Ne r u dda ri v e rs he a re c om m b
o n o n th e . T y
s urface of th e ov e rl yi ng tra p of Bom by a , b ut w i th th e lowe r p art so
c onti nuous and so strati fie d, th at, li k e th at de scri b d by
e Ne w ol in b d
th e b e d o f th H i e u rr , ne ar B j
e e ap ore , i ts divis io ns i nto re ctangular

a nd rh om b id l p i
o a r sm s are si m ilar to th ose of cla y slate .
”
Ve y y
se

h as notice d i ts colum nar form i n th e u pp p er a rt o f th e h ill of Sitabaldi,

w h ic h is close to Nagpore , an d Malc olm so n o n th e e le v ate d lands and

c re sts of th e Sich e l Hill s . M an y oth e r pl ac e s m igh t be m e ntio ne d

wh e re th i s struc ture occ urs i n like si tuatio ns, y
b ut v e r fe w wh e re i t h as
b ee n se e n i n th e b dy f
o o th e m o u ntains .

Wh e re ve r th e tra pp e a n e ffu sio ns e xi st to any e x te nt, th e y pp a e ar

to be co m p ose d of th e roc k s m e nti one d at th e b gi

e nni ng o f th is g ro u p ,

v iz . La te ri te ab o ve , th e n Ba sa lt , and afte rwards Trapp i te and Am ygda

lai d, wi th h e re and th e re v olcanic b re cc ia . Wh e re th e tra pp e an ro c k s

a re g e nui ne, th a t i s w h e re th e y are ne i th e r m ix e d w i th fore ign m atte r

nor dec o m p ose d, th e y are c h ie fly c om p ou nde d of h ornblende and

f e ls p ar, b ut diff er f rom th e diori te s or gre e nsto ne s, as b e fore m e ntione d,

i n th e fo rm er b e i ng fine r i n stru c ture , le ss y

cr stalli ne , and ge ne rall y
c ontai ni ng a po rtion of g re e nish , bl i h u s , or re ddish e arth , accordi n
g
to th e c olour o f th e roc k , i n addi tio n to th e ir crys tals o f b
h orn le nde
a nd fe lsp ar . Th e latte r i s ne v e r th e c ase wi th di orite , and i s, th e re fore ,

p e rh a s
p , th e b e st distinguish i ng fe atu re , but i t can o nl y be de te cte d
by a p ow e rful le ns . Th e di o ri te s a pp to h av e gaine d th e ir c oarse
e ar

ness o f stru ctu re and m ore cry stalline nature ch ie from th e le ngth fly
of ti m e th e yh av e b een e x
p o se d to th e p e rco lati on of w ate r, w h ile th e y
h av e b t t lly
e en o a e x clu de df ro m th e atm os ph e re . Th e re are , h o we v e r,
fine bl k d
ac , re , and
g re e n, coarse cr y t lli s a ne h o rn bl d e n e s, h e re a nd

th e re , am pp ong k wh i h ith e
h tra w ld e an ro c s, c n an -s d p i e c m e ns, ou

l t d fy th
a m os b t j dg t y w h h th y
e e es t di i i u es o sa et er e are no or t e s or

amph ib lit b h y o ly f
e s, l ut t e are o n o casu a oc c urre nce .

Bf p e o re di g t p ti l droc e ei p ti f thn k it w ld
o ar c u ar e sc r o ns o e se roc s, ou

b ll t d
e as w e t f w o t t th e vo eid ti af th f t e m om e n s o e c ons e ra on o e ac s

wh i h b c p th l ti g d p i i
e ar u on f h t ppe re a ve a es an os t o ns o t e ra e an

ff i
e us ons I h ld b
. b d h t h i h i g t diff
t s ou e re m e m e re t a t e re s t s re a e re nc e

b w h pp p iti f q
et een t e sud ig f
c r os i i on o a ue o us an ne o u s o rm at o ns, x x .

th th f
at e t h b i
orm e r m us d i hi k by i av e ee n nc re ase n t c ne ss s u e c e ss x e
2 58 o uo no s r or m e n .
[J a n .

ad diti o ns to th e ir surface , and th at th e latte r m ay b e i ncrease d in

th i k c ne ss by addi tions also b l w th
e o e ir su rface ; th e m ate ri al i n th e o ne
case co m i ng fro m a b o v e , and th e m ate rial i n th e o th e r fro m be low .

H e nce c irc um sta nce s m a so

y fav our a h o ri zontal e x te nsi o n, and o pp ose

a v e rtic al as ce nt of th e latte r, th at it w i ll b e fou nd i n so m e pl ace s

i nte rcalati ng th e i nte ri or o f v olc anic m o untai ns w h i ch h av e b ee n form ed

lo ng a nte ri o r to i ts j
e e c ti on. A t th e sam e tim e, th is i nte rcala ti on m us t

h av e ta k pl b
en ace e fo re th e wh ole tract w as b k ro en u
p , or th e ci rc u m
stance s fa vo uring i t wou ld no t h a v e b een p re se nt . I t is not o ur o bj ec t

h e re to e nte r i nto th e th e o r y of th e e le v ation o f th e W e ste rn Gh auts,

or of an
y o th e r p arts o f th e tra pp dis tri ct, b u t to try to acq ui re som e
e an

i de a, if p ossi ble , i n th e p re se nt s ta te o f o ur k
now le dge , o f th e re lati ve

g
a es of th e e fli
'

us ons of wh ich i t is co m p ose d . O ne fact se e m s

e v i de nt, v iz . th at th e re is an o v e rl yi ng b asalt, w h ic h , ge ne rall y pp d

ca e

w ith late ri te , re s ts o n th e su m m its of th e h igh e st m o u ntai ns, and

on th e t0 p s of th e lowe st h ills ; a nd th at th e fo rm er are se p arate d

from e ac h o th e r by s u ch w i de and s u ch de e p v alle y s, th at th e y ne ve r

co ul dh av e b e e n ca pp ed w i th th e sam e m a te rial, h ad th e y not all b een

u ni te d into one m ass w h e n th e b asalt and late ri te w e re p oure d forth .

Th e tra pp e an e fli '

us o ns, th e n, h ad p b bly
ro a attai ne d th e ir gre ate st
k
th ic ne ss alon
g th e anti cli nal ax i s of e le v ati o n, th at is alo n
g a li ne a

li ttle to se a w ard of th e e ste rn Gh au ts, We fore th i s too b k pl ac e , for h e re

th e m o u ntai ns b i g h igh t
e n es , and m os t se p ara te d, e x h i b it a k
th i c ne ss
of tra pp e an roc k f g t
s ar re a e r th an i n an
y oth e r p art w h ich te nds to
th e se i nfe re nc e s, v iz . th at i n th is d ire c ti on th e re w as a line o f v e nts

th at th e gre ate st and late st e fli

'

us o ns fro m th e m p re ce di n
g th e e le v a

ti o n of th e Gh au ts, m ade th e trap e an p roc k s th i c k er h e re th an i n o th e r

p art ; and th at alo ng th i s line o f v e nts b

th e su te rrane an fo rce w h ich

e le vate d th e W e ste rn Gh au ts w as m ost li k ly t

e o be e x e rte d. But i t
does no t follow th at th e o v e rl yi g b
n asalt w as th e last e ff u sion, fo r th e
b
inte rc alation of su s e q ue nt o ne s m ay h av e adde d, as h av e e fo re I b
by
s tate d, co nsi de ra l to th e th ic ne ss of th e ge ne ral m ass, e fo re th e k b
g b
rand distu r ance oc curre d w h ic h th re w th e w h ole up i nto m o u ntai ns

w h ile th e re is e v i de nc e , as we sh all se e h e re afte r, of m an y m i nor

e fli
'

us o ns h av i ng o cc urre d si nce th is e p o ch .

Wi h t th e se fe w p y
re fa tor re m arks, le t us p roce e dt o th e de scrip
tion of th e tra pp ean roc k p s se arate l y .

Th i s roc ki s se m y t lli
i-cr s a ne , and consi sts of fe ls p ar and h orn le ndeb
in ne arl y e
q ual p p ti
ro or o ns, w i th a little argillac e ou s m atte r. I ts
 TR APPEA N noc x s . 2 59

struc ture is m assi v e , and i ts te x ture vi si bl e o nl y u nde r a h igh m a ni

g
fy i ng glass, wh e n th e ingre di e nts of w h i ch i t is co m o se d also e com e p b
rec ogniza le b
I t is to ugh towar s th e su rface , and so fte r e low, w h e re
. d b
b k
i t re a s w i th a granu lar e arth fracture , som e ti m e s conch o idal It y .

is of a blac k , re d, bl i h
u s , or gre e ni sh - bl ue co lo ur ; is e asil y sc ratc h e d

wi th a kni fe ; dis i nte grate s in p lyh

o e dral m asse s, u nde rgoi ng co nce n

tri c- a m
l e llar de co m p os i tion, and finall y p igit ass n n o a g re yi hs or

gre e nish b row n e arth y m ass, wh i ch h as b ll d k

e e n ca e w ac en .

Th e rea de r w ill do w e ll to re m em b h wh
e r, t at e re v e r
“
wac k e or

w ac k en
”
i s h e re m e nti one d, it m e ans d p ig e co m os n or de c om p ose d

tra pp e a n roc k s. Th e na m e Trap p ite

”
i sk f B ta e n rom ro n
gni a rt s class
’

sificati o n, to w h i ch Ih ave alre ad y allude d, but it co ntai ns no m ic a .

Basa lt .

Th e re are tw o ki nds of th i s roc k wh i h c de se rve p arti c ular m e ntion

one is for th e m os t
p a rt o f a da r k bl bl k ue - ac , a nd th e oth e r of a b ro w n
bl k l
ac c o o ur . Both are se m i -c r y lli li k
sta ne , e th e las t ro c k , and com

p d ff lp
ose o e s a r a nd h o rnble nde , or a ugi te , w i th p ro b a b l y a li ttle
ph
am o r gill o us, a r ac e o us m a tte r . Th e i r s tru c tu re is m assi v e , stra ti fie d,

l pi
co um nar, o r r sm ato i dal ; and h y
t e a re to ugh , a nd te sse la te d tow ards
th e su rfac e , b u t fra ngi ble b e lo w . Th y e disi nte grate i n p ol
y h e dral

m as se s, w h ic h u nde rgo i nfini te div is io ns, and,

g i
de sq uam
n c on a ti n

ce ntri c lam i nae , ass u m e th e fo rm of a be d o f ro u nde d no dule s o f

i
v ar o us siz e s, a nd o f a g re e ni sh - b ro w n c olo u r, b e c om i ng s m alle r a n d
m ore nu m e ro us as th e yp as s i nto an e a rth y k
w a c e n, i n w h ich all

trac e s of th e h a rd ro c k disap p e ar.

a. D ark blue -blac k b asa lt o f th e island of Bom b y Th i

a . s is so c o m

pac t th a t i ts i ngre die nts c a nno t b e dis ti ngu i s h e d, e ve n wi th a le ns .

I ts struc ture is re m ar k abl

y s tra ti fie d, alm o s t li ke c al y sla te i t b re a k s

wi th a s ub
g ranu la r, c o nc h o i da l frac tu re ; is av e s i c u la r, b ut c o ntains

h e re and th e re a s m a ll m ass o f p ale c r stalline o li vi ne

y .

b . Th e b ro w n- bl ac k b asa lt o f th e De cc an . Th is i s s ub -granular, d an

th e ingre di e nts of wh i ch i t is co m p o se d m o re o r le ss v i si ble i t i s to ugh ,

and b k re a s w i th a s ub - ra nula r
g frac tu re ; is a ve s ic u la r, but p re se nts

m an y sca tte re d m asse s of o li vi ne i t is of th e sa m e ki nd as th e basalt

of th e Po nce ,
”
in th e M auri ti us . So m e ti m e s th e o li v i ne se e m s to p as s

y
into glas s fe ls p ar, and th e n to fo rm a gre a t art p of th e ro c k .

T k
h at th e fi rst i nd be lo ngs to th e o v e rly i ng b as alt, th e re can be no

d b t ; and from h av i ng li ke ne d th e b as alt of th e

’
ou V oy se y s o v e rl
y i ng
”
Gwai lgurh h i lls to th a t o f th e P once m o u ntai n, in th e M auri ti u s,
th e re ca n be li ttle do u t, b also, th at th e se cond fo rm is also to b e found
2 60 ( m ow e r o r ra m s . [J a n .

i n th e ove rl yi ng basalt . At th e sam e ti m e, i t woul be d ver yd esira bl e,

as w ill h e re afte r
a pp ear, to asce rtain if th e diff e re nt form s of th e
o v e rly i ng b asalt p osse ss any p e culiari ti es wh i h di ti
c s ngui sh th e m as a

grou pf rom th e o th e r tra pp e an e fli'

us ons.

Both th e Trap p i te and Bas a lt are te sse late d on th e surface by c rac k s

and v e ins, w h i ch woul d see m alwa s y to b e pe r se nt th rou gh out th e ir

struc tu re , th o ugh no t alw a s v isi y bl e ; th ose of th e b asalt te n d m ost to
a pi
r s m atoi d arrange m e nt . Both , too, ev e n i n th e ir m assiv e form s,

p re se nt ac ce ssor y m ine rals h e re and th ere : i n th e basalt th e se consi st

ch i e fly o f sm all m asse s o f o li vi ne , and i n th e trap p ite ch i e fly f o ze oli te s .

Th e p osi tio n and de th p of th e b asalt a pp e ars to b e . ove r lyi g n and th in,

and th at of th e trap p i te for th e m ost p art i nfe ri or and th i c k th e

struc ture of th e form er

‘

m o re or le ss pi r sm atoi dal, th at of th e latte r

m o re or le ss irre gular . O ccasionall th e tex tu re y of th ese roc k s is a

li ttle fine r or a li ttle coarse r, a li ttle m ore cr stalli ne or a y li ttle m ore

e arth y .

Th i s i s onl y a v ari e t y of one or th e oth e r of th e fore going roc k s, b ut

i t is conv e nie nt to giv e i t in s p e ci fic nam e . With m o re or le ss of th e ir
ch aracte rs, th ou gh ne v e r stro ngl y m ar k d it i
e , s also m ore or le ss
cav e rnous or v e si cu lar, and th e m i ne rals w h i ch fill or li ne i ts c av i ti e s

v er y vari ou s, wh ile so m e a pp e ar to b e p e culiar to a trap pi ti c, o th e rs to

a b asalti c b ase . Gre e n e arth , ze oli te s, calc s p ar, and calc e do n y or

q uartz a pp e ar to p re v ail i n th e form e r, and oli vi ne ,

g lass fe ls ar, y p and

m a ne sia-m
g i ca i n th e latte r . To e ach of th e se m ine rals w e sh all now

turn o ur atte nti on se p arate l y , as, u p on th e p l

re v a e nc e of one or th e oth e r

de p e nds
g re atl y th h t e c arac e r o f th e am ygd l id a o and th ose fo u n di na

trap p i tic or e ar th y b big ase e n m ost nu m e rous, w e will ta e th e m k first .

M i ne rals of th e T pp
ra e an Roc k s .

Gre e n-Ea r th — Th e re i s . no m i ne ral in th e am ygd l id a o s wh i c h i s m ore

ge ne ral o r m ore stri ki ng at first sigh t th an th i s, fro m i ts b igh t bl

r ue

gre e n colour, a nd i ts f re qu e nt occu rre nce . It p re v ails c h i fly i

e th n e

re d am ygd l id a o s, lini ng th e ir cav iti e s, or m ix e d w ith th e m i ne rals wh i ch

th e y co ntain, bu t ne v e r e nte ring i nto a p art of th e com po si ti on o f th e
latte r . Ni col pl ac es it am ong th e c la y s . It a pp e ars to b e am or ph o us,

y
i s gre as to th e tou ch , se ctilc, an re se nts a sh i ni n
g stre a d p k wh e n
scratch e d wi th a sm ooth oi nte d i nstru m e nt Its colo u r i s p . ap t to
m isle ad th ose u nac
q uai nte d w i th i ts e le m e ntar y c om p osi tion, i nto
k
th in i ng i t c o ntai ns c o e r, b u t i ron pp and m an ane se
g are th e onl y
m e tals w h i ch h av e e e n fo u nd in i t
‘
b .
 r na p p m n m nnna ns . 26 !

Z eoli tes .
—Ne x t i n p re v alence are th e followi ng m ine rals of th e
zeoli ti c fam il y , wh ich i s, e rh a s, p p as w e ll, i f not b tt
e er re p re se nte d in
I ndia th an in a ny oth e r p t f th
ar o e world
S cole z i te , i s p b bly th ro a e large st and m ost pl e nti ful o f th e se , occ ur

ri n
g i n c o m p t y t lli
ac or c r s a ne , colum na r, radi ating m asse s, wh i te , o r o f a

p i n i sk
h ti n g p q t
e, O a ue o r ransluce nt, and i n s m all c r s tals y tra ns p are nt

i n so m e s p e ci m e ns th e radi i are f ro m two to th re e i nch e s i n le ngth .

N a troli te or M e so typ e , in m am m i llar y m asses of fine prism atic or

acic nlar cr y s tals, som e ti m e s as b e sti form it oc cu rs at Ak ul ore , i n th e
p
So uth e rn M ah ratta C o untr y , in radia ti ng c olum na r m asse s, e x te ndin
g
six o r se v e n i nch es fro m th e ce ntre ( S yk es) . Ap op h y li te , i n th i c k
re c tangular pi r sm s, w i th truncate d or p ointe d su m m i ts , is v e r c om y m on

O pq
a ue or transluce nt wh e n th e sum m it i s p e rfe c t th e latte r is ge ne rall
y
transpare nt c le av a e
g ac ross th e pi r sm ( m ac ro dia
gonal ) , le av ing a

p lye ar surfac e i t also oc curs foliate d a nd m as si v e . S ti lbi te , i n

'

co m

p re sse d re c ta n u la r
g pi r s m s, te rm i nate d by f o u r narro w face ts, i s also ve r
y
co m m o n, occ urri n
g i n radi ate d, fan, sh ea f-sh a pd e o r sco pif o rm a
ggre
ga te s

on fre e surface s ; se m i -trans p are n t lik

, y t lli e cr s a ze d p s e rm ace ti ; also

occu rri ng in ra di ate d m asse s o f a wh i pi ki hte or n s c olo ur, li k e sc ole zi te ,

b ut wi th a lam i nar-c olum nar arrange m e nt c le av a e

g lo ngitu dinal,
p aralle l wi th th e c om p re sse d pl ane s, le avi ng a p e arl y su rfac e p e rfe ct

y
c r stals rare w i th th e aggre gate s o cc urs fre qu e nt ly on a
p p
o h y li te

i n ge odes H e u la ndi te , i n com

. p resse d loze nge -sh a p d y t l gg
e c r s a s, a re

g ate d, a nd sta nd i ng o n th e ir e dge s, wi th th e u pp er

gl p lan e re ac e d

m ore o r less by a face t on each si de , and th e fre e term i nal one ge ne rally
trunca te d . y bt h b
Ch a bas i te , i n v e r y o use r om oh e drons, scarce l di ff e ri n
g
from a cu b e glas s y p ly g yi h y ll i h ddi h Ph
, ear , re s , e ow s , re s . r em
'

te , of a

se a- re e n colour,
g i t
s no y t lli d lit i
u ncom m on, cr s a ze o n z eo es n roun e d d
a
gg g
re a tes .

F rom th e p ly e ar cleav age of m o st o f th e se m i ne rals, i t is di i c ult to fl

say wh ich i s w h i ch i n th e ir am or ph ous m as e s, or s wh e n th e y fill th e

v e si c ula r cav iti e s o f th e am ygd l id a o .

La um om
'

te , a pp e a rs to b e th e c o m m one st ze oli te in th e ne i gh b o urh oo d

of Bom by a , oc c urri ng i n o bliq u e rh o m bi p i
c r s m s, o f w h i ch th e i ncli na
tion of th e term i nal pl ane is from one acu te angle to th e oth e r, o ne o f

th ose angle s b e in
g repl ace d by a face t . I t i s translu ce nt wh e n first
ex p d ose , bu tb e com e s o p a
q ue , wh i te , and b ittl
r e in a sh ort ti m e afte r

wards th is re nde rs i t e as y o f re cogni tio n .

Q u ar tz — Alm . ost all th e v ari e ti e s of th is fam il y occu r i n th e tra p

p e an roc k s, bu t ch ie fly y
in large c r stals i n ge ode s, colourless or
am e th y tis ne also in sm al cr stals
l form i y
ng stalac ti ti c, finge r-li e k
2 62 ( m ow e r or w o rn .
[J a n .

p rolongati ons, and ca ppi ng large py ram idal y

cr stals of calcspar in
g e o de s . C alce doni e a, agates and o n x y wh i ch also b
a o u nd, bl
e ong

to th is fam i l y .

C a lcsp a r .
— Th i s oc cu rs in rh o m b o idal m asse s, and in py ram i dal
y
cr sta ls p j ro e c ti n
g i nto th e i nte ri or of geo de s . Th e latte r se e m s to

h a ve b e e n a ve r y y y t llie a rl c r s a zatio n, w h i c h h as not o nl yb e e n s ucc e e d

e d by h t e ca pp i g f qn j o ua rtz u st m e nti o ne d, b u t th is cap pi g in ts e lf is

in m o st instanc e s m o re or le ss h ollo w , f ro m th e re -ab so r pit o n o f th e

calcs p ar . Th e py ram idal fo rm o f ca lcsp a r h ad a gre a t de v e o m e nt at l p

o ne ti m e, f o r i ts cr y s ta ls , no w o nl y p re re se nte d by
th e q uartz, far e x cee d
in siz e th o se of an
y o th e r tra pp e an m ine ral . Th e rh o m bo h e dral m asse s

are o f th re e k i nds, v iz . c olo urle ss, h air- bg ro w n a nd re e n th e la tte r is

fo u nd i n p o rti o ns of 2 fe e t i n dia m e te r, i n a m gda lo i d form ing th e y
b e d of a ri v e r ne a r O o rga um , no rth o f Ak ulko te , i n th e S o u th e rn

M ah ratta C o u ntr ( Ne w bo ld) y als o i n th e Bu kta p o re h ills ne a r K e wlas ,

b
a out 30 m ile s N NE . of Be e dur ( Voy se y ) an d Gra nt m e nti o ns th in

bd e s or la y e rs of le e kg - re e n c alc s p ar in an am ygd l id ia o n C ntc h .

Be side s th e s e , v a ri o us o th e r fo rm s of c alcs p ar o c c u r, b u t th e o ne s

m e ntio ne d are th e m ost p re v ale nt. Pe rfe c t y

c r stals o f bo th py ra.

m idal a nd rh o m bo h e dral c a lc s p ar re sting o n ze oli ti c m ine rals are not

u nco m m o n i n ge o de tic c a v i ti e s .

Oli vi ne . T
— h is m i ne ral, as I h av e b e fo re s tate d, is alm ost p e c uliar to
th e basalt, and i s bu t s p a ri n
gl y sca tte re d i n th e ov e rl yi g p
n o rti on . I t.
y
h ow e v e r, fre q ue ntl fo rm s a rt o f a n a m gdalo i d, w i th a bla c c om p ac tp y k
b ase , and w h e n m i x e d w i th R u be lla n, se e m s to de a rt f ro m i ts o ri i nal
,
g p
fai nt c olo u r to be c o m e of
g a re e nis h y e llo w, pi s ta c h io -gre e n, b rass or

b ro nze y e llo w , b ro w n, p i tch lac b k , or b ro w n-re d ti nt .

Gla ssy F e lsp a r — A p o r r t c am

gd alo i d w i th a si m i lar
. ph y i i y b ase to

, ky
th e fo re go i ng a nd th i c l c h a rge d w i th ta b u la r c ry stals o f th i s m ine ral,
is ve r y c o m m o n, th e c r s ta s y l h a v i ng a v i tre o us lus tre , a nd a fa i nt y ll w
e o

colo u r ; bu t, wh e n th e y
'
occ u r in a re ddish base , th e yh a ve a w h i tish
c olo u r a nd p e a rl yl u s tre .

Th e b lac kp or
p h yii r t c fo rm e x is ts in a th ic k stra tu m on th e su m m i ts
of Il u rric h u nde rgh ur a nd Poo ru ndh u r, w h ic h a re fe e t a bo ve th e
le v e l of th e se a ; a ls o i n th e b e d of th e ri v e r Go re h , w h ic h is e le vate d

fe e t abo v e i t, ne a r Se roo r ( S yk es ) . D an
ge rfie ld also s tate s th a t
at C h arole and K uch ro de i n M a lwa, th e re ,
“
a re s o m e large o ve rl i
y gn

m asse s o f tra pp or
p h yy r ,
”
w h ic h i s p ro b a bly th e sam e as th e o ne de
scri e d b a nd i n th e S o c i e t y ’
s m us e u m a re s e c i m e ns
p from K h ande ish
A
( y to na ) , th e ne igh b o urh oo d o f Poona ( M a lc o lm so n
) , and Be lgau m
( y
A toun
) . O li v ine o c ca si o na ll y pp a e ars to p ass i nto glass y fe ls p ar,
 TRA P PEA N M I NE RALS . 263

and th e n th e latte r, as I h ave b e fo re state d, i ncre asi ng i n qu antit , to y

form , in an a m or ph y
ou s c r s talli ne state , a p
large ortion of th e e le m e n
tar y c om p osi tio n o f th e b asalti c roc k .

M agnes i a M c
i s — Acc om p yi g th gl y f l p
an n e as s e s ar are sm all lam i
nate d m asse s o f a su bt s ance lik i hi h
e m i th pca, w c are e e r se arate , or in
th e m i ds t of th e ta b u lar cr sta s o y l f f l p It h i f h e s ar . s c e c arac te rs are

i ts sca ly , foliate d, lam inar form , ric h b ro w n-re d colou r, sh i ni n

g lu s tre ,

and so ftne ss, b e i ng e asi l y sc ratc h e d w i th a k ni fe b u t i n i ts fractu re i t

i s le ss fl i bl
ex e th an m i c a, i f, i nde e d, i t h av e an
y fl i b i li t
exy at all.

Be si de s th is fo rm , it a pp e ars to occ u r in a m assi v e y

cr stalli ne ,

trans p are nt or o p a
q ue state , p artiall y or w h oll y filling sm all v e si cular

c avi ti e s , and p re se nti n

g a b lo om on i ts fre e su rfac e . Wh en transluce nt,
i t is of a h y acyn th -re d , p e ac h - blo ssom , b
or re d- row n c olou r, and w h e n

o pq a ue of a bl ood -re d, dar kb row n-re d, dar k oliv e , o r p b k

i tch - lac colo u r

lik e o b si dia n, to w h i ch i t se e m s ne a rl y allie d . I n th e latte r state i t

m a
y also fo rm a c o nti nuous sc al y ly a er on th e fre e su rfac e o f th e
b asalti c ro c k .

I t fre q ue ntl y co ats th e su rface of th e ta b ular cr stals o f y fe ls p ar and

oli vi ne , and o n th e o th e r h and li ne s v e sic u lar cav i tie s, li k e

g re e n-e arth ,

to w h i c h in th e se i nsta nc e s i t also a pp e a rs to b e close l y allie d .

Wh en th e ta b u lar aggre gate s o f th i s m i ne ral loose th e i r lustre , th e y

assum e th e form of R ube lla n w h e n i t h as a s tro n m e ta llic lustre , i t
g
lo o k lik R ttl
s e a e. I n a noth e r fo rm , w h i ch I h av e not m e ntio ne d, i t h as
a w y pp
ax a e ara nce , a nd
g re e ni sh y ll w e o colou r, li k p
e se r e nti ne . I ts
colo u ri ng m atte r a pp e a rs to b e h i fly i
c e ro n, w h ich i n th e m e tallic

v ari e ti e s is e asi l y de te cte d by th e b l w pi p

o - e and m a
gnet . Som e ti m e s

th is m a
gne s ia m ic a or R u be lla n se e m s, i n m inute y
c r s talliz ati o n, to fo rm
th e gre ate r p a rt of th e b as e o f th e re d a m ygd l id a o s, and o n de c o m p os
i ng assu m es th e fo rm and a pp e aranc e o f re d cla y . I f th e Ru be lla n
of Bre ith au p t be m a
gne si a m i ca , as Ni col see m s to th i n k , th e n th is
m i ne ral i s m agne si a m ica b u t i t re q ui re s fu rth e r e x am i nati on .

Be si de s th e su b s ta nce s a b o v e m e ntio ne d, th e re is a fine re d c la y , of a

com p ac t, m assi v e , o r c olu m nar struc ture , wh ich i s fou nd i n su b o rdi nate

m asse s i n th e am ygd l id a o s, som e ti m e s p u re , at o th e rs c o ntai ni n

g
ze oli te s .

I n th i s h as t y ou tline of th e m ine rals c ontai ne d i n th e am ygd l id a o

ro c k I s, am o f c ou rse o nl y
de scribi ng th e ge ne ral ch arac te rs of th e
am ygd l id a o s th e m se lv e s, and, th e re fo re , m u st le av e th e re ade r to se arch

for furth e r de tails re s p e c tin

g th e se m i ne rals i n w o r k s es p e c i all yd e v o te d
to th e p p ur ose ; at th e sa m e ti m e o b se rv i n
g th at a
, se
p arate de sc ri tio n p
of th e m and th e i r p d se u o m or
p h s, w h i ch h av e no t v e t b e e n m e ntio ne d,

34
 2 64 a no nc o v or I N DI A .
[J a s .

wou ld fo rm a m ost inte re sti ng and valua le b contri b u tion to th e m i ne

ralogy a nd ge o log y of In iad .

O f th e se p se udo m or ph s I ne e d onl y notice h e re th e p assage o f th e

radi t d f a e o rm s o f ze oli tes i nto ste atitic cla y or ste atite , and o f
glass y
f l p by t
e s ar ransition, into th e latte r also th e re pl ace m e nt of calcsp ar by

c rv stalline q uartz .

Basaltic Dyk es .

Th ese are o f c ourse num e rous i n th e tra pp e an tracts, as w e ll as

e lse wh e re , and th e i r stru cture pi r s m atic a nd c o m p ac t w h e re th e y are

no t b
de com p ose d, th e c olum ns e i ng p e r e ndi cu la r to th e su rface la ne s
'
p p .

yk
C olone l S e s m e ntions o ne wh ich cu ts th ro ugh th e asalt and am y g b
daloid i n th e top of a m o untai n w i h
t i n th e h ill-fo rt of Hurri ch u nde rgh u r,
w h i ch , as bf
e o re s tate d, is fe e t a b ov e th e le v e l of th e se a . He
also m e nti ons k
dy e s i n th e h ills a ou t Poona and th e b Bh ore Gh au t . All
th e se m u st o f co urse h ave e x iste be fo re th e tra d pp ean pl i
a ns we re
b k ro e n up . M e ntio n is fre qu e ntl y m ade o f b asalti c m ou ntai ns, w h ic h
a re pl t ly i
com e e so late d from th e m ai n trac t by a v e rti ca l fiss u re or

ra v nei wi h p p t e r e ndic ular si de s, of onl y a fe w fe e t i n b re adth , and of a

g re a t d p h The t . ere m a
y h ave b een fo rm ed by dyk e s o f m ore p e ri sh

a ble m atte r, wh i ch h ave be com e d e co m p ose d, and ca rri e d aw a y by th e

rai ns .

La teri te .

Th i s roc k p ar e x ce lle nce , th at is w h e re i t p th

ca s e p
tra p e an m ou n
tai ns, is e sse ntiall y co m p ose d of re d i ro n l y th
c a , e i ro n of wh ic h , by
m e ans o f se
g g
re ati on, h as fo rm ed i tse lf i nto ce lls a nd irre gu lar tu b e s,

ch i e fly at th e ex p e nse o f th e cla y w h i ch i s c o ntai ne d in th e i r i nte rior

h e nce th e ligh tne ss i n th e colo u r, di m i nish e d qu anti t , and soft and y
g re as n at y
u re o f th e latte r, wh i lst th at o n th e e x te ri o r o f th e tu e s b
re m ai ns re d, and re tai ns i ts o ri gi nal h arsh ne ss to th e to uc h . Th i s ca uses

th e w h i te and re d c o lo u r i n th e ro c k , and i s a p r oc es s w h i h pp
c a e ars to
be continuall in o y p e ratio n. Th e i n ne r surface of th e tu be s i s sm o o th ,

and fre qu e n tly m am m ilate d, and th e e x te rior, o f cou rse , ro ugh wh ile
th e ir w alls are co m p d ose of b ro w n h em ati te , p re se ntin
g m ore or le ss
o f a m e talli c lu stre . A ste e l-
g re y o x ide o f m angane se ( y
P ro lu si te ) no t
u nfre q ue ntl y tk a es th e pl ace of th e ox ide o f i ro n, o r, m ix i n
g w i th i t,

form s th e gre ate r p art o f th e m ass, and th e p plur e v i ole t ti nt w h i ch

th is roc k so m e ti m es ass u m e s, Ne w b old th o ugh t m igh t be ow i n

g to th e

p re s e nce of th e fo rm e r. Th e co nto rte d, i rre gular tube s, wh ic h are

fre q ue ntl y so nu m e rous and ne a r toge th e r as to gi v e th e m ass a ca nce lla te d

struc tu re th ro ugh out, are ge ne rall y b a o ut h alf an i nch i n diam e te r, b ut
 LA TBm r s
'
.

v ar y e ve r y m om e nt, in co ntrac ti ng and e x p di an ng to m u ch by de on or

wi th in th is si ze . Th y e also y
fre q ue ntl i nosc ula te wi th e ach oth e r, bu t
se e m , on th e wh ole , to h av e a v e rti cal dire c tio n, i f we m a
y k
ta e ou r t yp e

from th e late ri te at Be e dur ( Ve ysey) . At th i s pl ace , also, N w b ld e o

trace d one d ow nwar s d fo r 30 fe e t, wh ich , afte r a ll p , o e ne d on th id f

e s e o

th e roc k . Som e ti m e s th e wh ole m ass p as se s i nto p i if

s o rm i ron a re

wi th ou t th e tu b es ( Mm . Bradle y) . Wh en ex p ose d to th e ai r, i ts
surface b e co m e s bl k ac , and p re se nts th e bl k ac or irri d esc e nt m e talli c

lustre com m on to so m e form s of b rown hem atite .

Lt a e ri te of th is com p osition a nd stru cture ca s p th e h igh e st tra e an pp

m ou ntai ns, wh i c h te rm i nate in le v e l su m m its . At M ah ab le sh w ur i t
a pp ears to be at least 1 00 fe e t th ic k , and at Bee dur , on th e o pp osi te or

e aste rn co nfine s o f di t i t i i
th e gre at tra p t 2 00 f t pp e an s r c , s n one ar ee

d p ( N w b ld) wh
ee e it o t w k , p i g d w w d i t b lt
e re res s on ac en ass n o n ar s n o asa

( V ye y ) se W h . i t p p t h
e re v e r t pp a k w h
e arsth i on e ra ean ro c , e er n

M lw a t A a, ak t k th Rj
m m e r un a h l b ill i th S th
, on e a m a a s, or n e ou e rn

M h tt C
a ra t y it p
a t th
ou n r h , t b gi n d lw y
rese n s e c arac e rs a ov e ve , an a a s

res st wh t h
on b t d a as lyi g t p ee n I t by e rm e
“
ov e r n ra .
”
no m e ans,

h w o i t ti
e v e r, e x s s con ly th g h t th g t
nu ou st pp di t i t b
rou t ou e re a ra e an s rc , u

c h i fly e th on it f th h igh t
e sum m t i s o wh it e p d id es m ou n a ns, e re s sc ar e s es

( li k t
e h f t h ose o l y i g b lt b th
e ov e r i t) d h ni t l asa i t e ne a an or zon a su m m s

c h t i
arac er ze it p f sl g di t re se nce rom a on s ance .

V i pi i h
ar ous o i t d n o ns p ti g th igi d g l gi l
av e e x s e re s ec n e or n an eo o ca

g
a e f t
oh l t i t e b t “
I h ll
a er ly e, ti h uth w h i
s a h on m en on e re ose c

a pp t e ar t
o m e ti l dm os t i ra d ona wi th , y w
an n m os n acc or ance m o

b ti
o se rva V y yo ns. d C h i ti l o d i t wi th th
se an ly i g t p
r s e c asse e ov e r n ra ,

an d V y y o d th f ll wi g t p i t d t d 2 6 h S p t b
se m a e e o o n no e u on , a e t e em er

1 8 19 i , v z I d th h ill f B d co m m e nc e d th i on i g e o ee ur, an s m orn n

ro d t e h th w tw d
o t e nor I ywh - es w b l t th f t f
ar . e ve r e re sa asa t a e oo o

th h ill p
e i gi t w k
, ass n di l y i
n o acpl th t itie an ron c a n o ne ac e e rans on

di d t no py o ccuth 3 f t m oredw di ti t an ee , an as s nc .

F w wh k w h
e p t ti g g ity bility d t th f l
o no t e e ne ra n sa ac , a , an ru u ne ss

wh i h c h t ic th i h
arac e r ze b ti w ld b i li d t s aut or s
’
o se rv a ons, ou e nc ne o

d b t h f t wh i h th i
ou t e ac l i th t th b
c lt p i t
s no te re vea s, v z . a e as a asse s n o

th e l t i a er wh h by t i i th gh th w k i t l ly
te , et er ra ns t on rou e ac e s no c ear

t t d b t
s a e th h ill f B d
u as i pp d wi h l t i th w k t
e o ee ur s c a e t a er te , e ac e o

wh i h h c ll d e a t b b tw i d th b lt I l y
u e s m us e e e en t an e asa . ro n c a
”

w as V y y o se f l t it
’
s nam e d wh w or fl t th i t
a er e ; an en e re ec on e n e nse

bl kac f th
ne ss o ly i g b lt e
p i
ove rll y th t f n B b y asa , es ec a a o om a , co m

p d with th t f y f th th t pp
are a o an fli o d e o b er ra e an e
'

us ons, an re m e m er

th t i
a i n ts h f
course it t hto p d th gh
t e su r ace m us ave as se ro u
2 66 GEO LO GY O P ram s .
[Ja m

Or b tw
e e enth e gre at e bd s o f side roc ri ste sp e cu lar i ron ore of th e

gne i ss, and oth e r m e tam or ph i c stra ta a b o u ndi n

g i n ox i d ulate d i ron ore
and m an ane se ; and
g th at ci rc u m sta nces w h i ch w e re not p rese nt wh e n
th e fo rm er tra pp ean eff usi ons w e re p assi n
g th rou h th e m
g igh t h ave
m

cau se d th e ov e r ly i g b
n asalt to h av e b ro u h
g t aw a y a m uch lar e r orti on
g p
Of th e se m i ne rals th an an
y o th e r e ff usi on w h ic h p re ce de di w t, e sh all

not b e altoge th e r at a loss to acc ou nt for th e q u an ti ty f io ron o re

and m an anese
g in th e ov e r y
l i ng b asalt, and i ts te nde nc y i p ti
n ar c ular

to p ass i nto late rite , wh e re th e se m i ne rals h ave be c om e aggre gate d

and e x p ose d .

As i t is th e ov e rl yi g b
n asalt w h i ch p asse s i nto th e late ri te , th e latte r
m u st be of th e sam e ge ologi c al age as th e form e r ; an d as w e h av e c om e

to th e c onclusi on th at th e gre at tra pp ea n m o untai ns o f th e W este rn

Gh au ts w e re not e le v ate d u ntil th i s w as e e c te d, th e j late rite m us tb l e ong

to som e of th e late st of th e tra pp ean e ff usions .

F rom wh at h as b e e n sta te d o f th i s form ation, it m u st also fo llow , th a t

it m a
y re st on o th e r roc k s w h i ch are olde r th a n i tse lf, b e si de s th ose of th e
tra pp e an s ste m y , w h ic h i s th e case . p
Agai n, th e e rcolatio n of w ate r
th rough a roc k so h igh l yi p m re gnate d wi th i ro n as th e la te ri te , m igh t
i nduce a si m ilar c h an e
g i n th e o ne im m e diate l y b l w it
e o , w h ich also

app e ars to b e th e case , w h ile th e de br is of th e form e r, de sce ndi ng to th e

v alle y s, o r acc u m ulatin
g o n th e se a c o as t, m ay form sec o nda r ylt a e ri te s .

He nce i t b e com e s nece ssar yt o find o ut so m e s p e ci fic ch arac te r for th e

late rite ov e rl yi ng th e tra pp e an e ff usi ons ; an d th is se e m s to be th e a se nce b
Of all g ri t, grav e l, and th e fragm e nts o f fo re ign roc k s . Th i s, h ow e v e r,
w ill no t b e suffici e nt wh e n th e b lt gi i g i t h l t
asa v n r se o t e a e ri te m a
y h ave

fo rm ed a b re cc i a w ith th e rock h gh wh i h i t h p
t ro u c as asse d, as i n th e

g rani te h ills Of Gan j am in C t uk (S li g) b t i t l

tac te r n u s oc al c onne c ti ons

w ill th e n se rv e to ex pl i a nt h ly
e ano m a .

Th e re are y e t oth e r i nstance s i n w h ic h late rite m a

y b e fo und, to w h ich

I will now b i fly ll d r e a u e.

O th pl t
n e f th a e au o e Ne ilgh e rri e s, wh i ch i s not w ith ou t i ts d yk e s of

tra pp k i b
e an roc , v z . asalt, Be nza state s th at th e re i s 4 0 fee t Of li th o
m ar gi l y f y
c c all w o a e o -re d colou r, stre a k d wi h
e t re d and y ll w b
e o e ne a th ,

fo rm ed from th e de com p osi ng su rface of th e y

s e ni ti c and b
h o rn le ndic
k
roc s o n w h ich it re sts ; th e fe ls p ar a nd h o rn bl e nde
go i n
g first, and

th e n th e
q u a rtz , i n a f ria l e c o nd i ti o b
n wh i le late ri ti c c o nglom e rate s,

too, o f r ou n d e d e l e s, e xp bb
is t o n e ac h side o f t h e M o
y a r ri v e r .

k
Agai n, i n si n i ng a sh aft i n th e v ic i ni t o f B an alo re , w h i ch i s
g y
b
f e e t a ov e th e le ve l o f th e se a, ie u te nant B L
ai rd S m i th , at 2 fee t be low

th e su rface , c am e to varie gate d

lith o m argic e arth , wh i ch at 1 5 fe e t
 I NTE RTRA P PBA N La c usr nm n F O RM AT O N . I 267

be gan to ge t sligh tl m ore te nace ous, andy p rese nt fe lsp ar in th e form

o f a w h i te earth T
h is las te d ti ll th e sh aft
. re ach e d 2 0 fe e t, w h e n th e
de co m p ose d roc kb g e an to assu m e i ts re al form , and at 2 2 fe e t p rove d
to be a p g tit
e m a e .

On t h pp it id
e o os e s e of th e raise d land o f th e sou th Of th e p i
e n nsu la,

at th e Bi l y p
s e it i ass, s state d by N w b ld th
e o at se cti le late ri te ov e rlie s

gne i ss, w h i c h is ve ine d wi th grani te ; and th e Re v . Mr Eve re st h as

.

state d th at at Bancureh , on th e road from C alcutta to Be nares , grani te

is see n to b e d e com p osi ng

“
i nto sa nd and
gri t, i n w h ich a re im b dd d e e

m asse s
qof a uartz ose b
re ddi sh - row n slagg -loo y ki ng ironstone ,
”
th e
b e llows o f wh ich are num e rous, i rre gu lar, and m am m illa te d i nsi de , and

w h ic h he co nsi d e rs to h ave aris e n fro m th e d e com p osi ti on of th e

grani tic ro c k s, wh ich in two or th ree pl ace s p re se nt ve i ns o f it cutti n

g
th rough th e m .

So th at th e re are v arious ki dlate ri tic roc

n s of k db d
s an e s, b ut th e y
m us t not be confounde d wi th th e late ri te w h ich ca p th t pp
s e ra e an m o un

tai ns, or form s th e u pp p er art of th e ov e rl i ng y b asalt in oth e r laces p .

IX .

I N TE R T RAPP EA N La c o sr nm n F O R M ATI O N .
( n . r
. . c .
)
Th i s nam e is d d
e riv e from i ts p osi tion in th e tra pp ean e fli '

u s ons,

wh e re i t h as b ee n c h i fly
e no ti ce d . N o dou t it b e x ists or h as e x iste d on

o th e r roc k s, b ut it is onl y in one i nstance th at th is h as b e e n satis

fac to rily de m onstrate d .

I t h as now b een fou n d alm ost th rough out I din a in c onne cti on wi th
th e tra pp e an roc k s, th at is, a lac ustrine form at oni e x ists u n e r d th e
c olu m nar b asalt of C ntc h , of M alwa , on th e Ra j m a h al h ills, re m nants

on th e i solate d h i lls of Me dco ndah i n th e Hy drabad cou ntr y , i n th e

ne igh b ourh oo d of Nag p ore , i n th e Gwailgh ur h ills, th e Si ch e l h ills,
and i n th e is lan d of Bom by a .

I ts p i i pp t b
o s t on a e ars o e un er d th e o v e rl yi g b n asalt, and re stin
g
o n am ygd l i d wh i h b i g
a o , c , e n a b
s u se
q ue nt e ffusi on, h as se p arate d it
from th k wh i h i t w
e roc on c as o ri i nall de
g y p os ite d .

It co nsists o f a r
i ll u nd r illO -c alcare ous sh ale , m ore or less
g ace o s a a g
i ndurate d, c h e rtifie d, o r re nde re d as i de o u s h e at, and from j p by an i nch
to 4 0 fe e t i n th ic ne ss ; k and in so m e plac e s o f li m e stone . V e ge ta le b
a nd a ni m al re m ai ns a b ound i n it, as w i ll be d e scri b dh
e e re afte r.

V oy se y a pp e ars to h av e b e e n th e first w h o noti ce d th is form ati on.

He fou nd i n 1 8 1 9, fossil sh e lls

, bl e on i ng to
g it fe e t a b o v e th e le v e l
of th e se a; o n th e su m m it of th e b ills of M e dcondah m e nti one d, wh i ch
c onsi sts of tra pp ean roc k s re sting on g ranite , a ou t b 1 50 m ile s due e as t
2 68 o no no c r or I NDI A .
[J A N .

of Bee dur , and th e re fore th e sam e di ts ance fro m th e easte rn b orde r of

th e g rea t tra pp ean di t i ts r c . He afte rw ar s d saw i t i n th e Gwailgh u r

h ills, i n si te , and gave a descri ti ve p sec ti on of i t, from wh i ch th e
followi ng from a bov e dww d
o n ar s h as b e e n c om pil d e

Noda lar b asalt, or wac ke n 1 0 fee t

fi
.

Earth y clay , strati e d, of di fl ’

ere nt de gre es of i ndura ti on
contai ni ng fl atte ned sh e lls of th e ge nus conus o r voluta 2
W ack e n, or i ndurate d clay ( alm ost alway s a m ygdalo i da l) 15

C oulth ar d and Dr S . py
r afte rwards
gave th e followi ng se cti ons,

p
res e c ti ve ly , o f th e tra pp e an e ffusi o ns at Sau or
g i n C e ntral I ndia, w h ic h

also a pp e ar to i nc l d th i
u e s form ati on. Th e form er of a swe ll of

tra p ,
”
th e latte r of a w e ll
”

“
S ection Qf th e S m all f
o Tr ap .
( C oulth ard ) .

Rubb ish and soi l 1 6 fe et .

I ndon te d wac ken, i n angular p i ece s of uni form arrange

m ent.

Wac ke n ch ange d i nto a sp e c i es o f p u z z alam a .

A th i n b lac k stre ak , ( ra th er re m ar k ab le ) , a vege tab le

de posi t
A wh i te h ard earth y li m estone , so m e ti m es e Re rv esci ng

we ak ly wi th aci d, so m e ti m es not at all, wi th sm all y e llow

sp e c ks o f calca re o us s par. 93 0
Wack e n ,
w i th fi brous carbonate of li m e , and di tto in ve ins

7 0
An am y gdaloi d wacken, si m i lar to th e toads tone of England . 6 0

49 3; fee t .

In allusion to th e Trave rti n m e ntione di n th is se cti on, C oul

th ard sta te s b ut to th e tra p , not to th e sandstone , bl e ongs a h ard,
wh i te , e arth y li m e stone , h arsh and
g y
ri tt
t th f l o e ee on th e fracture ,
a nd i n wh ich , p y
rath e r s aringl , are i b dd d
m ell e sm a round p ti l far c es o

c alcare ous p f y ll w l
s ar, o a e o co our . I t b l g t th e on s o e t p ra d i , an s,

tt d t p
”
m ore ove r, e v e r a i t th e n an u on , rough ou t th e range .

S ec tion f
o th e We ll .
”
( S p ry .
)
S urface so i l
“ S o ft b asalt

H ard b asalt
S o ft b asalt
Wack e n ,
wi th nod ules of
“ Trave rti n wi th
,

C oarse si li ceo us gri t

H‘rd bm ‘t O . 0 0 0 0 0 .

Th e Soci e t y ’
s m use u m now a oun s b d in b p
eauti ful s ecim e ns of sh e lls

and oth e r organic re m ai ns from th is form ati on at Saugor, wh ich h ave

 rm s ar aa r p s a u L ac usr nm n r om u rro N
'
. 269

b ee n p rese nte d by Dr Sp ilsbury and C a tai n

. p W T . . Nicolls . Th e
latte r ( P . a s .
) c o nfi rm s Dr S p y
r
’
s o se rv a ti.o ns, wi th b a little di ffe re nc e ,
and
gi v e s as a se ct on i 2 0 fee t fro m th e w e ll
”
— re
gu r colu m nar b asalt

b rown o r ch oc olate fine y b ki g wi h

cla , h id l f
re a n d t a co nc o a rac ture , an

im b ddi e ng sh e lls Ph
( y s a ) p ,t sed i b l k
ara e an f d l li t n oc s o no u ar m e s one

tu fl '

aceo us nodular lim t

e s one , t l d d d fi
m o d l y g i
t e re an ne re c a a a n,

t d l yi — b t 1 50 y d f ”
re sti n on v olcanic in d w h il
g ura e c a e a ou ar s ro m

th is, th e re gu r re sts on c h lky li a wh i h t i Pl y

m e sto ne c con a ns a ed

and ov e rli e s bl d l y
ue t i i g
or re ll q t if c a , con a n n sm a uar z e

ro us ca vi tie s.

Th e ne x t noti c e we h av e of th is form atio n is th at by Malcolm son,

wh o saw it and i ts fragm e nts i n se ve ral lac e s, b u artic ularl i n a p t p y

narrow b and
”
at th e p
ass of th e Sich e l h ills, near Nirm ul, ro e c ti n
g p j
from th e p escar m e nt o f a stee p m o u ntai n com p d f ose o l d l b
no u ar as a t,
and ca pp d by e a s trati fie d roc k , w h ic h l
a so a pp l
e are d t b b o e asa t .

And at Hutnoo r, a li ttle furth e r north , he b d b d f i 12 f t

o se rve a e o t ee

th i c k , re stin
g on g re ddis h ranite , a lso ca pp d by b lt H i t
e asa . e re

c h i flye consi s te d o f strati fie d li m e stone , r ci h ly h g d w i th b i l

c ar e va ve

sh e lls ( U De ccanem i s)
'

m o .

F rom th e sh e lls and oth e r organic re m ai ns w h i ch Malcolm so n

colle c te d from th is form ati on, th e follow i ng de sc ri ti ons h ave p b een

gi ve n

by M J r. . de C S ow e r . by
C h a ra M a lcolm sm di — O b lo ng, sp h e roi dal, wi th
. 10 ri b s 5 th re e of th e ri bs a re

p rod uce d a t th e ap e x .
“
Th i s ca p s u le is co m p ose d o f 5 tub es , e ac h of wh i ch i s c urle d tw i ce ro u nd. Th e
figures re p re se nt a cas t o f th e i nte ri o r, th e t ub e s be i ng s p li t do wn, a nd th e o u te r
h alve s b ro ke n a way , a nd le ft i n th e c h e rt Th e s p e c i m e ns a re si li c i fiad , and c o ns ti .

tu te alm os t th e e nti re m ass of th e roc k ,

i n w h i c h th e y o cc ur assoc i ate d wi th
P h y sce and P a la di nce .

C yp ris ry li nd ri ca . — Twi ce as w ide as lo ng, alm os t c y li ndri ca l ; fro nt v e ry

sli gh tly conca ve th e o ute r s urfa ce , w h i c h i s v e ry ra re ly o b tai ne d, i s p u nc tu re d .

C y p ri s su bglo bosa .
—S uh -globo se ,
tri angular , i nfl a te d front co nc a v e .

i s p uncture d , as i n C cy li nd rzc a
‘

Th e o u te r su rfa ce o f th i s c rus ta ce an . .

Bo th s p ec ie s occ ur ab undantly i n gre y ch e rt, w i th th e U u io D ecca ns nsis and

o th e r s h e lls , a nd i n v ari o us s pe c i m e ns o f c h a rt a nd i nd u ra te d c lay , c o nta i ni ng

Gy r ogou i les , P a la ti ne fro m th e S i c h e l h i lls Th e foss i ls

'

, P lay ers , and Ltm nece , .

are co nv er te d i nto ca lce do ny .

Um Da m is — Transverse ly ob lo ng, rath e r com p resse d m argi n i nte r

'

o m

fi
.

nally wave d s h e ll v e ry th i c k s urface ne ly s tri a te d . F i g 6 is i n li m

. e s to ne fro m
th e no rth e rn desce nt o f th e S i c h e l h i lls ; th e o th e rs a re in c h e rt fro m M unnoo r .

Th i s sp e c i e s wh i ch b o unds th e p oste ri o r p o rtion, and is

h as o fte n a ri dge ,

v ari ab le i n si ze and e le v a ti o n F i g 9 i s fro m a p a rt o f a gro u p o f m any i ndi vi

. .

dua ls of nea rly one s i ze , b adly p rese rve d i n th e sa m e li m e s to ne as fig 6 b u t as .

th e y are re gu larly ov al, and do no t sh o w a wave d m ar gi n, th e y m ay be long, as

270 o ao no o v o r i ND I A .
[J a s .

we ll as fig 1 0 , wh i ch
. is i n gre y c h e rt from M unnoor , to a sp ec i es dis ti nc t fro m
U . D ecca ne m i s . S om e fl atte ned sp ec i m e ns fro m th i s i i m ate ne are 2 5 i nc h es b roa d .

U m o
'

tu m ida .
—Trans ve rse ly o b o vate , s m oo th , gi b b ose p oste ri or e x tre m i ty

rath e r p o i nte d be ak s ne ar th e a nte ri o r ro u nde d e x tre m i ty .

“ Th e se c ti o n o f th e two v alves u ni te d is re gula rly h eart-sh ape d . Th e sh e ll is

r ath e r th i n , and i t h as so m e th i ng o f th e co nto u r o f C y re na . It occ urs i n th e sam e

li m esto ne w i th fi g 6 , . and th e sub stance o f th e sh e ll is re p lac e d by calc areo us sp ar,

wh i c h c anno t b e b ro ken so as to sh o w th e h i nge .

Li tnnea s ub ula ta .
— S ub ulate , e lo nga te d , sm oo th sp i ne e q ual i n le ngth to th e

b ody ; w h o rls fi ve . In a nea rly wh i te , so ft, si li ce o us sto ne , from M unnoo r and

C h i c k ne e .

P h y sa P ri nsep i i .
— O vate , rath e r e longa te d sm ooth sp i re sh ort, b ody -w h o rl
la rge s t u p wards. Th e large st a re 2 5 i nch es long, and up wards of an i nch
b ro ad .

M e la ni n q u a d r i li nea ta. —S ub ula te ; w h orls ab ou t e i gh t, wi th fo ur stri a u pon

e a ch ; ap e rture ne arly ro und. Fi g . 1 7 , i n gre y li m estone from th e sam e loca li ty

as figs 6 . and 11 .

P a ladi na D ecca ue m is .
- S h ort, c oni c al, p oi nte d, rounde d at th e b ase wh orls
”
6 or 6 , sli gh tly conve x ; up e rture ro und .

M alcolm son also re cognize d sh e lls of th is form ation in s p e c i m e ns o f

ch e rt from th e h ills a outb th e ru i ne d c

i t y of Mandoo i n Malwa , , alre a d y
m e nti o ne d, wh ich we re p re se nte d to th e Socie t y by th e la te Li e ute na nt

Blak e .

Ne x t i n d
or e r of o cc urre nc e , but by f ar th e m ost am pl e and satis.

factor y de scr i p ti on th at h as y e t b
e e n giv e n of th is fo rm ati o n, i s th e

follo wi ng by th WH p e Re v . islo , wh ich i s e x tracte fro m h is

. Ge olog d y
N gp t wh i h I h b ll d d
”
of th e St t a ur a e, o c av e e fore a u e .

Th e F res h wa te r F orm a ti on, w h i ch re ally d yi ld oe s e fossil fruits

and o th e r organi sm s, is y ne arl c o-e x te nsi ve w i th th e gre at ou t o uring p
of b asalt o n th e we st o f N gp a ur . Wh e th e r i t e v e r e x iste d wh e re th e re
is no w no tra pt o be se e n is a q u e stion w h i ch I sh all no t sto pt o disc uss .

But i t is a re m ar a kb le fac t, th at w h e re ve r th e re i s o v e rl yi ng di o ri te to
p re se rv e i t, th e re th e fre sh wate r de p o sit is alm ost su re to be fo u nd,
u nle ss i t h as b ee n b u rnt u p by th e i ntrusio n o f am ygd l id a o . W e h av e
trac e d i t w e ll nigh w i th ou t i nte rru tio n for 1 0 0 p m ile s to w ards Elich p ur,
and th ro u gh ou t th e w h ole istance di ffe ri n d g o fte n in colo u r and

c om p o siti o n, in ou twar d pp a e arance and i nwa r d stru c ture , b u t still

m ai ntai ni ng th e sam e
ge ne ral re lati o n to th e e nclosin
g roc k s. I t i s to
be m et w i th of all h u e s, and of all m i x ture s of tints pl i i at one ace t s
c alca re ou s, a t anoth e r silic e ous, and a t a th i d l y y
r H it i
c a e . e re s

y
c r sta lli ne , th e re ch e rt y , and aga i n sco riace ous . I p i i f ll
n o ne s ot t s u

of fossils, in ano th e r and ne igh b ou ri n

g lo ca li ty i t i tt ly ds ui d f ll er e vo o a

trace s o f anc ie nt life . I k now no t o ne intri nsic fe atu re th at is ch arac te n

 m rs a rns p p aa u m
' '
c vs ram a ro a u ar ro n
'
. 71

i sti c of it . In j
i
g gn ud
of i ts i e nti t , th e on l sure g uidde t o g o iys y by
i ts posi ti on b e twee n th e nodular tra a o v e and th e v e si c ular tra p b p
b e low h o ugh i t
. T m ust be p d
s re a o v e r v ast b
ta le -lan d s of difie re ut
'

e le vati ons,
y e t i t is alm ost e x c us v e l i ly on th e escar m e nts ofp th e se th at
we can ac ui re an
q y k nowle dge of it . Ge ne rall th e i m y b dd d
e e stratum

occ urs at a di t s ance o f 1 5 to 2 0 fee t from th e fis t t0 p of th e em ine nce ,

j us t at th e pl ace w h e re th e wate r i n th e m onsoon, running down th e
slo e , p h as g ath e re d stre ngth sufi cie nt to m a k e an im p re ssio n on

i nte rv e ni ng b i arr e rs, and w h e nce it p roce e d s to pl o ugh up th e soft

su bj ac e nt am ygd l id a o , till i t re ach e s th e b o ttom , le avi ng an inte rval

b twe e e n e ach ru nne l li k e a roun e d dtl a us . In m aki ng y ou r w ay up th e
asce nt, y ou r atte nti o n m ay be attrac te d by b a nu m e r of bl k oc s at th e

p ot, wh i ch h ave falle n, or be e n was e h d d w f o n, rom th e si te of th e

de posi t T
h ese increas e th e neare r y ou a
. pp h th roac e e x ac t s ot ; and p if
th e y dd lysu en cease , y ou m a
y be su re , wh e th e r y ou h ave o se rve d i t or b
not, th at
y ou h a ve j us t p asse d by th e strati fie roc , and com e u po nd k
th e nodular b asalt . Th e th i c k ness of th e de p osi t is ve r y v ari ous . It
range s fro m 6 or 7 fe e t to an inch Th e form e r m us t h ave ee n i ts
. b
o ri ginal de ve lo p m e nt in th is art of p Id
n i a ; and wh e re i t h as een b
re duce d, th e ch ange m us t b tt i b t d t th
e a r u e o e am ygd l i d l i t a o a n rusi on

from b e ne ath . I n th e ne igh b h d f N gp

o ur oo o a ur it d t oe s no ave rage a

k
th ic ness o f m ore th an o ne foot wh e re it is gre a e r, e u er ortion t th pp p
y
is ge ne rall indu rate d, and th e lowe r re m ains soft I t is i n th e form e r .

th at m ost o f th e fossils are fo u n d , th ough wh e re th e latte r consis ts of a

gre e n and p ur
p le cla y , th e calcare ous no d ule s, wh ich h av e b ee n a
ggre

gate d i n i t, for th e m ost p t ar e nclose o rgani c re m ai ns . Am ong th e

fossils wh i ch th is form ation yi lde s are th e following
Mam m a li a o r Rep ti lta
’

In a
- ddi ti on to th e p art of a fe m u r and

th e ph l bf
a anx , e o re allu dd
e to, as h avi ng b ee n fou nd at Juny é p é ni
C h ou k i wh i h I
, c am i ncline dt o re fe r to th is d p it e os , th e re h av e b een

di scov e re d i n i t, b
a out two m ile s w e st o f N gp a p ur, a ortion of a v e rte ~

b ral colu m n, consis ti ng, app are ntl y , of

'
ei
gh t v e rte brae , a nd, not far
fro m th e sa m e p
s o t, a nu m b e r of m i nute b one s, in a dt e a c h e d and

ve r y fragm e ntar y state , bl e onging to all p arts of th e ani m al struc tu re .

Wh e th er th e se re m ains o f
q ua d pdru e s a re e x clusi v e l y f ptilo re e s, o r

wh e th e r som e of th e m m a
y not also be m am m ali an, I d tp o no ossess

k nowle dge e nough

y g to warrant m ex p re ssi n an O pi in on i no r s it
ne ce ssar th at y
sh ould, se e in
g th e I
are to b e transm t e o on on, y it d t L d
and wi ll soon b e e xam i ne th ose w h o are com e te nt to th e tasd by p k
di
.

But I m ya m e nti on, th at th e te e th sc ov e re d am on

g th e m i ndicate th e
form er e x is te nce of saurians at th e locali ty, one tooth bi
e n
g sm all and

35
27 2 a nom av or ra m s .
[J A N .

obt ly i l with b b d p int d th p i wh i h i

use con ca , a ar e o , an ano e r s e c e s, c s

y b d t b i g p ti ly fi t d l t h p d with th
ve r a un an , e n com ara ve s an a nce -s a e , e

ll d i d
e nam e f d ki h l t
e l T th i l
s e l oy p a ar s s a e co our. o s c ass a so m a , er

h p b
a a, f d l w h lf i h l g b gh t t ligh t t
e re e rre a c a , a an nc on , rou o a

T l kh di th
e an il w t ef N gp
,
w h il th t t
ree t m es es o a ur ; e e s ra u m a

M h h gh da h f i h d th i p
ac a i
o pp tly f f h w tas urn s e e m ress on, a are n , o a re s a er

tortoise .

F is h e s .
—Rem ai ns of th is class are fou n d t Takli
a and Mach h a
gh odd , b u t ch i e at Pahadsi ngh a h e fly . T y consis t for th e m os t p art of
scales, som e of th e Ga noi and oth e rs d of th e C cloi y d orde rs . Th e
Ganoidians are p roba bly t b o e re fe rre dt o th e Le p idotoids, to wh ich th e
spi nous y
ra s colle c e t d wi h t th e scales m ay h ave bl e onge d. Th e
alternate dp e ressions and e le vatio ns, wh i ch radiate fro m th e ce ntre of

th e C y l idi
c o an scales, are be au tifull yp rese rve d som e h ave 1 2 of each ,

and oth e rs a sm alle r num b e r. O ne p

s e ci m e n, as was p oi nte d o ut to
m e by th at we ll- nown naturalist k Dr . J d e r o n, h as co nsti tute dp art of

th e late ral line, and sti ll bears th e tu b h e t rough w h i ch th e m uc us fiowe d

th at anoi nte d th e su rface of t e h b dy o . But th e m ost cu ri ous o bj ec t

th at h as b e en m et wi th i n th is d p t
e ar m e nt is a pi e ce of a roe fo un d at

Takli , in th e two lo b es of wh i ch th e ova th at h ad b ee n m ature d are

calce donise d, wh ile countle ss m inute granule s are se e n lini ug th e ovarian

'

m em b rane .

I ns e am — Th e e x uvi se of th i s class are m ore nu m e rous th an m igh t

h av e b e e n antic i a te d. p Th y e are foun d onl y t Takli
a , and are ch ie fiy

el yt ra of b ee tle s, of wh i ch 9 p
s e c ie s h ave b di een scov e re d, 7 h aving
re w arded th e i nv estigati ons of Mr . H unte r . So m e are allie dt o th e
Bup re sti dae , anoth e r, i n th e pi i f it o n on o s ac co m pli h d
s e disc ove re r, i s
connec te d with th ( e so ft b d i d) H t
- o e e e rom e ra, w h ile two tu b e rc ulate d
y
el tra m a y p i b ly h
oss ave b l gdt
e on e o so m e oth e r fam il y of th e sam e

t ibr e . In one of th e fru i ts, to be m e ntione d blw e o , th e re w as

fou n d a h ollow tu b bie, ndi ng toge th e r se v e ral of th e surrou n di ng

se e ds, and absordi ng th e j uice of th e ir e nv e lo i ng p p lpu : th is w as,

p e rh a p s, th e w o r k of som e o ne o f th e D ip t e ro us d
or e r ; and on a

p ie ce of si lici fie d d wh i h w oo , c at th e p e ri od o f i ts dp e osi ti on m us t

h av e b e e n cons id bly d y d
e ra e ca e , th e re was discov e re d a la rge num b er

of li ttle rou n y d p q b di
g d i oh ll w Ca ue o e s, re gularl arran e n a o o . an

th he se b th gg f
ave f h L pi d p
een ? e e s o one o t e e o te ra
C t — O f th i l
rus a ce a . d pt th E t t s c ass no o r e r occ u rs e xc e e n om os raca,

c om p i i g th g C yp i with 6 p i ll w f I
rs n e e nu s r s, s ec e s, a ne , so ar as am

aw are ;d y i t ti g g
an wh i h I
a ve r di p d t id n e re s n e nu s, c am s ose o cons er

alli d t Ly é
e Bp / i
o nc us o r a m c.
 m m ar aam rt La c us ra m a s c e n ar i os
'
. 273

M ollusca — Th ese . are v ery num e rous, co nsi sti ng of M e lanin gum »
driliaeata ( Sow e r ) by , and pe rh a p s anoth e r s ecie s of p th e sam e ge nus

not de scri bd e P a la di ns Deccaa e usts

'

p
and 8 s e ci es not nam e d ;

4 spe ci e s of Ve le s ta, ne w ; of Li m a b e si des th e m bu la ta ( Sow ) .

5 new s e cies ; p of Ph y sa in a dditi on to th e P ri nsep ti

'

( Sow .
) 4 hr 5
ne w form s, th at m ay constitu te as m an y p s e ci e s ; of Buli m ia 2 ne w
p
s e cies, with 1 2 o th e r s p eci e s th at m a
y b e re fe ra bl e to th e sam e ge nus ;
S ucci ne a 1
'

p
s e ci es , and Um
’

o De cca nensis . Most of th e Palu di nse

h av e be en found at Takli , along wi th th e two w e ll-m ar e kd p i f s ec es o

Buli m us . Te lankh edi h as su ppli d e all th e Li m nwse , th d b tf l

e ou u

Bulim i , wh ich in m an y case s re tai n a stri p e of colour on th e sh e ll, and

th e si ngle p
s e ci es of S uc ct ne a,
'

of y p i h b
w h i ch onl one s ec m e n as ee n

m e t wi th . O ne p
s eci e s of Va le s t wi th
a, p tty t i t d pi at re s ra e s re , m os

f req ue ntl y truncate d, is fo und l i ly t Tak li

e x c us ve A th l a . no e r, a so

striate d and conoi d , leave s i ts i pm i b d tly th

re ss ons k a un an on e roc

arou n d Nag p ur . Two wi th ou t strise occur at Mach h agh oda , one

cari nate d b a ove , and som e ti m es conical, and at oth e r ti m es o bl ong

coni cal, and th e oth er di scoi dl a , and so m inu te as sc arce l y t b i i bl

o e v s e

by th e na kd e ye e . Play sa is th e ge nus m ost e x te ns ve use , i ly difi d

'

h avi ng b e en collec te d p
i n all laces w h e re th e e osi t i s fossilife rous ; dp
Besides th e P . Pri nsep si
’

( So w .
) th e re is one ne w form foun d at

Te lankh cdi , wh ich p rese nts b

o vi ous sp e ci fic
’
di fie re nce s ; and th e re
are se v e ral oth e rs v ar i
y gn from b oth of th ese , b ut by such gra ual d
ch ange s, th at un e r d a se nse o f i ncom pt y Ih e enc , ave se nt th e m all to

L ondon for d e te rm i nati on . Th e on ly i i g h

re m a n n s e ll th at h as falle n
in ou r w ay i s Uni s Dee cane nsts
’

wh ich was o bt i d by M
a ne r.

H unte r at C h ikni, th e locali t y p i td o n e ou t by Malcolm son, wh i ch is

th e onl y localit y fo r i t th a t I y t
ask e now of wi th i n th e te rri tor
y of
Nag p ur . Th e s e ci m e ns of
p it th at occur th e re are far from good,

wh e n co m p d with th ki dly t
are ose n se n m e from th e ne igh b o urh ood of

Eli ch p ur by D B dl y Th t bl r . ra e . a a e and zealous g e ologi st h as also

fu rnis h e d with ll t p i n
m e e x ce en s ec m e s of P h y sa , th e form s of wh ich
agree wi th th e se c om m on in th e vi ci ni t
y of Nag p ur.

We p ass now to th e ve
ge ta bl k i e ngdom , th e p
s e cim e ns of wh i ch
from th e fre sh wate r form atio n are b th o ra re and v ari e d Th y
. e m ay be
clas se d u nde r th e h e ads of fruits and se e d s, le aves, roo ts and wood .

F r ui ts and S a da — O f th ese th e re b
are a o ut 5 0 s e ci e s . p Th e orde r
of th e Ex o ge nous sub -ki ngdom th at h as m ost re re se ntati ve s, is th e
, p
Legs m i a cs a , th e re b i g4 p i
e n y bi s ec e s ver o v ous, v ia . two H edy sarec ,

and o th e r two, inc l di g C

u i f th
n a ass a o e m ore re gular fl owe re d di visi on

of th e or er d . Un d th er h d b
e sam e
y ea m a e arrange d wh at a pp ears to
2 74 or ra m s . [Ja s .

be a F a botde a
'

of Bowerbank , a double o see de d fruit rese m bling th e

X y li aop rsoa i tes
'

of th e sam e auth or, and a th ree -se e dd

e one , occu rri n
g
som e ti m es with tw o se e d -v esse s
, l and at o th e r ti m es wi th th re e , wh i ch
m ay h av e b ee n a H e dy sa re a . Th e b d
m ost a u n ant or e r of d En d oge ns

is Aroidece , of wh i ch th e re two ge ne ra, wi th

are com p o und frui ts, one

wi th th ree -se e de d ovari es, in size and outward ap p e arance bi e ng ex cee d

i ngly li k e a sm all ppl pi ne-a e, and th e o th e r
ge nus b e aring a distant
re se m bl ance t o a lb yh m u e rr , avi ng, h owe ve r, th e se e ds in each v esse l

y
s m m e trica lly di p di i s ose n s x es Th i l tt g
. t i tw s a er e nus con a ns o sp e cie s

one , th at m ust h ave h ad a r c i h p pl p lp w pw d f

ur e u , as u ar s o an i nch i n
le ngth , and h alf an i nch in b dth d h th t d d t
re a ; an t e o er ex en e o 2 i nch es
long, with a b dth
re a not e x ce e di g i f i h N t t th
n o an nc . ex o e Aroidec
th e m ost inte resti ng En d o
ge ns are P a lm s , of wh i ch th e re see m to b e
two ge nera, one a Nip a dste s, (B ow )
’

. and th e oth e r one a trans p are nt

p ie ce of calce don y , w h ose p

lace i n th e d
or e r canno t e x ac tl yb e assi gne d.

F or th e latte r rare p
s e ci m e n, as y k
w e ll as for th e large r m ulbe rr li
- e

aro i d f it ru d , an f it m an d y tho d w i d b t d t C pt i
er ru s an se e s, e are n e e o a a n

W ph a s are , wh tiose i th i fi ld h
cc -o p e ra p d f th h igh t
on n s e as rov e o e es

l
v a ue t I di o p ln t langy Th f
a se on o o i t b p ifi d
. i e ru s a ove s e c e , n com m e n

wi th th t
ose ti no d l
m en t ll f
one d t Takli Th ly
, are a m os a ou n a . e on

e x ce pti w th y f ti
ons or o f th H dy
no ce are wh i h w one ol id e e sa re ae, c as a

p i t f M h h gh da p t
o en n a s one rom ac i f th
a l g
o ; se ara e o v ar es o e ar e r

i
s x -see d d id wh i h f d l g wi h fi h l t P h d i gh
e aro , c are oun a on t s -sc a e s a a a s n a,

an d th Ch e M l l a ra i wh i h i a co m so n a,t wi th th
’

gh t b d
c t ly sm e , ou no a un an ,

wh th d p i t
e re v e r e t i e
g os i i
con a ns or an c re m a ns .

L em m a— O f th th 1 2 ki d
ese e re f wh i h are E n s, se v e n o c are xo

g e nous . I f th
n som e o t h d y ie se t i k ff f e th
se con ar ve ns s r e o rom e

p i
r m ar y t y
a t a ve r
g l d i t h
ac u e an t t w
e , anh il i nof e rs no so acu e , e n one o

or bi l h p th y
cu a r s a e di t f e t l p i t lik th l f f Hy d
ra a e rom a ce n ra o n e e ea o ra

co ty l e. Th E d g e l n o e nous fi i b eaves f wh i h
are ve n num e r, so m e o c

p osse ss a i d bl
cons i il i ty t th
e ra f
e s m d i th B b y t
ar o ose o un n e om a s rata,

an d fig d i Pl t iii f th i J l f J ly 1 8 5 2 All th h
ure n a e v . o s ourna or u . e se ave

b ee n o bt i d t Takli l th t
a ne a , as a so e roo s .

R noa— Th t t fi i ll
e se am ou n f wh i h o h b
ve n a , none o c are m uc a ov e

an i h i l gth
nc n en Th t .pi fe m os
g th cons th cuous orm s am on em are ose

th t a are wh t li k
som e a k d by th
e a c oco on, f h th i g m ar e e scars o s ea n

b t O f h t b th
rac s . su c t b th
u e rs difi i g i
e re t i
se e m o e ree ,
'

er n n ce r a n

p t f
re s e c s h th
rom d g i gi
e ac o e r, anb with th th a re e n id n num er e re e aro

pl t with wh i h th y f d i i bly i j t p iti

an s, c e are ou n Th nv ar a n ux a os o n. e

i il ity f
s m ar oti ll b t th
one roo i t th t gi
n a i Pl t ii fig 1
u e s ze o a ve n n a e v . .

o f th e bl p p j t f d t
a e a er us n t f il t
re e rre pp t h t
o, can o a o a e ar on . e m os
 rm a a raa r e ua u
'
m ous rnm a r oa u s r ro s
'
. 275

cu rsory e x am inati on, and m ay serv e to fix th e pl ace of th e latte r i n th e

ve
ge ta bl ki gd e w ll n t om , as e as crea e th e h o p e of d
fin i ng near Bom bya

som e aro i d f i t wh i h i t h rup d c as ro uce d .

W d Th—
oo t b th e re se e m o e re e ki n d
s of Ex oge ns and two of

En dg
o e ns . In som e cases th e form e r re tai n th e ir b k
ar , wh ile th e
latte r, as h as b e e n o se rve b d in oth e r I ndian locali ti e s, occasi onall y
di pl y
s a th e ir ae rial roots . S p ec im e ns of w oo d are com m on i n alm bst
all fossilife rous p arts of th e te rri tor y .

F rom a re vi e w of th e wh ole fossi l conte nts of th is form ati on, th e

infe re nce to b e de ri v e d a pp e ars to b e , th at i t cannot be m ore re ce nt

th an th e Eoce ne e ra . Bronn , i n h is I nde x , h as se t i t dow n as of th e

sam e g
a e wi th th e C onti ne ntal M olas se b ut th e facts , th at o u t of th e
m an y sh e lls i t h as em b dd d
e e not one wi th i n m y k now le d e
g is s p eci ficall y
th e sam e as any now e xi sting, th a t th e re is alm ost an e
q ual num b f er o

Ganoidi an wi th C y l idi
c o an scale s, and th at th e fruits b e ar a re m a r a k bl e

rese m bl ance to th es e fo un di n th e L d on on cla y of th e Ils e o f Sh pp y e e ,

in y hm u m le O i i on
n u w b
arrant th e p f lly b lie ef th at i t is one of th e
oldest o f te rti aries O n th e te m ti ng th e m . p e of i ts e x te nt th ro ugh ou t
I di I f b t t
n a or e ar o e n er .
”

L tly w
as t
, h l
e t i
co m e t t i
o t e th i l d f B b y
acus r ne s ra a n e s an o om a ,

wh i h I c i d i 1 85 1
e x am ne d h nd ib d i N XV I f th i , an av e e sc r e n o . . o s

J l
ourna .

Th wh i h li d 50 f t f bl k t tifi d b lt d t
e se , c e un e r ee o ac , s ra e asa , an re s

on i t d d
n ru e ygd l id lik th f g i g
am a o , i t ti ly e f e ore o n , c ons s en re o

ar g ill h
ace ous s l w h i h p i
a e s, ly w h ch y pp su h h b
e r or l , e re t e a ro ac t e asa t,
are o f li gh t b w
a l d i f i ly w h
ro n c o ou r, an h y i t d d by n er or , e re t e are n ru e

am ygd l id f di ty g
a o , o a bl k i h l r Th y l i t
re e n or ac s co our . e are am na e

i t t
n s ru c u re , an d h g i p i ti
o m o e neo us w h h y h t n co m os on, e re t e av e no

b ee n a lt d by h e re h f il e at ; h t e ll b oss
g i ll o s, e v e n, av e a ecom e ar ace us ;

an d lth a g h h oud h e re an
y b t e re , g l m a d pp e se e n a coarse , ranu ar, an a a

re n tly h t g t t l y i
e e ro e neo u s s ra u m g b tw th f t , ly fi n e een o e rs o e x re m e ne

t t
e x ure , s till th t i l f wh i h th t l
e m a er a o i p d i ft til c a a so s com ose s so , sec c,

an d gill ar It i ly w h
ace ous . th t t h
s on b p dt e re ese s ra a av e een ex ose o

h t th t th y b
ea a lte d d th i f il d y th p t f
e com e a e re , an e r oss s, an e ve r o er ar o

th em h p df
av e g i
assell rom i t h t y
an ar j p id t t
ace ou s n o a c er or as eous s a e .

Th i e re p ti h w wh i h i f h i p t
s one ex ce on, o e v e r, c s o m uc m o r ance ,

th t h
a ered th l i b d d d i th
an e re a so t t f m df g t e e n ese s ra a are oun ra m en s

o f i t k bl
u nm s a eai l ie v es cu a r scar er .

Th d p i t be d i g i
e os a oun s i th g h t b t t h
n or an c re m a ns y rou ou , u e are

m uc h b tt p e d i th l w th i th pp p t Ab
er rese rve n e o er an n e u er ar . ov e ,

th e ve g t b l e a i h e b re m a ns ti ly d b i
av e d w h il b l w
e e n e n re ecar on ze , e e o ,
2 76 c s om or o r m o n .
( Ja n .

th ey till b i f
are s di car on y i t n p t th i l i
e rous, an n m an ns a ces re se n n am na

o f p k li g g i
s ar f n l ra ns o co a .

Th p fii l t t
e su e r c a l t d p i t wh i h i b t th
s ra u m , in hor as e os , c s a ou ree c es

i th i k
n c i h t i d by i t
ness, s c ili p iti d liti
arac e r ze s s ce ous com os on an oo e

t t
s ruc ure , b i g l t ti ly p d f the n a m os t f Cyp id
en re com ose o e cas s o r es,

with f w a ll f g
e t f t
sm a f pl t Ab
ra m e n s th i o s em s o an s . ove s co m e s

on ly tw th i h
o or f g illree t i i
nc es o y m tt w h i har ace ous rans t onar a e r, c

p i
asse s t th w k
n o f th e ly i g d
ac pen od b lt d t h e o ve r n e c om ose asa , an e

w k ac g i i t
e n a a n, th p t b lt
n o b ll teh g h th
com d l ac asa a ove a , rou e no u ar

disi nte gration o f th e latte r .

F ragm e nts of ree d s or ste m s of pl ants and th e ir le av es, see d s, and

nu m b e rle ss oth e r fossils, ap p ar e ntl y from th e ve

ge table ki ngdom , th e
form s of wh i ch h ave b
blit t d b d i th ligh t l d
e co m e o e ra e , a oun n e -c o oure

s trata, th f g e t p ti l ly i l y
ra m e n s i f th y h d b
ar d p it d
cu ar n a e rs, as e a ee n e os e

m ore a one t ti th th p h p by fl d f h y i Ab t
m e an ano e r, er a s oo s a te r e av ra n . ou

th e m i ddl wh th
e, t t h e re t b wh lly d
e b i d d
s ra a ave no ee n o e car on ze , an

th e l
co our c h g t d k g an es if o t b d th
ar i ree n, corm orm roo s a ou n , e re m a ns

of sm a ll f g ( R ro s p i ll ) g
i t
a na b b l k
us b if a n re a nu m e rs on ac car on e ro us

lam i um o f sh ale , and o f a fre sh -w ate r torto is e ( Tes tu do Le i th i i ) . Dr .

Lih e t , w h o fo und se ve ral s eci m ens p of th e latte r, also su seb q ue ntl y

p rese nte d to th e S oci e t yp art o f th e lowe r e x trem i ties ( th e ti bi a of a
»
)
frog, w h ich h e co m p u te s to h av e b e e n a ou t b th ree i nch e s long, fro m
th e sam e fo rm ation . Be low th i s co m es th e m ost car oni fe rous b p art of

th e se ri e s, w h i ch a b oun s d
i n large pi e ce s of dy coty le donous w oo s, fiat d
long e ns i fo rm le av e s, and a nu m b f er o d
se e s, se e d- o s, and oth e r pd
re m ains bl e on i n
g g to th e ve
g t b
e al ki gd e n om . Th i p s art i s i m p g re nate d

wi th a na
p th ous o dour, an dp trese n s sm a ll d p it e os s of s p kli g
ar n coal

th rou gh o ut, i n co nne ction wi th th e ve

ge ta bl e re m ai ns .

Be sides th e fossils m e nti o ne d, Cyp ride s b

a ou nd in e ve r yp art a

long s p e ci e s, Cyp ris cy li ndri c a, p e rh a s, o fp th e de p osits on th e easte rn

m argin of th e p
tra pe an dis tri c t ; anoth e r s p eci e s not w e ll ch aracte ri ze d,
and C . sem i -m a rgi na ta, w h ich a pp ears to b e a ne w spe cies . Th e e l tra y
of i nse cts, and im p ressio ns o f sh e lls k Ml
li e e a ni e , are also p rese nt, bu t
th e latte r are d
too i n is ti nct fo r de scr ip i t on .

C alcareous sp ar a b ou nds i n th e lowe r strata, wh e re m u ch o f th e sh a

le
e fie rv e sces
'

wh e n aci d is a ppli d t e o it ; and in o ne p art If ound th e

p ortions o f v esi cular scoriae to w h i ch Ih av e allude d , th e p re se nce of

wh ich is i m p ortant, b e cause it se e m s to i ndi cate th at th e tra pp e an

e fiusi ous
'

h ad com m e nce dbf e ore th is lacustri ne dp e osi t h ad be gun to

be d p it d
e os e .

A Ih s bf ave e ore state d . th e lowe r p art o f th is seri es h as be e n foun d

 xm a nr an ru u u c usr m m r s c e nari o s . 27 7

i ntrude amd by y d d
g alo i w h e re v e r i t h as
y e t e e n noti ce , and th e re fore b d
ne i th er i ts w h ole e x te nt, nor th e roc s o n wh i ch it was ori i nall
g y k
p d
de osi te , are y e t k nown I ts strata in a ch e rti fied and as i eo us. j pd
d p
con i tion ap e a r, h e re and th e re , i n all th e tra pean e fi usi ons of th e p ’

d p b
islan e x ce t i n th e asalt, wh ich ove rli es i t ; and th e lains are strewe d
. p
wi th th e i r fragm e nts , contorte d and twi s te di nto various sh a e s, p fro m
th e alm os t m e lti ng h eat to wh ich th e yh a ve b e e n ex p d
ose .

F or a m ore b
e la o rate acco unt o f th is form ati on i n th e Il s and of

Bom by I t
a , m us re fe r th e d
re a e r to m
y pp
a e r on th e ge o o l gy of th is
islan d p bli h d i
, u s e n th e No . of th is J o urnal m e nti one d.

Th i e re s y et anoth e r instance to wh i ch we sh oul d di re c t o ur atte n

ti on bf e ore we leave th is p art of th e su bj e ct, wh e re a si m ila r dp e o si t

e x ists unde r b asalt, in an i nsulate d h i ll 2 5 0 m iles to th e e as tw a rd o f

th e gre at tra pp e an di t i t I
s rc . allu e d to th at p ointe d out by G e ne ral

C ulle n to Dr . Be nza , i n th e North e rn C i rcars . It is si tua t d b

e a ou t 5
m ile s to th e wes t of Puddapungulla, a village near Rajam undr
y j, us t

b
a ov e th e de lta of th e Godave ry, and consis ts o f a be d of li m e sto ne , lyi ng

a pp are ntl yi n wac k e .

”
Be nza h as sta te d th at th e li m e stone i s w h i te ,
and gli m m e ri ng, fro m th e s p y
arr nature o f th e fossil sh e lls wh ic h are

in i t, and th at i t b re a ks wi th a se m i -co nch oidal fracture . Th e sh e lls

cons ist of oyt s e rs, u nios, sm all m e la ni se , &c . Th e h i ll is ca pp de

wi th b lt asa , d p e co m osi ng i n s ph e ro ids and conce ntric la y e rs, and th e

“
w ac k blw e
”
e o th e li m es tone is trav e rse d by th i k c v e i ns, and sm a ll
ram ifica ti ons of jas p e r, th e wh ole a pp tly i
are n re st n
g on sands tone

co nglo m e rate .

I t is j ust p ibl
oss e th at th is m ay be a m arine te rtiar yf orm ati on, as

we sh all se e h e re afte r b ut its p osi tion i n th e wac k e

”
or decom p d ose

b asalt, and th e re se m bl ance at first sigh t of large uuios to o ste rs, w h i ch y

le d Malcolm so n and Ve y y se k
to m i sta e th e form e r fo r th e latte r, and
m ay also h ave m isle d Be nza , m a k es it ve r y li k d p it f e a e os o th e inte r
tra pp e an lac ustri ne form ation
* Th e p f
re se nce dt o sa n s one co n l
.
g o

m e rate b lw e o all m ay also be use ful to re m e m b th i e r, as s m ay be th e

di a m ond conglom e rate .

As furth e r i nsta nces of th e m i stak es wh i c h h a ve be e n m ade i n th e nom en

clature of th e “ fre sh wate r sh e lls , th e fo llo wi ng m ay be c i te d z —Th us, V e y se y
consi de re d th ose o f th e Gwallgh ur b i lls to be lo ng to coc oa and voluta
”
th ose
wh i c h h e fo und i n calcedonles am ong th e de br is of trap pe an rocks i n th e be d of

a ri v e r a t Da igloo r, near Bb uk tapo re b ucc i num h e li x , and turrite lla

”
w h i le
fi
, ,

Dange r e ld c o ns i de red th o se wh ic h h e saw i n M alw a to b e lo ng to b u cc i nu m ”

,
a nd a
“ ”
s pe c i es of m usc le . Th e re can be v e ry li ttle do ub t no w , b u t th at all th ese
were e i th e r P h y sa P ri nsep u or U nio, o r o th e r sh e lls of th e i nte rtrap pean lac us
tri ne fo rm ati on .
278 o no no o v or m nu .
[Ja m

We now co m e to th e e vi d e nce th at h as be e n com m uni cate d of th e

e x i ste nce o f th is form ation on oth e r roc k b s e side s th e tra pp e an e fi usi o ns,
'

and th is is ve r y scant yid n ee d . No o ne can d btou b ut th at f urth e r

ex pl o rati o n alo ne is re q ui re d to p rov e i ts p re se nce in m an y pl ace s ; bu t as

y et th e re i s b ut a solitar i nstance y on re co rd to su bt s antia te th e fac t, and

th is Ih av e alre ad y m e nti one d, vi z . th e e x iste nce of a se ri es o f li m estone

strata, 1 2 fee t i n th i c k ness, and ri ch l y ch a rge d w ith u ui os, w h ic h

Malcolm so n saw res ti n
g on re ddi h s
grani te
”
ca pp d by b
e asalt, at

Hutnoo r i n th e Mukle gandy

, p ass, a little north of Nirm ul .

V oy se y , h owe ve r, i n h is last j o urne y , v iz . th at fro m Nag p ore to

C alcu tta, cam e u p on a be d o f “
o yt s e r sh e l w h ic h I th i k n m ust h a ve

b b p
.

ee n uui os, i n li m estone , at Doo roog , a ou t 1 20 m i le s e ast o f Nag ore ;

and of th is h e state s In m
y i in
v c ity are nu m e ro us e x cav ati ons of

co nside ra b le dim e nsio ns, for th e p p u r ose of m a ki ng tan k s— th e b o ttom s

b
a out 50 or 60 fee t blwe o th e surface . I n o ne , SE . of th e to wn, th e re is a

kl y
th i c a e r of li m e stone , o f a re ddish c olou r, wh i c h at first a pp e a rs to be a

ki d f bn o re cc ia, o r p udding-sto ne , b ut on narrow i nspe ction, i t is e vi d e nt

th at th e wh ole consists o f a th ic kbd e of o yt s e r sh e lls, w h ic h h ave be e n

in so m e c ase s co m plet ly p t ifi d
e e r e , and ch an e d
g i nto a co m p li ac t m e

sto ue and in o th e rs, o n frac ture , c onch oi al d la m i nae are v e r y di ti s nct.

Pe rh a p it will b diffi lt t
s ei p
cu th o th conv nce som e e rsons at ese are

re ally p t i fi d y t
e r h ll b t I h
e o s er s t h ligh t t d b th
e s, u av e no t e s es ou t at an

ex p i d g l gi t will t
e r e nce eo o d i t th f
s It a i t b
once a m e ac t. re m a ns o e

t i d w h th
as ce r a ne th e k h er bi t i e roc i l as a um nous or a m m on aca

sm e ll b f h bl w p i p
e o re t e Th y pp t diff y littl f th
o - e . e a e ar o e r ve r e rom e

sh ll t Mi gl h C d
e s a a a pt h i h i i t th y
ou e e , e x ce i t at n t s ns anc e e are e nt re ,

wh i h
e re as f n t e pl th y b k h orm e r l
ace th y pp e are ro en ; e re , a so, e a e ar

t h
o b av e p d Th b d t d b h h dil i l il
e e n co m re sse . e e ex e n s e ne at t e uv a so

d bl k
”
as f th b d f h
ar as e i e wh o th et f w
e r v e r, tt e re re are a e sca e re oc s.

H f e d it g i
ou n t Ry p a a n a il by dD g i h
e o re , som e m es e on oo roo , n t e

b d f h K
e o t e ddi d i
aroonu h w ll d g by C l, an l Ag w
n t e d e s u o one ne an

C pt i H
a a n wh i h
u nte r, 50 f t d p c i g hare i l y l tee ee , re s t n t e re n on c a s a e

an di q n a y t th uarr p la w h th l
e sam e t p d i t
ace d e re e a te r asse n o san

stone ; l a so pi f th
so m e h lly li
e ce s to hi w y t
e sam e s e m e s o ne o n s a o

Ch d an co o r
y d t
, B
an h i A
on t L w o h tia nsa b l k . o an e m en ons ac

l ty li d ly i g h d il i l il d
”
s a t m es o ne un e r d th t i t i t b f
n t e uv a so , an a s o e ou n

on th i M h
e r ve r ddi ad t Bli gh
anu ly l t ; an d d by d
a e a ur c a s a e succe e e re

di hs dt wh
san s o ne , h k th e re k th g l gi l tiq i ty
e m a es e re m ar on e eo o ca an u

of th k l dy q t d Th i d t
e se roc s a re a t d d
uo e t J
. s san s o ne e x e n e on o ora

D i d i th Sil p
ev ; an n e lit l b y d h
m an w ass a d te e on , e sa san sto ne

c ong l t i
om e ra e di t l y f ll w
m m e d by th a e l y l t o d h ol ly e e c a sa e an s e
 m ra a rna p p s a n m
' '
c v sr a m s F O RM AT O N . I 2 79

lim es tone . At Bilaip ore a b re cc ia of th e cla y slate in a p aste of q uartz,

ver yfw e of th e d by tt iti

m asses of wh i ch see m e d m u ch ro un e d a r on .
”

Th h en l d t f ll w d by th l
t e usua sa n s one , l y l t At o o e e ca care ous c a s a e.
“

L i d h
a n urra dt pp d t b th p ili g k d t th
san s o ne a e are o e e re v a n roc , an a e

t p f th p l y l t I th b d
”
o o th l e ass e ca care o usf th ll h c a s a e . n e e s o e nu a s,

l y l t
c a d th
s a e d t wh i h i g
un e r lly p k i g th l w
e san s one , c s, e ne ra s ea n , e o er

m ost k At C d h d t b th wh i h i l y l t
roc . o r e ona , san s one , e ne a c s c a s a e.

Th ft p i g
e n, a er dt g l
ass n t h t
ov e r t I san s one c on om e ra e , e s a es cam e

on l g b dd d
ar e f g e it b t did
e t th i j
m asse s o ti with ran e, u no se e e r unc on

th g l
e c ont t f th di l i l
om e ra e , o n accou n il G i t ti d o e uv a so ; ran e c on nu e on

to Su m b ulp o re , th e n gne iss, and a li ttle ar

g illac eo us li m es tone , afte r w h i ch

m e tam o r ph i c roc k s and grani te all th e w ay to th e S ub unre e ka

”
h ile . W
at Sum b ulp ore , h e v is i te d th e di am ond wash i ngs in th e M ah anu ddi .

Th e diam o nds w e re sou gh t for i n th e san d and

g rav e l o f th e ri ve r, th e
latte r consis ting o f p bbl
e es of c la y slate , fiinty slate , j p
as e r, and

j p yi
as er rons to ne of all siz e s, from an i nch to a foot in di am e te r.

At first it w ould a pp e ar use le ss to

follow V oy se y th rough th is ourne j y
p
i n th e h o e of ide n ng h i s be d of ti fy i
o ste r sh e lls
”
i n lim e stone wi th y
th e i nte rtra pp
e an lac ustri ne form ati on, on ac count o f no allusi on

h avi ng b ee n m a d t e o th e sh e lls at Mi aglah C onde e from , wh i ch h e

sta te s
“
th e y pp a e ar to di fie r
'

ve r y little ,
”—
i a an oth e r y p art of h is
j o urnals . But w h e n we o b se rv e th e c lose re se m bl anc e , b oth in nam e

and p e rm uta b ility of s p lli g th

e n at e x i sts b e tw e e n M iaglah C o ude e ”

and Muklcgaudy , by wh i h c th e p d
lea i ng i nto th e v alle
ass of y
Be rar from th e Nizam
’
s te rri tori e s i s calle d, and conne ct th is wi th th e
fac t th at at Hu tnoor i n th is , p ass, M alcolm son saw th e lac ustrine
lim es to ne strata ri ch l y ch ar e d
g wi th w h a t h e th e n conce iv e d to be
sh e lls o f Os tr e a and Cardi n,
”
b ut w h i c h afte rwar s dp rov e d to be Uni o
”—
De cca nem is , & c . rest ng on i re ddish g rani te , th at w h ic h se e m e d to
be h o pl
e e ss o f e x pl anati on a pp e ars to b e p e rfe c tl yi nte lligi bl e , and th e
ide nt i ty i n nam e and
g e ologi c al form ati on co m pl t e e. Wh e n , also, we

co nsi de r th at V o se di d not re cogniz e th e lacu stri ne nature of th e se

y y
sh e lls an
y e tte r th an Mb a lcolm son ; th at th e o nl y h it w anti ng to co m

p le te h i s i ti ne rarie s i s th at b e tw ee n Hyd b e ra ad and Nag p ore ; w h ile

C olo ne l Lam b ton i n 1 8 1 9 was Sh i vali ugap ah ,
’
s north e rnm ost sta tio n

ne ar th e sou th b k an of th e Go dav e ry , not far from Ni rm ul, w h e re th e

M ukle gandy p ass c o m m e nce s and th at i n 1 8 22 h e h ad c arrie d h is
triangu lation ac ross th e va lle y of Be rar to Elli eh p ore th e re i s ye ve r

re aso n to b li
e e ve , from th e nature o f th e cou ntr y , th at h e carri e d i t

th ro u gh th e M u kle gandy p d th t V y y wh
ass, an a o se , o w as attach e d to
h is su rv e y , h ad th e n pl ty f pp t iti wh i h h
en o o or un es, c e ne v e r allowe dt o

36
 2 80 o s o no c v or w o rn .
[J A N .

e sca p e h im , of wi tnessing am ong th e p ortio ns of th e lac ustri ne fo rm ation

w h ic h is h e re ex p diose n se ve ral pl ace s, th e ver y li m e sto ne strata and

i ts num e rous Uni os w h ich M alcolm son h im se lf saw in m arc h i ng th rou h

g
th is p ass in 1 8 35 . But , as Ih ave bf e ore state d, th is p art o f
’
V oy se y
’
s

j ournal i s u nfo rtu nate l yw anti ng, and th e onl y pl ace w h e re he se e m s to

allu d e to th is loc ali t y , i s i n h i s las t no tes b tw
e ee n Nag p ore and C alcu tta,
w h e re h e m e ntions pl
in q u e stion, Mi aglah C ou ee
th e ac e C olone l d .
”

L bt d d H
am on ie at i ngan Gh au t, on h is way fro m e ra a to Nag Hyd b d
p i J y
o re n anuar 1 8 23, and V oy se y le ft th e latte r lace or i ts vi c ini t p y
f C l tt i
or F b y 1 8 24 b t h t t
a cu a n e ru ar u e s a es in hi sR p t f h e or o t e

G l gy f Hyd b d th t h h d i th t p f M d
”
eo o o h e ra a , a e a se e n s e lls n e ra o e

d h d i th w k f Sh i li g p h
con a , an n e ac en o va n a a and i n h is acc ou nt o f

th ose wh i ch h e saw in th e Gwailgh ur h ills, in A p il 1 8 2 3 h

r , e m e ntio ns

th at h e c om m u ni ca te di J n une 1 8 1 9, as h as b e fo re b ttdi
een s a e , n a re p o rt

to th e Marq uis o f H ti g as n s, th e fac t of th e ir e x iste nc e in M e dco ndah ,

th ou gh w e cannot trace h i m i n h is j ou rnals to e ith e r M e dcondah or

S h i valingap ah . d
Again, i t is e vi e nt, from th e c oncludi ng art of h is p
pp a er on th ose o f Gw ailgh ur, th at h e h ad se e n f re sh wate r sh e lls

of th e i nte rtra pp e an lacustrine form atio n i n m ore lace s th an h e h as p

m e ntione d .

Be side s , w h o h as y e t se e n an th ing li e e s of y k bd o y ste r sh e lls

”
in
li m e stone o r calcare ou s strata i n th e i nte rior of n ia, Id and w h at i ndi ca
ti ons a re th e re of su ch a dep osi t e x i s ti ng th e re in th e form ations

h i th e rto de scri bd e none th a tI can se e . Th us e ve r y th i ng te nds to th e

co nclusi on th at V e se y y ’
e li m estone strata w ith o ste r sh e lls at y Dooroog,
and th e oth e r pl ac e s m e ntio ne d on h is way to Su m b ulp ore , were p arts

of th e de posit unde r conside ration * .

We sh all h ave to re c ur to th is su bj e ct a ain

g by -an d-by e , b u t i n th e
m e anwh ile le t us di rec t our atte nti on to th e inte rtra pp e an dp e osi ts of

M iagla h C ondos and M uh ley a ndy are alm ost u ndo ub te dly th e adj e c ti ve !fo rm s
of di ao M ugh u l, v i z M ugh u li or ai ls» M ugh u li y a and C om i cs or Ga ndy
.

th at o f C onda h , a com inon Te li ngi te rm i nal afii x to p lace s i n th i s p a rt of I ndi a

wh i le th e Hy dra b ad co untry i s calle d b y th e M uss ulm ans M ugh la i ; and th e n
M ia gla h C om ics and M ul le ga ndy p ass would m ean th e M ugh li C andi p ass,
( p ro no unc i ng th e vowe ls as i n I tali an,) or th e p assage from th e v a lle y o f Be rar
i nto th e M ugh la i c o untry . At th e sa m e ti m e , i t i s no t i m p oba b le
r th a t th e th i rd
s tro ke of th e m i n th e MS h as be e n m istak e n fo r
. i by th e an com p o si to r, and th at
“ ”
th i s h as le d to th e strange s pe lli ng, M i a gla h , wh i ch h as s uc h an u ncom m on

o rth ograp h y th at i t see m s th a t i t m ust be i ncorre ct . I am no t an advocate fo r th is

ki nd o f re aso ni ng i n sci e ntifi c i n q ui ry , and th e re fore only add th ese ob se rva ti ons

fo r w h at th e re ader m ay th i nk th e m worth , i n conne c ti on w i th th e fac ts above

sta te d .
 RAJ M A H A L COA L F O R M AT O N I . 28 1

th e lacustri ne form ation i n C a tch , and to th e c oal form ation resti ng o n

th e tra p Of th e Ra j m ah al h ills i n Be ngal .

O f th e form e r, C olone l Grant onl y de scri b e s one i nstance , vi z . th at

at th e v illage of Wurro wsow , on th e S W fl k
an of th e C h arwar range ,

of wh ich h e giv e s th e following se c ti on

C o lu m nar basalt
ltnb b ly b asalt
C ry stalli ne tra ve rti n
F ri a ble calcare o ns stoue

Tra v e rti n
F ri ab le i ro n clay
S o li d basa lt
Fri ab le basalt

I n th is se cti on we h av e th e su p e rfic ial b asalt b e c om ing ru bbly or

nodular as pp h th t ti
it a roacd th es i e rav e r n, an a t b l e ow , as s com

m ou ly th pp tly p i g i h l t h gh t iti y
e c as e , a are n ass n nto t e at e r t rou a rans onar

fe rru
gi l y N
no us c a g i i
. w i th t ti
o o r an c re m a ns e re se e n n e rav e r n .

Th f ll w i g d
e o ip i
o f h
n l t t i
e scr th R j h l h ill
t on o t e c oa s ra a n e a m a a s,

wh i h h c b gi by D M C l ll d i p i i lly pl d h
as e en ven r .
’
e an , s rov s ona ace e re ,

b i
e cau se t th t pp
t re s s on ff i e ra e an e us ons

Rj h lC l F i a m a a oa orm at o n .

Th i i t f th i b d f
s c o ns s s l h l o l y i t n de d s o c oa , s a e , c a - ro ns o ne , an san

t
s o ne , f i g h o rmpp b d f l f ti
n t e u i ger e s o co a orm a on, re st n o n e norm ou s

bd fe s o d y p
secon ar tra .

Th pp
“
e se a w i d w ith g
e aranc e s t t Me re i i e x am ne re a care a uss n a,

Dh om a rip o re, Talde e , K otty c oon, and Dub rajp o re ; and fou nd to b e
e ve r y wh e re so m u ch ali k e , as to le a ve i t i n c o nsi de ra bl e b
dou t w h e th e r
th e yd o no t all re fe r to o ne a nd th e sa m e se t o f s trata, a pp e ari ng at

e ach of th e v ariou s p o i nts allu de d to .

Th e di strict in w h i ch th e se a pp e aranc e s occ u r is m ou ntai nou s, th e

le v e ls v ar yi ng from 5 0 to fe e t a b thov e e se a . It i s re as ona bl e,

th e re fore , to conclu d e, k bl b d
th at if good w or a e e s o f c oal e x iste d, th e y
w ou ld b e som e wh e re b rou h t to vi e w am i dst so m u ch local i stur ance
g d b .

Th e h igh e r ridge s of th e se m ou ntains consist of sc ori fo rm m asse s

o f re d e arth y
v e sicular co n lo m e rate
g (late ri te ) c on tai ni ng angu lar and ,

o th e r fragm e nts of alte re d coal m e asure sh ale s, fe rrugi nous and

m i cace ous d
san sto ne , i m b e dde d i n a se m i-vi trifie d and v e si c ular m atri x .

Th e se ri d e s
g are w i th ou t an
y signs of s tra tification, e x ce p t w h e re

de tach e d m ass e s Of alte re d c oal fo rm ati on o ccu r ; w h ile th e u pp er

p ortion of th e i r d li i i
ec v t e s, as we ll as all th e low e r and i nte rm e di a te

ri dge s, a re c om p d ih
ose e t e r e nti re l y o f am ygd l id t p
a o ra , c o ntai nin
g
282 o s O Lo o v or I ND I A .
[J A N .

zeoli tes and ca lce d y on , o r alte re d coal m e asure sandstone and sh ale ,

th e latte r p assi ng i nto th e sm all i solate d p atch e s of coal m e asu re s

w h ic h are fou n di n som e of th e narrow valle y s a nd rav ine s alread y

m e nti one d .

“
Th e se c oal m e asu re s w o ul d pp a e ar to h av e b een th e obj e ct of

re p d
e ate and frui tle ss atte m p ts on th e p art o f coal fin d e rs, to dis co v e r
w or k bl
a e se am s .

But su ch is th e de v e lo p m e nt o f se con ar
gh d y t p th
o u t th is ra rou

di t i t
s rc , th at no h o e s p c an be h e ld out of any use ful re sults from
s u ch tri als .

“
Th i s re m ar k is onl y i nte nde d to a pply to th at p tior on of th e
Ra j m ah al h ills w h i ch h as b e e n e xam i ne d by th e surv e y lyi
, ng sou th

of Patch wary, or b e tw e e n th at pl ac e and Bulle ah Narai np oore . It

a ppli e s, h ow e v e r, to all th ose lo cali ti e s i n w h i ch c o al h as b e e n state d to

e x ist i n th e Ra j m ah al h ills ( v ide Re p orts o f th e C oal C o m m i tte e ) , e x ce pt

H urra and Siclygully, w h i ch y e t re m ain to be e x am i ne d, togeth e r w ith
th at p o rtio n O f th e h i lls e x te ndi n
g from P atch w a r
y P as s no rth w ard
”
to th e Gange s .

Th e c om p d u te se c ti on of th e se c oal strata
gi b
v e s a ou t th re e ti m es as

m u ch fine and coa rse , m ore or le ss m icace ous sandsto ne and conglom e

rate s as b it um i nous sh ale — b

c ar oni fe rou s sh ale a b ou t o ne -fi fth as

m uch —th e c oal strata v e r y t ifli r ng, v iz . 1 to 6 inch e s i n th i c k ne ss, and

ne ar th e su rfac e — wi th alte re d sands to ne and c o n lom e rate s at th e

g
b o ttom , fo llow e d by alte re d sh ale , e ac h a b ou t 2 2 to —
2 6 fe e t, re s ti ng
on am ygd l id a o .

O ne s e c ti o n, v iz . th at at K o tty coo n, i s of 1 0 0 fe e t, and th e stratu m

o f c o al 2 i nch e s ; th e o th e r, v iz . at M ussinia , 1 1 6 fe e t, and th e stratum

of c oal 6 i nc h e s .

Th e c oal li e s b e twe e n b it um i nou s sh ale s, a b ou t 1 6 fe e t from th e

su rface .

K otty c oo n, Dr M C lelland state s

’
O f th e c o al m e asu re s at .

Th e se th i n c o al m e as ure s re st i n h orizontal strata, on bd e s of

h o rn bl e nde slate ( Ru ttu n p o re Gh a t) . Th y e oc cu py a sm a ll p s ac e a t

th e w e ste rn foo t of Dab rajp ore or Um rah h ill, th e h igh e st m o u ntai n

i n th e distri c t .

Th e m ou ntai n c onsists o f am ygd l id l t p

a o a ra , and se m i -v itre o u s
e arth y sc o rise , h av i ng c o nglo m e ra te s and sh a e
l of th e c o al fo rm a ti o n

re s ti ng o n i ts side s i n b k ro e n m asse s and ou tline s, e v e r ywh e re alte re d,

a nd i nv ade d by am ygd l id l t p
a o a ra .
”

In s p ki
ea ng of th e ygd l id
am a o and com m on tra p of th e Ra j m ah al

h ills, h e state s
 a a m a na n C O A L F O RM AT O N I . 283

C om m on j p as e r of infe rior qu alit also occurs, i n e s conne c te d y bd

wi th th e c al y i ronsto ne o f th e alte re d co al m e asure s, i n th e sam e

localit y .
”

y
O v e rl ing th e am ygd l id i a o s h is “
com m on tra p , wh ich is av e si

c ular, and o f th i s h e o b se rv e s

Th e h i gh e r ri dge s c onsis t o f sc ori form u nstrati fie d m asse s of re d

e arth y v e si c ular con

glom e rate , contai ni n
g an
gular fra
g m e nts o f alte rnate d

coal m e as ure sh ale s, fe rrugi nous

'

and m icace o us sa ndsto ne s a nd con

glom e rate s, i m e dde d i n b a se m i-v i tre ou s v e si cu lar m atrix

U nde r th e h ea d of I nfe ri o r O olite

”
i s th e n state d
Re sti ng on bd e s of o v e rl yi ng trap i n th e Ra j m ah al h ills are

ce rtain
g y i h d b l
rei h s an u s -w h i te i ndu rate d cla y s, re nde re d slaty in
p lace s by th b d fl e a u n ance o e av e s o f pl ants th e y c o ntai n. Th e se c la ys

h av e b lt d by th
een a e re e c on tig i ty u of tra p Th y w
. e e re o ri
g i na lly
stratifie d, bu t now e x is t in th e form of h ar d b k,
ro e n, and d e tac h e d
”
p orc e llano u s m asse s .

Th e follow ing v e ge ta le i m b p re ssi ons from th i s form ati on h ave b e en

de scri b d by D
e r . M C le lland
‘

Z a m ia I ndi ca .
—Le af long, and v ery sli gh tly tap e ri ng le afl e ts sh ort, rh om
h o i dal, o b li q ue at th e b ase se v e n ne rv e d , ne rve s c ro wde d, a nd a lte rnate ly

te rm i nati ng be fo re th e y re ac h th e ap e x o f th e le a flet .

Z a m i a Th e oba ld i i — Leafl e ts a lte rnate , ob long, ob li q ue ly ac c um i nate

. .

Tam iop ter is sp a tu la ta — F rond li ne a r, 2 to 3 i nch e s long, narrow

. at th e
base , b ec om i ng b ro ade r to wards th e ap e x , or s ub -sp atu late .

O bs -Th i s oc c urs v e ry fre ue ntly

. q .

Tazni op ter is a cc u m i na ta .
- F ro nd 2 } i nch es long, li ne ar-ob long, rounded at

th e b ase , acc u m i na te tow ards th e ap e x .

0 bs .
—I h i s i s o f
' ‘
m o re rare o c c urre nce .

Tw niop te fi s c r ena ta . -F rond li ne ar , 2 or 3 i nch es long, narrow at th e b ase ,

and ro unde d a t th e ap e x m a rgi ns late ra lly cr e nate .

O bs — Th ose , to ge th e r w i th T . sp a tu la ta , are so com m on , th at i t i s ch i e y fl

to th e m th e slaty s tr uc tu re of th e b e d i n w h i c h th e y occ ur is ow i ng.

P oaci tes m i nor .

— F rom b e ds of b i tum i nou s sh ale at M uss i ni a . I t i s th e sam e

as [P . m i nor , M C le ll ] ‘
. of th e Burdwan fossi ls .
”

I n th e Ra j m ah al h i lls, th e n, th e re i s a form ati on, wh i c h , i n th e

natu re of i ts strata, i ts th inne ss fe e t) , and i ts
( 1 0 0 c onne c ti o n w i th
th e tra pp e an e fli ’
us ons th e re , close l y re se m bl es th e i nte rtra pp e an lac us
tri ne form atio n o f C e ntral and W e s te rn I ndi a ; bu t m ore p arti c ularl y ,

p e rh a p s, th at of th e i sland of Bom by a .

Ye t i ts ve
g e ta bl e im p re ssi ons, an d th e P oa ci tes of th e b it um i nou s
sh ale at M ussi nia b e i ng th e sam e as th at of th e Burdw an coal strata ,

w oul d se e m to p oint ou t th at i t e longe b dt o th e O oliti c Se ri es, and h e nce

2 84 c som or or I ND A . I [J A N .

Dr M C le lland
.
‘
app e ars to h av e calle d it “
I nfe ri or O oli te , fo r I
ass u m e , th at as th e Ra j m ah al C oal F orm ati on and I nfe ri o r O oli te
of M C le lland
‘
b o th re st o n th e
“
tra p ”
of th e Ra j m ah al h ills, th e y are

p arts of th e sam e s s te m y , if no t th e sam e d p e osits . O ne of th ree

th i ngs, th e n, is e v ide nt h e re -e i th e r th e first tra pp e an e ff u si o ns too k
pl d ac e u ri ng th e O olitic p e ri o d ; so m e o f th e s p e c ie s of pl ants o f th e

O oliti c p e ri o d c o nti nue d to e x i st afte r i ts ex pi rati on or

( i f by re sti ng

on th e tra p Dr M C le lland sh ould

.
’
m e an adv e nti tio usl y) h , t e se c oal

strata h av e b e e n raise d from th e form atio n to w h i c h th y b l

e e on , o r
g
f ro m th at on w h ic h th e y w e re o rigi nall ydp e osi te d .

Pe ndi ng th e de c ision of th e se q ue s ti o ns, I th i k th n e c oal strata o f

th e Ra j m a h al h ills h ad b e tte r be p ro v i si o na lly l d wi h

c asse t th e inte r
tra pp e an lac ustri ne form a tio n .

In re c a pi tula ti on of th efac ts gi ve n u n e r th is h e ad wh ich d se e m

m os t de se rvi ng o f o ur c o nside ration, w e find

ls t . T
— h at in addi ti o n to re sti n
g on th e tra pp e an roc k s, th e

i nte rtra pp e an lac us tri ne de p osi t h as b e e n se e n by M l a c olm son to re s t o n

g ranite i n th e M ukle gan dy p ass, and th at th e li m e sto ne w i th o ste r sh e lls y

( U ni os 7 .
) se e n by V oy se y on h is way from Nag ore to S um b ulp ore, p
w o uld a pp e ar to bl e on
g to th e sam e for m ati on, re osi ng at one tim e p
o n cla y slate , and at ano th e r o n sandstone .

2 nd — . Th at th e m e nti o n o f th e latte r by V o se
y y, in conne cti on wi th
th e e x iste nc e o f diam onds i n th e M ah anu ddi w h i ch m ost p b bly
ro a

c am e from th e diam ond con

g lo m e rate i n th e ne igh o u rh oo d, h as a b
re se m b lanc e to F ran li n k ’
s p p y
de sc ri ti on o f th e de osi ts ac com an i ng p
th e di a m on d in Bunde lkh und th at t hi i i s d by th f t th t b th
s nc re ase e ac a o

i n th e ne igh b o u rh o o d o f S augo r d N gp
an wh a th t pp ore , e re e ra ea n

e ff usi o ns b e com e fri nge d o u t, th e l tt

a t d d by
e r a re di t i b
a te n e a s r u

tion on th e s urfac e o f fossils from h

t e i t t pp l t i
n e r ra f e an ac u s r ne o rm a

tion ; and, th at on th e sa ndstone in Bunde lkh und and th e dis tric t of

Sau g o r, a li m e sto ne e x i s ts w h i ch m a
y h e re afte r rov e to p
e lo ng m ore b
to th i nte rtra e an lacu stri ne form
e pp ati o n th an to th e O olitic Se ri e s .

3r d — T
h at th e re i s a gre at si m ilari t y i n p osi ti o n, and tra ean pp
b b
.

distu r ance and adm i x ture , e twe e n th e coal form a ti o n of th e Raj m a

h al h ills and th e lac u stri ne form ati o n i n th e i s land of Bom by a th at

th e coal i n th e latte r, too, w h i c h i s d e sc ri b die n v ol . iv . o f th i J s o urnal,

p 1 7 6, is not b row n c oal, su ch as we sh all com e to by -and-by e , i n

p bl l y d p pp
.

th e de e ue c a e osi ts of th e c oast, w h ich wi ll also a e ar to

c o m e ne ar i ts own age , no r ligni te , s uch as w e sh all find i n th e m ore

re c e nt form atio ns o f th e sam e locali t y , b ut a de gre e f urth e r advance d

to war s th e d old coal o f th e C ar bo nife rous Se ri es ; also th at we h ave ,
 TNTRRTRA F FRA N LA C U S I RI NB F O R M AT O N ' ‘
I . 2 85

in th e islan d of Bom by a , th e se strata su b se qu e ntl yi ntru de d by t pp ra e an

roc k i th f
s n f e
g l t
o rm d o y g d l
con i d j t d
o m e ra e s anib am a o s, us as e sc r

e d by D M C l ll d i r.
‘
ti e wi th h
an nl f ti
c o nne c f th on t e coa o rm a on o e

R j a m a h l h ill a Wh t i fl s . th h t f a hn ue nc e ly i g b lt e ea rom t e o ve r n asa

an d b q su t t pp
se ue n ff i ra
y h h d
e an e i pp i i
us o ns m a g t h av e a n a ro x m at n e

b if
ca r on d p i i th l
e ro u s e t i os t t ts n fB b y e th t t f
ac us r ne s ra a o om a to e s a e o

o ld lI
c oa ig t
am noran .

4 th —Th t th
. ta f th i t t pp
e stra a l t i
O f ti e n e r ra e an acu s r ne orm a on

h av e , i yi t
n m an b lift d ns a nce s, f h i igi l p i i
ee n d e ou t o t e r or na os t on, an

som e ti di id d
m e s so
pp v i h i
e , tas i d
toifl a p t
e ar f n t n stra a, n
'

e re nts ar s o

th e t pp ra ff i e an ehi h h i
us o ns d d w l p d hc Th i
av e nv a e o r e nv e o e t em . s

is ve r y w ll i h i l d f B b y h i
e se e n n t e s an pl t t
o om a , w e re n o ne ac e a s ra u m

o ne f t th i k li
oo d 90 f t f
c e s un pp i t d
er t h 2 0
ee f t o tra e , an e n com e s ee

m o re o f h t e k b l w i t ft wh i h f ll
sam e roc e o l i b i, a er c o o w s v o c an c re c c a,

t i i g p
c on a n n i f th h
o rt o ns p t f h l ti t t Io e ot er ar s o t e ac u s r ne s ra a . n

M l l ip i f h M kl g dy p
’
a co m so n s d e sc r t on o h t t th t th
t e u e an ass, e s a es a e re

a re th t re e l di g f
e rra c e s th eait d w n d i t th
ro m ll y e su m m o nw a r s n o e va e

o fB e rar Th . i t f th e p i su m m p d f b lt d o e ass s com o se o asa ; an on

d di g t h fi t t
e sce n n o th f e d f g
rs t f
e rrac e , p t e o un
“
ra m en s o a com ac

bl liue t t b
m e s tone , di i g i h d f
no o h t f th
e di d
st n u s e ro m t a o e a m on

d b k
”
di t i t
s r c s, th f wh i h w
e strata h i li d o c e re m uc nc ne an ro en .

Th e n, d on di g t h
esc e n d t n h o f t d h e wh i
se c o n e rrac e , e ou n t e te
li t t t
m e s o ne s ra a c h g d wi h U i D ar e i & l t dy ti
n o e c c a ne ns s , c. a re a m en on

e d ly i g
, n
g i t ou d g i ra n l i d by
e, b an l t W h i l
a a n ov e r al asa . e we e a rn

f D M C l ll d ip i
’
d f th
’
rom r . e an l f
s i
e sc r th t on o e coa o rm at o n on e

Rj a m a h l h ill a h t hi ls, t t a t f d y
s a so re s s o n e no rm ous m asse s o se con ar

t p b i ly b k by fl
”
d th t i t h b
'

ra an a as e e n e x te ns v e t ro en u su ue n u
, p q se e

i
s ons l th t th
a so p ll
a e re are f i d t d l y
o rc e i g
a no us m as se s o n u ra e c a s re s t n

on th e ly i g t p
ov e r f th n h ill hi h
ra oi f il f h
e se s, w c c o nta n oss s o t e

I f i O liti H f th
n e r or o c. ti th t i e p t h l
ur er m e n o ns, a n one ar , t e c oa

t lly b d f h bl d l t
“ ”
t t
s ra a re s t h i or z on a on e s o o rn en e s a e .

5ih — L tly th t th i t t pp l t i t t i B b y
. as , a e n e r ra e an ac us r ne s ra a n om a

t i
con a n s ra t ggli g p i f h ll w
n i l e ce s o i o o v e s c u ar sc or se .

F rom th e se facts, th e n, w e d duce th e follow ing co nclus ions, v iz

m a
y e .

th at som e O f th e lac ustri ne de p osi ts m igh t h av e ta e n lace ri or to th e k p p

first trapp ff i h t i h i l d
e an e us o ns t a n t e s an o f B b y om a th e p re se nce o f

i
scor m i di t th t th i d p i
n t l
ca es t w a s e os t, a e as , as go i n g on du ri ng th e
t ppra p i d th t g lly h l t i
e an er o ; a e ne ra , t e se ac u s r ne de p osi ts i n th e D e c can,

wh th y
e re ted wi th th
e t pp
are conne c e ra ean e ff usio ns, li e u nde r a

cappi g f b lt d th t th y h
n o ll
asa , an a e ave a m ore or less b ee n raise d
from th i igi l p iti by th i t l ti
e r or na os on e n erca a on of am ygd l id a o .
28 6 G EO LO GY OF I ND I A .
[J A N .

X .

V O L C A N I C Ro c x s .

T pp ra e an Syt s em , 2 nd Se ri e s . . Am ygda loi d .

Volca ni c Bre cci a .

Th e se cond se ri e s o f tra pp e an e fli ’
us ons i nclu de s all th ose wh i ch
h ave ta k pl
en ace in I ndia si nce th e e le v ation of th e Gh auts .

S ub se q ue nt to th e b ki
re a ng u p of th e tra pp e anpl i d th
a ns, an e

u ph eav al o f th e stu p e ndous m asse s w h ic h form no t only th W t e e s e rn

Gh a uts, bu t all th e ran

g es o f m ou ntai ns u p on th e g t pp
re a tra ea n

di s tri c t, a se ri e s O f e ff usi o ns a pp e ars to h av e b ee n e e c e j t d b tw th e ee n e

e le v ate d ridge s of th e old tra pp e an tract, as w e ll as i h

n ot er p t t ar s a a

dis tance from i t, all o f w h ich now assu m e th e form of low b ills or

pl i a ns, occ u pyi bl

ng a v ari a e e x te nt o f surfac e .

I n th e i slan d fB b y
o om a th e y consi st o f trap p i te , am ygd l id d a o , an

v olcani c b re cc a ; i d th yan e are all ch arac te riz e d by l pi g

e nv e o n m ore

or le ss of th e i t t pp
n e r ra e an lacustrine strata, or o f oth e r roc k Th s . e

sam e i s th e cas e wi th si m ilar e ff usio ns on th e Ra j m ah al h ills . M alcolm

son also sta te s, th at on th e b k an s of th e Pe unar h e saw a b i re cc a,

fo rm e d of th e
“
diam on d sandstone and a se m i-v i tri fie d ro c k wh i h
, c

h e h e si ta te d to re fe r to th e tra pf am il y until h e h ad se e n v ari e ti e s o f

a re d w ac e , k ”
m u ch re se m b li ng i t, wh i c h c onsti tute s p t ar of th e m ou n

tai ns i n th e i sland of Salse tte and p

C a tain M e adow s T yl a or, i n a pi r v ate

le tte r to m e , ac c om p anie d by a s k e tch -m a

p p, oi nts ou t th e e x i ste nc e

o f la rge trac ts of i ndurate d tra p -m u d or l y

c a , i nc ludi ng bl koc s and

d
no u le s o f b asalt, w h ich b oun s d th e so u th -e aste rn b orde r O f th e gre at
tra pp e an di t i t b
s r c e tw e e n th e Bh im a and th e Ki stnah , and ov e rli e s in
i ts o u ts ki tr s th e j
ad oi ni n
gg rani ti c roc k s and li m e stone o f th e O oli ti c
Se ri e s . M an y o th e r i nstanc e s of th i s e ffusion no dou t b e x is t in o th e r

pl ace s, th o ugh th e yh av e not y et b e e n m e nti one d .

Tr ap p i te *
— Th e ch arac te rs o f th is kh av e alre a dy b e en i v e n,
. roc
g
a nd all th at Ih av e to add h e re i s, th at a be d of it e x i sts i n th e islan d
of Bo m bya , from 0 to 1 5 0 fe e t i n th ic k ne ss, th e u pp e r su rface o f w h i ch

Th at wh i ch I h ave c alled Di ori te in m y Ge ology of th e I sland of B o m b ay

”
s h o uld h a ve be en te rm ed Trap p i te , fo r i t p o sse sse s th ro ugh o ut th e c h arac te r
w h i ch w e h ave ass igne d to th e latte r to di sti ngui sh i t fro m di ori te , v i z . se m i -cry stal
li zati on and th ep rese nce o f an am orp h o us e arth I wo uld rath e r, too , no t

fi
.

c onside r it a m odi e d fo rm of th e o v e rly i ng b asalt, wh i ch le d m e to call th e two

in co m b i nati on “
b asalto -di ori ti c tract ; b ut
th e ”
as a se p arate e flusi on
‘

,
u nti l it
m ay be m ore sati sfactori ly de m onstrated th at i t i s rea lly a p art of th e o ve rly i ng

b asalt .
 A M Y G DA LO I D . 28 7

i s te sse late d in th e m anne r o f o th e r roc k s th at h av e from a se m i- flid u

state b e com e consolida te d in contac t wi th th e atm os ph e re ; wh ile i t

l p
e nv e o e s long trac ts o f strata, w h i c h h av e b een th us iso late d by i t from
th e i nte rtra pp e an lac u stri ne fo rm a ti on . I n o ne i ns tanc e th e re are 90 fe e t
of trap p i te ab o v e , and a b ou t bl
4 0 fe e t e o w, a s tratu m of th is form atio n,

w h ich is on ly from 1 to 2 f t i th i k
ee O n c ne ss . ne ri d e or
g dyk e of

th is tra p i te
p p re se nts h
t e p li i y f b i g
e cu ar t o e n m o ttle d w i th dar k er

c olou re d p o rti ons th an t h t f h

e re s k dh
o t e ro c , an t e se re m ai ning alm o s t

i ntac t w h ile th e ligh te r c o o ure l dp tw h y ar e at e rs aw a , cause s i t to assu m e

th e fo rm o f a c o n lo m e ra e o
g t f b ll lik u e t- e m asse s, of diffe re nt size s,
from w h ich Ih av e te rm e d i t O b i l D i it r cu ar or e
”
it sh ou ld b e calle d

b
O r ic ula r Trap p ite .
”

Am ygda loid . form ed Of a trapp i tic b ase m ore or le ss ap h a

a lti c o r am or ph o us, is c h i e y
fl ch arac te riz e d in Bom b y by
a th e p re se nc e

of lau m o ni te , ca lc s p ar and
qu artz in i ts c a v itie s . In som e p arts a ll

th re e a re p re s e nt, in o th e rs th e y a re alone , and are th e n m ost de v e

lo p e d . I t h as i nvade d th e lac us tri ne stra ta to a
gre at e x te nt, and

b k ro en th e m u
p i nto m asse s, w h i ch now lie i m b e dde d i n i ts structure ,
or i n th e fo rm o f ch e rt and j p
as e r, tw is te d and c o ntorte d in all di re c
tio ns and stre w e d a bo u t i ts de c o m p os i ng surfac e . In colo ur it v ari e s

fro m bl ue to faw n or b ro wn . In th e latte r s ta te it h as b een c alle d

Wh i T p d i h q i h i t i l
te ra ,
”
an n t e i l
u arr e s p w e re s e ast v e s c u ar, re se nts

a pi i lr s m at c, t c o u m nar li k h t f h bl k b
s ructu re , lt I e t a o t e ac asa . n

m an y p i t i i p g d wi h l p wh i h ly b
arts s m re nate t i i bl
ca c s a r, c on e c om e s v s e

wh eni pl ts f y lli i
ane s o i
c r s ta p iti f z at o n bl f arr ve at a os on avo ura e or

re fl i g h y f ligh t d h y I h i t i pp
e ct n t e ra s o t ow a r s t e e e . n t s s ate t a e ars

to f o rm p ili ( B g i ) Th ligh l h w di pp
s te ro n u art , e t c o o ur, o e ve r, sa e a rs o n

d e sce ndi g d f
n , f w f
an a pte r a i t bl e wh h
e e t, k asse s n o ue , en t e ro c

a pp h h froac es f t ppi t b
t e o rm ppo rab e, p t d ut a e ars to e m o re co m ac an

le ss y lli Th l p i
c r sta ne . e i i
ca c s i ar i s isom e t m e s n v e ns, som e t m e s n

sm a ll y t lli
cr s a f ne i gp m asse s f th k lik th th i g
orm n art o e ro c e e o er n re

di t d
e n s , an i diff d h
so m e t m e s
g h i t b tuse ly b
t ro u i g ou t s su s anc e , on e co m n

i ibl i
v s e h w y b
n t e t da i hi f
a ove s ta e i y h ; bl
n t s o rm t ve r m uc re se m es

diff d gl y f l p
use ass Th yg
e sd l
ar id i. t i d
e i t
am h i ll li k a o s no ra se n o s, e

th e t ppi
ra h I di i ly e i
te , nor av e ly i g th l t
s t nc t th g h
se n t ove r n e at e r, ou

i pp
t a e arsb to b q t ff ie a su se ue n e us on .

V l i B
o ca n c i — Th i wh i h i
re cc a . h i l d s,f B b y c d S l n t e s an s o om a an a

t p
se t e ll h
re se nts h ta th t h
t e t w t
c dd
arac e rs p ii a ea , a e r, an e c om os t on
can
g i tve ff i
o an e f th k i d i
us on o p d f e g l f n g , s c om ose o an u ar ra m e nts

f d t
o san s o ne an d d g l t
san sto ne con g ill h l y g d l
om e ra e , ari d aceou s s a e , am a o ,

b lt di i t d g i ti k t wh i h y b dd d f g t
asa , or e , an ran c roc s, o c m a e a e ra m e n s

37
288 O RO Lo o x or m e n .
[J A N .

of th e lac ustri ne fo rm ation ; im b dd d i

e e n a com p act, j p id
as eous, g ranu

lar, or c av e rnous, are nace o-argi llaceo us, loose b ase ; so lid, u nstrati fie d,

som e ti m e s p p
se u do- ri sm ati c of a re d, bl ue ,
g re y bl k l
, or ac co our ;

p assi n
g i
, n d e co m o s i tio n, fro m p
th e as e o u s, ac , o m o e ne o us j p id bl k h g
form y
i nto a fi ne re d cla ; and fro m th e loose , are nace o-argillace ou s,
re d state into a sub-granu la r, re d, san dy e arth ; in b oth i nstance s losi ng
all traces of i ts ori ginal com p p
osi tion .i g ll Th e re aso n o f i ts osse ss n a

th e seh c t i th t i t
arac e rs i t i th i l d f B b y i th
s a ex s s n t t e s an o om a n e s a e

o f b a i d i th t f
rec c a, an bl k j pid b l i k with ll
n a o a ac as e ous as a t c roc , a

th i t e di t
n e rm e i ti dd
a e v ar e p i i p li t ith
e s an e com os t ons ecu ar o e er .

A p e rson m a
y w lk f h d ah ill w h romi t i it e re l f i b ls, e re s n a oose , r a e,

l t iti t t t h b l k h ill w h
a er c s a e, o t e it i i ac j p id s, p ig
e re s n a as eous o ne , ass n

o ve r pl i f it wh i h g d lly b i g
a a n o , c , ra d ua p e co m n m o re an m o re com ac t,

a t l gh en t d k l
assu m e s a d fi lly l i g ll h t
ar e r co ou r, an
g na , os n a e e ro e ne ous

c om p ii os d i bl k j p id
t on, e n s n a h ac
g , as O eou s, h i om o e ne ous m ass . n s

w y t
a , h oo,w ill p e p t f h ass f wh
ov e r ar sh i h o t e su r ace e re t e re s t e

p lyg l di i i
o ona t
v s on c om m onk wh i h h b i o roc i fli d
s c av e e en n a se m - u

t t
s a e, d h an th f g e re t f wh i h th
e ra ki
m en s o p d c t e roc s co m ose are m os

id t d t ik i g w h il th fli i p d th
'
ev en an s r n e e sam e e us o n, n som e arts un e r e

t p pi ti
ra t wh
c cru s it h , b e re ti lly p dt i t i
as e e n c on nua ex ose o m o s ure , s

th h
rou
g t f ou f t h
o y a soi t , c T h f i
ees b l ti l
cons s e nce t t f t h i
. e r a e se c e s a e o s

b i wh it f
re cc a, e reth d h ill i th
orm s ly p t whe re th f gs, s e on ar e re e ra

t
m en s o f th k e t i d i
roc it s t i con a ne
y t f th ni ig i l
re a n an race o e r or na

t t
s ru c ure d pp an a d h
e arance , th wh l han eve nd g e re e o e as un e r o ne

s uc h lt ati h t i h d
e ra on, t ll p t y i ld q lly t h
a n ar ne ss, a t i g ar s e e ua o t e cu t n

i t
ns ru m e n s t wh i h d t f hi
c are i t i t bl k f
u se o as hi ont l n o oc s or arc te c ura
p p ur ose s S ill th
. t t t f e g l
s ruc u re y b o d ta t dco ni o m e rate m a e e ec e n

m an y f th f g t th gh h i h dly
o ese ra m e n s, t t
ou t h
s ar am o u n s o m ore t an

th d d iti d bl k f gi
e rou n e c av e s an h ll f th g ac e rru lly p bbl nou s s e s o e rav e e es

w h i h th y f
c e ly t i d
o rm e r w h il h con a nei l f th f g e t e v ar ou s c o ours o e ra

m e nts, i d p bl k
v z. ee d h l t b i k
ac , red i l t lil
, c oc o a e , g y d
rc -re
, v o e , ac, re , an

i g d wi h p k
v ar e ate pt
t s ect k f i b Of h h
s, s o s, o r s re a s o one n a ase t e o t e r,

t g h
o et i h
er w t l t i
a zonu ar arran e m e n
g b h t i k i g n som e , e ar su c a s r n

re se m bl t th l ance o f th fi e co ours o
g ill d t e d
ne ar th i ace o us san s one s an e r

d l f th O liti S i th t d bt h dly b t t i d
no u e s o e o c e r e s, a no ou , ar , c an e e n e r a ne

o f th i h i g b l g d t th l tt
e r av n e on e o e a e r.

A fi t I th
t rs g h t t h y ou t h fe t h
m us i t t pp
av e com e rom e n e r ra e an

l i
acus tr ne f ti f I k w li ttl th
orm a on, orf h h ne t f th e den o t e c arac e rs o e san

t
s o ne s a n d h l f th O liti S i
s a es o h w th y w
e o c i t t d with
e r e s, or o e e re s ua e

re s p t t th t pp ff i
ec o e ra Bt ie an e I b g t fl t th
us ons . u s nce e an o re ec on e

t t f th
e x en o l i b
e i i th
vo can c igh b h d fB b y
re cc a n e ned our oo o om a , an
 VO LC A N I C a ns c c u . 28 9

re m e m b d th
e re at th e wh ole of th e trap pi ti c and b asaltic crusts of th e
i sland are p b bly d l id by i t th t it f
m ost ro a un er a a o rm s all th e h ills on th e
north t p t f h il d
e as e rn f wh i h
ar o t e s an , som e o c are 1 30 fe e t h igh ; th at
it l fa so g t p t f
orm s a h t i i t
re ah ar o t e m o u n a ns n e island Of Salse tte , and

t d t it
ex en s h t
o i y s ki g i
no rt e rn e x re m t , m a n n all a tract north and

th
so u f 28 il o d p b b ly g t d l l
m e s, an ro a a re a ea onge r, Ih av e natu rall y
co m e to th e co nclusion th at th e lac us trine fo rm ati on could not h av e
su ppli d e all th e fragm e nts i n th is gre at m ass , and th at th e i r g i n ori

m u st be sough t from som e o th e r sourc e . I th e re fore e x am ine d sev e ral

of th e m care full y , and d
fo un wh at h as b ee n m e nti one d, b ut th e su bj e ct

de se rv e s a m uch m ore e x te nde di nv e stigation th an Ih av e b ee n a bl e to

i ve i t
g .

Th e late ri tic ch aracte r of th is e fli i

us on, wh e re i t form s th e re d h ills ,
is ve r y g stri ki n , and a full d e sc ri p ti on of i t and o f th e e fli
’
us on
ge ne rall y
w ill be fou nd i n m y Ge olog y of th e Il s and o f Bom by a .
”
fl
Su i ce it
h e re to add, th at th e disti nctiv e ch arac te r of th is v olcani c b re cci a from
th e g e nui ne late rite , consists i n th e p re se nc e of fragm e nts of o th e r roc k s

in i t, as we ll as its p osi ti on.

Dyki ng th e se re d h i lls will b e fou n d a si m ilar e ff usion, of a m u ch

li gh te r c olour ; so m uch so, th at w h e n fre sh from w e lls wh ich are bi e n

g
s un ki n i t, it se rv es for wh ite -w ash i ng . Th i s, o n e x am i nation, a pp ears

to be a ki d n of trap pi ti c k aolin, for i f th e w h i te d e com p osin

g p ow de r be
b ru s h e d Off i n wate r, a g ri tt y m ass wi ll re m ai n, p re se nti n
g th e gre e ni sh
ti nt and
ge ne ral a pp e a rance Of trap p i te . Th i fl i h s e
’
u s on as no t onl y
v e i ne d and b urst th rough th e trap p itic cru s t i y pl
n m an a c e s, but in
o ne p art i t o ve rli e s th e c rus t of one o f th e trap p i tic ri d e s,
g w h ic h is 1 0 0

fee t h igh , and th e re , a pp e ars as a wh i te am y gdaloi d, th e c avi ti e s o f

w h ich are fille d or line d with silice o us m ine rals o nl y , v iz .

q uartz,

c alce do n y or agate .

Man y of th e se ca v iti e s g or eo d e s are h alf as large as a m an s

’
h e ad,
and contain large c r y stals of co lo urle ss o r am e th y sti ne
q uartz .

L ly
a st , th e re is a n e ff usi on, w h i ch h as all th e a pp e aranc e o f an O ld

pi soli ti c p um i te : i t i s h arsh to th e tou ch , b k re a s w i th a rou h

g frac ture ,
an d p re se nts th e sh o rt-cu t fib t t
ro us p s ruc ure e c uli ar to p um i te c on

glom e rate . In i t, too, are ro u n ed d p bb l f h e es o t e ao -calle d w h ite tra p

to wh i ch Ih av e b e fore allu de d, w i th i ts i
v es c u ar l cav i tie s fille d w i th
d e com p ose d lau m oni te and ge ne ral calc are o us im p re na ti o n,
g b ides es

fragm e nts o f o th e r roc k s be lo ngi ng to th e tra pp e an e ff usions . Ih av e

o nl y se e n a fe w s p e ci m e ns o f th is, Of a bl ue co lo u r, wh i ch w e re pi k d
c e

u b
p y Dr . Lih
e t in th e island of Salse tte , wh e re th e yw e re m en di g n

th e roa s d w i th i t . Th i s is d e ci de dl y th e neare st a pp roac h to d

m o e rn
 2 90 0 130 c OF I NDI A .
[JA N .

l
v o c an c e i ffusi ons th at h as com e u n e r m d y noti ce i n th e ne igh b ou rh oo d

of th e island o f Bo m by
a .

T h e re i s a fac -sim ile of i t in a stratu m at Ade n som e w ay u

p th e b ase

of th e m o untai n, in Back b y , bu t th e re i t s till re tai ns th e ligh tne ss ,

- a

fre s h ne ss, and lo ose ness o f struc tu re i ndi c ati v e o f m o re re c e nt o rigi n,

w h ile th at of Salse tte is h eav y and consoli date d , and, th e re fo re , m ore

ne arl y pp a roach e s trach y te .

All th e se e ffusions i n th e islan d f B b y pp

o om a a ear to h av e d
u n e r one
g
e le v atio n si nce th e y w e re j t d th y h
e ec e ; e av e a m ore or le ss slo i ng p
a nd a sc ar e pd side , th e form erp ti g t w d
re se n n o ar s th e e as t, th e latte r
to th e w e st .

Th e fragm e nts of th e se dim e ntar rocks in th e v olcanic re cc ias of y b

j
th e Ra m ah al h ills, and th ose i n th e tra e an e ff u si on on th e Pe u nar, pp
m e ntio ne d by Malcolm pp t t i son, all a h f th i
e ar o re a n m u c m ore O e r

or i gi l t
na t l t y
s ruc u re , e e m e n ar p ii d pp co m th th
os t on, an a e aranc e , an ose

i h
n t e v o c an cl i b i f B b y y t l g
re cc a o g lom f ag t f e a ar e an u ar ra m e n o a

g ran i i t k
c ro c f d by , D L
o un i h i th t ir i . y pe t f h n l e rans t onar art o t e vo

can c i b i
re c c a f h b l k j p id
o t e h ill
ac ill i
as i i gi l
e o us s, st re ta ns ts or na

wh i te ne ss, an d i d i t i t igh t v n pl
ca e s g
s r k w h i h
to h aw ace a m on roc s, c , o

e v e r ne ar th f e f th g
s u r ac e t t pp o di t i i th i l d f
e re a ra e an s r ct n e s an o

B b y
om a , tf
a re no d i f h o un d d f il on tll or d u n re s O m es a rou n .

h f h g l gy f h B b y I l d D Th ”
I hi k
n ss e tc o t e eo o O t e om a s an s r . o m s on

se e m s t h o ppli d th
av e a f p ph y y
e h
e nam e o l i b i or b r to t e v o c an c re c c a ut

Ih av e se e n n o ne o f it h i h i th i wpp ll ti th gh I h ld
c m er ts s a e a o n, ou s ou

i
m e nt o n, h t p ig
at o n c o m bl k f d p p h y y h w
ar n som e oc s o re or r t at e re

b gh f J idd h wi h th d p d d b i f th h ill t
ro u t rom a t e e com ose re rec c a o e s a

th e no rt h t -e as e rnt ity f th i l d f B b y
e x re m O d f th e i
s an o om a , an o o e rs n

S l t
a se th tw
te , pp t b id ti l b t f th d p i i f
e o a e ar o e en ca , u or e e c om os t on o

th l t
e a te r Th . p dp e c om h h
ac t re
g t h i h d i
as te , it d
ro u ou w c a re sse m nate

sm a ll wh i t
,
ll d fi d y
e, we l
- e ff lp ne wi h h c r s ta s o d th f g
e s ar, t e re an e re ra

m e nts f o h ot k i h A b i p ph y y ( P p l y tiq
e r ro c s, n t e ra an or r , or l re a n ue,

B g i t ) pp t fi d h i
ro n u ar , a e ar o p t i i h dl
n t e r e x ac t re re se n at v e s n t e re , oose ,

are nac e o -ar g i ll b f h

ac e ou s l i b
ase o i f B b
t e y w i h
v o can c i re c c a o om a , t ts

wh i te p s k ec d ps t an p s di t th
o s c o rre s
g f l p d i ton f g n o e e s a r, an s ra m e nts

o f tho k
e r ro c ll f wh i h
s, a o ly t w t g c l
se e m lid i
m e re o an e ne ra c onso a t on

an d y t lli
cr s a i zat k th wh l
on - to m a e id i l w ith th p p h y y
e o e m ass e nt c a e ro r

fro m Jidd h a .

I n t hi i f t pp
s se r e s o ff i ra f h li t p
e an e d j p
us ons, m asse s o e o ro e an as er

a p p e a r no t t b o A l
e u nc o m m on .
g b l k f h f w ar e t oc o t e o rm e r as m e

w t i h i t n lli g f
unne th B b y il d h gh l w t pp
n or e om a ra ro a t rou a o ra e an

r i dg e on th i l d
e m a n an pp it h t w f T , O os Th h li
e t e p o n o anna . e e o tro e
 31 1 0 0 s A N D F LI OC RN R F O RM ATIO NB . 2 91

of th e C am by a ornam e nts com es from a h ill ne ar Rajco te i n Katty awar,

and at th e v illa
ge of Tullajah , i n th e sam e p rov inc e , wh i c h is a out b 20
m ile s sou th of Gogah , th e re is a h ill, co m p d fb
ose o as alt blw le o , a te ri te

a b ov e , and o n th e top o f all, a roc k lik “

e a large m ass o f bl d oo s to ne
”

( F u ll
j a m es
) . Th e h e liotro p e an dj p as f er o th e tra pp e an e ff usi o ns ge ne

rall y pp a e ar to m e to b e de riv e d fro m fragm e nts or m asse s of

se di m e ntar y k wi th wh i h th ig
roc c e ne ou s one s h ave co m e in contac t, o r

h ave e nv e o l p d wh i
e i flid en n a se m - u or i nc ande sce nt state .

Th e re a re sti ll m o re re c e nt trace s o f v olcani c ou t u rsts b i n C ntch and

I ndia, bu t i t will be m ore co nv e ni e nt to allude to th e se h e re afte r .

M I O C EN E AN D PLI O C E N E F o R M ATI O N s .

Hi h t e rto w e h av e b e e n v ie wi ng th e ge ological fo rm atio ns o f iff e re nt d

e p och s in I di
n a in dt
e a ch e d m asse s and trac ts, w i th ou t m uc h re fe re nce

to th e i r c o nti nui t y , a nd none at all as to th e p arts wh i ch w e re de p osite d

in de e p o r sh allo w w ate r, or to th e de p os i ts of la k e s, ri v e rs, o r e stuarie s,

w h ic h m a
y h ave b e e n conte m p orane o us w ith th e se fo rm ati o ns ; no r, in
th e p re se nt state of our k no w le dge , is i t p ib l
oss e to do o th e rw is e

at th e sa m e ti m e it m ust be o b v i o us , th at h o we v e r m u ch th e i r

m ine ralogical ch arac te rs m a

y ai d i n th e c om m e nc e m e nt o f th is i nv e s
tiga tio n, noth i ng bu t an ac q uai ntance w i th th e i r o rganic re m ai ns in
th e e nd, ca n e na bl e us to d e te rm i ne w i th acc urac y th e b o u ndarie s an d
dph e t s of th e se as , lak e s, ri v e rs, or e s tuari e s i n w h ich th e y w e re
p
re s e c ti v e l ydp e osi te d pl or to ace th e m i n th a t p art o f th e g e olo
gi c al

se rie s to w h i ch th e y p p ly b lro er e on
g .

Wi h t th e form ations, h o we ve r, wh ich w e are no w a o u t b to consi de r,

th e m a tte r is so m e wh at diff e re nt for th e i r m o de rn and fre s h a p p e a ranc e ,

toge th e r w i th th e i r c om p ara tiv e l y b

u ndis tu r e d and u nalte re d s ta te , w ill
e na bl e us to re c ognize a nd trace th e m , as a
gro u p , alm ost w h e re v e r th e y
e x i st, w i th o u t th e p re se nc e of fo ssi ls ; b ut w h e n w e co m e to se p ara te

th e se , also , ac c ordin
g to th e i r ge o lo ic al a e s, th e
g g sam e im p ib ili y
o ss t of

d oin
g so w i th ou t a n ac
q uai nta nc e w i th th e i r re s p e c tiv e o rgani c re m ai ns

wi ll be ex p e ri e nc e d, as i n th e clas sificatio n O f th e fo rm ati o ns w h ich

h av e p re c e de d th e m .

U nfortu nate l y wi h th i t e m oc e ne and pli oce ne , as wi th th e olde r

fo rm atio ns in I di y f w f th
n a, v e r e o e ir foss ils h ave b ee n de sc ri b ed an d
w h ile th is arise s f i y i th
ro m scarc t n e latte r, i t, p e rh a p s, aris e s so m e wh a t

fro m th e ir b
a undance i n th e form e r, w h ich , w ith th e i r fre sh ne ss i n
a pp earance , re n e rs d th e m so m u c h li k e th e sh e lls now o n th e se a sh o re ,
2 92 G RO Lo o v or I ND I A .
[J A N .

th at a colle c tion or recor d of th e m se e m s u se le ss and i nsi

gni ficant and

th is i m p re ssi on i s li k ly t
e o re m ain so lo ng as we are u nac
q u ainte d wi th
th e gre at th ic ne ss of th e i rk s trata, and th e gre at and e x te nsi ve ch an e s
g
wh ich th e
’
e arth s su rface h as d
u n e rgone si nce th e m ost re ce nt of th e m
w e re de p osi te d. But wh e n th is i s k now n to u s , th e ir anti
q ui t yb eco m e s

a pp are nt, and th e m an y th o usan s d of s p e c ie s, d

i nclu i ng wh ole ge ne ra,
th at m u st h av e b e com e e x tinc t duri ng th e ti m e b
th at h as e e n re qu i re d fo r
th e i r form atio n, p oints out to us th e ne ce ssit y of m a ki ng th e colle ctions

o f th e i r organic re m ains to dt e e rm ine th e re lati v e age s of th e i r di fl '

e re nt

dp e osits, wh ich bf d l
e o re se e m e so use e ss and uni m p ortant . I d d it
n ee ,

m atte rs little a b t th f h
ou f h e re s ne ss o s e lls, o r th e i r re se m bl t anc e o

s p e ci e s o f th e p t d y k wl dg
re se n a a no e e of th ose w h ich ac u a t lly i t ex s

on th e c oas t h ti b d
t a d by th f
s o r e re e se orm ati ons is as in di p
s ble nsa e

as th at of th ose wh i ch e x i st i n th e m in a state O f fossilizati on, wh e n

we c om e to de te rm i ne th e ge ologic al g a e of th e latte r . C olle c ti ons,
th e re fore , of sh e lls and fossils of all locali tie s, h ow e v e r com m on and

a pp are ntl yi nsignificant, are as ne ce ssar y , in a geologi c al p o int of vi e w,

as th e m ost u ncom m on and c u rious o f th e d

ol e st strata on th e su rface

of th e glo e b .

W i th th is sh ort i ntroduc tion to th e m ioce ne and pli oce ne form ati ons,

w h ich h av e b e en pl d t g th
ace o e e r, at p re se nt, for want o f d ata to divi e d
th e m satis fac tor ily l t
, ed us e n e av ou r, by th e aid of th e scantyk w no

le dge w e posse ss of th e ir fossils, th e ir m i ne ralogical ch arac t p ii

e rs, os t on

and re se m bl p ll l b tw th i diff
ance s, to d raw ara e s e ee n e r e re n t d p it ie os s n

diff tl li i
e re n d th
oca by t bli h i g th i t p
t e s, an us, es a s n e r c on e m oraneousne ss,

g p
routh d p l emt h pan i i lly i th
ac e di i i f
em th g rov s ona n e v s ons o e eo

l gi l
o cai t wh i h h y
se r e s pp t b l g I d i g wh i h i
o c t e a e ar o e on . n o n c , n

th p e t t t
re se n f k wl dg it will b
s a e o ou r yt g by d
no e e, e ne ce ssar o o e on

th p e i b d li it f th t
re sc r e tp p m df so id ti dt
e d
rac ro ose o r co ns e ra on, an o e x te n

b ti f
o ur O se rv a p i t th f ti
ons, or com h w t id
ar son, o e se orm a ons on t e e s e rn s e

of th I d e d th h
n u s an f A b i wh i h e s tt W t
ore s o ra a c are ne are s o e s e rn

I din a .

M ioce ne Form ati on.

S oli d, coars e , sh e lly a nd cor a lli ne Li m es tone . Oy te r be ds .

s - C al
ca r e ous , a rgi lla ce ous , u a r tz os e or sa nd C onglom e r a te s . Osci
q y
f e rous Conglom e ra tes . Lowe r Blue C lay .

I n th e so u th e rn p art of C utc h , th e w e ste rn p art o f K attyaw ar, and

th e S ou th -e ast C oas t of b
Ara ia, wh e re th e re h ave b e e n no ri v e rs o f any
’

c o nse q ue nce to i nte rru p t by , th e i r trans p orte d m atte r, th e continue d

de p osi t o f th e m ari ne e x uv i se and rolle d de tri tus of th e se locali tie s, th e
m ioce ne form ation is m uch th e sam e . Th us, i n C a tch it is state d by
 m oc s ns nonu n i o n . 2 93

Grant to consist of a h ar d argillaceous

g rit, inters p erse d wi th fossil
sh e lls . At th e village of Soo m row, it is a d p t
h ar , co m ac , calc are ou s

roc k , full of sh e lls, and b u rnt for li m e ; d b l w th i

an e o s ro c k is a

co ralli ne li m e s tone .
”
Th e form er con a nst i yt o s e rs ne ar Ey e raio .

Th ese de p osi ts b
a u t agai nst th e nu m m u li ti b d
c b t th i
e s
”
u e r th i c ne ss k
is not m e ntione d .

I am also i nform ed by Li e u te nant C onsta le , b I . N .

, wh o h as j ust

b e e n e ngage d in surv e yi g th
n e We ste rn C oast of K atty awar, th at th e
w h ole of th is coas t is cli fl
l e ss, and raise db ut a fe w fe e t a b ove th e le v e l
o f th e se a, w h ich ( by th p i )e s e c m e ns th rough ou t, b k p re a s u on a co m

p ac t,
g ri tt y li m t
e s o ne o f y ll wi h a e o s colo ur, raise d h e re and th e re , a

little i nland, i nto m o unds and h ills, v ar yi ng i n h e igh t fro m 5 0 to 1 0 0

fe e t ; on th e to p o f one o f th e s e is a b e d of y
o ste rs im p acte d i n th e
roc k F th p i
. rom f th i li e s wh i h L i t
e c m e ns o t C s m e stone c e u e nan on

t b l k i dly b
s a e g h tn i h f l d
rou i p ti f th
m e,p l f w t c are u e sc r ons o e a ce s rom

wh i h h y w
c t k
t e it id ly p
e re a th e n, h ev e nt osse sse s e sam e c arac te rs as

th e p t l
com ack f th i ca c are o us d p it h S
roc h o e m oce ne e os s on t e ou t

t
e as e rn C f A bi oastd th f o i p b bly i dra i l i f
a, an , e re o re , s ro a e nt ca n or

i
m at on wi th i t d th t f C h B t it i
an ly th
a o t f ntc . u s on on e c oas o

A bi h t I h
ra a th d a g d i w f th
av e i f tia f awh i h thoo v e o s orm a o n, rom c e

f ll wi g
o o ti nf b dww d w
se c on, ro m f lly ak ove o n ar s, as care u ta e n

C o m p ac t, coarse , sh e lly li m e sto ne , o f a w h i te c olo u r, argi llace o u s 2 0 . fe e t.

C o c t c oarse li m e s to ne o f a re d d i s h -w h i te c o lo u r , c h i e fl
m
p a , , y
ve l from th e o lde r li m estone of th e ne i gh b o u r
c om po se d o f gr a

h oo d, i n an g
ar i llace o -calcare o ns ce m e nt

C om p ac t, coarse , sh e lly and co ra lli ne li m e s tone , o f a gree t

re ddi sh -w h i te co lou r , argi llace o us ; ( b i va lves and o s tre ua)

A b e d of large , th i ck oy s te r sh e lls, in a c oa rs e , c o m p ac t li m e s tone

cem e nt W .

Large , rounde d , wh i te li m es to ne p e bble s, in a co m p ac t,

c o a rse

li m estone ce m e nt .

C oarse , co m p ac t li m es to ne o f a s m o y
-b ro w n,
co lo ur
, k c o nta i ni ng

m o re o r le ss of th e ne i gh b o u ri ng ro c ks i n th e sta te o f ro u nde d

grav el r e m a r ka b le f or i ts craggi ness w h e re e x p osed to th e

a ctio n o f th e w a ves

Th i s form ati on re sts on th e d

ol e r lim igne ous roc s of th e
e stone or k
lo cali t y , and c onstitute s th e i nfe ri o r tw o -th i rds o f a sm all c liff, wh i ch i s

c ontinuous for m an y m ile s alo ng th e m i ddle of th e Sou th -e ast C oast of

b
Ara ia, resti ng on th e b as e of th e sc ar p e d ta le - b
land wh i ch h e re slo p es

i nto th e se a . y
I ts strata di p sligh tl to war s th e latte r, and th rough ou t d
i t is pp d by
ca e th e p
li oce ne form ation, wh i ch will h e rea fte r be
de scr ib d e .
2 94 L
G EO O GY o r 1 1 m m .
[Ju n

Th e fe w fossils wh ich I bt i d o a ne from it bl e ong ch ie fl y to th e

fam il y Os tra ce a, an d th y l lye c ose re se m ble th ose i n Tab . xx v . of

Grant s Ge olog
’
y of C ntch .
”
But ne ar th e v illa
ge o f Tka ah , i n th e
u pp p er art o f th e c li fl p b bly
’
, ro a pp
i n th e u e r stratu m of th e b
a ove

se c tion, O r bi to li te s and O r bi to i des b d Th i

a o un . s, wh e n Iw as w ri ting a

g e ological s k e tch o f th e c o ast, a p p d t b

e are o e a
gre at anom al y , for I
h ad th ou gh t, fro m se e ing th e se fossils so fre q ue ntl y assoc i ate d with

num m uli te s, th at th is dp e osi t m u st be a p art of th e e o ce ne form a

tion, w h i ch in som e w ay or o th e r h ad inte rru te d th e p co ntinuati on o f

th e cli fl'

y et th e sam e p aralle lis m and li nes of stratifica ti on o f th e

latte r bie ng e q uall y co nti nu o us at th is as at y an oth e r p art, and th e

b row n lim e sto ne roc k unde rly i ng all, as u sual, th ou gh th e c liff
( b a o ut

1 0 0 fe e t h igh ) h ad falle n fo rw a rd i n gre at re c tangular m as se s i nto th e

b
se a, le ft m e still i n do u t as to th e so u ndne ss o f th e c o n e c tu re Now, j .

h ow e v e r, th i s no longe r e x ists, p for s e c i m e ns o f th is form ati on, b rou

gh t

fro m th e c oas t o f K a tty awar by Li e ute nant C o nsta le , b also a b o und

i n O r bi toli te s, b o th pl ane ( p py a rac e o us

) and co nve x . Th i s, a
g ai n,

th ro ws a do u t b ov e r th e nature of th e fo rm a tio n fro m w h i ch th e

s p e ci m e ns o f lim i n th e Rajpe e p la h ills, se nt m e
e sto ne M a or F ull by j
j a m e s, ca m e , and w h ic h I b
h av e e fore se t do w n ro visionall , as art o f p y p
th e Nu m m u li tic Se rie s, fro m th e i r co ntaini ng Or bi toli te s b u t th e w h ole
roc kb e ars su ch a s tri ki gn bl re se m a nc e to th e m ioce ne form a tion, th at i t
now see m s to m e m o re p b bl th i l
ro a e at t, a so, sh ould bl e on
g to th is, rath e r

th an to th e Nu m m u li i S i
tc L ly e r es . as t , th e occ u rre nc e o f num b e rs o f

O r bi toli te s i n ano th e r form of th is te rtia r y d p it e os on th e so u th e rn

p art o f th e Mala b ar C oas t, w h i ch w ill p ly b

re se nt e m e ntione d, se ts

th e q ue s tion at re st, in m
y o wn m i d n p ig
, re s e ct n th e form ati o n to
wh ich th e stratum on th e Ara ia n b coas t c o ntai nin
g th e se fossils bl e on s,
g
v iz . to th e m ioce ne , a nd not to th e nu m m uli t c i de p osi ts .

Th e e x tre m e c raggi ne ss o f th e lowe st stratum of th is se ri e s, wh e re i t

h as b ee n ex p ose d to th e ac tio n o f th e wave s, ch arac te riz e s i t not onl y
on th e So u th -
e a st C oast o f A ra ia, b u t b on th at o f K atty aw ar, and,

a pp a re ntly , e v e n i n th e L accadi ve Il s ands, j udi

g g n fro m ro c -s e c i m e n
s k p
o f th e latte r w h ich w e re p re se nte d to th e Soc ie t y by p
C a ta i n M o re s , by
wh o su rv e y e d th e m . I t is diffic ult to a c c ou n t f th i p
or s e cu liar cra
g gi
ne ss, u nle ss i t be ow in
g to th e m ore p e ri sh a bl e natu re of th e p o rti ons

of th e olde r li m e stone ro c k s ( wh i c h h e re a nd
g th e re form a re at p art

of th is dp e osi t ) yi ldi
e ng to th e fre tti ng and issolving ac ti on of th ed
wav e s, and th us le av i ng th e ce m e nt w h i ch h e l d
th e m toge th e r in th e
p e c ulia r form m e nti one d . But to wh a te ve r cause i t is to b e attri b ute d,

th e rugge d pp a e aranc e of th is roc k , w h e re ex p ose d to th e w ave s, is ve r y

 Ta n n e r m e an s o r c v r c n . 2 95

stri ki ng . Its ge ological age , p b blyro a , as we ll as i ts com p osi tio n,

in duce s p
th is e c ulia ri t y .

Th e followi ng de sc r ip ti ons of fossils illustrating th is form ation in

Grant s
’
Ge olog y of C utch , h ave b een
gi ve n by Mr . J . de C .

Sowe r by
C ly p ea ster oblongas . C . sc u t if
orm is Lam .
—
) Ob long, sub -p e ntagonal,

c o nve x ab o v e , c o ncav e be neath am b ulacra ve ry b road, ob tuse . Le ngth i nch e s,

b read th abo v e 2 i nch e s , h e i gh t 7 li ne s .

C ly p ea ster de p r essu s — Pe nta onal m uch de p resse d am b ulacra o val anu s

.
g
v e ry near th e m argi n . Le ngth i n th e olde st i ndi vi dua l ab o ut 2 i nch es , b readth
ra th e r less , h e i gh t a bo ut 5 i nch .

Th i s di fls f o
’

C La ga num in th e posi ti on of th e anus , wh i ch i n th at sp e c i es

er r m .
'

is h alf-way be twee n th e m o uth and th e m argi n, i n th e gre ate r s i ze of th e pa p i lla ,

and i n be i ng m uc h th i nner .

Se rp u la ? rec ta . — An o v al, free , sli gh tly wave d sh e lly tub e , wh i ch we h av e

p ro v i si onally calle d a S e rp ula , a lth o ugh it is m ore li ke th e tube of a Te redo b ut

it ap pe ars to h a ve be e n form e d in loose sa nd . Diam e te r 1 i nch .

S i li q ua r ia G ra nti t — S pi rally stri ate d, atri a c rosse d b y n um ero us crack s

fi ssure co m p ose d of a se ri es o f o val p o res I t di ffe rs fro m th e

. re cent S . a ngui na

o nly i n th e sm allness o f th e pores w h i c h fo rm th e ssure fi .

Ba la nus s a bla vi s. —S u b-cyli ndri cal , w i th c urv ed v alve s ; ne arly sm o o th

o p e rc u lu m di am e ter 1 i nc h , h e i gh t 9 li ne s . Paras i ti c u p on s h e lls .

C or bula trigona lis . —Tri gona l, wi th th e fro nt ro u nde d,

gi bb ose , anti ua te d ; q
v alves nea rly e q u al p os te ri o r si de q
tru nca te d o b li ue ly , wi th a cari na u p on e a c h
v alve , and p o i nte d ; u m bo nes e q ual, ce ntral . Le ngth 6 li nes, w i dth 8 li nes b ut th e s e
ro p o rti o ns va ry .
p
C or b ula r ugosa . ( Lam . v ol. v .
p 4 97 —T h
. i s di f
f e rs fro m th e last i n be i ng
a m uc h w i de r sh e ll. w i th m ore re gular and p rom i ne nt la m i na u
p o n th e su rfac e .

Le ngth 2 § li ne s , w i dth 35 li ne s .

Te lli na ex a r a ta . O vate , com p re sse d orna m e nte d w i th m any e re c t co nce ntri c

la m i na th e p o s te ri o r e x tr e m i ty p oi nte d, m uch b e nt . Le ngth nea rly th re e -i n nrth s

o f th e wi dth , w h i c h i s nea rly 2 i nc h es . S tro ngly re s e m b li ng T . v i rga ta , ( La 1 n .

H i st Na t
. . v o l. v .
p . b u t w i de r , and m o re b e nt .

Ve n us gr a nosa — O bo va te , trunca te d, p oste ri orly c onv e x ; o rnam e nte d w i th

.

e re ct co nc e ntri c la m i na ; crosse d b y nu m e ro us atri a , w h i c h c ut th ese ( ne a r th e

m argi n ) i nto ro u nde d gra

; l
iunn
se tte b road , p
o i nte d , co nv e x ; b ea k s ne a res t th e

a nte ri or e x tre m i ty . Le ngth i i i nch , wi dth m ore th an 2 i nc h e s .

-
Th i s be longs to th e s a m e fam i ly o f Ve nus as V cor bis , and V p uerp e r a , and i s . .

scarce ly di s ti ngu is h ab le from V p ue rp e r a

. .
3 ( Lam . Hi s t Nat. . vol. v . p .

Ve nus ca nce lla ta .

— O bo vate , ap p roac h i ng o rb i c ula r, g i b b ose ; o rna m e n te d
w i th e re c t c once ntri c lam i na ,
and m any longi tudi nal s tri a lu ne tte w i de p o i nte d ,
co nve x ; bea ks nearest th e anteri or e x tre m i ty . Le ngth 1 2 i nch , wi dth ! i nc h
1 1 li nes .

Th i s resem b les th e last, exce p t th at i t is ro under, wi th th i nne r lam i na , wh i ch

are no t c ut i nto ro und grai ns.

Ve nus non-scrip ta .
— Transve rsely oval, conve x , sm ooth , co nce ntri c a lly

undulated ; lune tte e longated, p oi nte d, concave beaks near th e ante ri or e x trem i ty .

38
2 96 e no no o r or m o re .
[J a s .

Le ngth 1 i nch 4 li nes, wi dth 1 !i nch . A sm ooth and th i n sh e ll, wi th li ttle o f th e

asp ec t of a Venus .

P ulla stra ? vi rga ta . —Transve rse ly o v al, e longate d ; de c o ra te d w i th s m oo th

c o nce ntri c ri dge s ; b ea ks ne arest th e a nte ri or e x tre m i ty . Le ngth 1 3 li nes , w i dth

1 i nch 7 li nes .

S e ve ral rec e nt spe c i es of P u lla stra are li ke th i s, b ut no des cri b e d one ap p ea rs

to be i de nti cal w i th i t .

C a r di ta i nte r m edia ? ( Lam . i l iat Nat. . vo l . v. p art i p 23 Bro cch i , v ol i i

. . . .

520 , t 1 2 , f —Th i s stron ly rese m q se ve ral spe c i es o f Ve ne ri ca rdi a ( La m )

. .
g . .

C a r di u m tr iform e .
—orb i c u lar , ve ntri co se , longi tudi na lly s tri ate d ante ri o r

s ide c o ve re d w i th ro und gra nules, fo rm ed b y de c ussa ti ng atri a th e p os te ri o r side

crosse d by o b li q u e se ts o f re fle c te d ridges . Le ngth and w idth 1 i nc h 4 li nes . So m e

wh a t rese m bli ng th e re ce nt C . a oli cu m .

A rea m di a ta .
—Trans ve rse ly e lo ngate d, o b li q ue , rath e r co nve x , radi a te d

radi i e le vated , f urrowe d be ak s alm ost c lose , nea re s t th e ante ri o r si de . Le ngth 1

li ne s , wi dth 1 i nch .

A re a tor tuosa ? ( Li nn .
) —Th i s i s o nly a fragm e nt, and wh at th ere i s w e m s to

di fibr fro m th e re cent A tor tu ous in th e de gre e

. o f c urvatur
e .

P ec ten S om r owe nsi s . — O bovate , c onve x , radi ate d radi i abo u t 2 4, q

s uam ose ,

s ub di v i ded in o ne v alve i nto 3, i n th e o th e r i nto 5; ears une q ual , s tri a te d, and

s q u am ose . Le ngth 2 i nch es 2 li ne s , wi dth ne arly 2 i nch es .

“
i n form th is P ecte n a p p roac h e s to P . va ri a ns , b ut i n th e structure of th e

s urfa ce i t is li ke P p lob ei us . of th e c rag, and m any rece nt spe c i e s .

P ecte n a r ti c ula tus. , b e ak

-O rb i c ular
s
, de p re sse d ,
radi ate d ; wi th p o i nte d
radi i abo ut 28 , si m p le ro unde d, c rosse d by di s tant sc ales : ears large , s tri a te d,

and s q uam ose . Le ngth i n an old spe ci m en ab o ut 1 i nch 8 li nes, width 1

i nch 6 li nes .

Gry p h a a globosa , ( M C . . t 392. O strea vesicu la ris , ) Lam . Hi st Nat . . v ol. v i .

p art i p 2 l9 ; C u v
. . . a nd Brong . Env de Paris, 38 3, t 3, f 5 ; P odap s is p ry
. . .

p h a m d
'

es , Lam H i st . . Nat . vol. vi . p art i p

— T h.i s e xac.tl a
y g ree s w i th
old sp e c i m ens fo und i n th e ch al k of Norfolk .

Os trea a ngula ta .
— S ub -o rb i cular, arch ed, com p re sse d , p lai ted p lai ts angu lar,

num e rous , b ranc h e d to wards th e m argi n ; la m i na o f i ncre ase regu lar, di stant,
rai se d at th e i r e dges . Le ngth ab o u t 1} i nc h , w i dth th e sam e .

Os trea fl a be llulm n . ( M . C . t 2 5 3 ; La m
.

—Th e
. Hi st Nat . . vo l. v i .
p art i p 215
. .

C ham a p li ca ta , Brande r , 84 and ide nti ty o f th i s oy s te r wi th th e 0 .

f la be llu lu m of th e te rti ary form ati o ns of Eu ro p e i s q

u n ues ti o na b le .

O s tr ea tu bife rm — Orb i c ular lam i na of i nc rease th i c k ,

ra i se d i nto a fe w large
,

ne arly e re c t tub es , arra nge d i n abo u t 6 rows . Di a m e te r 2 i nc h es .

O strea li ngua .
— M u ch e longate d, s m o o th , ap p roach i ng to e ve n up p e r v alv e

flt a or c onca v e , th e oth e r ve ry convex sq ua tnoso -fim b ri ate d a t th e edges . Le ngth

2 ; i nch e s , wi dth 1 ) i nc h .

S o vari ab le are Ostr ea i n form and so m uch do th e spe ci e s re se m b le ea ch o th e r,

fi
,

th at i t i s h ardly p ossi ble to de ne som e of th e m c le a rly Th at b e fo re us i s ve ry

.

li k e 0 . te ne ra , ( M C t 2 5 2 ,
f
. 2 a nd y e
. t i n th e.de p th o f th e a tta c h e.d v alv e i t
0 M ea dsi , ( M C t 25 2 , f l and b ut i s not wave d li k e th a t
‘

ap p ro ach es to . . . . . .

Be lla tigna ri a ( Li nn ) —Tb i s agrees p erfectly wi th

. . th e re ce nt spe c i es, a
s far .
as
 I
TERT A RY p os su a or c CH . 297

we ca n a sce rtai n from spe c i m e ns wh i c h are no t pe rfe ct ; b ut i t la ui ta di sti nct from q

b o th th e fossi l s h e lls des c ri b e d b y Deah ay es u nde r th e sam e nam e .

N a tion obsc ur a . — Glob ose , b i li ca te ; sp i re sm all, p o i nted wh orls ab o ut 5

um .

c onv e x , fl atte ne d and o rnam e nte d a t th e u

pp e r e dge w i th fi ne di ve rgi ng p la i ts ;
fi
,

um bi li c us p artly lled w i th a se m i -cy li ndri c al, o b li q ue ly tru ncate d ca llus . He igh t

1 } i nch , di am e ter th e sa m e .

Ne arly re la te d to N . E pi glol ti na b ut di sti ngui sh e d b y th e fl atte ned

u p p e r m a rgi ns o f th e wh o rls and to [Wri te ca n re na o f B ro c ch i ( vo l ii . .

N a tion ca llosa — O b li q ue ly de p re sse d s p i re sm all, h ardly r tj

i n
.
p o ec g;
um b i li c us c o v ere d b y th e t h i ck e ne d and e x p ande d
i nne r li p ap e rture very large .

H e i gh t 2 i nc h e s di am . e te r 1 3 i nc h . A ve ry dis ti nc t s pec i e s .

Glob u lar ? a ngu l if e r us — O b long, o b li q ue ly s tri ate d s p i re r d d wh o rls

.
p o u ce

ab o ut 4 , w i th th e i r si de s a nd up pe r e dge fl atte ne d ; um b i li c us op e n, rath e r large .

He i gh t and di am e te r g i nc h .

Th e e le vate d li nes or stri te advanci ng towards th e ap e rture as th e y desce nd th e

si de s o f th e w h o rls , fo rm a p e c u li ar c h a rac te r . Th e ap e rture appe ars to be sm a ll.

S ola ri u m fl
« i rts — C o nvex ab o ve , fl attish b e ne ath , m ar e d k wi th di ve rgi ng
stri m on b o th si de s ; w h orls 4 or 5 , w i th a de fl e c ted e nti re ca ri na, abo ve wh i c h
a re f urrows , p lace d
4 at ne arly e q ual di stance s , and be low , 2 furrows near th e
cari na, and 2 ne a r th e um b i li c us , wh i ch i s large , w i th a cre nate d e dge . Diam e te r

1 4 i nch , h e i gh t l i nc h . Pe rfec tly disti nct fro m S p e rsp e cti va m

.
, wh i ch i t som e

w h at rese m b les .

Troch us cogna tus . — C oni cal, wi th strai gh t si des wh o rls num erous orna m e nt

ed wi th se ve ral ro ws o f granules ,
w h i c h som e ti m es ( es pe ci a lly to wards th e ap e x )

a re u ni te d by e le vate d li nes , and a row of tube rcle s u po n th e i nfe ri or e dges o f th e

up pe r wh orls , s ucc ee de d by 2 ro ws u p on th e m i ddle vo luti ons , and cre nate d

ri dges of sli gh t e le vati o n o n th e ro unde d b orde r of th e lowes t wh orls ; base flt a ,

c o nce ntri cally furro w e d, c ontai ni ng a th i c k p lai t w i th i n .

Li ke T . m a c u la tus . He i gh t 2 i nc h es , di am e te r o f th e b ase nearly th e sam e .

Tu rr i tella a ngu la ta . coni cal w h orls c o nve x , de c orate d by ab o u t

7 ca ri nae, o f wh i c h th e lo west b ut one i s m uc h th e m os t p rom i ne nt . Hei gh t 1 }

i nch , diam e te r 8 li nes .

Tu r ritslla m ai m ilia —Ta rd i e d wh o rls conve x , o rnam e nted with 6 or 7

cari nte , of wh ich 2 or 3 are o b sc ure , th e 2 nd and 5 th be i ng p ro m i ne nt . He igh t 1 }
i nc h , di a m e te r 5 li nes . A sm alle r, narro wer sp e c i es th an th e las t .

T e r sb ra r st ic ula ta .
—S ub ulate ; si des o f th e w h orls flt a , canc e lla te d a narro w

u p pe r p o rti o n o f each w h orl di v i ded from th e lo we r i n th e form '

of a b and b y a

ri dge and f urrow be ak sh ort, c urve d .

I n so m e s p ec i m ens th e trans ve rse o r sp i ral li nes are less consp i cuo us, p arti en

larly on th e b and, and th e up pe r h a lf o f th e wh orl .

C er i th i um r ude . —S uh ulate , wi th c urved si des , ri b be d and fnrrow ed ; ri bs

num e ro us , c ut ac ross b y abo u t 5 s uare q furrows , of wh i c h th e upp er m o s t i s dista nt

fro m th e s uture ; wh o rls 1 0 o r 1 2 , ne arly at, w i th an o b tuse vari x be twee n e ac h ; fl
th e last vari x v e ry p ro m i ne nt ap e rture nearly ro und, wi th a ca nal at th e up p e r
angle i nne r li p th i ck , wi th a ca llus at th e to p be ak bro ke n He igh t 2 i nch e s 8 .

li ne s , di am e te r ab o u t 8 li nes .

C e ri tlti um cor r ugs tu m .

—S ub ulate , ri bbe d, and coarse ly striated ; ri bs
298 e ao m e v or i N D IA .
[J A N .

num e ro us , arch ed, and p rom i ne nt, c rosse d by dee p s tri aa ; wh o rls 8 o r m ore ,

ra th e r c o nve x , w i th a di s ti nc t v ari x u p o n e a ch .

Th is h as m u ch o f th e co nto ur o f an e lo nga te d F a ns . Th e li p and beak are

wanti ng i n th e only spe c i m e n fo u nd .

F us e s m
a m on i a — S h o rt, fus i fo rm ,
ribb e d ; rib s a bo ut 12 u p on e ach w h o rl,
di vide d i nto grai ns b y 6 o r 7 tra ns ve rse ri dge s : c o nve x ; sp i re h alf th e lm gth of

th e sh e ll b ea k s udde nly c o ntrac te d He i gh t 4 li ne s . .

A p re tty s h e ll, m uc h re se m b li ng so m e s pe c ies o f N a ssa wh i ch occur in

th e crag .

F um e la vi usc ulua — S h ort, fusi form ,

ribb e d, and stri ate d ; r i bs i rregu lar ,
m ostly ve ry sh ort ; w h o rls 6 , angula r ; b ase c o ni ca l bea k s h ort . He igh t 1 0 li nes ,
di am e te r 5 li ne s .

F um e nod u losus .
— F us i fo rm . e lo ngate d, ri b b e d , and stro ngly s tri ate d ; ri bs

sh o rt, b road , a b o ut 8 i n th e m i ddle o f ea c h w h o rl w h orls 6 or 7, c o nca ve abo ve ,

conve x be lo w be a k c o ntrac ted .

F us us h ar m oni se — S h ort, c oni cal, w i th an e longate d b ea k ,

6 angle d w h o rls ab o ut 6 , w i th 6 ri bs o n each , w h i c h fo r m th e a ngle s of th e sp i re ,

and are c rosse d by 3 s tro ng ri dges up o n th e s p i re , k

t h i c e ne d w h e re th e y c ross ;

co nv e x be ak s udde nly c o ntrac te d .

R a ne lla b uf o —C o ni cal, w i th 2 . row s of th i n e x p anded v ari c e s , and se ve ral

ri b s, th e w h ole cro sse d b y 3 o r 4 p ro m i ne nt and se ve ra l i nte r m e di ate th i n ri dges

w h o rls 7 or 8, c onv e x ; vari ces o b tu se at th e i r e dge s ape rture o val be a k sh o rt.

o b li q ue . He i gh t 1 i nch 4 li nes, diam e te r 1 i nc h . Ne a r ly re se m bles R . bi tu bcr
cula ta of Lam arc k .

R os te lla ri a ( Hi st Nat
' '
r ec ti ros tri s . La m . . .
p v ol. v i i . .
- l h e e longate d
form i nduced us to re fe r th i s fo ssi l to th e re ce nt R rec ti ros tris , i n p re fe re nce to
.

any o th e r s pe c i e s .

S tr o m b us dep crdi t us — Turb i na te , tub e rc u late d , and transve rse ly stri ated ;
.

tube rc les uni te d by a sli gh t c ari ua , grad ua lly i nc reas i ng i n s i z e ; li p th i cke ned ,

p roduced ab o v e i nto a s h ort p o i nte d lobe . H e i gh t 2 } i nc h e s, di am e te r 1 i nc h 4

li nes, i ncludi ng th e wi ng .

S tr om b us nodos us — a . b i nate , e longa te d, tu b e rc ulated , transve rse ly and

longi tudi nally stri ate d tube rc les e q ual ,
nu m e r o us , p ro m i ne nt, ob tuse . He igh t 1 }
i nc h e s Di sti nguis h ed b y th e ro unde d
. tube rc les , of wh i c h th e re are ab o ut l 2 to
e ac h wh o rl and th e e lo nga te d sp i re .

Rare we h ave se e n b ut o ne s pe ci m e n, and th at i s v e ry i m pe rfe ct .

C assie ( . Cg
/p r o ce ed s , S tutc h b ury )— S c ulp ta o vate , transve rse ly sulcated ;
.

ap e rture narro w, th e o ute r li p p lai te d , th e i nne r s m oo th He i gh t 1 5 i nc h , .

1 i nc h S trongly b li ng C a ssi “C yp S tutch b nry ,) Tsstsculus,

'

di a m e te r . re se m rtacassi s,

Bucc . Testiculus , Li nn .
) b ut sm ooth e r, and w i th a narro we r a pe rture .

Tur b i ne llus q i m fl ’

s .
— S ub -fusi form
, s we lle d i n th e m i ddle ; ornam ente d wi th
m any trans ve rse ri dge s , and a ro w of fltte ne d
a tu be rc les ne a r th e up p e r m argi n o f

each wh o rl be ak p roduce d transv e rse ly , ri b be d co lum e lla 5 -p lai te d . Hei gh t 4

i nc h es , width 2 i nch es .

V e ry nearly re la te d to T S coly m
. us b ut i t i s m ore e longate d, h as
sm alle r tub e rc le s , and 5 no t 3 p lai ts on th e colu m e lla .

ll ttr a scrob ic u la ta ( Bro c c h i vo l i i p 3 l7, t 4, f - Th is la th e sam

‘
‘
. e as

fi
. .
, . . .

th e fossi l fo und a t Pi ace nz a. i t i s ofte n large r th an o ur gure .

 m ur m ur 17 0 5 8 t or c vrc n . 2 99

M i lra f usiform is .
—F usi form , p oi nte d, stri ate d ; str i ze di stant, dee p , p unctate d
suture e nti re ; c o lum e lla wi th 4 p lai ts . He i gh t 2 i nc h es , di am e te r 9 5 li ne s .

Volup ta — F usi fo rm p i nte d, t ra nsve rse ly s tri a te d c os tate d

j ugosa .
,
o ; cos tm

m any , ro unde d , te rm i nati ng i n p o i nts ab ove th e s uture a pe rtu re e lli p ti ca l, e lo n

ga te d c o lnm e lla w i th 3 p lai ts He i gh t 2 } i nc h es , di a m e te r 1 } i nch

. .

“
Th is di fls ‘

er fro m V . M a gor u m of Bro cc h i , i n th e form of th e ri bs , and th e

s m all num be r of p lai ts up on th e c o lum e lla , and fro m V . cos ta ta (M C . . t .

i n th e fo rm , and i n th e grea te r nu m be r of th e ri bs .

Volu ta de nta ta .
— Turb i nate , s tri ate d ; sp i re s h ort, c o ni cal, p o i nte d wh orls
c rowne d wi th tube rc les , w h i ch s u rro u nd a co nc av e s p ace ; a p e r tu re e longa te d ;
th e o ute r li
p th i c k , c re na to -de ntate d w i th i n . He igh t 1 i nc h 7 li nes , di am e te r l i nc h .

C y p rte a h u nwrosa .
— O b o va te , de pressed w i th 3 p ro tub e rances u p on th e bac k,
and one on eac h si de . Le ngth 2 i nc h es , w i dth 1 ) i nc h .

C y p n e a P ru nw n .
— O val, ve ntri cose a p e rt u re narro w, sli gh tly c urv ed, wi th

ab o ut 2 0 te e th o n each s i de b ase co nve x b ea k sm all, not m uc h p ro duce d a ve ry

e ve n sh e ll . Le ngth ne a rly 2 i nc h es , w i dth 1 } i nch .

C yp r a a di gona — O vate , v entri cose , sli gh tly de p re sse d base fl atte ned on e ac h
.

si de ; be ak e x p ande d, p ro m i ne nt, wi th sh arp e dge s ; te e th o n each s i de th e aperture

,

a bo ve 20 . An obsc ure ly k
m ar e d spe c i es . Le ngth 1 3 li ne s , w idth 9 5 li ne s .

C y p ra a nam ta - 0 . v ate , e lo ngate d, ve ntri cose be a k p ro e c j

ti n g, large
p oste ri o r e x tre m i ty of th e li p p rod uce d ; ap e x of th e sp i re sunk . Le ngth 1 0 li nes,
wi dth 6 li nes .

Terebellum obtus u m .
— O vate , m uch e longate d ; sp i re 2 or 8 wh orls, ob tuse .

Le ngth abo ut 2 i nc h es , wi dth 6 li nes .

Th i s is m ore li k e t h e rece nt T . s ub ula tu m th an th e fossi l T .

f i
w f or m e .

O li e a P up a — Elo ngate d, s ub -cy lindri ca l, w i th it p roduce d , p oi nte d s p i re , a

.

b road sm oo th b and a t th e b ase , and a sli gh tly p lai ted ca llus on th e co lum e lla .

Le ngth 1 i nc h 9 li ne s , w idth 8 li nes .

C om a bracts — S h ort , co ni c al ; sp i re flt ;
a wi th a p ro du ce d a p e x , m a r ed k
wi th 4 co nc e ntri c stri e de c ussa te d b y th e li nes o f gro w th
, b ase ornane nte d wi th
se ve ra l s m a ll, ra th e r di s tant ri dges He i gh t l } i nc h , d i a m
. e te r 1 i nc h .

C om a m i li ta r i s .
— C oni ca i , e lo nga te d , sligh tly contrac ted th e e dge to wards

of th e sp i re co lo ure d by m any tri a ng ular sp o ts , a rra nge d i n z i gz ag ro ws ; sp i re

flt ;
a u p pe r s urfaces of th e v o luti ons co nca ve bas e nearly sm ooth . He i gh t 1 }
i nc h , di am e te r 1 1 li ne s .

Th is sh e ll, and th e followi ng, re tai n traces i n a re m ar k ab le m anne r of th e

o ri gi nal co lo uri ng .

C om a ca te nu la tus — C onical e lo nga te d co lo ure d w i th transve rse ro ws of

,
.

wh i te s po ts up o n a dar k gro und ; s

p i re fi a t, e le v a te d i n th e m i ddle , c o nce ntri c a lly

stri ate d , m o ttle d wi th w h i te , th e e dge s h a rp th e base obsc ure ly f urro we d . Le ngth

1 } i nch , w i dth 8 li nes
C om a m a rgi na tus . — C o ni cal, m u ch e lo ngated sp i re co ni cal, sh o rt, su rro und

ed by an o bs tuse ri dge fro m i ts base to i ts a pe x ba se o f th e s h e ll s tri a te d. Le ngth

”
1 3 i nch , wi dth 8 li ne s .

Th e p i ip l p
r nc a art of th e b
a o ve fossils cam e from th e te rtiar yd p e osi ts

at Soom row th e re st ( )
1 l c h ie fly f rom Kotra, and th e b d
or e rs o f th e

Runn .
300 o ao m ov or m nu .
[Ja m

Lowe r Blue Clay .

‘

C o nte m p o raneo us an d p aralle l wi th th e fore going calcare ous form ations

is a bl ue c la y , w h ich a pp e ars to e x ist th rough o u t th e W e s te rn C oas t
of I ndia, fro m K urrac h e e to Ca p e C om o rin, b ut c h i fly i
e n th e ne i h
g
b o urh o od o f bays a nd i nle ts i nto w h i ch ri ve rs h ave l gb
on een disch arg
i ng th e m se lv e s .

Th e fo llowing ta le w ill b e xh b
i i t th is b tt p
e e r, p
e rh a s, th an se p arate

d ipti
e sc r ons of th is dp e os i t and i ts accom p i an m e nts, at th e diffe re nt
pl h ace s t e re in m e ntione d

C ntch .

Blue clay w i th li g
, Blue clay . wi th li g Blue clay , Blue c lay .

ni te a nd se p ta ria . 60 w i th se p
ta ri a a nd Li gni te and
Ye llo w c lay s . sand, p i e ces of a 2 29 m i ne ral re s i n
a nd c o nglo m e or m i ne ral re i-
u nli v e b ro wn
24 si n.
”
( Bo re at Gogah , e a rth
F ui lj am es . )
Blue c lay . N . 7 4 Ye llow m arl, wi th Sandy blue clay .
li gni te .

S lab s of gri tty ar

( BON atGh i zrae , Maj or ( Ne ar Baboa Hi ll , g i llaceo u s li m e
Turue r ) . G rant .
) s to ne , o f a b lui s h

gre e n co lo ur, con

tui ni ng o rbi to li tes ,
&c . w i th rub b ly
m atte r ab o ve and

be lo w , abo undi ng
i n te rti a ry foss i ls .

H avi n
g th u s sh own th at th e e x i ste nc e of th is clayi s ge ne ral on th e

W e ste rn C oas t of I di
n a and i n Sci nde , w e h ave ne x t to p oi nt ou t i ts
c onte m orane ouane ss w i th th e c oa rse li m e sto ne o f C u tch , K atty awar,
p
and b
Ara ia, w h ich m ay be i nfe rre d from th e follo w ing fac ts
T k
l s t — h at, li e th e latte r, i t is i m m e diate l ov e rlai at u rrach e e and
. y d K
on th e c oast o f T ravanco re b
y
th e pli oc e ne dp
e osi ts w h ich w ill be
p re se ntl y de scr ib d e , wh ile , on th e o th e r h an d , i t form s th e lo w e st p art

of th e cliffs o fT rav anco re , wh ich p b bly

ro a re st o n th e m e tam o r ph i c or

gra ni ti c roc k s of th at locali t y . 2 nd — Ne ar th e h ill

. calle d Bba e s, in
th e w e ste rn p t ar of C ntch , w h i ch i s w i th i n 1 0 m ile s of th e e aste rn

m o uth of th e Id n us, i t, w i th th e y ll w
e o m ar l b e ne ath , lie s i m m e di ate l y
on th e num m uli tic li m e sto ne , and is agai n im m e diate l y ov e rlain by th e
”
Th i s clay h as be e n called lower i n co ntradistinc ti on to a m o re m ode rn de posi t

of th e sa m e k i nd, wh i ch wi ll h ereafte r co m e unde r our cons ide rati on .

 LO W ER BLU E C L AY . 30 1

sam e c o nglo m e rate s, app are ntl y , w h i ch are state d by G rant to o ve rli e

th e calca re o us p aralle l o f th i s form a tio n at th e vi llage of So o m row , 24

m i le s furth e r to th e south . Th e difl
'

e re nc e i n th e natu re of th e de p osi ts

p b by
i n th e se tw o p lace s h avi ng ro a l arise n from th e le sse r dista nce of
Soom ro w fro m th e se a, and its m u ch gre ate r dis tance from th e ndus , I
th an th e ne igh ourh oo o f B b
aboa h i ll 3r d — d
O n th e coast o f Travan . .

c ore th e bl ue ,
gillace ous,
ar
gri tt li m y e stone , w i th th e ru bbly c alca

re ous m ate rial o n e ach si e of i t, form d s th e b ase of th e bl ue cla y and

p b d
lignite de osits and a ou n s i n foss ils th at are i e ntic al w i th th ose
, d
w h ic h illustrate th e te rti ar fo rm ati on i n Grant s
’
yGe olog of C ntch , ”
y
toge th e r with Or bi toli te s F urth e r roo f i s h ar l wanti ng to e sta
. p dy b
lish th e ide nti t y of th e se tw o fo rm ati o ns . But th e acco u nt of th e
cl iffs o n th e c oas t of T ravancore , w h ich Ge ne ral C ulle n h as ki ndlv
se nt m e , is so i nstruc tive , and s o m u ch m ore sati sfac tor y th an an
y
th i ng p bli h
u s e d on th e j
s u b e c t, th at I canno t do b tt
e er th an gi ve i t in
h is ow n w ords

Th e first w e ll I p dw
o e ne as on a late rite clifi or pit4
o n , or 5 m ile s
NE . of th e to w n of Q uilon . H av i n
g o b se rve d so m e y ll wi h
e o s b
sla s o f

dolo m i te [ g
ar i llace o us li m e sto ne at th e b as e of th e c liff o r stra nd of

th e b k ac -w a te r
, w h ich th e re su dde nl de e y p e ns to 4 0 fe e t, a nd, th e re
fo re , p re v e nte d m
y traci ng i t f urth e r do wnwar s , la i o e n d I d p se ve ral

fe e t of th e face o f th e cliff, and, s till fi ndin

g th e dolo m i te s la b pps a a

re ntl
y p assi n
g un e r d i t, I th e n w e nt a bov e , for a b t 1 00 f t i l d
ou ee n an ,

a nd th e re su n k a large we ll, and m e t wi th th e d l ite t th d p h

o om a e e t
of a bo ut 38 fe e t .

I th e n asc ertai ne d th at th e d olo m ite a pp d ywhe are ever e re to

p rev ail b lwe o th e late ri te ro u n dQ ui lon, at a d p h f b 40

e t o a ou t fe e t
from th e su rface .

Th i s w as dt e e rm ine d by th e e x am i nati on of we lls i n diff e re nt

locali tie s, an d by f urth e r s n i ki g n se v e ra l w h i ch h ad not b e e n ca rrie d

d ow n to th at dphe t .

I th in k h t e re was a loose ru bbly b d e o r stratum , o f e x ac tl y th e

sam e com p iti

os on as th e com p ac t li m e sto ne , b b
o th a ove and blw
e o th e
b
sla s, and i n w h ich th e gre a te r nu m b e r of th e o rganic re m ai ns w e re

found ; b u t th e li m estone i ts e lf ( th ough e x tre m e l h ar and to ugh ) y d

also contai ne d num e rous s e c im e ns, i n th e m ost p
e rfe c t s ta te o f re se r p p
v ati on T h e.lim e sto ne i s of a lui sh -
gre i ns i e , b u t e x te rn alb
l , w h e re y d y
ex p dt
ose o th e we ath e r, of a d ll y ll wi h
u e o s colo ur.

Th e late ri te ligni te cliffs of V arkalay, wh i ch are also ne ar

and

Quilon, th at is a b out 1 2 or 1 4 m iles south , e x ten along th e coast, d

302 o s o no o v o r w o rn .
[J a s .

b
a out 6 m iles, var yi ng i n alti tu e d from 40 to 60 fe e t . Below th e late ri te
is a se rie s of bd e s of v e r yb e autifull y v ari e
gate d colou re d sands an d
y
cla s, and blw e o th e m , agai n, th e b
car onac e ous cla s or sh ale s y and

ligni te s . At th e no rth e nd of th e c liff s, wh e re th e y a re onl y 80 f ee t

h igh , th e ligni te be d is le v e l w ith th e e ach ; b u t to b th e south , w h e re

fl
th e c li s attai n an alti tu e of 1 4 0 fe e t, th e re a
’
d pp e ar to b e 3 or 4

suc ce ssi v e dp e osi ts o f li gni te , eac h o f w h i ch i s fro m 4 to 6 or 8 fe e t

th i c k . To asce rtai n, also, d di l d I k
if th is ligni te be d e x te n e n an , sun

a w ll 20 f t i di
e ee t n t di f b t 1 00 y d f
am e e r, a a stance th o a ou ar s rom e

c li fl d ft
"
, an p i g th gh 2 2 f t f l it ly ( b
a er ass n ro u th ee o ate r e on e ca use e

w ll w
e h as k i h ll w)
e re sun t
n a th lig i t
o o l y cam eI h o e n e c a s. t en

su n k ll w ll b t 5 f t i di
a sm a e , a t ou id
ee f h l g
n am e e r, o n o ne s e o t e ar e o ne ,

to d t i h hi k
e e rm ne t e f th lig i t b d w h i h w
t c ne ss o p t td
e n e e , c as e ne ra e

a ft 7 f t
er ee ti g th
, m ee wi th b d f l
n en wh it d f wh i h
a e o oose , e san , rom c

h w t i
t e a er di t ly p
m m e g p a e p i d ly
s t
ru n b li
u
g t h so rap p l as o o e e eo e

t l
o 6 w ki g
e ave 0 Ihor tf
n d yt
. f
a v e no
g i o un i an race s o or an c re m a ns

i th
n lifi
ese c ny t
’

s, nor a f li t Th rac e s o b lig i t

m e s one . e car onace o us n e

b d b d with i d i py it (wh i t ) b th i l p f
e s a oun re s n an ron r es e , o n um s o

c o ns id bl i I h
e ra e s ze l .
p f h i
av e a IO i h um i d i o t e re s n nc es n a m e te r .

Th i g t d
e v ar e l d d th t I h
a e c o ou re p k f ly i g
sa n s a av e s o en o as n

b tw th l it d lig it b d
e een e ate r e an di gly b n e f
i l e — l t
s are e x c e e n e au t u at e as

fif di ff
te e n d p f ly di i t ti t
e re nt an e r e ct It h g l y
st nc i d dn s . as s tron re m n e

m e o f wh Ih at f h d b
av e o te n e ar p t i g l gi l
, u t ne v e r se e n, e x ce n eo o ca

d wi g i th t t f Al By i th I l f Wigh t
ra n s, v z . e s ra a o um a , n e s e o .

Pl b g d g ph it i
um a o an ll th ira l e, b d i th
n sm a n sca e s, a oun n e

g i
n e ss an d g i t b thran f T e o d T i o l ly d f
ravanco re an l nne ve , an o co urse a so

in t eh l t it a er i e i h l t i g tp f i
so m e t m e s n t e at e r n re a ro us on.

Th b
e se oi f i h
se rvat o ns w i h tw i p t tf t
urn s us f wh i h
t o m or a n ac s, o c

one h b as i d i th i t
e e n m e nt o ne ,ft i y f
v z. il ( i
e e x s e nce o ) e rt ar oss s m oce ne

b l w th b l l y d lig it wh i h i l p i t d t i
e o e ue c a an n e ; hc s a so o n e ou n anot e r

p art f G o l C ll
e ne ra l t du f t h
en s
’
fi d
e t e r, by ant h i d i
ur y er c o n rm e e e nt t

o f l p i
se ve ra s f ll ll ti
e c m e ns o wh i h h
a sm a ki dly t co ec on c e n se n m e

f rom h t b d wi h th t ti y h ll f C t h fig d by S w by
e se e s, t e er ar s e s o n c ure o er

i G n ra nt s
g l
’
g y f h
eo o t p i T
o h t a p i f
ro v nce h l i . t e s e c m e ns o t e m e s one ,

t oo, wh i h G c l C ll f
e ne ra ly p u t d t th
en S i ty h
orm e r h
re se n e
g o e oc e t rou

D Bi t
r . t
u s ly b
, no th on l f h e ar l y b t i h i t i b dd d
e c o our o t e c a , u ,
w t s m e e

t ti y h ll
er ar s l e t i p
s, i
a so co n a n f lig i t i di i g it i i
ort ons o t n e, n c at n s nt m a e

co nne c t on i wi h i Th tth f ti t
. th t th i lie o t
er ac l y s, d a s m e s o ne , c a , an

lig i d li th l t i i d p i G l C ll i l f
n te , u n e r e e a er tc e os ts . e ne ra u en s a so o

o pi i th t th l t it
n on a e i t f d b i
a er e f th ld
cons s s o k f th e r s o e o e r roc s o e

ne igh b h d o ur oo d th wh l ; an b f t t d p b bly t
e o e , as e ore s a e , ro a res s on
 LO W E R BLU E C LAY . 303

th e graniti c and m e tam or h ic roc s of th e coas t of p

rav ancore , for k T
th e re a pp
e ars to be no o th e r i n th is art of n ia, at all e v e nts inlan p Id d .

O n th e o th e r s i d e of th e Gh au ts, h owe ve r, th e m atte r is diffe re nt, for

Ge ne ral C ulle n state s
On th e Tinne ve ll y id s e are also grani te and
gnei ss, b u t, i n th e low
c ountry y t lli li t
, cr s a d dt ne w ll th f th
m es one s an san s one s, as e as o e rs o e

b
a o v e rock t w d th s t
o t i i g g i
ar s i Th i
e se a coas , co n a n n or an c rem a ns .
”
s

i w th
s or b i gb th l t i ti d p it
re m e m er n f th C
, d l
e cause e a er c e os s o e orom an e

C t wi ll p b bly b f
oas dt h b f d
ro a e h founth o av e ee n orm e as m uc rom e

d b i
e f th i
r s o igh b i g k
e r ne th l t iti d p i t f th
our n roc s as e a er c e os s o e

M l b C th
a a ar b f d f th k i th i i i ity
oas av e een orm e rom e roc s n e r v c n .

Th f ll wi g i
e o d o d ti f tw b
n th C
s a con e nse dl se c on o o ores on e orom an e

C t
oas d t M d i O t b d N b 1 8 32 (N wb ld)
, m a e a a ras n c o e r an ove m er e o

S and and clay alte rnating 1 3 fee t .

Black clay 20
Blue are naee o-calcare ous clay 12A
Grani ti c gra ve l 10
Grani te

Th e p re sum pti ve e v i de nce , th e n, (wh e n we re m e m b er th e th ick ne ss of

th e late riti c d p it
e os s ove rl yi ng th e bl
ue cla y on th e coast of Trav ancore ,)
th at th e late riti c c on
glo m form i ng th e low u n
e rate d ulatin
g gro u n d
d th
calle e Re d H ill s,
”
wh ich run p aralle l with th e
‘

coast north of

M d a ras, and th e Re d Hill ”

s w h i ch are in a si m ilar p osi ti on a sh ort

distance inlan d from Pondich e rr y , h as b een d e ri v e d from sim ilar

source s, and form ed in a sim ilar way , is ve r gre at ; but to th e consiy
d e rati on of th is w e sh all com e by and by e
- - Le t us now re turn for a few
.

m om e nts to th e bl ue cla y , wh i ch , by th b ti e a ov e se c on, w oul d pp a e ar

to e x i st on th e Easte rn as w e ll as on th W t C e e s e rn oast of I ndia .

Ih av e alre a dy ci te d re asons f i d i g th
or cons er n e lowe r bl ue cla y
conte m p orane ous in dp e o si t wi th th e coarse calcare ous bd e s of Ara ia, b
C a tch , and Kattyawar ; and th e i d e nti t y b tw th d pe e en e e osi ts of

thi s clay at th e diffe re nt pl ace s m e nti one d i th t bl p 300

n e a e, .
, se e m s,

wi th it ps osi ti on, & c to b e

. e sta bli h d by th
s e e following facts, v iz th at at .

K urrach e e it contains lignite and pt i se p

ar a, also ca su le s of ch ara ( five

stri ate d
, si m ilar to th at now g rowi ng i n th e t k
a n s of Bom b y)
a in
C ntch ligni te and m ine ral re sin ; at Gogah in C am by a se p taria ; and, on

th e coas t of T rav ancore , li gnite and m ine ral re si n —wh ile on th e Coro
m an e l d C oast, th e si m ilari t y of th e bl ue cla y at Ma dras, in re lati ve

p osi ti on and
ge neral ch aracte rs, to th at on th e coast of T ravancore,

alth ou
gh it a ear s tpp
o b e unaccom p ani e d by li g i d li n te an m estone,
y e t
se e m s sufii ci e nt in i tse lf to esta lish b also th i i d tity
e r en .

39
304 L
GEO O GY O F I NDI A .
[JAN .

8
3 0 5
b 2 8
.
a
3 w 8 o m m
3 e 1 fi
5 5 3
E 5 6
s
m £ w c
e
e 3 5 a 8
? o n : - 9
e

8 a3 w 8 3 d
5
i 8
5
8
wm u n o 3 2 s
5 5
m
n
£ s a
a
m h a o
0
o 0
w3
o w
u 3
m
n e
c o o
w . n t
a o
S ? o
2 fiw f v
.

5 o a m m
u ?
o o
o
n 5
Bw 2
2 E
—
m
3 o 0 5
w3 a 3 S5
a
3 n
5 “s a 3
a

w
o
o 3
.

5 b e
3 m m o
c
a
3 « u
5 s m
u 5 o m
o
8
q fi
o
m u
o
3 a5£ t
e
m
0
hu
8 m fi 0 n
.

o
8 w 8n
o “ o
n
o 8 o z
o o
2 w
n
e
f
e
m 3 e 5 m

o 5 3 a 2
0 n fi? 6 5
.

e t
» 2
”
 o ssrr s a ov s C O NGLO M BRATB. 305

F rom th is ta le , i t will be b b
o serv e d th at th e ossife rous con lom e rate
g
i n th e O m er N ddia , th e Godav e ry, J um na, and o f Scin d e, is cov e re d by
a gre at th ic k ne ss of su e rficial de p p osi ts, and h e nce , from th e great ti m e
re q ui re df or th e ir form ati on, I am incline d t pl o ace it, for th e resent, i n p
th e sam e gro u p wi h y li t
t th e d l w bl ly
coarse sh e ll m es one an o er ue c a .

A th i l d f P i
t e it i
s an p d f q t g it l y y b
o er m , s co m ose o a uar z- r , c a e ase ,

o f y ll wi h l i b ddi g d d f g t f gill
a e o s co our, m e n roun e ra m e n s o ar aceous

t t b t
s ra a, u y i d t
ne ve r anp ti f th t pp
ev enk t h t I or ons o e ra e an roc s a

h av e e d t it l w p t f g
se n ; an a t f th
s klt f t
o er ar , ra m e n s o e s e e ons o m as o

d l ph t d i d d p i f t f th l g f
o ns, e e an s, an , n ee , f s e c es o m os o e ar e r orm s o

i t
e x t nc li t g th
m am m a wi th th a, f h l i
o e d er dili ose o c e on an an croco an

re ptil Th i l
e s. id
e re bl q tity f ili ifi d w d p
s a so a cons e ra e uan o s c e oo re

se nt ll th p ti
, a f wh i h
e or f ons o Ih pp t h c , so ar as av e se e n, a ear o av e

b een h h ly
t orou
g p f t d by th T d
e r ora ed w t th d e e re o, an orn a e e n s as

if h y h d b
t e l g fl ti g
a een d w h d b ti w t b f
on oa n th y an as e a ou n a er e ore e

w d p it d P ti f th b
e re e os e . lor d d by tt iti
ons o e one s are a so roun e a r on.

Th pp t b h i diff
e re a e ars wh i h i t i
o e w ll t
t s k e re nce , c s as e o re m ar

h b tw th g t bl
e re , e ee n i f th bl
e ve l y
e a d h f th
e re m a ns o e ue c a an t ose o e

q t g
ua r zose or lly g l t
rav e i th t i th
con f th y
om e ra e s, v z. a n e orm e r e are

b i d d i th l tt ili ifi d
car on z e , an n e a er s c e .

P i i l d wh i h i i t t d
er m s an , h E t c C t f K tty w
s s ua e on t e as e rn oas o a a ar,

o pp it h
os e th t f th N b d d
e m ou pp t b th i g
o e er u a, a ears o e no n m ore

th an a di d p ti
sconne cte f th i l d f wh i h i t i
or on o p t e m a n an , rom c s se ara

e d by d p h a l wh i h i b t
ee c anne y d i wid h Th i l d
, c s a ou ar s n t . e s an

is y d l g d 5 00 y d b d d it h igh t p t i 2 1 f t
ar s on , an ar s roa , an s es ar s ee

b th l l f h
a ov e e e ve O f th i p ti
o C p i Eth
t e se a .
y wh s or on a ta n e rse , o

y d it gi th f ll wi g ti f b d w w d
surv e e , v es e o o n se c on rom a ov e o n ar s

3 O fe e t .

Ye llow p uddi ng-stone l a vV

S andy clay l o
>
Dark -colo ure d p uddi ng-stone c

S andy clay o
“ Y ll w uddi n - ton
e o p g s e °
“ l
ndSa y c ay s
c

s
g

“
S andy clay b

oo oo o ooo oo o
c

Ye llow p uddi ng-stone a e 0 e 0 0 o 0 o a a 0 a e e 0 e 0 0

e
t

21 2 fee t .

In th e lowe r p ddi
u ng-stone , or conglom erate , th e fragm e nts of
b one s a nd fossil w ood are c h ie fly f d oun .

O ne of th e m ost re m ar able k fe ature s a out b th is islan di s th e d p th

e
306 Gnom o v or ram s .
[J A N .

of wate r th at surroun d s it . Th e ch anne l b tw

e ee n it and th e m ain

d
lan is from 1 8 0 to 360 fee t d p ee , and on i ts oute r or e aste rn si d e

from 1 98 to d p i t k p l wh i h f
fee t ; so th at since th e e os ts oo ace c orm

th i l d th y h
e s an , t nly b
e p ti lly i d b th l l f
ave no o ee n ar a ra se a ov e e e ve o

th b t th g t
e sea, u bt e h k h
rea su d wh i h p
e rranean s oc as occurre , c ro

d uced th i ese fi d th
m m e nse i l t d th p t f
ssure s, i g
an us so a e e ar orm n

P i f
er m th rom i l d f K tty w
e m a n an O y p t f th l tt
o a a ar . n m an ar s o e a e r,

too, o pp it P i i l d i il if
os e er m s an
gl , t
a s m i t ar oss e rous con om e ra e e x s s .

It w by M j F llj i
as se e n l pl
a or b tw G p h
u am es n se ve ra ace s e ee n o ana

P i t
o n dG g h
an w llo a di t i l d d th d f
, as e as som e s ance n an , an on e roa ro m

th l tt
e a pl t R j t by th R D Wil
er ace o a co e M j F llj e ev. r. son. a or u am es

ll d t
a u es i t pti f it ti ity by t pp
o an n e rru on o k b td
s con nu ra ean roc s, u oes

no t t t wh th
sa e th i h e t k er pl i it w d p it d Th
s as a en ace s nce as e os e . e

sm a ll pp i g f d p i t
ca n o th ife os l
s ov e r
g t i P i e oss e rous con om e ra e n er m

i l d
s an
y b
m a f th e l y l
rom ti f th ie p t
e ar f th f e evati on o s ar o e orm a on

b th l l f th
a ove e e ve if th y w
o th i k
e se a, or, f b q t e e re e ve r c e r, rom su se ue n

d d ti
e nu a on.

Wh t i a b gh t th t i l f th i gl t t th
r ve r rou e m a er a s o ti s con om era e o e coas s

o f k w b t it i t
course un no n, bl t i f f it p iti
u s no unreasona e o n e r, rom s os on

O pp it t d ly 1 5 il f th
os e o, an on th f th N b dd
m es rom , e m ou o e er u a,

wh i h i th l g t i
c s e f W t n I di th t i t w b
ar e s r ve r o g h t d w
es e r n a, a as rou o n

by th i i s r ve r ;
p i lly w h w
e s ec a t t h i t en f i il e connec e e x s e nce o s m ar

i
an m a l i i b d
re m a i th ll y
ns, n a un ance , n d t ib t i f th pp e va e an r u ar es o e u er

art of it
p .

Th e re are tw o ki d n s of fossilize d ones in th e v alle b y of th e Ne r b dd

u a,

both of wh ich are com pl t ly d p i d

e e e r ve of th e ir a ni m al m atte r, but one is
alm ost b
fria le , wh i te , and calcare ous ; wh ile th e oth e r is tough , of a

d kbar rown colour, and silice ou s . p

C a tai n Vicar h as also noti ce y d
th is in Scin d for i n de sc ri ing an
e, b p
e scar m e nt at th e Ra nd ass, on th e p
Maulm are e ri ve r, h e state s

In th e de bris at th e b ase of th e cli ff, If d ou n som e fossil b ones,

e vi d tly di g g d f th
en se n a e rom e are nace ous k b
roc a ov e, as th e y diff er

g reat ly f h f il b
ro m t e oss one s u su all y f d i S i d wh i h
oun n c n e, c for th e
m os t p t w th i h d
ar o e e r ar ness to h yd t f i
ra e o Th b ron . e one s foun d
”—
h e re are soft, and wi th a calcare ous i nfiltration . Th e re m ai ns of th e
e x ti nct p
s e ci e s of e le ph ant b k
found in th e an s of th e Godav e ry, and

se nt to th e Soci e t y ’
s m use um by D B dl y r ra e , are i n th e sam e state ;

but th ose of th e island of Pe r m i ll h d b

are a ar , rown, and sili ceous . If
we we re to see fossi l sh ells i n th e se two co ndi ti o ns, we sh ould say th at

th e soft fria le b one s w e re de p osi te d at a m u c h late r dt a e th an th e

oth ers . C an th i s be th e case wi th th e se two kin ds of foss il b one s Th e

 os s m s a ons c ono Lo u s aa r s . 307

great tu sk p
of an e x ti nct s e cies of e le ph t by M D i th an se e n r . e an n e

b e d of th e J um na, th by C pt i Ni ll i th igh b h d f
ose a a n co s n e ne our oo o

Saugor, and th ose by D B dl y i th G d y w ll f th

r . ra e n e o ave r , e re a o e

wh i te fria le b ki d n , wh ile th e re m ai ns of tas ks from th e island of Pe ri m

are alm ost as h ard as fli nt . A large collec ti on of fossi l b one s wh ich
was m ade by M j
Partri ge , i n th e ne igh
a or d b ourh ood of Se h wan, in
Scin d e, and whi ch h e in l allowe d m e to insk dy p e c t, w e re , i n a pp e arance ,

so li k e th ose of th e p
sam e s e cie s foun d on th e islan d of Pe ri m , c roco

diles and m am m als, th at h ad I not k nown from wh e nce th e y ca m e , I

sh oul dh ave se t th e m all dow n as Pe rim fossils .

Id o not k now of any p bli h u s e d or pi r vate se cti on of th e Ne r b dd u a

or i ts b
tri utari e s, w h e re th e co nglom e rate co ntai ni n
g th e foss il b ones

is see n to rest on th e olde r roc k ne ith e r d oe s th e cla yi n wh ich th ose

‘

bones we re foun d by C p t i S i h i h b d f h J a a n pp t m t n t e e o t e um na a ear o

b th l w t f th
e e o d p ites wh il th
o e se
gl e i osw hi h D
s; e e con om e rate n c r.

B dl y w th b
ra e sa f th ti t p i
e f l ph t i th b k
one s o e ex nc s e c es o e e an n e an s

o f th G d e y t o h y
ave rt w i th l re s s on
g y t l f l
trac
g y f l p e ar e cr s a s o ass e s ar,

an dth i g i d y d
s, a a n, on re
g l i d T h gl am t f h G d
a o
y . e con om e ra e o t e o av e r

is com p d f l g d ll p bbl f t pp
ose o ar e an k sm a l d y e es o ra e an roc s, ca c e on ,

y g t h li t p l t it d b idi (2 ; i h i di t )
on x, a a e, e o ro e, a er e , an o s a n, nc es n am e e r,

a ll f wh i h D B d l y t t
o c , h r. it ra ef if h y h d
s a e s, av e a v re ous sur ace , as t e a

b p d i th g l
ee n e x ose , n g t he t B i U pp
e ne ra m ass, to S i d re a ea . ut n er c n e,

i i th D y h
v z . n ll y e e ra
g h M va d eB , g i h ill
am on w h i h t e urree an oo t e s, c

form th e south -e aste rn angle of th e m ou ntai nou s trac ts on th e we ste rn

si d e of th e I ndus, near i ts con ue nce fl wi th th e b ranch form ed by th e

uni on of th e oth e r four great riv e rs, th is conglo m e rate was se e n by

p
C a tain Vi car y to re st conform a l
”
by
on th e nu m m u li ti c lim e sto ne

w h i ch m a
y b e a fu rth e r roof of i ts p conte m p orane ous ne ss wi th th e
coarse sh e ll y
li m e stone and lue cla b y . Ne ar th e p ass le adi ng i nto
th e we stern e x tre m it y of th is v alle y , he state s, Th e se h ills are i nte
re stin
g f
,rom th e vast q uantit y of foss il b one s and fossil woo d wh ich h as
b een e nto m b
e d wi th i n th e m b oth are scatte re d a ou t b in v as t
p ro

f usion, and m an y c art-loads of th e b one s co ul db e c olle c te d fro m off

an ac re of g ro und.

Th e wood b e ars th e a pp e arance of h avm g e e n drifte d and wate r b

worn p re vi ous to fossilizati on . I noti ce d p
alm s and di co t le ono us y d
tre e s, one of w h i ch h ad a struc ture re se m pi
bli ng ne ; so m e of th e

ste m s h ad a diam e te r of 2 fe e t, and th e q uan ti ytp ex ose d u p on a sm all

are a w as tru l yw o nde rful .

”

Th e sam e ki d n of form atio n e xi sts on th e Se walick h ills, w h e re i ts

e x ti nct fauna h as b ee n m agni fice ntl y illustrate d by th e la b ours and
30 8 GEO LO GY o r I ND I A .
[J a n .

d
u n er di ti
th e re c on of C olone l C antle y and Dr Falcone r, but
. as both
th e S b Hi ly
u - m a a an ran e s and
g th e m ou ntai nous p arts of U pp er and

L owe r Scinde are b y d th

e on li m its of ge ologi cal e sc ri ti on rescri e
e d p p bd
for th is su m m ar y , it is b
not de si ra le to allu e to th e ossi fe ro us con d
g lom e rate w h ich th e re se nt, f u rth e r th ayp
n i t m ay a e ar nec e ssar
y pp
b
f or e sta lish ing th e ge ologi cal osi ti on and re lations of th is form atio n p
in I din a .

C orne li an C onglom e rate .

Th e re is still anoth e r con

glo m e rate th at is c onne cte d wi th th e lowe r

p t ar of th e Ne r b udda, wh ich , from th e c om osition of th e m atri x, p

app e ars to be i de nti cal wi th th at of Pe rim l
is and— I allude to th e c on

glom e rate i n wh i ch th e ao-calle d corne lian m ine s are si tuate d .

Th e ch i e f o f th e se are a ou t b 40 m ile s i nland, at th e foo t of th e

w e ste rnm ost e x tre m it y of th e Rajpe e pla h ills, close to th e to wn of

Ru ttu np o re , wh ich is b
a ou t 4 m iles from th e Ne r b u dda, o n i ts sou th e rn
si de . In d e sc ri bi ng th e m , Dr 0 o lan . p d tt s a es th at th e soil i n w h ich

th e corne lians are i m b dd d

e e c ons s s c i t h i fly f q e o uartz san d dd, re e ne d by
i ron, and a little c a l y .Th e nodule s m a
y w e igh from a fe w o unces to
two or th re e p ou nds, and lie ver y close to e ach oth e r, but for th e m ost

p i
art dist ct
n — not i n strata, bu t scatte re d th rough th e m ass, and i n th e

g re ate st ab u ndance .
”
Th e san d and cla yi n w h ic h th e y are im b dd d
e e

is t t d by
s a e Malcolm son to h e a r an i nti m ate re se m bl ance to th at of

th e ossife ro us co nglom e rate o f Pe rim islan d . . p

Dr C o land, also, state s,
in d escri bi ng th e ki n d s O f corne lians I saw none of a re d c olour at

th e m i nes ; som e w e re b l ki h
ac s oli v e , lik e c om m on d k fli t th
ar n s, o e rs

ilky ti g
”
som e wh at ligh te r and o th e rs ligh te r still, wi th a s ligh t m n e .

S om e nodules, on b i gb k
e n ro e n, sh owe d a m i x ture of q uartz and a t
g ,
a e

and oth e rs, in a c rus t of q u artz m i nute l y y t li d th

cr s a ze on e i nne r
su rface , contai ne d bl k ac ox id e of i ron, o f p wd y pp
a o er a e arance .
”

H e m atite , [h e li o t p ro e h i fly
c e of th e b rown and
g re e n
( wi th re d

p
s ots ) v ari e ti e s, M och a stone s, and j p as e rs of v ari ous colours, are v e r y
”
c om m o n .

Th e sh afts th rough th is be d of p bbl

e e s are b
a ou t 5 0 fe e t d pee .

Malcolm son, c ontrar y to wh at Dr . L h us h as state d, o b se rve s th at

th e re are tra p p b bl
e e s am o n
g th e rest h e re , as w e ll as i n th e conglom e

rate o f Pe ri m island .

It re qui re s but a sh ort e x am i nation of th e se fl

int s to see th at th e y
h av e ch i e fly com e from th e c av iti e s of tra pp e an roc k s . Th e ir a atoi
g d
structure for th e m o st p art, and th e w h i te di m pl d e crust o f calce don y
w h i ch h e re and th e re re m ai ns im p re sse d on th e m , w h e re th e attri ti on

to wh ich th ey h ave b e e n su bj e c te d h as not b een a bl e to reach , are

 c o a N s Lu N C O N G O M E RATE L . 30 9

p roofs of th ei r h avi ng b een fo rm e d in ca vitie s of v olcanic rocks ; wh ile

th e i r rou ndne ss, and th e m inu te c urvi li near line s on th e ir surface s, are

also p ro ofs of th e gre at fri cti on to w h i ch th e h av e e e n ex ose d At y b p .

first th e y y
h av e ve r m u ch th e a e arance of th e ch al pp
ints of Euro e , kfl p
and i t is not i m p b bl
ro a e th at som e are from a m ari ne form ation i nde e d,
a se cti on of one wh ich Ip osse ss h as an organic form i n i t, but th is i s
th e onl yi nstance Ih av e m e t wi th am on
g som e h u ndre d s, and I am not

q u ite su re th at th is cam e from th e corne lian m i ne s, th ou h i t cam

g e from
th at ne igh b ourh oo d . Still, as th is de p o si t a pp e ars to h av e b een form e d
by th e se a on one si de , and th e Ner b udda on th e o th e r, i t is no t

im p b bl
ro a e, th at, li k e oth e r b e ach e s of th e ki d n , it contai ns p
s e ci m e ns of

all th e roc k s i n th e su rrou ndi ng c ountr y .

d
Fro m i ts i stance inland, as we ll as from i ts si m ilarit in com y p osi ti on

to th e conglo m e rate of Pe rim i sland, i t a pp e ars to h av e b e e n an e arl y

form ation, and, th e re fore , p b bly b l
ro a e on s
g to th e m ioce ne dp e osi ts .

If any i nfe re nce m ay be drawn from th e p osi ti on of th e cave rnous

tra pp ean roc k in th e i slan d of Bom by a , wh ich is m ore or le ss fille d

with large b ullous cavi ties and agate s, th ose of th e com e li am m ines m us t

h av e com e from som e of th e late st tra pp e an e ff usions. Be th is as i t

m ay , th e se cav e rnou s roc k s, wh e n e x p dt ose o th e air, a pp e ar to u nde r o
g
ra p id d i i s nte grati on . C olone l Grant m e ntions o ne pl ace i n C ntch wh e re
“
th id
e s es of ( y gd
th e h i lls
l i d) d w i th h p
o f am
f k a o are c o v e re ea s o roc

ytl
cr s a , as if tl d h db p p ly th w d w
car - oa s di
a y ee n u r o se ro n o n
”
an n m an

p arts o f th g t t pp e di t i t th
rea f i ra t w d w ith
e an s r c , e sur ace s s re e a

p i
rofus o n o f g t id fl
i y h ll w ph id f q t y t l
a a o nts, on x , o o s e ro s O uar z cr s a s,

and ze o liti i l
c m D h k
ne ra s t i i g th. i l f
o suc roc s, co n a n n e se m ne ra s, o rm a

p art o f h l w
t e liot pp fl i ! It w ld b
e r or ear e r f l ra ean e
'

us o ns
’
ou e use u

to de te rm ine .

Silicifie d W dd p
oo - e osi t of Pondich e rr y .

L tly w h
as , e av e to re turn a ain
g to th e sou th e rn p art of th e p i l e n nsu a,

to id
co nsth er e nature o f a si lici fie d w oo d-de p osi t nea r P di h
on y c e rr ,

wh ich ov e rli e s th e li m es tone fo rm ati o n of th at loca lity l dy

, a re a

d bd
es cri e as containi ng fossils bl
re fe rra e to th e lowe r cre tace ous and

u pp e r ooli ti c bd e s . O f th is w oo ddp - e osi t, Ne w b ldo h as gi v e n th e

followin g d i p ti
e scr on
“
A h t di t
s or s anc e i nla n df rom Po ndich e rr y bd f , e s o a loo se fe rru
gi no us
g ri t ri se i nto a low range o f h ills, ca ll d f
e th
, rom e c olour o f th e
k
roc , th e Re d ills H . Th y i NNE di ti
e run n a . re c on, alm ost p aralle l wi th

th at of th e c oas t . Th y eb t2 il i b
are a o u m es n re adth , and a ou t b 8 or

9 in length . Th e d p i t p b bly t d f
e os , ro a , e x en s urth e r in a south e rl y
31 0 GEO O GY o r L I N DI A .
[JA N .

di rec tion b k f th A i p g i t wh i h I
th an th e north an o e r acoo an r ver, o c

trace d it f th i i ity f C l p t th th Th l lity

rom e v c n o am a n on e nor . e oca

wh th
e re ili ifi d w d i f
e s c d i g t t b d i i th i i
e oo s oun n re a e s a un ance s n e v c

n ity f T i o
y b
r vacart 1 5 il , wa ou t f P d i h y m Btw es th es o on c e rr . e ee n e

R d H ill
e d th s an t d pl i
e sea e x e n s a d with ll i l dy a n, cov e re an a uv a san

so il , d an d lyi g it g yi h bl k d k l y y l
un er n a re s - bli g
ac or ar c a e oam , re se m n

th t f M d
a o i b ddi g f g
a ras, m t e f g it n d t p l gi
ra m e n s o h ll r an re ce n e a c s e s.

Th d e tf e sce nth h ill t w d P di h

rom e
y i s
g t
ol b t t
ar s p on c e rr s en e, u s ee er

on th w t e fl k wh
e s e rn th an t t h , b e re id tly t ipp d ff
e s ra a av e e e n ev en s r e o ,

an d th bj t f ilif
e su ac en li t
oss d d d l i g h ll w
e rou s m e s one s e nu e , e av n a s a o

va ll y e ,ki g th di ti ity f th t t b tw th i p i t d
m ar n e scon nu o e s ra a e ee n s o n an

wh th
e re b d g
e i pp
e s a a n a i t h i i i ty f Ti
e ar
y
n th e v c n o r vacar on e

pp it w t id f th ll y
,

O os e or es e rn s e o e va e .

H th y f e re l w b k
e orm
g a f oh ill t i i g h igh
ro e n ran e o s, no r s n er

th an f 5 0 t 1 00 f t b
rom o th g eel l l f
a ove th p l i h i g e e ne ra e ve o e a n av n a

p ll l di ti with th b d th t id d l p g g tly
ara e rec on e e s on e e as e rn s e , an s o in en

t w d th
o ar s t Th w t
e e as . fl k i gg d d p ipit wh
e es e rn an s ru e an re c ous e re

it t th
m ee s h bl d h i t wh i h fl k it t th w t th
e orn en e sc s e, c an s o e es ne ar e

v ill g f T i
a e o y Ar v acar w ll.
y k t h
narro j ti li va de m ar s e unc on ne , cov ere

w ith th d t it f b th k H ili ifi d t k f t h
e e r us o o roc s . e re s c e ru n s o re e s av e

b i b dd d i th g it i n ly h i t l p iti Th t
e en m e e n e r n a ear or zon a os on. e s em s

are b th t igh t
o s ra d k d g an lly wi th croo t t
e b h
, e ne ra ou roo s or ranc e s,

th oug h th f he b
orm e r f d d t
av eh p l
ee n f th i
oun t i , an e ace s o e nse r ons

are f q re tly tue n g l y k d

s ron th t Th y
m ar e on tyl e s em . e are m onoco e

d onous an d di tyl d co if e d
onous, con e rous if Di tyl an non-c on e rou s . co e

d onous w di h w oo s, t b o d t O f th t k I f d t
ev e r, m os a un an . ne o e run s oun o

m e asure 2 0 f t i l gth ee df n en 1 t 2 f t i di , an t rom o 3 ee n am e e r.

Li t t W e u e nan th A i ti R
arre n, m h d ib t k
e s a c e se arc e s,
’
e scr e s a run

b t 60 f t l g d f 2 t 8 f t i di t
a ou ee on , an rom A th o ee n am e e r .
”
no er

m en ti d by M K y w
one r ly 1 00 f t l g (M d Jl
. a e as ne ar l ii ) ee on . a . . vo . x .

Th i b ddi g e m k i f th
e n roc t p t s p d f gl or e m os ar com ose o an u ar

g i
ra ns o f q t ft t i
uar z, o d w i th ie n s a ne d l ly t d t g ro n, an oose ce m e n e o e

th er by d d wh iti h l y p i g i t
re an s c a s
g l t d i t
ass n n o a con om era e , an n o a

t b l
a u ar an d ll l k diff i g i
ce u ar roc p tf
, er n i ti n no re s e c rom som e v ar e es

o f l t i a e r te . Th b d Ti y e h t t
e s d b yne ar r vacar are s a e re

ve rtical fisure s .

Such is b
an a stract of th e sh ort d e scri pti on of th i s dp e osit
gi ven b
y
b d
Ne w ol , th e silici fied w oo of wh i ch , lik e th at in U d pp e r Scin e , d
and th e re fore , unli e th at of Pe ri m islan , a
, k
e ars to b e ar no m ark s d pp
of th e Teredo, alth ou gh in conglom erate s i n all th re e lace s p .

Th at p art near Pon ich e rry called th e

”
d
Red Hills will com e un er d
 S IL I I
I C F ED W -
OO D DE PO S IT OF PO N D I C H BRRY .

th e ne x t di visio n of th e te rtiar y form ati ons, for re asons wh i ch will

th e n a pp e ar.

It m a y now be re asona bly k d as e , h ow c om e s th is m ioce ne form ation

to i m m e di ate l y o v e rlie th e Po ndic h e rr li m y e sto ne , w h ich contai ns foss ils

of th e lowe r gre e nsan d and u pp e r o oli tic b ? And th is q ue stio n

e ds

y
can o nl b e ans we re d by as su m ing th at th e latte r m ust h av e u n e rgo ne d
de p re ssi o n si nce i t w as raise d b a ov e th e le v e l of th e se a . F or wh e th e r
th e u ph eav al o f th is li m e sto ne to o k pl j ac e us t a fte r i ts last p article s w e re
dp e osi te d —
, or wh e th e r i t w as afte r th e de p osit on i t of th e form ati ons

w h i ch oc c urre d b e twe e n th is and th e m ioc e ne one th at now re sts

u
p on i t, and th e se i nte rv e ni ng p orti ons b e cam e w ash e d o ff as th e
w h ole m as s rose to th e s u rfa ce , or duri ng i ts de p re ssi o n,— still, in
e i th e r w ay th e Pondic h e rr y li m e s tone m us t h ave bg
e un to de sce nd at

th e ti m e th e s ilic ifie d w ood de - p o si t bg e an to ac cu m ulate u p on it . C o uld

th is s i
il c i fie d w o o d-de po sit, w h i ch o v e rlie s a li m e s to ne close u p o n, if
no t o f th e o o li ti c p e ri o d, h ave b e e n c onte m
p o ra ne ous with th at of th e
?
O olitic Se rie s for th is se rie s, too,
diam ond c o nglo m e ra te o v e rly ing ou r

m p
igh t h a ve u nde rgone te m o rar su b side nc e for th e re ce tio n o f th e y p
—
latte r, th at i t also u nde rwe nt gre at de nu datio n re v i o us to th e de osi t p p
o f th e diam o nd c o nglo m e rate h as alre ad e e n notic e d — wh ile Ne w ol yb b d
b v
o se r e s a t th e e n
,
d o f h i s de s c ri p ti o n o f t h e s i li c i fie d w o o -de o s i t of d p
Pondich e rry
“
I am rath e r i nc li ne d to re fe r th is to th e fre sh wate r
c h a ri fe ro u s lim e stone a nd c h e rt fo rm a tio n th an to th e late ri te of Po n
”
dic h e rry .

If th e silic ifie d w o o d-de p os it o f Po ndich e rr yb e a m i oc e ne form atio n,

th e n de p re ssi on of th e Po ndi c h e rrv li m e sto ne se e m s ne ce ssar yf or i ts

p osi ti o n ; w h i le , i f i t be a c o nglo m e rate of th e o oli tic p e ri o d, th e n i t

a nd th e diam o nd c o nglo m e rate m igh t h av e b een de p osi te d j ust as th e

O oli tic Se rie s ge ne rally was e i ng rai se d a o v e th e le v e l of th e b b se a . In

th is c ase , th e u p p e r b
e ds of th e O olitic S e ri e s m ust h av e p re v i ou sl y
u nde r o ne
g
p arti al dislocatio n and frac tu re , at th e sam e ti m e th at large

pl i a ns m us t h ave b ee n le ft intac t . F o r, i n th e first i nstance , w e h a ve

fragm e nts o f sandstone
( ooli ti c
glo m e rate , a nd i n th e diam o nd con

th e n w e h av e th e d
iam ond c onglo m e rate c ap ing th e h ills of large p
distric ts th ro ugh out, so m e l 0 0 0 fe e t h igh , ne ar C u a ah , w h e re , i t
, dd p
sh o u l d also be re m e m b e re d, th at Dr . Hy e ne e num e rates, a m ong th e

p bbl
e es of th e diam o nd c o nglo m e ra te , th ose of b as alt . F urth e r a nd

still m o re p re c ise i nform ati on o n th is s u bj e ct is m uc h ne e dd e .

Agai n, Ne wb old re m ar k s th a t th e silic ifi e dw o od of th e Eg yp i t an

D e se rt close l re se m y bl es th at of Po ndich e rry , not onl yp e trologi call y ,

b ut in gis e m e nt
”
; and ce rtainl yw e c annot fail to se e a grea t re sem bl anc e ,

40
31 2 G EO LO GY or ra m s .
[J A N .

w h e n we c om p are th e re lati v e p o si tions of th e tw o, assu m i ng, from

w h at h as b ee n bf e o re state d, th at th e latte r is a m io ce ne fo rm ati o n .

M r O rle bar
.
, wh o w as fo rm y P
e rl ro fe ssor of M ath e m ati cs in th e

p
El h i nstone I nsti tu tion o f Bo m by a , c a re full y i ns p e c te d th e de p o s i ts

i n Egy pt wh ich se e m to b e ar di re c tl y p u on th is p o i nt, and th e fol

lo wi ng s e c tion is co m p il d f e rom h is ac co unt, gi ve n i n v ol . ii . of th i s
J ournal

S and and sandstone co nglo m e rate , w i th si li c i fld te re e s ( dr i ft-wood

) .

Ye llo w li m e s to ne , w i th nu m m uli te s i n th e lo we r p ar t, 6 0 fe e t .

Wh i te li m es to ne , wi th nu m m u li te s .

O f th e san stoned he state s a s follow s Th e struc ture of th is

roc k is ve r y v ario us, alth o ugh i s q u artz i ts sole m ine ral c ons ti t ue nt .

It form s th e w h ole o f th e re d h ill ne ar C airo, w h e re i t m ay be stu die d

w ith gre at advantage I n so m e arts i t is a li h t
.
g e llo w san d , i n p y
o th e rs a h ard b k k
lac ro c , i n oth e rs a c onglo m e rate , i n ano th e r a c o m
p ac t w h ite q u a rtz roc k and fre q u e ntl i t h as y a re d tinge . Th e b ro w n

Egy p ti an p e bb le s b e lon
g to o ne o f its c on
g lo m e rate fo rm s .

Th e w e ll k fnow n ossil tre e s lie i n th is sandstone , w h i ch is fo und

ov e rl yi n
g th e y ll w li
e o m e sto ne th rough ou t th e de se rt .
”

H e nce , wh e n we re m e m b er p
C a tain V i c ary
’
s state m e nt, th at th e
ossife ro us c o nglo m e rate of U pp er Sci nde , w h ic h a o u nds b i n si lici fie d
w ood, re sts
“
co nfo rm a bly ”
on th e nu m m uli ti c roc s k i n th e Dy e re h

va lle y , and w as p rob a bly d p a e osi t of th e I ndu s ; th a t th e o ss ife ro us

c onglom e rate of Pe ri m island and K atty awar also a b o u nds w i th si lic i

fie d w ood, and w as p b bly

ro a a de p osit a t th e m e e ti n
g f th
o e se a a nd th e

Ne r b dd u a ; w h ile th e sili ci fie d w ood of Po ndic h e rr y pp a e ars to be of

th e sam e a e,
g and m igh t h av e b een a de p o si t of th e C auv e r y — iv e
c a nno t h el p le ani ng to th e v i e w, th at o ne and all, th e Egy tian p
fo rm ation i nclude d, w e re de p i d d os te un e r si m i lar c i rc u m stanc e s, a nd

a b out th e sam e g e olo

gi ca lp i d Th
er o . e com p arati v e a b se nce o f sh e lls,

t o o, in all, sh o uld b e re m e m b d i di
e re , as n ca ti v e o f a de tri tal co m m o tio n

p i
a rt c u ar l l y u nfav o u ra bl e to th e e x i ste nc e o f i nv e rte b rate d ani m als, a nd

ju st su c h as m igh t b e ex p e cte d to e x is t at th e u ni o n o f a ra p id ri ve r

wi th a h e av y se a-s we ll .

Plioce ne Fo rm atio n .

S e m i -consoli da te d or loose c a lca r e ous or s i li c e ous S a nds, Gri ts , or

C onglom e r a te s , w i th m or e or le ss M ar i ne or F r e sh wa te r S lce lls ,

a c cordi ng to th e na tur e of th e dep o si t

In de scri i ng th e bte rtiar s trata of C ntch , C olo ne l Grant y

o b se rves A c alcare ous gri t, w h ic h so ils th e finge rs li ke ch al , also k
 P LI O C E N E n a p o s rrs '
. 31 3

occ urs in p atch e s, and contai ns i nnum e ra bl e sm all sh e lls . I t is u se d

for b uildi n
g b
, and is
t f li h u rn h or i t
m e l d th t e bde s are or zo n a , an e

t y i g lly
”
f
su r ac e f h o t e c oun r d i h s fi
e ne ra i h il I
c ov e re w t a ne r c so . t

ly t d wh h
“ ”
is di i
uO t st nc t hi
s ta e c l e t er
g i t li th
s a care o us r t ove r es e

m i oce ne f i j t d ib d b t
o rm at on us th W t C t f
e sc r e ; u , on e e s e rn oas o

K att aw ar
y th i t i i l d p
e re e x s s a s m i p ti l ly i arth e i g h
osb t, ar c u ar n e ne ou r

h d f P
oo o b d o re h t d un e r, t th
t a i f
oe s re s ti Th ion e m oc e ne o rm a on . s

is aki d f f n o i p ll l h i
re e -sto ne , t l t t
n araw h i h y i ldi g
e , or zo n a s ra a, c , e n

eas ily i h li
n t e f h l ne s o ff d l b th
t e h
atte r, a f l g ti
or s a s, at av e or a on m e

b i p t d i g t q i i t B b y f h it t l p p
ee n m or e n re a uant t es a om a o r a rc e c u ra ur ose s,

Th wh l d p i w ld
”
d
un er th e f P
nam e o b d t ore un e r s o ne . e o e e os t ou

a pp t b b t f w f t ( 6 l) i th i k
e ar o e u a e ee b f it if
n c ne ss, u t, rom s un o rm

struc tu re d p t
an com i ll
ac ne ss, ly f fl ig df
t se rv e s e x c e e nt or oo r n an or

f i g b ildi g
ac n u I 1 8 48 I
n s . i d p
n i f it b h e x am i ne o rt o ns o , ot m cro

sc o p i l ly
ca d h an i lly c d f
em d i
cat b , anp d f
ou n i t to e c om o se o m nu e

fo ram i ni fe rous sh e lls, fe w grai ns of q u artz and h o rnble nde th e

a nd a

form e r se m i-co nsolidati n

g th e w h ole m ass, a artial so lu tio n and by p
re c r y stallization o f th e ir surface s, and, w h e n dissolv e d i n ac id, ie ldi ng y
y ll w
e o oc h re c as ts o f th e foram i ni fe rous ani m als th e yf o rm e rl y co ntai ne d .

I t th us b e cam e ev ide nt, th at th e -

ao c a lle d Po re b u nde r stone was th e
m ari ne typ e of a fo rm atio n, w h ich , from th e p re se nc e of
g ri tt yp arti

c le s o f fo re ign m a tte r, m igh t v ar i n i m y p u ri ti e s o f th is ki d t

n o s u ch a

dg e re e th at i n so m e p arts i t m igh t b e a c oarse c on

glom e rate , w h ile i n

o th e rs it m igh t be w h oll y c alc are o us . Po rti o ns of th is form atio n f ro m

th e c re e k s of th e Ru nn, 9 m ile s north o f Bh ooj , w e re su b m itte d to m e

fo r e x am i nati on by th e Go ve rnm e nt, to w h o m yw f dd

th e e re o rw ar e on

ac count of th e i r au rife ro us a pp e arance . Th p kl d g ld

e s ec e o e n co

lou r se e m s to b e cause d by th e inte rla m i na ti f y ll

on o h i h e ow oc re w t

th e nac re o us la y e rs o f th e foram i ni fe ro us s h lle I s pp

. sta te a e ars,

b e cause I am no t c e rtai n th at th is is th e ex pl ti h gh I ana o n, t ou am

ce rtain th at it co ntai ns no g old. Th e fo re ig p ti l i i

n i t f
ar c es n t c ons s o

fragm e nts o f th e trap p e an roc k s, am o n

g w h ic h m a
y b e se e n th ose of

gree n-e arth , th e i r usual ac c om p a ni m e nt .

F ro m C u tch and K atty aw ar le t us turn our atte ntio n to th e

S o u th -e as t C oast o f Ara ia, w h e re th e re is b a m uc h b e tte r i llustration
of th is form ation. He re w e find it pl i ly
a n de ve l p d
o e th ro ugh o u t,
b ut i t i s onl y w h e re th e m ioc e ne form atio n p re se nts th e co nti nu i t y
o f c liff m e ntione d th at its p osi tio n is cle ar ly d fi e ne d . Th e re , i t is 5
!

se e n to fo rm th e u
p p er th i rd of th e cli ff, and to c o nsi st dis ti nc tl y
of an e le v ate d b e ac h ab out 6 fe e t th ic k , c om p ose d of m o re or

le ss co n
glom e rate fro m th e o lde r roc k s of th e ne igh b o u rh oo d, w h ic h ,
3 14 L
GEO O GY o r ra m s .
[J A N .

wh e n trace d into ex p d d pl i b tw
an e a ns e e en th e b ase of th e m ou n

tai ns a nd th e se a, w h ic h h av e also h ude rgone e le v ation, or o ve r

lo wland p arts b k d by
u n ac e an
y m ou nta i ns, b e co m e s of greate r

k
th ic ne ss, and of
g p i y
re ate r ur t . O pp osi te th e north e rn e x tre m it y of

th e island of Masi ra , wh e re th e latte r i s th e c ase , it p re se nts an e sca r p

m e nt o f a b ou t 1 0 0 fe e t, and, in com p ositio n, is a fac -si m ile of th e

Pore b u nde r stone of K atty awar . I h av e c alle d i t in m

y m e m oi r

on th e ge olog y of th e Ara ian b coast Mi liolitic Dp e osi t,

”
from th e
fac ts m e ntio ne d . I t is ve r y ooli ti c i n struc tu re , b ut any nam e o f th is

ki d n m igh t c onfou nd i t w ith “

O oli te ,
”
w h ile an
y o ne c o nne c tin
g
i t w i th an a b u ndance o f foram i ni fe ro us re m ai ns te nds m o re to assoc iate

i t w i th th e te rtiar yf orm ati ons to w h ich i t bl e on s .

g
O n th e w e ste rn s id e of th e I ndu s, wh e re th is fo rm ati on is de v e lo pd e

to a gre at e x te nt fro m th e v as t
q u anti t y of de bri s b h
rou
g t d ow n by
th at ri ve r, it ch i e fly c onsis ts o f sands a nd c o nglo m e rate s, fo rm e d i n a

g re at m e as u re fro m th e de br is of th e num m uli ti c o r e oce ne de p osi ts ,

a nd th e sh e lls of i ts o wn p e ri o d, in gre ate r o r le ss ab u ndance It .

s h o uld be p artic ularl y re m e m b e re d, i n trac in

g ou t th e li m i ts o f th is

form ati on i n Sc inde , th at i t m a

y a b o u nd i n fossils from th e d e tri tus

of th e N um m uli ti c S e ri e s, w h i ch , i f not e x am i ne d c are full y , m a

y b e

m ista k en for de p osi ts of th is p e rio d .

Th e followi ng se c tio n from a ov e b d ow nw ards of th i s form ation at

M ino rs Poi nt w h ich i s th e w e ste rn

, e x tre m it y Of th e e ntranc e to th e
h ar b o ur o f K u rrach e e , h as b een
give n by C p a tai n Vicarv

C o nglom e rate 60 fe e t .

S ands to ne
O y ste r-b e d
S a nds to ne , b e c o m i ng h i gh ly ca lcare o us, a nd c ontai ni ng

i nnu m e rab le Tu r r i le llae

Fi ne -grai ne d sands tone , no fo ss i ls ap p are nt .

Be ne ath th is I( am i nfo rm ed by Mr . H . BE . . F re re , C om m issione r

i n Sc i nde, ) co m e s th e lo we r bl ue cla y ; he also m e nti ons th at th e h i lls
at J e rruc k, o n th e Idn us, w h i ch are of th i s form ati o n, re st o n bl ue cla y ,

as e v i de nce d by a we ll s un k th e re , and th at th e fo rm e r so c ov e rs th e
nu m m uli tic ro c k s in L o we r Sc inde , th at i t i s not u ntil a rri v i ng

no rth of J e rruc k , wh i ch is u pw ards of 70 m i le s u

p th e ri v e r, th a t
th e yb e com e e x p ose d .

Th e L e sse r Haroo g i nran e L uss a pp e ars to b e o f th e sa m e fo rm atio n,

( S u b -A
pp e ni ne o f d O rbi u
g y
’
a nd th e g re a te r o ne too, p hp
er a s,

am o n
g th e m u d v olcano e s o f th e s am e p i ro v nce . In a ro u
g h s e c kth f
o

a sc ar p of th is form ati on in L uss, m a d by th

e e late M r . J o h n Macle o d,
 P LI O C EN E D EPO S TS m I I
S C ND E . 3 15

and forwar e d dt o th e Socie t y wi h p t s i

e c m e ns of i ts com p ositi on by M r.

Frere , i ts th i k c ne ss i s e stim ate d at fe e t . Th e sp e ci m e ns, b id

es es

bi e ng i de nti cal wi th th e sandstone and ligh t-colo u re d a re nac e ous cla y

w h i ch su p p
e r o se s th e low e r bl ue cla y at K u rrach e e , a re alm ost i de n
ti cal wi th th ose w h i ch Li eu te nant C onsta bl p e re se nte d to th e Soc ie t y as

illustrativ e of th e sam e form ation on th e islands of th e Pe rsi an Gulf .

Th e onl y pl ace wh e re C a tai n V icarp y pp a e ars to allu d e to th e low e r

bl u e cla y d lyi g th i f ti ni i h i d ip i f th liff
un er n s orm a o s n s e scr t on o e c at

th R d pe un th M l
as s, on i wh i h i e b t 4 50 t 5 00
au m are e r v e r, c s a ou o

f t
ee b th latt wh h t t th t
a ov e e e r, le re e s a es a an a re nace O -ca care o us

ro c k g i g l ly w i h th t f K h
, a re e n c ose t h b
t f th a o urrac e e , re sts a t e ase o e

cliff i g t d ( d wh i t
on a v ar e a ed b l ) l i t d l y pp
re , ly e, an ue am na e c a , a are nt

id f f
,

”
d e vo o il o ss s.

I th f ll wi g
n e o ti o f nb d w w d f th
se c on, l ti rom a o ve o n ar s, o e re a ve

p osi ti f
on oth f i ei i g i S i
orm at onsd h i h i h p
e x st n
p n c n e,
”
w c s t e u er

p art f oh g i t t p
at 2 5 0 h i
ve n a l ti. d f h,i l y
t e re s a so no m e n on m a e o t s c a ,

th gh thou pp bl e u bl k l y w h i h h
er ue id or p “
ac c a ,
”
c e co ns e rs a ost

p li oce ne f i orm a t on, b i l d d d l y

se e m s d d
to e nc u e un e r
“
c a s an san
”
s to ne

C o nglo m erate .

C lay s a nd sands tone .

U p p e r b one -b e d .

S a ndsto ne ( fo ss i ls ra re ) .

Lo w e r b o ne -b e d .

C o arse a re nace o -ca lca re o us ro ck , w i th C y th e rea e x olcta ? and

”
ex a r a ta ; S p a tangi ; no N u m m uli tes .

But in h is se ction of th e cliff on th e Ganj ri ve r (p , . w h ich i s a b ou t

4 0 0 fe e t i n h e igh t, and as fa r north as La rkh a na, h e o bse rv e s th at th e

b o ne -
bd e s are u nde rlaid by th e
“
K urra ch e e non-nu m m u litic roc k ”

b j
,

w h ich i s th e las t m em er of th e se c tio n us t

g i ve n i n th i s c ase th e

ossi fe ro us c o n
glo m e rate s m a
y h av e to be
gro u p e d w ith th is form ati o n,

i nste ad o f th e low e r lue cla , as th e no w sta nd b y y .

y
O v e rl i ng th e u e r ossife ro us conglo m pp e rate i n th e Gan j r iv e r is a

b e d O f sandsto ne 1 5 0 fe e t th ic k, w h ich , b e i ng th e u
p p e rm os t or

last de p osit, is p b bly

ro a c o nti nue d on to th e ba se o f th e M u rre e h ills,
w h e re th e co n fl ue nc e o f th e I ndus w i th th e b ranc h fo rm ed from i ts
fou r gre at tr utarie s ta e s lace ib k p .

Passi ng ac ross fro m th is to th e D b oa o f th e Gange s, b e twe e n Agra

and Allah a b ad, w e fi nd th e b one -b e d, acc o rdin
g to C ap tai n E S m i th ,
.

f rom 1 0 0 to 1 5 0 fe e t bl e ow th e le v e l o f th e p lai n th ro ugh w h ic h th e

J um na now runs . In Dr . Sp ilsbu ry
’
s se ctio n o f th e Om er Nuddi,
316 G EO LO GY or I N DI A .
[Ja m

(p . th e b l w th f
fossil b
d i thone s w e re d
foun 60 fee t e o e su r ace an n e

f ll i g
o ow n i f b dw d f h b k f h Gd y
se c t o n ro m a ov e o nw ar s, o t e an s o t e o av e r

at R ki h b a ki dly t by D B dl y d t wh i h I h
s o ne , n se n m e r. ra e , an o c av e

b f ll
e ore ad d — b w 4 0 d 5 0 f f fl i il d p it b h
u e , et e en an ee t o u v at e e os s a ove t e
i
s tuati f th bon o e one s

S o il .

F lu v i ati lc de p o si ts , f ull of nodules of k unk nr ( trave rti n) , 4 0 fee t .

S i lt la m i na te d , 3 fe e t .

La rge a nd s m a ll
p e b b les o f tra p , c alce do ny , ony x , agate , h e li o trO p e ,
la te ri te , o b s i di a n
( 2 ; i nc h e s i n d iam e te r ) . A ll gla z e d w i th a ri c h

b ro w n v i tre o us c o a ti n , a nd
g th e i r i nte ri o r p re se nti ng th e a p p e a ra nc e

of h a v i ng be e n s u b e c te d to
j i nte nse h e a t . Th e wh o le m as s lo o k i ng as

if it h ad o nce be e n i n a s ta te o f v i s c i di ty , 1 fo o t .

A no th e r b e d li ke th e fo rm e r, c o m p ac t 1 11 th e u p pe r
p art, and m arly
b e lo w wh e re th e b ones of th e e x ti nc t s p ec i e s o f e le p h a nt we re

fo u nd .

Be lo w th is trach y te ,
fo llowe d b y re d a m ygda lo i d .

How m uch O f th e se fli u v atile de p osi ts h a ve ta k pl

en ace su b se
q u e ntl y
to th e de p o si t of th e b o ne -be d, and are to b e gi v e n to th e p lioc e ne
fo rm a ti o ns, fu ture o b se rva tio n m us t de te rm ine . p
C a tai n g D
a n e rfie ld

state s, th at th e ban k s of th e Ne rbudda b e twe e n M u ndle si r and Ch i

c uldah p re se nt a fli uv atile 70 fe e t i n th ic kne ss, th e u p e r
de p osit of p
p a rt O f w h ic h , i
v z. 30 to 4 0 fe e t, is li gh t-c olo u re d, a nd th e lowe r o ne ,
fro m 1 0 to 1 5 fe e t, is of a re dde r h e ,
u — th e latte r re s ts o n b as alt . At
IIosh u ngab ad, two w e lls o f 7 0 fe e t e ac h w e re dug i n th e Ne r b udda

c on
glom e rate , w ith ou t p ig h
ass n t rou
g h i t ( F i nni s) a nd at Goga h , i n

K atty awar, i m m e diate ly pp i O os te th e m o u th o f th is riv e r, w h e re th e

p
late C a ta i n F u lljam e s conduc te d h is ex p e ri m e ntal b o re , th e follo wi ng
se cti on, w h ich Ih a ve c o nde nse d fro m h is de taile d o ne , was o b ta i ne d

R ub b le

S a ndy c lay , a nd sa nd a nd c lay bands

Blue c la y ( e e p ta ri a a ud ligni te )
Blue c lay

We h av e no w to turn o u r a tte ntion to th e sou th e rn p art of th e

p e ni ns ula, and in c onne c tio n w i th w h at h as b e e n s ta te d, we canno t

h el p se e i n
g th e si m ila rit y in re lati v e p osi tio n th a t e x ists be twe e n th e
la te riti c de p osi t, w i th i ts re d a nd wh i te c la y and v a ri e gate d san s, a nd d
th e lo we r blue c la y of th e c oas t o f T ra vanc o re , a nd th at w h ic h o tai ns b
be tw e e n th e p li o c e ne de p osi ts and lowe r bl ue c la y , or i ts
q e ui v ale nts o n

th e no rth e rn a nd w e ste rn sh o re s o f I ndia a nd i ts j

a d oi ni ng c o u ntri e s .

No r ca n w e , w h e n we loo k at th e fo llo wing ta le , fail to b se e th e gre a t

 P LI O C EN E D EP O S TS I OF S O U TH E R N I N DI A . 31 7

re se m blance wh ich e x ists b tw e een th e se dp e osi ts o n b o th si d e s of th e

p e ni ns ula

C oas t o
f Tr a va ncor e .
lBor s a t M a dr a s , 1 88 2 . M a d ra s .

Loose b ro w n sa ndy S u rfac e gra ve l .

c la y so il
Re d Hills — Late ri
. Loo se gri t, re d

Late ri ti c dep osi ts . 20 ti c co nglo m e ra te ,

( i ro n 6: g p
r a i te 1 h4-8 0 c o m p one d of Gri t, it w h w h
ea t e re d
12 } ro u nde d p e bb le s f ragm e nts o f q u a rtz ,
V ari e ga te d cla y , and o f s a nds to ne , &c . and fe ls p ar . .

sands . Gra ni tic gra v e l 10 i n c la y

w h
.

Re d gri t, i t ro u nd
Blu e c lay . Gra ni te . h
Ye llo w i s te nac i o u s cla y e l l pe b b le s o f gre e n

w rth no p e b b le » sto ne and q na t ts ,

w
.

( M aj Ge n1 C ulle n )
. . .
( Ne w bo ld .
) p a s s i ng i n i ts lo er

( C o le ) p o r t i o n i nto a va nte

w
.

ga te d 6: y e llo gr i t . 5
Blue c la y l ‘

V a ri e ate d re d and
w
g

y e llo gri t

All th e be ds be lo w th e
g ra v e l a re i nte rs trati
ti e d w h h ly
it t in a e rs of

gre e n i s h d wh t an i e li
th o m a rgi c c la y s .

w
( Ne bo ld) .

Ih av e th ough t i t
p ro p er to pl ac e th e bl ue cla v b l w th
e o e late ri tic
c o nglom e rate of th e Re d Hills, b o th at M adras a nd Po ndic h e rr y ,

b e c ause in th e se c ti on of th e b o re m a de at th e fo rm e r, w h ich i s giv e n

b
i n th e ta le , i t w ill be se e n th at bl ac k a nd bl l y ue c a re s t o n a th i n be d
of
g rave lb l e on in
g g to th e gra nite i m m e di ly b l
a te e ow i n fa c t y b e m a

c o ns ide re d th e lo w e st de osi t, u st as t p j i p b b ly i ro a s th e low e s t de p osit

o n th e Mala bar C oast ,
w h e re it also u nde rlie s th e la te ri tic de p osits .

Ne w bold s
’
se c tio n o f th e Re d Hills at Po ndic h e rr y b e i ng onl 2 3 fe e t, y
a nd not re ach i ng dow n to th e bl ue c la
y , a nd M r C ole .
, no t h a v i ng b een

a b le to o b tai n a se c ti o n o f th e late ri tic c o nglo m e rate o f th e Re d Hills

b y d 1 5 f ff d
e on i t e e t, a o r s us no as s s a nce i n th is w ay .

Th i i ll th I h s fl
s a at av e to o
'

e r on th ep li f ti oc e ne o rm a o ns, w h ich I
sh ll a p t di id h
no t atte m i to v e e re , as h p
n t e f re se nt s ta te o o ur i nfo rm a

ti i i i p
on ibl
t B I
s m oss e . ut c a nno t h lp h i k i g h
e h t n n t at t e re a re tw o

o ssi fe ro us
g lo m e rate s, o ne
c on of wh i h p hp bl
c , er a s, e on s
g to th e
m ioc e ne , and th e o th e r to th e lioce ne p d p i e os ts .

Th e fac t, to o, of Ch a roi de ce e x is ti n
g w i th Num m uli te s i n th e u pp er

m em b er of p
C a tai n V icary
’
s nu m m ulitic de p o si ts, (p . a nd th e

p re se nc e of th e ca p s ule s of Ch a ra i n th e lowe r blu e c la y at K u rrach e e ,

to wh i c h I ou
gh t to h av e b e fore allu de d, sh o ul d not be fo rgotte n .
 G EO LO GY or I N DI A .
[J a n .

Evide nce f
o Volca ni c Dis tur ba nce a nd Ef asi on be twe e n th e de
p os i t o
f th e Eoce ne a nd th e e nd of th e M ioce ne a nd P lioce ne
F or m a ti ons .

C om m e nc in
g w i th Grant s
’
Ge olog y of C ntch , wh ich gai ns du r
c onfi e nced th e m ore we e x am i ne th at of th e j
ad oi ni ng co untri e s, i t is

p e rfe c tl y e vi de nt, th at si nce th e de p osi t of th e o oli tic bd e s of th at

p ro vi nce , th e yh av e u n d e rgone th e e le va ti on wh i ch h as raise d th e m to
th e ir p re se nt le ve l ; and th at du ri ng th e i r asce nt th rou gh th e sea, th e y
m ay or m a
y not h av e b ee n de nu dd e o f th e su b se
q ue nt fo rm atio ns w h i ch
too k pl ac e b w et een th e ooli tic and th e com m e nce m e nt o f th e m ioce ne
p e ri ods ; th e p i re v o us e x i ste nce o f th e se fo rm a ti o ns u p on th e m de pe nd
i ng o n th e ooli ti c bd
e s h avi ng b ee n b
a ove or blw
e o th e w ate r w h e n

th e y w e re de p osite d .

I f th e w h ole Of th e oolitic bd e s h ad b e en b l w th
e o e wate r duri ng th is
”
ti m e , a nd h ad u nde rgo ne gradual, or, as i t i s te rm e d, p ass i ve e le v a

tion, th e n it se e m s re asonab le to i nfe r th at th e w o uld now h av e h a d y

m ore of th e se fo rm ati o ns u p on th e m ; w h e re as th e y h av e o nl y th e

sm a ll p atc h of nu m m u li tic li m e s to ne , i n th e north -w e ste rn p art of

C ntch , m e ntio ne d . I f, a
g ai n, th e w h ole , v z i . th e nu m m ulitic, c re ta ce

o us, a nd o oli ti c be ds, h ad u nde r one

g p aro x y s m al e le v ati o n toge th e r,
th e n also th e la tte r, i n th e i r h igh e st p arts, m igh t h ave e e n e x e c te b p d
to h a ve re tai ne d at le as t so m e sm a ll p o rtio ns o f t h e nu m m uli tic and

c re tac e o us b e ds . It se e m s, th e n, re aso na bl e to c onc lude , th at th e

n u m m u li tic a nd c re tac e o u s ne v e r did re st u p on th e ooli tic bd e s of

C ntch , to an
y g re at e x te nt, an
y m ore th an th e yh av e re s te d o n th e
o oli ti c b e ds in an
y p art o f I ndi a
'
; and, th e re fo re , th at th ose o f C ntc h ,
for th e m ost p art, h av i ng b een a b ov e w ate r w h e n th e nu m m u li tic

li m e sto ne w as de p osi te d, m ust h av e d e sc e nde d to h av e re ce i ve d th e

m ioce ne and pli o ce ne form ations wh ic h now re st u p on th e m .

A q ue stion, th e n, arise s, w h e th e r th e nu m m ulitic b e ds i n th e north

p
w e ste rn art of C ntch , and i n Sci nde , wh ich re s t o n th e o o litic e s, did bd
no t also de sce n d w i th th e latte r at th is tim e to re c e i v e th e m ioce ne an d
pli oce ne dp e o sits w h ich re st u p on p art of th e m i And to th is i t
m us t b e answe re d, th at th e fac t o f th e flt ta - o pp e d, isolate d trac ts of th e

Nu m m uli ti c Se rie s, wh i ch p j
ro e c t a b ov e th e a lluv ial pl i a n of th e Id n us,

p re se nting no m ioce ne or pli oce ne dpe o sits on th e m , so far as m

y
ob se rv atio n and k now le dge e x te n d , and C olone l Grant s
’
state m e nt

th at th e te rtiar yf orm ati on a b uts

”
agains t th e nu m m ulitic lim e sto ne

also i n C ntc h p , ro v e s o ne o f tw o th i ngs— e i th e r th at th e p art of th e

N um m uliti c Se ri e s on w h ich th e m ioce ne an d pli oc e ne form ations now

re st ne ve r rose a ov e b th e wate r u ntil th e latte r we re dp e osi te d , or th at it

 -
r oar EO GENE nrsr u anm cn . 31 9

we nt dw
p o n artiall y or wh oll y , afte r th e convulsi on h ad occurre d wh i h c

th rew up th e H
ala range , and i solate trac ts of th e alluvi al lain th e d p
p
i nte rv e ni ng ortions of th e Num m uli ti c Se ries h aving at th at ti m e
b ee n m ore or less b k
ro en u
p , and ta k en into th e form ati on of th e
m ioce ne and pli oce ne dp e osi ts .

It se e m s pl i a n, th e n, th at th e Num m uli tic Se ries de rwe nt great

tm

d i pl
s ace m e nt and d estru ction bf e ore th e dp e osi t of th e m ioce ne and

pli oce ne form ati ons and i t is also pl i f

a n, ro m th e h e igh t to wh i ch th e
latte r h av e d th t g b e e n raise , a a re at p y arox sm al ch ange also too k pl ac e

a ft th y h d b
er d p i t d b t it i
e a ee n e os e ; u s not so pl ia n th at th e Num m u

liti S ic d w t d p
e r e s un e r
y i p en an e ress on re v ious to, or d uri ng th e form a

ti on of th i d p li e dp m oce ne an oce ne e osi ts ; th ough th e d esce nt of th e

oo liti b d f C t h
c l e by t
s o n c , c ose , o re ce i ve i t, woul d suggest th is
infe re nce .

Th ese facts, and th is reasoning, th e n, te n dt o th e conclusion th at th e

Num m ulitic Se rie s of Scinde and of C ntch h as u n de r o ne
g two succe ssi ve
e le vations, if not a de p re ssion also, si nce i ts form ati on and th e e nd of

th e m ioc e ne and pli oce ne p e rio s d .

To wh at d g th l e re e e e e vation of th ese form ations h as e x te n e dd m ay

be conce v e i d wh h f
, en t e orm e r w oul d pp a ear to cap th e table -lan d of

th e ce n ra t l p t f th S
ar o e ou th -e ast C oas t of Arab ia, wh i ch is fee t
b th l l f th
a ov e (eG l S
e ve E C ot f A b i th i Jl
e se a, l i eo . . oas o ra a, s . vo . v.

p 2 l ) d th i
. , an d p li i e m ppi g Gibb l Gh
oce ne an t oce ne s se e n ca n e ara, a

M k ll wh i h i
a a a, f t b c it S i ds d Bl bi t ee a ove . c n e an e ooc s an

w ld f
ou i h i il f t if th y w
urn s d d b t th t
s m ar ac s
gi e e re nee e u e e x re m e s ven

are ly i t
on f th di pl ns ance s t f th o i de s ace m e n o e e oce ne , m oce ne , an

pli f
oce ne ti wh i h i orm a difi d d g
ons, h t k pcl n a m ore m o e e ree as a en ace

th rough ou t th e countri es m e nti oned.

Wi h t suc h di t b
s ur ance s, we m us t of c ourse e x p e ct h e re and th e re
to h ave v olcanic effusions ; but to se p arate th ese e ff usions i nto th ose
wh i ch too k pl ace th rough th e num m uli tic li m e stone p re vious to th e

de p osi t of th e m i oce ne and pli oce ne form ati ons, from th ose wh i ch

followe d th e latte r, nece ssitates, w h e re th e m i oce ne and pli oce ne form a

tions are not p rese nt, a k nowle dge of th e di fl e re nces i n th e m i neralo

gi cal ch aracte rs of th e roc s cfiuse d, if th e re be any, whi ch at rekse nt p
p
we do not osse ss ; wh ile th e large trac ts of asalt whi ch we sh all find b
ov e rlyi ng th e m i oce ne and pli oce ne dp e osi ts, as we ll as b rea king
th rough th e m in m an yp arts, clai m our atte nti on, from th e assistance

th e y m ay afiord i n re cognisi ng e fl
usi ons of th e sam
g i n n ia- e a e Id m ore

th an th ose wh i ch m ay or m ay not be confine d to th e Num m uli tic

Se ries .
32 0 G EO LO G Y or ra n ts .
( JA N .

As usual, we m ust re turn to C a tch , w h e re Colone l Grant, unde r th e

”
h e ad of Dis ti nct Pe ri ods of V o lca ni c E rup ti on, sta te s, wi th
re fe re nce to th e te rtiar de osi ts y p
At th e v illage o fD oo ne s abov e m e ntione d, [i n th e sou th ern
part
of C utch ,] th e b k an s o f th e ri ve r p re se nt a
p e rfe c tly pe r e np di cular wall,

from 1 5 to 2 0 fe e t h igh , and are co m pose d o f c alcare ous gri t or coarse

li m e stone , alternati n
g wi th b asalt, in th e followi ng or d er : first grit ;
th e n a h oriz ontal b e d o f ro und pi e ce s o f b asalt and ne x t, anoth e r

stratum of th e grit 1 5 fee t i n th i k c ne ss th e wh ole bi e ng co ve re d by th e

b asalt fo rm i ng th e h ills .
”
Ne ar th e v illage , agai n, of K e rooee , is a se con d
i nsta nce , w h e re th e b k an s of th e ri ve r a re
“
com p d ose in som e pl aces

of th e b asalt form ing th e D oura range and i n oth e rs e nti re l y of th e

lim e stone
gri t, wh i ch in som e pl ace s ov e rli e s th e b asalt, bu t force d u
p
i nto a nticli nal lines, asi f th e i gne ous roc h ad ee n rotru e from k b p dd
blw h b k
e o ; t e ro en sta te o f th e strata sh o wi ng th at i t was not origi

nally d p i t d i ep os e n th is osi tion Th e be d of th e riv e r at th is lace

. p
i
s en ti ly p d f
re b com ose o asalti c colum ns ; th e i r h o rizontal se c ti ons

fo rmi g g l np ta re u ar av e m e n ; and large m asses o f th e colum ns, occ u py

i ng from 200 to 300 sq uare y ards, and bi
e ng a out b 8 fe e t in h eigh t,
re m a i n, e ve r yh e re and th e re , si m ilar to a fie l of corn artiall d p y reape d .

Th e c olum ns are v e r y gl
re u ar, ge ne ra yf
ll our si d d wi th
e , sm oo th e ve n

surface s, and are com p d f

ose o a h ar d p
. com ac t, d k bl
ar - b ue asalt.
”

In a th ir di nstance , h dd e a s, at th e e nd Furth e r on, w h e re

th e d yk es o fb asalt occ ur [i n th e calcare ous gri t ] , th e li m estone lie s in
im m e nse d ly b k ff t th ti f th p j ti f
m asse s, e vi e nt ro en o a e m e o e ro e c on o

th p p
e u b d f i
er
g e k b i
o g i t lf f b
ne ous roc q t f i t e n se o su se ue n orm a t on o

th l w b
e olti b d f ll d
er asa c Th i i y di ti tly h w
e o ro e m asses . s s ve r s nc s o n

at p f th p
o ne art od i t h ld b e ti
ass, an d th t th b d f h s ou e m en one a e e o t e

i i t th
rav ne cons s s gh t f i g l roub k b ou lt o rre u ar ro en asa .

It will b b d th t C l l G
e re m e m e re l a g i t f o one rant s
’
ca careous r
”
orm s

a p t f h i ti y d f pli
ar o s te r ar f , ti
an o our oce ne orm a ons .

T h o p p iti f b lt t ti wh i h i l d e
t e su e r os on o asa on rav er n, c s a so un e

by b lt i C t h I h l dy ll d d (p
asa , n n c ,
th p fi i lb d
av e a re a a u e . e su er c a e

ofb lt b i g 2 0 f t h i k
asa e n l ee yh d p t f
t c , co um nar, ve r ar , com ac , o a

d k bl
”
ar - l d th
ue co ou r, an f sm oo sur ace .

But i t is on th e South -e as t C oas t of Arabi a th at th e basalti c e fl

ui
'

s ons

of th is age are b est se e n, wh e re th e y ove rlie th e m ioce ne dp e osi ts on

th e flt ba e lt e x te n di ng from th e b ase of th e m ountains to th e se a .

Th ere are th re e of th e se trac ts alm ost touch i ng e ach oth er, m i way d
b twe een Ras Sh am ai n and Ras Makalla, wi th one or m ore cones in

e ach , and th e y all form a stri ki ng co ntrast i n colour with th e w h ite

 r o ar -m oo n s nas a ur . 32 ]

lim estone of th e m ountains b hi

e nd, and th e w h ite de p osi ts ov e r wh i ch
th e y are p d Th
s re a . e ir ge ne ral fl atne ss, ris ing alm ost im p e rce ptibly
from th e i r we ll-de fine d b d or e rs to th e c o ne or cones ab ou t th e ir ce ntres

p
res e ctive l y , w h i ch do no a t pp ear to be a b o ve 2 00 fee t i n h e igh t, is also

ve r y re m ar ak bl e . At th ei r c i rc um fe re nc e th e y are re duce d to large

dt e ach e d bl k oc s and loose stones, bu t furth e r in, th e m ass is continuous

and colum nar . Altoge th e r, th e y e x te nd ov e r an are a o f abo ut 45 m ile s

long by 10 b road, th e latte r be i ng th e b re adth of th e pl i b tw a n e ee n

th e b ase of th e m ou ntai ns and th e se a at th is pa rt of th e co ast, so th at

th e y occu py b a o ut 45 0 s u are
q m ile s, and I d are to y i f
saw e coul
, d
trace th e m u nde r th e se a, i nto w h i ch th e y h ave fl owe d, m ore th an

b
dou le th is am ou nt . T ow ar s d th ei r so uth -weste rn e x tre m i t y , w h e re th e

m ioce ne form ations h ave b ee n rais e d a out b 1 0 0 fe e t b

a ov e th e sea, th e
b asalt not o nl y cove rs th e surface , but, h avi ng be e n e fl'

use d su b se
q ue nt

to its e le vation, a pp ears i n th e be ds of th e wate rco urses w h ich o enp

upo n th e b each .

I h av e allu dd e to th e se stri ki ng effusio ns on th e Sou th -eas t C oast

of b
Ara i a for co m p ari son, be c ause i ts ge olog i s so lin e d with th at y k
of C ntch , and b e c ause th i s coas t is so ne ar th e we ste rn art o f ndia p I .

H avi ng th u s e sta bli h d s e th e e x is te nce of gre at b asalti c ou t ursts b

ove r th e m ioce ne an d pli oc e ne form ati o ns of C ntc h and Arabia, let us

now see i f th e re be any e vi d e nce of v olcanic di t b s ur anc e or b asalti c

e ff usions in conne ction with th e grea t tra pp e an di t i t f I

s rc o ndi a, wh ic h

h av e also ta k p en lace si nce th e se e riods p .

Th at th e re h av e b e en great distur b ances since th e ossife rous con

glo

m e rate was dp e osi te d on th e e aste rn si de of K atty awar m a

y b e

re asona bly i f d f th d t h t f P i i l d wh i h i t
n e rre rom e e ac m en o er m s an , c s no

on ly pp d wi h th i gl
ca e t b ti p t d f ths con tom e rate , u s se ara e rom e coas

o f K tty w by
a ah arl h 2 40 f t d p w h il
a c anne h th or c asm ee ee , e on t e o er

sid i t h
e i p t
as , f t f w t
n one D M l lar , t ee o a e r. r . a co m son, oo,

wh oi i t d th
v s e ll d li e i -th
ao ca i l d f I di
e corne an m ne s, on e m a n an o n a

opp it t t i ll di g t h p
os e, s a e s, f
n a ut p p bb l n i o t e rese nce o ra e es
”
n

th em th t th y h
, a b l d by th i t i f
e av e t
e e n a te re e n rus on o m ore re ce n

ig k wh i h h p p d t d i b i d t i l t f t
ne ous roc s, c e ro ose o e scr e n e a a a u ure

p i d b t h did t li t y h i i t i i t fi t h i g
er o ; u e no ve o c arr s n e nt on n o e
'

ec , av n

di d f f
e o b q t g l gi l
e ve r o n a su i i th i di
se i ue n eo o ca ex cu rs on n s re ct on.

F di or t p f h w
re c fbroo l i ff i ,
i oth d p i t f th
e ve r, o asa t c e us on s nce e e os o e

oss if l
e rous con
g t i t t h w
om e ra e , t g t th pp p t f
see m s at e m us o o e u er ar o

th N b dd
e er u J bb lp wh
a, ne ar di g t D Spil b y
u u ore , e re , accor n o r . s ur ,

w e h ll fi d th
s a l n g l et i p t
ca careous d b y con om e ra e n one ar cove re

a b d f e op t b lt
com nf ac bly t tifi d d p ting
asa , co orm a s ra e ,
”
an rese n
322 ( m ow e r o n rnnra .
[J a n .

a clear sec tion in th ree h ills . Th e h ills are b

a ou t 1 5 0 fee t i n
h e igh t, and the ca ppi ng of b asalt, according to th e se c tion, ( w h i ch is .

gi v e n on scale , abou t 4 0 fee t in thi c ne ss

) k .

y
O ve r th is, u nfortunate l . Pri nse p h a s th rown th e followi ng con e ctural j
d btou , wh ich Id o not th in k th e ex p ressi ons i n i nv e rte d co m as a ov e b
m e nti one d j ti fy
us , v iz . - in alluding to th e b asalt state d by D Spilsb ury
r .

to ove rli e th e calcareous conglom e rate contai ni n

g th e fossil ones, b
Pri nse p states, unle ss th at th e b rec cia c ontainin
g th em [th e bo nes]
occ urs onl yi n e x te ri or p atch e s, form e d of th e ir d t it
e r us, and contai ning

also p ortions of th e basalt, wh ich o ne or two of th e spe ci m e ns, wh ose

la bl e s are lost, see m s to re n e r d p b bl ro a e,
”
th at is, in oth e r wo rds, unless

th e ossife rous conglom e rate a buts a a nst

g i th e b asalt .
”
In o pp osi ti on

to wh i ch , i t m igh t b e b
o se rv ed, th at th e p ortions to wh i ch Prinse p
d
allu e s m a
y h ave b ee n a su se que nt b form ati on o f th e de bris of b oth

basalt and conglom e rate ; b ut of course i t is i m p i bl

oss e to say wh o i s
righ t, Dr Sp ilsbury
. or Mr Prinse p
. th ough , i n m a ki ng use of th e

facts contai ne di n Dr Spilsbury

.
’
s co m m uni cation, it se e m s m uch safe r

to lean to th e vi e w of one wh o a pp ears to h ave see n th e b asalt ov e rl y

i ngth e co nglom erate re p e ate di n th ree h i lls,
”
and to h ave e x am i ne d
th e m on th e p with
s ot no inconsi d ble ra e atte nti on, th an to one wh o,
at a distance , d bt th
ou s e c orrectness of th e auth or s o se rv ati ons
’
b from
th e e x am ination of a h an d p -s e ci m e n .

Be aring up on th is q u esti on i s th e followi ng e x tract from an na ph u

li sh e d account of th e Fossil Si te s b
a ou t Saugor, i n C e ntra l I di n a,

p
by C a tain Nicolls, of th e Ma d ras Arm y .

Un d er th e h ea d of Narrainp ore ,
”
a village si tuate d am on san stone
g d
h ills and sm all tracts of tra pp e an roc k b s, a out 1 7 m i le s so t
u h -east of

Saugor, and a out b 9 m iles due we st of Ba ile y , anoth e r village wh i ch i s

j us t by de on th e e aste rn b orde r of th e tra pp e an distri ct of Malwa , and

at th e so u h we ste rn e x tre m
t - y f
it o th e e x te ns i ve trac t of li m e stone

wh ich p tly li th ar f B d lkh

o ve r e sd C p t i Ni ll e dt
san s one o un e un , a a n co s

t t
s a es I f d f il i th p t th f f th goun oss s n re e s o s on e sur ace o e re ur

soil At th
. fi t p t f g te f di ty l d
rs w d wi h
s o , ra m en s o co e onou s oo , t one

f g t fp l
ra m e n f g o t ff il b
a m , d f il p l
one d
ra m e n o oss one , an a oss a m se e

t d i t t fi d pt f g
'

conve r e li At th
n o n ace ous f m e . e se co n s o ra m e nts o

l g b
ar et w d th
one s s ref f th b l k e
g il on d e su r ace o e ac re ur so , an one

or tw f g t o ff il w d t g th
ra m e n s o wi h i g l fl t p i
oss f oo , o e er t rre u ar a eces o

t fi u li t
ace o us l p h f Th b
m es o ne ili ifi d
oose u on t e sur ace . ese o ne s are s c e

one sm all p i i t i d i th li t
s ec m e n s co n a nett y ( w h i h i n e m es one se n o ou c s

d d iti i th p i ) I th
en r c n d f
e s ec m e n t b f d . n e concave e n o a ver e ra oun

h th t fl t n i p t i d p d tly f ny
‘

e re , li e u aceous t i
m es o e s rese n n e en en o a e x e r or
 -
Paar m o on s nasanr
'
. 323

connecti on, and h avi ng som e th i ng th e a pp e arance of no ular d k k un ur .

I b
can o se rv e no m e d ll y
u ar canal in th e se fragm e nts, th e large st of

wh ich is li k e th e h e a d f o an e le ph ant s
’
h um e rus, 1 4 i nc h e s b road, by
1 1 long . Th e th ird spot is a b o ut 1 50 y d ar s from th e last, and h e re
If o und di tyl d
co e o nous woo d o nl y . All th e woo d of th e abo v e th ree

p lace s was i n fra m e nts not

g m ore th an 7 or 8 inch es lo ng . Th ey lie
o n th e b k
lac re gur soil, and I see nowh e re e lse th at th e y could h ave
co m e from but out o f it . As will be b
o se rve d by th e m ap , th e re is
san stoned in th e ne igh b o urh oo d o f th e se fossils, about th re e
q uarte rs

of a m ile off . At th e th i r d p s ot, th e u nde r strata are re m ar a k bl e , vi z .

a b out 2 fe e t of bl k ac soil, th e n 2 fe e t or 1 8 inch e s o f co nce ntri c lam el

lar tra p , wi th a h ard ce ntral no ule d . Thi s tra p continue s for so m e

di stance of th e sam e th inness ; b lwe o i t is a c h al ky fria le b wh ite

”
e arth , th e bo tto m of wh i ch was not se e n . Again, h e state s of th e
latte r H lf a a m ile fro m Soor k ee th e wh ite ch al -li e earth is se e nk k
to th e d p th
e of a o ut b 1 5 fe e t i m m edi ate l yblw e o th e re gur soil .
”

T h e se inte resti ng fac ts, th e n, in i cate —ls t, th at fossil w oo d d and

b ones silicifie d are fo un d t g h 2 d th t th y

o et er ; i n , a e are n or u on a p
th i n stratum of re gur ( b l kacil) w h i h
so li , th i t f
c ov e r e s a n stra um o

d
no ular or d p i e com os n g t pp
ra k 3 d
ean roch t thi t pp ; k r , t a s ra ean roc

is unde r a l i d by h lky th 4 th th t fi li
'

wh i a te c a ear ; , a a tu ace ous m es to ne ,

wh i ch is de ndri tic, surro un s d d fill an f h i li ifi d f il

s som e o t e s c e oss s ;

a nd 5 th , th at all th is e x i s ts i h id
nt e m f d d pp h ill
st o san stone an tra e an s,

w h ic h , as bf e ore state d, are w i th i n 9 m ile s of th e south -wes te rn ca tre

m it y of th e li m estone tract ove rl yi ng th e san stone of d Bundelkh und ,

th e tra pp ean h ills bi e ng, in fac t, th e fri nge d ou t borde r of th e tra pp e an

district of Malwa, whi ch also rests on th e san stone of th i s si de d .

Now it se e m s e x tre m e l y p b bl f h i th t h wh i t h lky

ro a e rom t s, a t e e c a

e arth d oe s contai n foss il w d d b oo d h t hi d p i

an o ne s, an t a t s e os t
is ove rlai di n som e p arts by b lt i D Spil b y
asa ,
i asIt n r. s ur
’
s se ct on.

see m s als o li k lye h e re , t h t tha

g i h d ep d b
re lt ( ur s t e e c om ose as a a

su bj e ct to w h ich we sh all h ave to re cu r h e re afte r), and th at th e fossils

w h ich are o n i ts surfac e h ave com e from th e wh i te ch al ky e arth blw
e o .

L tly th
as , at y
th e ove rl i ng li m e stone trac t of Bunde lkh und , w h ic h
F kli
ran n conside re d pl d
e q ui vale nt to th e lie s, and w h ich Ih ave ac e

am on
g th R S
eh l f h O li
attrei S i w l
a es o i k ly t t e o tc e r es , se e m s no so e o

be a p t f h i wh it h lky th h t I d bt y h wh h I
ar o t s e c a ea r , t a ou ve r m uc et er

h ave no t gi it w g p
ve ni i T h i a p t f I
ro n di w h i hos t on . e re s no ar o n a c

i i t
s so n e res ti g i j g l gi l p i t f i w
n n a th di t i t f S g
eo o ca o n o v e as e s rc o au or

dj i i g p t f B d lkh d b pp t d '

an d th e a o nn i ar o un e un , e cause t a e ars o o er a

l
c e ar e xpl ti f y p i t f th i ki d w i d bt
ana on o so m an o n s o s n no n ou .
32 4 c ao no nr or la m a .
[Ja m

I w ld ou also a dd, th at i n d p d tly

e en en of th e se foss il bone s and woo d
b e strewi n
g th e re u
g ,r li k e th e fossils of th e i nte rtra pp ean lacu stri ne
form atio n in m an yp arts of I di n a, th e silice ous i nfiltrati on o f th e g re at

cance llate db ones w h i ch C pt i

a a n Nicolls h as ki dly p
n rese nte dt o th e

y
Socie t h as th e sam e bl i h
u s , trans p are nt, o p lia ne or calce don c a i pp e ar

ance as th at of th e silici fie d m asse s of sm all sh e lls of th i s fo rm ati on

wh ich are found in m an yp arts o f I di

n a, and also i n th e ne igh bo urh oo d
of Saugor i tse lf .

To th e b
a ov e e vi d e nce of tra pp e an e fli ’
us ons h avi ng occu rre d si nce

ou r pli oc e ne form atio ns we re d p

e os i te d I , h a ve onlyt o add a sh ort

de scr i p ti on of th e c rate r of Loo nar, wh ich is sit ua e t d ne ar th e v illage

o f th at nam e , a out b 70 m ile s east of Au runga bd a .

Th rou
gh ou t th e w h ole of th e
gre at tra e an s rc of estern pp di t i t W
I ndia y p
th is is th e onl s ot wh i ch h as h i th e rto a orde d any trace s of a fl '

v olca ni c v e nt, and, th e re fore , we m ay i nfe r, th at i t was p b bly h

ro a e re

th at th e last b
ou t urst, to any gre at e x te nt, too k pl ace . O f th i s e x tinct
crate r, Dr . Bradle y h as k i dly n fu rnish e d m e wi th th e followi ng
acco unt Th e re cannot be a dou t b of th e gi n of th
ori e la e of k
L oc us t . If o und, i n 1 8 5 2, scori ace ous roc k s th at full tol i ts h istor y d y .

I ts up p e r e d e,
g [wh i ch , acc ordi ng to Malcolm son, wh o h as gi ve n a sh ort
'

account of i t, is circ ular o r is a b out 5 m iles in ci rcum fe re nce ,

and th e Natron la k e, w h ich occu pi es i ts ce ntre , a out b 3 . I ts side s
are a out b 5 00 fe e t b
a ov e th is la k e, to wh i ch th e y lps o e at an angle of

a b ou t and are b re ach e d by fi ssure d ch asm s, i n v ari ous di recti ons,

b u t ch i e fl
y th ro u
gh th e north e rn and eas te rn scar s
p . Dyk es of gre en

stone are pl i ly a n d th t pl wi th th w
see n j ust u n e r h e em e e co
’
s m ont .

Th l i e t p i i p lly t h f d t t th th
av c curre n s se e m , r nc a , o ave oun ve n a e nor

e ast, d an h p d th gh d p
to av e e sca w g g th e id f
rou a ee narro or e , e s es o

wh i h c b t d if d by th p g f th lt
are urn an se m use k e assa e o e m o e n roc .

Th et s re amll d w db ro d th ity w pi d by th t w
e on ar e y on e c no oc cu e e o n

o f L o onar, d i fan g t p l
si k se e n t th b d
o rm i n f s e - e m asse s, on o e e o a

d p i lit l t h tw d f h i pl
ee rav ne , a te o t e e as ar o t s ace .

Vi w d f e e p i t i li wi h h i f th pl t
rom a o n n a ne t t e ax s o e a eau on

w h i h th
c t i f
e d li ttl l
cra e r s i i pp
o rm e b t l ki g t
, e e e v at o n s a are nt, u oo n a

it y
ac ross, b ou f l h
ecom e aw are o p d i i th d l i a tu m u
g r-
a s a e r se n e u n u at n

g d
rou n d i t wh i h
aroun th h p
, t c d on b t 60 e sout rese n s a m ou n a ou

f t h igh th
ee id ,
f wh i h l p
e s t es gl o f b t cTh i s e e a an an e o a ou s

s ligh t l ti
e ev ad t i f
on l i
oe s no l ti b t i p ly
ar se ro m vo can c acc u m u a on, u s m

from th t f ti
e i
u m e ac d by th g on oc cas one p i th t h e aseo u s ex ans on a as

h l d it
ur e t l p t i t th
s ce n ra i id ar s f wh i hn o y b i
e a r ev e nce o c m a e se e n n

th e ravi ne s, wh e re a true section of th e walls of th e crate r th e

ex
pose s
 nx r m cr v o w a no ns .

be ds of w h i ch th e y are com p dose , inclini ng from th e crater outwar s d .

Be ne ath b
th e asi s of th e m oun d , on i ts oute r and south -eastern si d i e, s

a h illoc k p
, u on w h ich rests a th in la e r y of scoria, a
p p are n tly th e
”
th inning out of a lavi c curre nt .

Th ese are th e late st traces di t b

of v olcanic s ur ance and out u rst b in
I ndia w h ich h av e b ee n recor e d d Th t th di
. a e sunion of Pe ri m i slan d
from th e coast of K attyawar, and th e e fli’
us ou of b lt wh i h
asa c ove rli es

th e ossi fe rous c on lom e rate near

g J bb lpu u ore , too k pl t l ac e a eas t afte r

th e form ation of so m e of th e te r ti y d p
ar e osi ts, th e re can be no d btou ,

and th e acti ve state of th e c rate r of Loonar a pp e ars to be e

q l
ualy
m ode rn b ut u nless th e d k bl ar - u e , com p ac t, colu m nar b asalt, o ve r ly i g n
th e te rtiar yf orm ations of C ntch , and th at of th e g reat tra pp e an

district ofW este rn I din a, can be i d e nti fie d by h t e i r sam e ne ss of m ine

i p b I di
‘

ralogi cal ch aracte rs, — and th at sam e ness s li e cu ar to a asalt of n a

w h ich ove rlies a te rtia r y dp e os it of th e sam e

geologi c al age as th at
o f C ntch — th e re , can be no m e ans, th at I se e , of di s ti n ui s h in , or
g g
o f sep arati ng, ge ne rall y , th e b asalt o f th is age in I di
n a from th e oth e r

tra pp e an e ff us i ons.

y
Fo rtunate l w e h av e th e i nte rtra pp e an lacustrine form ation to assist
us i n th is res p ec t ; and if it sh all be h e re afte r p rov e d th at th is is of

th e olde r pli oce ne p p e ri od, as

f th i f f g i
th e re se nce o e re m a ns o ro s n
th t f B b y w
a o ld
om a t i di t
ou th t th i f
se e m i o i t n ca e ; a s orm at on e x s s

t w d th
o ar s it f h i l t d
e su m m t i
o f th W
t e Gh
so a e m oun a ns o e e ste rn au ts

an d th t i t i a pp d b t by b lt p
s nev e r ca i g pe li iti
u a asa osse ss n e cu ar es

w h i h di ti g i h i t f t pp fl i th t h p
'

c s n u s ll th ro m a o er ra e an e
’
u s ons a av e re

ce d d it d
e t — th w
s a ve n h ll t ly b
en b l t i d e s ti fy th
a l tno on e a e o en e a te r
as ap t pli os - b lt b t h oce ne t
asa g h i , f i du t h w
av e a s ron c a n o ev e nce o s o

th t th
a
g t t
e pp d
re a i t i t f
ra W t
ean I di w t
s rc b k op e s e rn n a as no ro en u

un ti l th l t l
e i asfl i h d b j t d d th t th Gh t
v o can c e
'

us ons a ee n e e c e , an a e au s

w t l
e re no t d il th p t pli
e eva e u nt g e os - oce ne a e .

Th t th i t t pp l t i f ti t k pl ft th
a e n e r ra ean ac us r ne orm a on oo ace a er e

t pp fl i h d b g t b p d f th i i di t d by th
'

ra e an e ns ons a e an o e o ure or s n ca e e

prese nce , as bf ttd f i i e ore s a e p t f i t t i th

, o scor ce n som e ar s o ts s ra a n e

i l d fB b y
s an o om a .

As an instance of an e x ti nct v olcano i n C ntch , C olo ne l Grant gi ve s a

descri pti on of a crate r ne ar th e sh ores of Runn, wh ich is called

th e
De nodur i t is th e h igh est h ill i n th e countr y
In i ts north si e is
. d
a lar e
g g p,
a a nd a w all o f a salt a a re ntl conti nu es all b pp y roun d th e

tap He also adds, th at all th e oth e r volca nic h ills in th at

. p art a pp ear

Near th e vi llage of W ge i a - s-Pud a also, is

, d a sp ace of about two
32 6 L
GEO O GY o r m m a .
[Ja m

s uare m
q iles, bl w o n ou t i nto a flt ba i n
a s , th e si es d b i gb k e n ro en i nto
fissures, wi th crate rs, rav i nes, a
nd h ollows, and th e inte ri or or be d of

th e b asi n inte rs p e rse d with h illoc k s, and cones of e ve r y i

v ar e t y of

l
co our,— lac b k , re d, y ll w
e o , and wh i te , — and w ith p atch es o f c n e rs i d
si m ilar to th e re fuse of a furnace th e w h ole k
loo i ng as fresh as if th e
igneou s age nts w e re still i n o p e rati o n . W ith i n th e ci rcle , also, are
se ve ral sm all c rate rs, or ci rcular s p ace s, su rrou n e d d by w alls of b asalt.

O ne m ore p e rfect th an th e re st is b
a out 4 0 fee t hig h , a n d co m p osed

of com p ac t colu m nar b asalt, wi th a talus of sa n d and sco ri se .

Th e b
sam e auth or also o f hi p Th se rves odb k t s s ace e cone s an an s

ofl o ose i t b y
se or m ly w h i g w y
m us e d i t i di ffi lt t
e ar as n a a , an s cu o

i
conc e ve h t th w ll f lid b
t a e l f ai g th
s o id so f th t asa t o rm n e s es o e cra e rs

can b l g t i il p i d h i g ll th pp
e on o a s m ar er o dt , av n a e a earance an e x ture

of y ld b l b t it i p i bl h t
ve r o asa t u pti s
y h
oss e t a a rece nt e ru on m a av e

t k
a en pl i th i f ace n f i t d t th
e s te o p
one o i g m ore anc e n a e, us re se nt n a

m i t f ld
x ure o d o l ani p d t If i t i t
re ce nt v o c an c h t b lt ro uc s . s rue t a asa

ow ies l ts t t t it
co um nar s ruc ure li g l wly d g tp o s coo n s o un e r a rea ressu re ,

it i i ps ibl th t h
m oss e f al b lt d h l
t e se m asse s o co um nar asa an t e oose

cones o f i b
sc or ae can p e conte m orane ous .
”

L tly p ti l lt ti i th l l f th
as , ar a a e ra t y i C t h h
ons n e e ve o e coun r n n c av e

t k a en pl l t ly
ace e v e n as 1 8 1 9 wh th y w
a e p d d by
as , en e e re ro uce an

ear th q k d p i l ti till pp t b g i g i i
ua e an as s ve e e va on s a e ars o e o n on nse ns

bly th gh rout I d i ou n a.

XII .

Po s Pm
r - oc s m n Pa x t o n .

S a nds Conglom e ra tes, wi th m ore or le ss

a nd

M a ri ne S h e lls, loose ly u ni ted

Mari ne
.

Upp e r Blue Clay , wi th M ari ne and F resh wa ter

.

Re m ai ns .

F resh wate r . Regur .

Mari ne .

Th e e x am pl e of th ese form ati ons wi th w h i ch I am m ost fam iliar

i s i n th e i l d
s an of Bom by a , wh e re I h av e h ad an O pp ortuni t of y
stu dyi g th n em .

H th i ere , e r m ax i m u m k
th ic ne ss is b
a out 2 0 fee t, two-th ir ds of wh ich

i b l w th l
s e o e e v el of th e se a at s ring-ti es ; and from p d th e h orizon

t li ty f th i
a o e r surface , th e y pp a e ar rath e r to h ave b ee n dp
e di
osi te n th e

sea, and afterwar s raise d d b dily o , th an to h ave b e en form e d by b e ach

accum ulation, from wh ich th e sea h ad graduall y re ti re d.

 -
P O S T P L O C EN E I a osrrs . 32 7

As w ith th e te rtiar fo rm y ations j ust de scribe d, so w ith th e se , w e h av e

a de p osi t o f bl ue c a l y , c ov e re d w i th sands and sand y conglom e rate

Blue C y
la — Th i i iff pl ti d p i t f fi if t
. s s a st , as c e os , o a ne u n orm e x ture

of a b l b
row n co ou r a ov e , an d bl b l w l y ll wi h wh i t i gl ue e o , a so e o s e re m n es

th th e de co m p i g k wh i h it y h t t Wh p
os n roc s on c m a c anc e o re s . en ure ,

i t does not e fl '

wi th
e rve sc eid It i th i k i b t 10
ac s . s m ax m um c ne ss s a ou

fe e t, bu t th is of c ou rse v ari e s wi th th e irre gularitie s of th e su rface on

w h i ch i t h as b ee n de p osi te d T . o wards th e se a it th i ns out, and is th e re

conceale d b
y
th e b each , w h i ch is now i n p roce ss of form atio n, w h ile ,
f urth e r i n, i t is cov e re d by th e d
san s and sh e ll y co nglo m e rates of i ts own
p e riod . It e x i sts th ro ugh out th e isla n d re stin
g o n th e tra pe an p roc k s,

or th e i nte rtra pp ean lac us trine form ation, wh e re th e latte r h as b ee n

d e nude d.

L ik e m ost argillace ous d p i t ite os s, c onta ins, com p arativ e l y , ve r yfw e

organi c re m ai ns, th e se b i g h i fly
e n c e c o nfine d to th e ov e rl yi ng c on

g lo m e rates, as i n th e e r ar orm a o ns t ti y f ti . H e re and th e re , h owe v e r,

fragm e nts of w oo occur, in gre ate r or le ss d nu m b e r, w h i ch a pp e ar to be
th e stu m p s of m angrove tre es . Th e se are i n a soft, sp gyon state , wh e n
first ex p ose d, bu t, on d yi r ng, sh ri n kg re atl y d , an assu m e th e form of

h ard ligni te , b ki re a ng w i th a sm ooth c onch o id l f ta rac ure , and p re se nting

a sh i ni ng, d k b
ar rown colo ur . I n th is state , if ligh te d, it b u rns fo r a

sh ort ti m e, w ith a b fl
fe e le am e,
gi ve s ou t a w oo o dy d o ur, and th e n
sm oulde rs into a w h ite ash . Th i s w ood h as for th e m ost p tbar een

p e rforate d by som e large x yl p h o ago us Tere do, w h ich h as le ft a num b er

of d
u n ulo us tu b es i n i t, av e ragi ng a b ou t th re e -q uarte rs of an i nch in
di am e te r, and th e se h av e su b se q ue ntl y b e com e th ic k d by th
e ne e

addi ti on of m ore car onate of b li m e to th e ir surface , an d fill d wi th b l

e ue

c lay k k or u n u r.

A f w bi l e v a ve sh e lls, toge th e r wi th re m nants of b

cra -claws and

p h l d i
o a t b ne u es, are also fou n in th e cla , bu t th e re d y app e ars to be a

t
s ron g t d y e n e nc in th e calcare ous m ate rial to p ass o ff by solu tion,

a nd le av e noth i ng b u t th e ir i m p re ssions . Be ds of y
o ste r-sh e lls also

e x is t o n de tac h e d bl k oc s and large stone s, on th e tra pp e an f orm ati on

b e ne ath th e cla y .

No dule s of c onc re t onar i y d k k b di

car onate of b lim e , calle u n ur, a oun n

i t, si m ilar to th ose f th i t i
o f I di
e Th y
n e r or o l n a. e are m ore or ess

im p ure , on ac cou n t f o d i t f th bl l y i wh i h th y
a m x u re o e ue c a n c e are

form e d, and from wh i h th y pp

c t d i th i b l i h
e l a e ar o e r ve e r u s co o ur .

So m e fe w p orti o ns are w h it d h lky wh e anth y ti ly c a , en e are e n re com

p d ose o f car o nate o b f li Th y

m e. l h d f e p t are m ore or ess ar , o a com ac

or e arth y structu re , d b an k wi th if rea d ll f t A a un orm u rac ure .

42
32 8 G EO O G Y o r L w o rn .
[Ja m

fragm e nt o f woo d , grass, o r a sh e ll, f re qu e ntl fo rm y s th e nu cle us of th e

nodule , arou nd wh i ch b th e c ar ona te of lim e accu m ulate s by se gre

gati on, t di g lw y t
en n
gl b l a a s o a o u ar fo rm , afte r w h ich th e nucle us be
com e s b b d d it
a sor e ld l , an s m ou a one re m ai ns. Th e glo b ular form of

th e no dl d
u e t lw y d p d
oe s no a a s e en on th e p re se nce of a ce ntral nucle us,

as it i i lly
s occas ona tt h d see n a ac e in th is sh a e p to th e si d e o f th e

o r an c
g i b dy o .

In som e locali tie s th is c oncre tio nar y calcare ous form ation is
i rre gularl y co nti nu ou s, wh e n i t i s calle d sh e e t k k un u r, and i n Bom
b ay lie s at th e b otto m of th e cla y , im b ddie ng m ore or le ss grave l.

Th e re is also ano th e r form ation, of th e ki nd calle d old k k un ur,

and th is h as a co nc re ti onar y b t y id l f
o r o a orm , not un li k gl b
e o ular

m agne sian li m e stone wh e n co m p t th f ac , e re ore , it p re se nts on fracture a

sph e roidal struc tu re , b u t wi th th e i nte rstice s fille d p u , and e ac h s ph e roi d

p re se nti ng a ce ntral nu cle us . T h i ki d ws n ou ld pp a e ar to ble ong to th e

y d p it
te rti ar e os s .

Th k k e f un ur orm ati ons, i n Euro p e calle d trave rtin, are p re vale nt

th gh t
rou I di ou n a, b u t do not e x ist i n th e re ce nt dp e osi ts , e x ce pt i n

t p tdf g
rans or e ra m e nts ; ne ith e r doe s kunkur e x ist on th e Ne ilgh e rrie s
( Be nza) .

Th e bl ue cla yi m m e di t ly d
a e pp un e r th e surface soil at C alcutta a e ars

t b o f the o g e t h t f
sam e th i l d f
a eB b y
as L i k t h a o e s an o om a . e e

l tt
a l it
e r, a so, t i l g dbcon a ns h f d w d Aft
o s an ranc e s o a re oo . er a

i g f 20 f t f
cov e r n o ld dy l y d d th bl l y
ee o m ou , san c a s an san , e ue c a

t d d w t
e x en s b t th 60th f t b l w th f (
o n o a ou e ti f oo e o e sur ace , se e se c on o a
“
b wh i h w
ore
”
d i F t Willi
c i
as m a e wh it p
n i tor am n en asse s n o

a y ll w l y with k k th i ft th 1 2 5th f t i f ll w d by
e o c a un ur ; s, a er e oo , s o o e

g y re d f san b t 4 5
”
f t w h i h
or a ou t g i ti g l ee1 7 0 , c re s s on ran c rave at

1 76 f t Th
ee t. th i k f th
e e x re m e d p it p d with th
c ne ss o e se e os s, co m are e

bl l y f th i l d f B b y y b pl i d by th f
ue c a o e s an o om a , m a e ex a ne e orm e r

h i g b
av n b gh t d w by g t i f
een rou o tn t t f a re a r ve r rom a v as e x en o

ty
c oun r d th l tt
, an by th i l t f th igh b i g
e a er e r vu e s o e ne o ur n m ou n

t i wh i h
a ns, ly flw d i g h
c on
'
o ur n t e m onsoon.

Th th d t il f th i p i t l b wh i h pp t h
e o er e a s o s ex e r m en a ore , c a e ars o av e

b i d
e e n carr e till 1 8 37 I h on t b t N wb ld t t, th t t av e no see n, u e o s a e s, a a

2 5 0 fee t cam e a b ed of
q uartzose and m icace ous sand, from wh i ch ,
“
at 35 0 fee t, th e an ur
g b rou h
g t u
p th e lo we r h alf of th e h u m e rus of
som e ani m al of th e canine s ec ie s p . Th en cam e bl ac k p e at clay ,

imb ddi g bl k b
e n ac car onis e dw oo d, b twe ee n p e s t and lignite , and

p f tly b i d w
e r ec car o n se ood, rese m bli ng th e c oal of Assam , in rolle d

lum ps th e latte r from a d pth

e of 392 fee t . Lastl y , two fragm e nts
 -
r o ar e m c e e s ]; nnr o s rrs . 32 9

of a fossi l Te studo, and a rolle d fragm ent of ve sicular b asalt, we re

b ro ugh t p from th e de th of 4 5 0 fe e t
u p .
”

Th e p b
de osits e low th e q uartzose and m icace ou s sand m ay , p e rh a s, p
be re fe rre d to th e m ioce ne p e ri od.

S a nds , S h e ll-Conc r e te a nd Conglom e ra te s .

— Th i s form atio n, w h ich
o v e rlie s bl l y pi
th e l
ue c a , oc c u e s se v e ra s
q u are m ile s of th e pl ia ns i n th e
i slan d f B b y dp
o om h i a , an re se nts a or z ontal surface , rai sed, as b e fo re

s tate d b t 20 f t b
, a ou h igh w t ee a ov e - a e r m ark, at s pi r n -ti de s
g . I t i s c h ie fly
c om p d f y ll w d d b d f
ose o e o san , an e s o sm all sh e lls, w h ich i n som e p arts

p as s i nto a coarse c o n
glom e rate of
grave l and rou n e d d p bbl e e s, fo rm ed

f rom th e de br is of th e tra pp k f
e a n ro c s o th e loca t li y .

Th e sands c h ie fly o ccu py th pp p
be com ing m ore sh ollv
e u er art, and,

p
do wnw ards, ass i nto e ds of s e s h ll a nd s h e ll-b
co ncre te w h ic h , agai n,
c h an e s to c oa rse co nglo m e rate at th e
g o ttom b .

Th e sh e ll-c onc re te is su fl
i i c e ntl
y c onsoli dtd a e to form a rou gh

b ui ldi n
g m ate rial, and h as b ee n a goo d d e al
q u arrie d for th i s p p
u r ose

but it is o nl
y u se d i n th e co nstru ctio n of th e m e ane st b uildin s, o n
g
ac c o unt o f i ts ch e a p ne ss on th e o ne h and, and i ts i ndurab ili ty on

th e o th e r.

Th e sh e ll yb e ds are c h i e y
fl com p d
ose o f sm all bi v alve s wh i ch h av e
lo st th e i r c olo u rs, C a rdi um a nd Te lli na, w i th w h i ch are m ixe d a fe w
u niv alve s, Tur bo , C e r i th i u m , an d N e ri ta, and h e re and th e re a large
Troch us and Tu rri te lla , and a th i n p ly P l
e ar a cuna — i n sh ort s p e c ie s

of all th e ge ne ra now to b e fo un d o n th e sh o re s o f th e isla nd of Bo m

b ay . Ye t, i f a h andful O f th e form er b e ta k en u
p i ndis c rim i nate l , a n d y
c om p are d w ith o ne fro m th e latte r, a p e rc e p b ti le di ff e re nc e e tw e e n b
th e m , in dp e e nde ntl y of w ant of c olour, w ill b e se e n, in th e p e cu liar

p re v ale nce o f one s p e ci e s o ve r anoth e r .

Th b d e se e s re st o n th e bl ue cla yi nlan d , and are cov e re d by th e p re

se nt b ht e ac ow a rds th e se a . In no i nstanc e h av e I e v e r se e n a trac e

O f any th i ng li k e arti fici al re m ai ns o r h um an b o ne s i n th e m .

At K u rrach e e th e re i s a si m ilar se ri e s, c o nsis ti n

g O f sands and c o n
glo

m e rate s a b ov e , w i th blue cla

y s bl e o w , re s ti n
g o n th e sands and co n lo
g
m e rate s o f th e m i oc e ne p e rio d also i n th e b k ac -w ate rs o n th e Mala bar
C oast, ne ar Q uilon , and at Ca p e Com ori n
( Ge nl C ulle n). .

F re sh w a te r .

R eg ur, or Black S oi l .
- Th i s is i n som e p arts from 2 0 to 4 0 fe e t i n
k
th ic ne ss, and is c o ns ide re d th e b e s t c o tto n gro u nd . It consists o f

a fine , bl k ac
g
,i llac e ou s m ould, w h i ch c o ntains i n i ts low e r
ar a rt p
nodule s, and e v e n be ds of k u n ur and e k
l alluvi um , and re se nts o n p bb y p
330 GEO LO GY o r I NDIA .
[J A N .

i ts su rface scatte re d angular fragm e nts of th e ne igh b ouri ng roc k s,

p artic ularl yf ra m e nts o f ch e rt a nd

g j p as er from th e i nte rtra pp e an laca s
trine fo rm ation, wi th calce d oni es, fragm e nts o f
g g q ua rtz, e ode s, a ate s,

&c . fro m th e tra pp ean roc k s . It e x is ts in large trac ts h e re and th e re ,

an d see m s to h av e b e e n ch i e fly d e ri v e d fro m th e isi nte gra ti on o f th e d

trapp k b t th i th i diff
e an ro c s ; f pi i
u on s e re s a e re nce o o n on .

V y y d C h i ti gi i t th i
e se an igi t wh i h N wb ld i pp
r s e d
ve s or n, o c e o s o ose .

Th l tte bj t t it th g d th t th di i t g ti f th
a er o ec s o on e rou n s a e s n e ra on o e

t pp k yi ld bl k il d h h “ ” ”
ra e an roc d d s t e s a re an no a ac so , an t at t e

l ti
e e va f th f
on o f y f th t t f g b th t f
e su r ace o m an o e rac s o re ur a ov e a o

h b d f th p
t e e t i
s o g h e w i h i t t i
re se n h i li y
r v e rs, to et er t s e x e ns ve or zo nta t ,

i di t
n d p it f
ca e ag l e b os g th h
ro m fl i til e ne ra su m e r e nc e ra er t an uv a e

t p t H l
rans or id
. d i t bl k l d t b
e a so c ons e re s ac co o ur ue o car o nac e o us

a d i m b t w th t i t i
x tu re , difl
u i lt t p i t
o ns t h igia f s as cu o on ou t e or n o
”
one as th at of th e o th e r.

H e re Ne w b ld o se e m s not to h av e re colle cte d th e bl k ac su rface

p re se nte d by th e tra pp e an roc k s, w h ich cle arl yp rov e s th at w h e n th e i r

p article s are th us th o rough l y p d ex ose to th e ac ti on o f th e ai r, su n, and

wate r, for a ce rtai n tim e, th y d b e o e c om e bl k ac ; w h i le the disi nte

g ratie n k
of b
th e sel w th roc f s i .
g e olly d b te tsu r ace s e ne ra re , u no

a lw y f
a s, ti h y p
or som e i m es
g y t g e i h b w
ass nto a k re or re e n s rown ac en .

H th
e nce , h d di i t g t d p
e n, t e re i l b s n e h h f
ra e h art c e s e ne at t e su r ac e , w en

eq ll
uay p d t exth ose i by t o p t i h
e a r
g t l b b l
ra nsk or , m a so e co m e ac .

With f t th
re e re nce l t d p i ti
o e f h e e va e
g i p ost on o t e re ur n som e ar s,

an d th g t h i e t li y
re a f i or zon a t i th t h o igh b
ts trac s n o e rs, t e se m t e

ac cou n et d f by th h g f l l wh i h h t k pl i
or e c an e s o e ve c av e a en ace s nce

th i d p i t
e r e i os th ,
i
o r s nce f h l w e m p t f th goce ne e ra, or t e o er ar o e re ur

m us t I th i k b l g t
, n ,hi p i d e on di oh i t li ty
s er o
y h ; an ts or z o nta m a ave

b ff t d p i t it ph l i h
een e ec e re v ous o w y s u h t f h e av a , n t e sa m e a as t a o t e

a ll i l p l i
uv a f h Id
a n o t e
y t h g t i
n us or an th t f o er re a r v e r, e s re am s o

wh i h c t tly
, cons an y i g i th i p iti f v ar n id t i d
n e rl t os on rom s e o s e , at as

l e av e l t
an a m os pl i e ve n an .

Th igi f th
e or g n o
g i e re t b w d by
ur, a a n, se e m sth f l l w i g o e ans e re e o o n

q ti
ue s — W h
ons h b f
at th as e co m e f o i l e e norm ous am o u nt o m ate r a

th t h a b w th
as d
een d w h d ff th
ea e re pp ff i
an as e
g o e tra e an e us ons, am o n

h d ly pi f i b f d
,

w h i h thc i e re s now ar a crate r o r a e ce o s co r a to e ou n ?

Wh d e re y p f
oe s a n h t pp ff
art o i l
t e y h ra
g ? A
e an e d us ons ov e r a t e re ur n

f ro mw h t ld a k th th t pp
o er roc s ld h an h e b ra e an c o u t e re ur av e ee n
g
d i d ? O if i t
e r ve ld h r b w
co u d i d f av e h lde e n, or k as e r ve rom t e o e r ro c s,

h t g i h
w a , b
a a n, f th as t i l
e c om e oi i gf th di i t g ti
e m a er a ar s n rom e s n e ra on

o f h pp
t e tra ? e an one s
 3 150 3 5 ? no nm a r ro ns . 33 1

Th at th e re gu r m ay p tly bl k d by th g wth d
h av e be e n ar ac e ne e ro an

d p i ti f g f g t bl tt i it
e com os on or a e s o I th i k will
ve e a e m a er n no one , n ,

d y b t th t th l t d t i t l f ti i I di wh i h pp t
en ; u a e as e r a orm a on n n a, c a e ars o

h b i di t ly p d d by h t pp fl i
av e een m m e a e re c e h ld b
e t e ra e an e
‘

us o ns, s ou e

c h i fly d i d f
e er ve y th k d
rom i an y th w o y h h
e r roc s, an n an o er a t an t at

wh i h I h
c i d
av e m e nt onet i p ibl wi h th f t t
, se e m s o m e nc om at e t e ac s a

o ur com m an d W h pp ff i . e re fi d t
t e tra ll p e an e us ons c on ne o a sm a s ac e ,

th t
e m at e rw ld b diff ou t b wh we i d th t
e re n f h ut en e co ns er a o ne - o urt

o f Hi d t P p
n us an i w rod by i
e r s no h t f t pp cov e re a c ont nuous s ee o ra e an

roc k d th t dyk d ll p t h i i th g
s, an a e s an p fh
sm a a c e s e x st n e re ate r art o t e

h
ot e r th f th
ree - ourll f wh i h i s, i bly
a o d df h i c are nconce va re uc e rom t e r

or igi l dina i th i t
m e ns ons, f l g t t f bl k
e e x s e nce o h th g h ar e rac s o ac e art ro u

ou t I di n t b
a se e m s t l o q e h f
as na u ra ti f a conse ue nce as t e orm a on o

o ld t t f
e r s ra a p ti
rom d i
a n e ru f k i th i i i i y
on or e stru c t o n o roc s n e r v c n t .

— Th th
us i f
e m ti i S i d
oce ne orm a d p f th f il ons n c n e a re so m a e u o e o ss s

an dd b i e f th N
r s o liti S i ewh i h i um m u di ly p dd h i
c e r e s, c m m e ate re c e e t e r

form a ti th t it b
on, a t f di ffi l y
e co m e s i a t m a te r
y o cu t som e t m e s o sa

whi ch i s wh ich .

L ly ast , th e facts m e nti one d by C p t i a a n Nicolls, i

v z . th a t at th e
v illage o f Narainp ore , i n C e n t l I di
ra 9 n a, m ile s so u th o f Sau go r, 2 fe e t
of bl k ac soil in o ne pl ace re s ts o n 2 fe e t or [ 8 inch e s o f no du lar b as alt,

w h ich , th e re fo re , m ust be d e com p osi n

g , sh ows th at th e w h ole of th is

b asalt w ill soon b e c om e a p art of th e bl k ac so il ; wh ile Dr . Adam ,

afte r h av i ng state d th at th is is th e p re v aili ng soil i n th e p ar t of Bundel

kh und ov e r w h i ch h e trav e lle d, adds
“
Th e bl k ac soil h as e v ide ntl yb een d i df e r ve rom th e de com p osition

o f so m e of th e m an y i
v ar e tie s o f t p kra ro c , m ost p b bly
ro a am yg d a

loid g or re e n ea rth , w h ic h a pp e ar to h av e re s te d at o ne ti m e ov e r th e

grani te i n th e h ills of Bu nde lkh und . Th e tra p roc k s at Ge rawah and

Bis ra m g und
j , and th e g lo u l a r b
v ari e t y of K ali ngh ur, m a
y also

h av e h ad a sh are in fo rm ing i t As re m
. I ar k ed be fo re , m an y of th e
t ra p b ld ou e rs are now in a so ft state , b orde ring on e arth , a nd can be
re d d p
uce to ow de r w i th th e gre ate s t e as e . Th e soil im m e diate l y
arou n d h ,
t e re c an be no b
do u t, is form e d of th e i r de br is , a nd as th e

pl i a n i n ge ne ral re se m bl es th at, w e m a
y re aso na bly i nfe r th a t i t also

ack nowle dge s a sim ilar sou rc e .

”

X III .

RE C E N T F o n h ra rro x s '
.

Th e se I ne e d no t de sc ri b e ; th e y m a
y b e se e n on b
ou r e ach e s, and

i n th e alluv i al de p osi ts of th e riv e rs wh i ch form th e b d

o un ari e s o f th e

trac t w e h ave h ad un d e r consi d e ration.

332 e no no e v or I NDI A .
[J A N .

Th e ory .

As a th e or y of th e ge ological form ation of a countr i s fre que ntl y y

b
de si ra le fo r th e ri h t u nde rstandi ng and rem e m
g rance of th e facts b
c o ntai ne di n i ts ge ological de sc ri ti o n, so fe e l calle u p I d p on to te rm i
nate th is
“
S um m ar
”
y
w i th a fe w o serv ations o n th e b m anne r and

se que nce i n wh ic h th e di fl '

e re nt fo rm ations o f I ndia a pp e ar to h av e
b p d d If p tly
'

een ro uc e . At th e sam e ti m e eel th at i t is e rfe c u se le ss to

atte m pt h i f t s urth e r b ack th an th e com m e nce m e nt of th e O olitic
S e rie s, fo r i t w ill h av e b e e n see n by th e fore going p age s, th at th e re is
little or noth i ng to assi st us i n th e o rizing re s p e cti ng th e form a ti on or

p osition of th e Plutonic Roc k s and M e tam orp h i c Strata p re v io u s to

th is p e riod, and th at e v e n sinc e , ou r k nowle dge of th e su se q ue nt b fo r
m ations is so sca nt y th t it h dly j tifi
a ar us e s a con e c tu re j .

L e avi n
g th e re a d th t pply with
e r, e n, o su h is i m a
g i nati on th e state

and p osi tio n of th e Plutonic Rock s an d M e tam or p h ic S trata re vious p

to th e c om m e nce m e nt of th e O oliti c dp e osi ts, I w ld ou sugge st for
c onside rati o n

lst — . Th at th e O olitic Se ri e s, wh ich a pp e ars to c ontai n th e c oal bd e s

o f I nd ia
*w as de p o site d by riv e rs fl owi n fro m th e north
, g .

2 nd — . Th at th e m ari ne b e ds of th is se ri e s, ( i ndic a te d by th e i r sh e ll y
nature, ) at th e so uth e rn e x tre m it y of I ndia, and i n C ntch , se e m to

p oint to th e ou ts k i rts of th is d lt
e a, or th e m argin of
p u re salt-wate r,
d uri n
g th is p e rio d .

3rd — h at th i s
. T d lte a, vi z . th e gre ate r p art of I din a, w as raise d
ab ov e th e le ve l of th e se a b e fore th e C re tace o us and N um m u litic Pe rio ds
c om m e nce d, w h ile i ts e aste rn and w e ste rn b orde rs, e x te ndi ng to th e
Hi y
m ala as on o ne si d e , and i n th e di re c tion of Sci nde and Belooe h istan
on th e oth e r, still re m aine d u nde r w ate r .

M in— Th at th e de p osi ts o f th e C re taceous and N um m uli ti c Pe riods,

wh ich now form p art o f th e s b ran e s
u -
g of th e Hi m ala
y a m ountai ns,

It m i gh t b e s up p o se d b y som e , th at b e cause th is c oal i s of th e O oli ti c Pe ri od ,

-
li ngli sh c o al o f th e C arb oni fe ro us S e ri e s o ut o f th e I nd i an
i t can ne ve r b e at th e
m k
ar e t b u t th e follo w i ng e x trac t fro m a no te w h i ch a cc o m p a ni e d a p re se nt o f a

sp e c i m e n of Burdw an c oal to th e S o c i e ty , b y J . Ri tc h i e , Es q .
, S u pe ri nte nde n t
of th e P . and O . C o m p any
’
s S te am e rs in Bo m b ay , f u rni sh e s m o st sati sfa c to ry

e v ide nce to th e co ntrary . M r Ri tc h ie

. s tate s -“ I c o nside r th a t i t wi ll b e a v a lu

ab le c oal for ste am p urp oses — At th e M i nt, and als o at th i s C o m p a ny

’
s Wo rk s h o p s
in C alcu tta , i t h as be e n conve rte d i nto c o ke ne a rly e q u al to th a t fro m Engla nd,
and co s ti ng c o ns ide ra b ly le ss .
”
Wh e n th e p ro p o se d rai lway , th e n, i s co m p le te d,

wh ich i s to co nnec t th e We ste rn C oast of I ndi a w i th C alc utta , th e c oal be ds o f I ndi a

w i ll be com e sti ll m o re avai lab le , for th i s m ust p ass th ro ugh th e di stri c ts i n wh i c h
th e y app ear to ab o und m ost, and to be neares t th e surface .
 TH EO R Y . 333

and th e Hl a a ran e o f
g Sc i n d e, & c w e re form
. e d and raise d b a o ve th e
le ve l o f th e sea, le avi ng a gu lf on e ac h si d e , o ne i n th e p re se nt c o u rse

of th e Gange s , and th e o th e r i n th e course of th e I ndus ri ve rs .

M in— Th at th e Mioce ne and Plioce ne de p o si ts w e re form ed i n th e se

g ulfs, a nd w e re also rai se d b a ov e th e le v e l of th e se a, causi ng th e

latte r to re tre at alm ost to it ps re se nt m ar

gi n .

li th — Th at th e allu v ia o f th e Gauge s and Id n us w e re dp e osi te d .

W i th re fe re nc e to th e a dv e nt of th e tra pp e an e ff usio ns , i t w ould

se e m — i f th e coal fo rm atio n re sti n
g on secondar y tra p ”
i n th e
j
Ra m ah al h ills sh o uld h e re afte r p rove to be a p art of th e O oli ti c
dpe osi ts, as Dr M C le lland su
.
’
pp o se s, and also to h av e b een dep o si t

on th is tra p,
— th at th e ra T pp e an Pe rio d e x te nde d from th e d p
e osit

of th e O oli tic Se rie s d ow n to th e b kire a ng u p of th e Mioce ne and

Plioce ne de p os its, inclusiv e l y .

Th e Di am o nd C o nglom e rate w oul d , th e n, h av e b een form e d afte r th e

c o m m e nce m e nt of th e tra pp e an e fli '

us ons, as it re sts u p on th e
O oli tic S e rie s .

Th e de p osi ts of th e I nte rtra pp e an L acus tri ne F orm ation se e m to

i ndi cate a long i nte rv al of v olcani c c e ssati on p re vi ous to th e p
ou t ou ri n
g
of th e b asalt, wh ic h ov e rli e s th e m i n th e Gre at T pp ra e an Di s tri ct.

-
Au th ori i i “ .

Works , P ap ers , and P ri va te M anus crip ts from wh i ch th e inform ation

conta i ne d i n th e fore going Sum m ar y of th e Ge olog y f I di

o n a, &c .
”

h as ch ie fly b e en d e ri v e d .

Wor ks .

—
He yne , Dr Tracts, Hi stori cal and
. ti ons on th e Ge ology of Malwa .

l
S tati st ca ,
i o n l ndi a — 1814 . . A ppe ndi x N0 . 11, v ol. ii .
—
) 1 8 23 .

J ac q ue m ont, V — V oy age dans les I ndes

. M C le lland, Dr — Re port
‘
u on th e Geo
O ri e ntales .
— I S44 . logi cal S u rve y of I ndi a for th e Sessi on
Malcolm , Si
r Joh m — Me m oi r on C e ntral 1 8 4 8 -49 — 1 8 50 . .

I ndi a , i ncludi ng M alwa , Sec .

( C on Tod, C OL— Annals and Anti q ui ti es of

tai ns C ap tai n Dange rfi e ld s O bse rva Raj asth an

’
.

A bbrevia ti m w — Jo urual . of th e Roy al Asi ati c S oci e ty , Ii . R A S

. . .
—Asi ati c
Re se arc h e s , As . Res .
—Gleani ngs i n Sc i e nce , 6 1 in S e . .
— J ournal of th e Asi a ti c
Soci e ty of B e ngal, Jl A . . S . Bl —Madras
. J ournal of Li terature and S ci e nce ,

I t w as y i
m nte nti on to h av e gi ve n a li s t of th e ti tles o f th ese a
p p ers i n cz te ns o,

b u t i t woii ld take u p m o re ro om th an can be a orde d I m ust th e re fore be conte nt fl '

wi th g i v i ng th e nam es of th e p ub li cati ons only i n wh i ch th e y are to b e foand

resp e c ti ve ly .
334 GEO LO GY or I ND IA .
 A U TH O R T ES . I I 335

Mad Jl Li t . . . and Se —Tranaacti ons of th e Li te rary Soci e ty of Bom bay , Trans .

Li t 8 . . By — Jo urnai . of th e Bom bay Branch of th e Roy al Asi ati c S oc ie ty , 1 1 . By .

B R A S — Transactions of th e Geograp h i cal Soc ie ty of Bom bay Trans Geog

. . . .
,
. .

S B
.
y
—Transae ti ons of th e Geologi cal S oci e ty of London Trans Ge ol S L
.
, . . . .

Adam —
Dr Jl A 8 B
, i . . . . . J enki ns, C ap t F . .
— As Rea —Jl A 8 Bi . . . . .

Ay to na , Li e ut —Jl Geog 8 By . . . . . K i ttoe , C ap t —Jl A 8 . . . Bi .

Be nza , Dr .
—Ji . A . S . Bi —Mad . . Jl . Lus h , Dr —Jl A S . . . . Bi 4 . l . By B . .

Lit . and Se . R A S . . .

C o ulth ard, C ap t S . .
—As . Res . M alco lm son, Dr J G - Jl A 8 . . . . . . Bl .

C antle y , C ap t —Jl A 8 B i . . . . M ad Jl Li t and Se —Jl By

. . . . . . B R . .

C h ri sti e , D r — Mad Jl Li t and Sc . . . . . A . S .

— Trana Geog S By . . . .
-Trane .

C op land, Dr — Trans Li t S
. . . . By . Geol S L «
tto , 2 nd S er
. . . .

C ole , Dr .
— M ad Jl Li t . . . and S e . —Ji . A 8 . . Bl .

C alder, J — As Res . . . Ne wboi d, C ap t —Jl . R A . . S —Ji A S

. . . .

Di x on, C ap t —Jl A 8 . . . Bi . Bl — Mad. . Ii . Li t . and Se —Jl By . . .

Dea n, B -Jl A 8 B i . . . . . BR A S
. . . .

Everest, Re v R — O i Se —Jl A 8 Bi . . . . . . . . Osb orne , G —Jl A 8 Bl . . . . .

Bgerto n, Si r P — Trana Ge ol S L 8 ve . . . . . . O use le y C ap t —Jl A 8 B ,

l . . . .

Bth ersey , C ap t —Trans Geog 8 By Orle bar A B—Jl B y BR A 8 . . . . . . .

P ri nse p Dr J —
. .
. . .
,

Frank li n, C ap t J —As Res . Ji A 8 Bi . . . .

P i ddi ngton M —Jl A 8 Bi

. . .
.
, .

Pi nni s, Li e u t J .
—Jl . A 8 . . Bl .
, . . . . .

Falco ner, Dr .
—I i . A 8 . . Bl . S te rli ng C ap t —As Re s , . .

Pui ij am es, Cap t — i i . . . A . S . L—

D Ji . S p i lsb ury Dr —Jl A 8 B i , . . . . .

By B R . . . A S . .
—Trans Geog 8 By . . . . S m i th Li e ut B —,
l
J A 8 Bl —Mad . . . . . . .

F orbes, Pro f E . . Ge ol S L 8 ve . . . . JI Li t
. . and Se .

F orbes , Dr F — Trans . . . Ge og 8 B y . . . S h e rwi ll, C ap t —Jl A 8 . . . Bi .

Grant, C ap t —Ge ol S L . . . dto, 2nd Se r . Sy k es, C OL—Trans Ge ol S L 4 to, 2 nd . . . .

—Jl . A 8 . . Bi . Bar . and Bra —Mad . Jl Li t . . and

Hardi e , Dr —As Rea . . . 8c .

— Ji . A 8 B l . . .

H e ge l, Baro n —Jl A . . 8 . Bi . Th om son, Dr — Mad Jl Li t S c

. . . . .

H obbe rt, C ap t —As Res . . Ve yse y , Dr .

—As . Rea —Jl . A 8 . . Bi .

Hislop , Re v S —Ji B y B R A 8 . . . . . . . . V i cary , C ap t —Trans Geol S L 8 vo . . . . .

Hom fray , J —Ji A 8 Bl . . . . .

—
Walker, Dr Jl A 8 Bl ‘
. . . . .

P ri va te M a nusc rip ts .

Be ll Dr
, . T L , H H Nizam
. . . .
’
s Se rv ice . C onstabi e , Li e ut C G , I ndi an Navy . . . .

Bradle y , Dr . W H, H H . . . . Ni zam ’
s Ni coi ls, C ap t . W T , Mad ras
. . Arm y .

S ervi ce Tay lor, C ap t Meadows, H H Ni aam ’

. . . . s

C ullen, Maj or General, Resi dent, Tra S e rvi ce , De p u ty C o m m i ssi oner of th e

Weste rn Ce de d Distri cts .

Mr Fraser s p aper i n th e Geol Trans Loud 4 to, Ne w Seri es, Part 1

.
’
. . . of vol. v.

I h ave not be e n able to ob tain.

Aa r [ IL — D escrip ti on of K oolvee, i n M a lwa
th e C a ves f
'
. o .

By E I n e s v , Esq
. .
, Res ide ncy Su rge o n, Indore .

Pre se nte d 1 9th May 1 8 5 3 .

Ta n: di scover y of anoth e r se ri e s of Budh istical caves in C e ntral

I di
n a, i n th e ne igh b ourh ood of Ujj ayuni, is not pe rh a s p so m u ch

m atte r of sur rise , consi de ri n

g p th e Budh isti cal te nde ncy for so m an y
ce nturi es of Avanti, th e co untr y of th e gre at Asbka
’
s conve rsion and

re i
gn, as th at th e y h av e b een so long un di vu lge d and un esc ri d bd e ,

th ough wi th in a fe w m iles of a m ilitar y canto nm e nt.

Th e i r e x iste nce cannot be sai d to be altoge th e r unknow n ; for not

d d di t i t f S dw
w ith stan i ng th e i r si tuati on in th e w il y s rc o oan ara, e ve r

vi ll g wi th i
a e l il dp t k w th
n se ve ra by m b t e s roun rov e s o no em nam e ; u

th i s ly t d t
on h w h w h en s
y b b gh t t li
o s o
gh t w h o m uc m a e rou o en

dilig t i q i y i t f t d th t it i ly by h
en n u r s se
p on oo , an a s on suc m e ans, er

i gly
se ve r n y t ti lly p d th t wh t t d di
or s s e m a i
ca ursue , a a are e rm e scov e r e s

d d h idd b t ti ll p t t t
are m a e , an l d e n, u s a en , reasure s re v e a e .

F w th i g
e p hp h t b
n s are g tt d th t t h ig
er a s so m uc o e re re e , as a e ex en

cies of th e se rvice , or rath e r th e financial re qui re m e nts of th e State ,

sh oul d h av e le d to th e arre st, or c e rtainl y th e cu rtailm e nt, of th e
e nligh te ne d i
v e ws an d di re ctions of th e H onora bl e Court of Di rec tors,

re
gar di ng th e re cor d by m eans of illustration and d escri pti on o f th e
di fl '

e re nt arch i te ctural and anti uarian re m ai ns

q th at are k w no n to be
sp re a d
I di W th
ove r n i i a f. th i p p e re t w k e co m m ss on or s u r ose a or

i
o r an ze
g d k t h d, t by
as th H
s e c b l C e t t h
oui l b e onora e our , e r a ou rs,

t i
e x e ns v e asth y w i t d d t h e b e re t till h b y d
n en e o av e ee n, m us s reac e on

th li it f d li
e m ti
so d b e d dine a on, an y di i d em race an en n m an sc ov e r e s, an ,

wh i h i q i t
c s i p t t th u e ti
as fm y d ip ti f
or a n , e corre c on o m an escr ons o

an tiq i ti lit lly

u e s, d f i h f lly gi
e ra p h p b t ti ti lly d
an a t u v e n, e r a s, u ar s ca an

criti lly d fi i t
ca e c en .

I t d f d t i gf
ns e a o ti th lik lih
e e rr n d f h b dy b i g
rom no ce , e e oo o suc a o e n

at w k pp t
or a h ears i ti t o m e y i d t ili g
rat e r an nce n ve o accurac n e a n

k w bj t f f w h th pp t ity f q i i g k wl dg
u n no n o e c s, or e av e e o or un o ac u r n no e e

on th p i t by
e se p ll y
o ns p i g t h n tiq i
e rsona i i com ar n e a uar an re m a ns n
 c a v e s or x oo nv na . 337

th e di flere nt p arts of I di
n a, and fe we r still th e i nclination to e nte r on

T
i t, th ough in th e ransactions of th e Socie tie s of Bom by a and Be ngal ,

C olone l S es note s, Dr
’
yk ilson s re se arch es, . W ’
and Mr Fe rgusson s
.
’

works and p la tes, som e th i ng m ore th an su e rficial p knowle dge m a

y b e

acqui re d .

C e ntral I din a, as d fi d by
e ne Si r Jh o n Malcolm , h avi ng Bundle
kh nnd and Guze rat for i ts e as te rn and we ste rn b d
oun aries, th e H urow

te e and V in h dy an ran e s
g for i ts north e rn and sou th e rn, h as b ee n th e
ce ntre of as m an y re li gious as dy nasti es and th ough th e li m its b
a o ve

g i ve n are still re taine d by th e p aram ount pw o er for p liti

o cal re asons.

th e tract geogra h icall p y cons id dh

e re as v e r y m uch large r sco e p .

If th e li m it d p e orti on, or Malwa , can clai m from Vikram aj i t a

Brah m anie al associati on alm ost sy ncronous wi th ou r e ra, i t can als o

e num e rate am ong th e re cor s of i ts d c ree ds th at of Budh a , two ce nturie s

p re vi ous , i n th e p e rson of th e gre at Ash k a, wh ile se ve ral ce nturi e s

afte r, Baj a Bh oj a and th e J i

a ns t e sta lish e
e - b d th e sam e re ligion in a

diff e re nt and co rru pt d e form , and we re still late r succe e d d by th

e e

Mussulm ans i n th e e le ve nth ce ntur y A .

Each of th e se p e rsuasions h ave le ft in th e countr y am pl e re cor s d

of th e ir e xiste nce th e Budh istical bi e ng, h owe v er, th e m ost fl
di i cult
to fix wi th any c e rtai nt y b th
, o from th e i r gre ate r anti qui t y and th e
b
a se nce of inscri pti ons o r oth e r insignia th an th e stru cture s th e m se lv es,

wh ich are u se fu l for th e p p f h ur ose o c ro nolo

gy onl y by com p arison

wi th si m ilar or co-e v a l b i ldi g l wh

u n s e se e re .

More is u nne ce ssar y i th i pl th

n s ace an an e num e rati on of th e latte r
m enti one d , and forem ost of th ese is th e gre at Sth upa (i n th e countr y
te rm d Bit h ) t S h i
e t a a anc , near Bh ilsa , wi th i ts b
e la orate and si ngular

g t w
a ey d b l t
a s d an a us ra e, its d
atte n ant tum uli and th e dt
e a ch e db t u

infe rior ones, am ounti n

g to si x or se v e n on th e Ji ne a b ill, a oub t6
m iles di ts ant, and, if I m istak e not, a fe w m inor ones at Gyarasp ore ,
20 m ile s to th e e astwar d ; all th ese h av e b e e n rec e ntl y p d by
o e ne

j
Ma or C unni ngh am , Be ngal Enginee rs, wh o fou n d I b li
, e e v e , re li cs of

diff e re nt ki nds , and as h is wor k is b

a ou t b i g p bli h d
e n u s e at th e
p
e x e nse of th e H onora bl e C ourt, th e worl d wi ll find at h is h an d s a

m ore criti cal notice th an coul db b e rough t to b e ar on th e m by m ost

arch wologis ts in I din a.

Th e ne x t Budh istical m onu m e nts of i m portance are th e cav e s of

Bhgh , in Bath , sai dt o b e four in num b e r, b ut wh i ch iscov e re to Id d
am ount to e igh t, four of th e m large v i h ara, and also a se con d se ri es

m uch dil pid t d E pt

a a e . x ce at j
A unta, and I dou t if b ev e n th e re , th e re
is so con nuous ti ly l g ar e a se rie s.
338 c av e s o r x o onv nn .
[J A N .

Th rou h
g th e li erali t b y of Mr Ham ilton th e Re si
.
, d e nt of I ndore , I
h av e a nati v e pl y d i py
artist e m p
o e lf n co i ng som e ai ntin s
g a - rese o,

wh i h I h pp
c ad t h it p e ne th o j i t t i w ll f tw f
u on on e con o n e x e r or a o o o

th ese cav es, d th i an pl ti will bl t de r co m e on e na e m e o ren e r a m ore

i t lligi bl d
n e i p ti
e f th
e scr t th A i ti S i ty
on o em o e s a c oc e .

Th f D
e cav e s o Ch dw
a m ne r, near f lly 8 0 il NNW f un as sa, u m es . rom

Bbgh w , h e re ly th t e on t h t f o k w b tI h
er se w t e re o ore no n, u av e no o

a dd th f K l
ose o b t 4 0 il t th
oo ve e , a ou t f D dI
m es o e e as o am ne r, an

m a
y ti
m en i i don t lly p
nc t f
en a t A b ,
wi th i 1 5
re or il fo one a oot n m es o

K l d
oo v ee , an t A gu 2 4
one a il h u Th l tt I i i t d
r, m d e s sou t . e a er v s e , an

foun d th t it h d f ll i th w i f t id
a a a en n f f
e re l g e re n ron ev e nce s o our ar e

p l i pill th
a n ars t l g th
e m e asu re m e n w ll w 2 4 f t wh i h
a on e re ar a as ee , c

w as i t wi d th th l gth b i g b t 4 0 f t i t w
s , e en e ndi i ti i a ou ee , as m nu v e n

h igh t
e d th l t i t
, an ef h d gi a er w y e dt
roo bl d i t th a ve n a an um e n a e

t
ce n re It i. w pp p i t d t
s no a f th ro ira e f f Vi ho one o e v ar ous orm s o s nu,

th e t i l b i g t
r soo pdi
e n l pl
s am e th d
n se v e ra i gl ace s on e re m ean n ess

f
sur ace , wh i h w h c t d d l
as t us conv e r e t d i t di i ity wi h t an e e va e n o a v n t ou
“
f orm i d by
or v o th p ”
t f H i
e d re se n race o n oos .

Th K l e I i it d fi t i D b 1 8 5 1 I w th
oo v e e eav e s v s e rs n e ce m er . as e n,

I b li the e ve , d E p wh h d b th
e se con uro ean d th y ot a een e re , an e cam e o

m
y k wlnod g th e g h e i d t
rou l ti g w i th
an acc C p t i M en ai m ee n a a n orr son,

O ffi i ti g P liti l Ag t t K t h wh h d j i d th R i d
’
c a n o ca en a o a , o a o ne e es e nt s

cam p th t y a it b kw d
e ar on h t I d
s ac f ar t wh i hm arc o n ore , rom a o ur c

h d i l d d th bl M k d P d H lk
’
a nc u e e m e m ora e o t g un urra ass, an o ar s s ron

h ldo dfan d y Hi gl i gh
ou n e r , n as ur .

I conse
q t ly t k
ue n pp t i t
ooy f th an o p b i g i
or unth igh o e cam e n n e ne

b h dt
our oo k d t t th
o m a e a f e ourG g o th t w e d ca v e s rom u n rar, e o n an

f t or re ss so re m ar a k bl i th h i t y f M lw d th e n e l f th
s or o a a, an e anna s o e

H lk f ily f th
o ar am ,pl it f th f
or e ex i fo s o T l h e am ous or n am ous o o see a

Bh i wh il i p
a s, e i n f th p osse ss on o f M lh R H lk e d e rson o u ar ae o ar, an

f h
or t e d f Bl
m ur e r S th
o t i
a aram di t ly p di g d e , e ve n s m m e a e re ce n an

d i gt th b ttl f M h idp
con uc n o e a d th
e o ti
e f th Biti h ore , an e connec on o e r s

G ove rnm e nt with M lw i di t ly I ti G g th

a a m ore m m e a e . no ce un rar us

p rom i t ly
ne n b ,I th e cause t i p fi ld l
e re m e g t l b n an o e n e a ar e e re c s a ,

wi th h k
a su n or c bla d b l w l gth
ra as an e m d i ipti
em , an e o a en e ne nsc r on

in a f ormf S g k it f wh i h I h d f
o un s r , i il t k
o c d it i a a ac s m e a e n, an as s,

I b li f th fi t ti
e ev e , or ed p bli I d i t t th S i ty f
rs m e m a e u c, se n o e oc e or

translation .

A h astv su m m ons b k ac to cam pp re v e nte d m y com pl tie ng a re ort p

on th e caves, and b oth on th at account and a d esi re I alwa s y fee l to
 c av e s or x o onv na . 339

revisit a place of i nte rest to test th e re cor d of first im p re ssions, I m a ed

a se con d i p ti ns e c on of th e m .

Th y w fi t
e e re rs nam e dt o m e as th e cav e s of K ye sra, but I f d itoun

b oth a m isnom e r and m i dis re cti on, for th e y are close to, and ov e rh ang

th e town of K oolv e e , 2 m iles di t s ant from Ky ce ra .

Th e ne are st town of an y i p m ortance i D

s u gh , longitude 24 E °

latitu d e 76
°
1 N
'
.
, i t i s th e h e ad of a
form i ng wh at is calle
u
p g
r unna, d
th e C h aom e h lah , i n th e p rinci alit p y
of K otah w h ich asse to th at , p d
State by t ty re a wi th us afte r th b ttl
e a e of M e h idpore ; i t is di t s ant

from K oolvee vi d Malp ore , abou t 6 m ile s, and v isi bl e from i t . Th e

oth e r large towns ne ar are Augur, 2 4 m ile s, M e h idp ore 4 0, Ujj ay un
60, Jalrapatun 35 .

Th e bill i n wh ich th e i s i solate d, p e rh a

cav es are , p s 2 00 fe e t h igh
its ge ne ral ire cti on d e ast and w e st, contrar to th e y ax i s of th e h ills
arou n d
Runni ng all rou n i t, b ut
. d p i i p lly i
r nc a n th e north and south

p i ip l
face s, w h e re th e r nc a cave s are , is a low scar p , nowh e re 30 fee t
h igh p p di l ly b k
er e n c u ar , ro e n and s plit up by fi ssure s and sli s p into
i g l
rre u ar d p j m asse s an ro e ctin g b l k oc s . Th e se con diti ons p re v e nt

an yth i g lik ti ity b i

n e con nu e ng e x p td ec e , or any h e igh t or m agnitu e d
t th
o bj t
e o e c s.

Th e su rface of th e h ill is flt a , and d li ity b l w

th e ec v e o th e sc ar p ve r y
gradual, and cov e re d with b rush w oo d fb b l b h k
o a u , e r, u nte r, &c . Th e
only t f ree o any i
s zebig e n a tam i d t th
ar n t, a e e n rance of th e te m ple,

p b bly lik
ro a e th e m , th e wor k of m e n s
’
h d an s .

Geologicall y th e form ati on of th e h ill i s of late ri te , of wh ich a se ries

of sm all h ills e x te n s d SE from . C h undw assa, te rm i nati ng at Augur, a

stre tch o f 50 m iles in le ngth and 1 0 in b dh re a t . Th e tow ns of D ugh ,

Augur, Barode , &c . are situate d on i t, th e form ation d oes not e n a e

gg
th e va y (wh th bl k il
lle s e re l e M lw ) b t th
ac so o ccurs as usua ov e r a a , u e

h ill l ly
s so e ppi g b lt d t p d it i th ly i t
, ca n asa f an ra , an s e on ns ance o

l t it th t I h
a er e at f w tw d ave m e I b t it i y so ar es ar . n su s ance s ver co arse ,

an di l g f g
n ar et lik g l t
ra m e n s p dd i g t b di
e con
g om e ra e , or u n s one , a oun n

i i
n ron w h i h i p t th cl t it
m S h har s t i ti f e co our o . uc c arac e r s cs o course

are ill d p t d f a a i t e f d t il fi
or m f ti
nu e ne ss od e a or ne ness o e xecu on, an

with th di d t g th l ti f th b ill w ld b
ese sa van a e s e se e c on o e ou e u nac count

a bl b t f th ft
e, u f th
or t i l
e d f i t b i g wi th th
so ne ss o e m a e r a s, an or s e n , e

e x cep ti f C
on oh dw t h ly b i l
unl wh i h h p
assa, f y e on c as a scar o an

In m an y p res e c ts th e re fore , te p ograph ically , and as will be see n h e re

after i n oth er wa y s, th e e x cavati ons at K oolv ee rese m le Dum nar, and b
th ese latte r, I am incline dt o th i n k , h ave not rece iv e d at th e h an d s of
340 oav ns or x oo nv na. [J A N .

C olone l T dd M F g o or th tt ti
r. th y
e r usson it Th tie a en on e m er . e an

q y
ui t ig assd t t h ne by b th oi p em t q ti bo t d i
s o en g t h i o ue s o n, u conce n s,

an d th t th y i di t
a e ligi n i t t
ca e a re ft iti h d th i
on n a s a e o rans on, suc an e r

t tw
ex e n ld d ou d f th e m an th orp ig em k m ore an a ass n re m ar .

C l o onel T dd t h o se e m s dt o dily i th
av e concu rre it d oo rea n e conce e

assu m pti f th on o by h i J i Gu u d t f th t
e cav es s a n r , an rans e rs em a once

t th Ti th
o e k th ly t gibl
r an ara th t I
e on an b i g th e cause , a can se e , e n e

p rese nce f t l p
o d f th fig
e o e f B dh b t th
u n e r o ne o e u re s o u , u e

sa m e occurs a t th B egh wh i h
e
q ti
cav e s,b ly B d h i t ic l are un ue s ona u s ca ,

th oug h f t
o d t re ce nd M F g
a e ; any q i tly d i p
r . f
e r usso n v e r u e s oses o

th em i th 8 thn 9th
e t y or ili g p t th
ce n ur hiA. h ip f sa n as em on s s o

th d e t l
e se r t wi th
a m ost h il ou a a .

I h p h ft i f t p p t ti th
o e, e re a e r, na u u re f Ch
a e r, d o no ce ese cav e s o un

w assa or D li ly b t t p
a m ne r m ore e su re wh il , di g
u a re se nt, e v e n e acc or n

to M F g r . ll th
e r usson a di t h d fe th cre t p i d
e e se rv es or e e n er r se an

rese arc h h di pl y i h i d li
e s ti
a s nf I di s tiq i ti
e ne aI t
ons o n an an u es, canno

p ass o ve r wi th t t th ou h i d lg i (i h i
no e e snee r I ll t ti e n u es n n s us ra ons

o f I di n A h it t
an rct th i
e c ure p t y f th H bl a e ncom e e nc o e onora e

C om p y Ofl an i
’
s
q i d d
ce rs to ac u re t d w h t h h an
q i k ly
u n e rs an a e as so u c

g rasp d i
e t w ,ld f ou h i é
se e m
y i th
, it y
rom f p l s a re n e c o a aces .

Hi i d i w ld l d th p bli t pp th t th
s an m a v e rs ons ou ea e t u c o su ose a e se rv an s

o f G t
ov e rnm e n t ly g are ly igno t b t i di ff
on t t th
ross noran , u n e re n o e

o bj t d bj t f i t h i t y i I di b t I t l i f
e c s an su ec s o anc e n s or n n a ; u m us c a m or

th e m th is m uch , th at i t is to th e ir unb idde u e x e rti ons alone , h e h im se lf

and th e worl d at large are in d bt d f

e e or th e p i ip l k
r nc a nowle dg e e x tant

re gar di ng th e m .

Th e cav es of K oolve e , b esi des th e ir m e re p

num e rical am ount, osse ss

som e stri ki ng p e culiarih e s, am ong w h i ch are

'

th i i pli i ty
e r s m dp i i c an r m

ti v e ness, th e isolati on of th e ce lls instea d f th i o bl g i e r asse m a e n a

v ih ar, th e a b se nce of a ch ait a y or cath e d l ra d gb h w h ip

ca ve , e e ors ,

con oine j d wi h t im g
a e adoration and d e coration of th e dagh oba, w h ich
are , with one e x ce pi
t on, i n th e op e n ai r .

Th y e are cut lite rall y ro un d th e e ntire ci rcum fe re nce of th e h ill,

and are b
a out fift y in num b e r, d
i nclu i ng th e dagh oba, but not th e
u nfinish e d scratch i ngs . Th e ir p
ch i e f as e ct is to th e north and south ,

th e scarp b i gd p
e n ee e st at th ose p oints . Th e re are am on st
g th e m si x

dagh obas, e x clusi v e of th e large st and ornam e nte d one , all of wh i ch are

c ut from th e soli d roc k .

With th e e x ce pti on of two ( th e 9th and 1 2 th ) none are pill d are

caves, and e ve n th ese , i t is e vi e nt, are not d e x cav ate d as v ih ara, but as

sh ales or h alls of asse m bly ; and alth ough th e ge ne ral ch arac te r o f th e

 c a v e s or x oo nv na . 34 1

cav es e vi nces th e sam e i re li

ous se nti m e nt, cm nobitism th e re would
g ,

ap p ear to be less of ce ntrali t and com y m uni sm in i t, i n fact less corru p

ti on ; th e dw lli g b i
e n s e ng nearl y all single .

I m m e di t ly i
a e n connecti on wi th each dagh ob, h e re as at Dum nar, is
one large c e ll for th e ch i e f Arh an or Th e re , Ip resu m e , and th ese are

ge ne rall y vaulte d, and wi th th e usual stone -c ouch and

p illow ch arac te r

istic of th e se cav e s .

Th e di m e ns ons o i f b th th pill d
o e are cav e s are m uch th e sam e , 32 fe e t
by 2 4 , bl
o ong . In o ne , ( No . th e d bl
ou e row of
p lain square pill ars

is still sta ndi ng . Th e se are th e sh ale s or asse m bly h b

alls a ove re fe rre d

to ; th e y are v au lt d l
e e ngth -wa s, and at y th e e x tre m it y of th e le ft ce ntre
is a re ce ss of th e us ual sh a e and ornam e nt of p th e p lace for a sm all
dagh ob . O ne of th ese caves is su or b di t t d na e o a e gb e h , wh i ch stan s d
in a court- ard y i n front of i t, fl k d by
an e an e re ct colossal figu re of

Budh , in th e atti tu e of e x d p oun di ng, and th e oth e r to a se ate d 1m a e o

g f
Budh , w h i ch is i n a ce ll o
p p osi te th e p orch flank e d on th e oth e r si de

by di m inu tiv e dagh oba in re li e f.

Th e re st of th e c aves are all solitar y , p

i n grou s of two or m ore ,
attach e d as a pp e ndi ce s to th e dagh o bas or figure s of B d
u h , th e lar e st
g
one big e n neare st to th e o bj e ct of d
a orati on. Th i p e r e culiari tie s

c onsist i n th e re bi e ng i n e ach c e ll a sto ne -c ou c h d p ill w

an o , cut from th e
roc k , u suall yi d
n th e v e ran ah , and of th e rou gh t ki
es d i n n th e cav e s

be ing vau lt d
e , and lit by one or two sm all op e ni ngs ; and in th e ir h avi ng
an i nne r room d
le a ing from th e d
v e ran ah .

Th e ce lls ge nerall y are from 8 to 1 2 fe e t i n le ngth , p p

ro orti onate to
th e i nte n dd
e occu anc p y d ld b 6 f , an se om a ove ee t wi d e th e i nne r roo m ,

w hi ch is fre qu e nt ly lit by tw li t p i o s s, o r O e n ngs into th e v e randah , is

d
se l om b
a ov e 6 fee t s uare ,
q and as th e re i s no ge ne ral lan for th ese p
dw lli g f y
e n s, anc or th e softness of th e roc k
woul ap e ar to h ave d p
di t t d th i f
c a e e r orm .

Th e e ntrances to th e d
v e ran ah s are som e ti m e s in front, at oth e rs at

th e e x tre m i ti es, and th ose of th e inne r ce lls e ith e r di y pp it

re c tl o os e to

th e e nte r one, or d
le a i ng from a si e assage d p . Th i b i g
e r e n li t
invali d ates th e i dea of th i r
e e i ng sb
tore -room s S om . e h pill av e ars at

th e ir e x te ri or e ntrance s, so m e i nte riorl y

largest si ngle ce ll, 2 1
; th e by
7, is at th e rear of th e . ch i e f dagh ob, and ne x t to i t th e large st ou le d b
cell: 2 7 7 by .

In w k or m ansh i p , as in pl an, th ese cav es are of th e m ost si m pl e

ch arac te r, as sim pl e as th e wants of th e ir te nant h e rm i ts, and th ough

j
th e ad uncts of th e ornam e nte d d gbe e h and im age p re vent th eir bi e ng
342 c av ns o r x oonv nn. ( JA N .

rec one k d coe val wi th th ese in C uttack, th ei r tout e nsem ble woul d pl ace

th e m earli e r th an any i n Malwa ce rtai nl y .

Th e dagh oba of th e se ri es are also d ese rvin

g o f atte nti on, from th e i r
size and num b er, and wh at would be st yl de corr up ti on, but wh i ch
a d m i ts, I th in k , of e x pl anati on on oth e r
gro unds . Th y e are se ve n in
num b e r, and th e h igh est m ust h av e b ee n from 30 to 4 0 fee t .

Th y ll i e are a p
n th e o e n ai r, and c ut from th e soli d roc k , and h av e
in d bit bly b
u a een th e great o bj e c ts of worshi p , notwi th stan di ng th at

th e i m a e of
g Budh is d wi h t
ca rve t ou and wi th i n th e m . I n sh a p e th e y
diff er from oth e rs on ly i b i g t p n e n a re se nt wi th out a te e or u m b re lla,

and no t le ngth e ne d pw d wi h
u ar s t so m an y h eadi ngs, fille ts, and sub

di visi ons of th e se as are m e t wi th i n th ose of m o ern d exe c ution, w h ich

m a e k th e m loo k li k t e urre te d pill ars .

Th e d om e or c u o a pl is su p p t d
or e ge ne rall y by a ci rcular frustra m ,

th at re sts on a square b
b i g li d by
ase m e nt, th e i r j unctions e n re e ve a

f wb d i g
e All h w
or e r n s . di ti tly , t d wi th
o fig f
e ve r, are s nc conne c e a u re o

B dh i
u it i g p t
n a s wh i h (wh
t n th y d os ure , t py ll c en e o no occ u sm a

re ce sse s i th t i )
n pl d i
e e x e r or ti i th b dy f h
are ac e n an e x cava on n e o o t e

d gb h p i i
e e , a k w i th
os t on un nof W t I di n n e cav es o es e rn n a .

I th n hi f e c tw p ill e d p one , h h ( ot b ) dd d
arst an a orc av e no een a e o

th d gb h b t f
e e e ,p t f th d ig d it i b i d p f ly
u orm a ar o e es n, an s es es ro use

o rnam e n e t d th i l tt i ; t h w s di ifi d i th l t b t
a er s no , o e ve r, ve rs e n e eas , u

y wh
e ve r p titi f th a
e re a re bj t wh i h I t k t b
e on o e s m e su ec , c a e o e an

ou tli f h d gh b i t lf b tw
ne o t e tw p l i p il t
a o se Th d gh b
, e een o a n as e rs . e a o a

are se ld li t y
om dfso hi f t ar t lik ly
, an i rom i d t t s ac m os e succe ss v e n a e ;
th e f l g t
o ur wi th i
ar e s p f 1 00 y d
are th ll
n a s ac e o ar s, e sm a e r ones

i p i
n a rs .

Th hi fe c lik th
e th i
one , t tf th
e id e f th h ill
o e rs, s cu ou rom e s e o e .

It l w b
s o er t i 30 f t q
ase m e n d 1 0 f t h igh
s d bee it s uare , an ee , an a ove

i i
r se s a c rc u arl f t 1 0 f t h igh d 2 8 f t i di
rus rum t d ee an ee n am e e r an as

th e top of th is is on a lev e l with th e tabular sum m it of th e h ill, th e

d om e , te e and um b re lla, i f i t h ad any , m ust h ave b ee n construc te d,

and iv e n i t a m ax i m um h e igh t of 4 0 or 5 0 fee t

g .

On e x am i ning it close l , fou n y I d e vi d e nces of th is in th e sh ape of

se veral large stones th e top , e aring out th e su

i n si ts ositi on, and
on b pp
a sm all square h ole in th e ce ntre , e vi e ntl th e be d o f a su o rt Th e d y pp .

destru cti ve h an d of ti m e, but m ore lik ly e th e bigotte d zeal of th e

M ussulm ans wh e n h ol ing th e d cou n r t y h , av e consp ire dt o le av e b u t
th is re m nant o f th e d om e . Th at th e latte r is p b bl
ro a I argue from th e
e,

re m ov al of th e ve ry large stones of wh ich th e dom e was m ade, for th e

occ urrence of an
y natural p h e nom e na would h ave done m ore ge ne ral
 c a v ae or x oonv nn . 343

dam age . As K oolvee is visi bl e from D ugh , wh ich , wi th oth e r towns,

h av e still th e fortificati ons m a e d b y th e Mussulm ans, th is cu olap
w ould h ave b ee n a cons pi cuous o bj e ct ; and, e x ce pt at O onkar and

J ugge rnath , not a single e m bl em of any re li gi ous fai th e scap e d th e ir

ruth le ss and vi ndi cti v e ze al.

S till th e de gb e h at K o olve e is altoge th e r th e large st and m ost cu ri ous

single one re m e m I
e r to h av e se e n anywh e re b O n a roach i ng it . pp
f rom th e we st, and asce n di ng th e c onstructe d p pti f t d ara e n ron , an

first se tti ng foot o n th e ch abootra, so fo rm e d yfi t i p i w

, m rs m re ss on as

th at I h ad at last m e t a cons tructe dt em pl f th B dh i t b t

e o e u s s ; u a

close r i ns p e c tion d
i n uce d m e to re gar d it as a d gh b a t d d o ornam e n e , an

M r F e rgu sson
. d
w o ul say corru te p d .

Th e re is no i nte ri or, p ro e r p ly p
s e ak ing, b ut a re cess for a se ate d

figu re of Bud b
h , a ou t 8 fe e t h igh , i n front of wh ich a sm all p orch is
m a e d to p j
ro e c t, c ut from th e sam e roc k as th e d gbe eh i tse lf, and th e

p li nth s of th e p orch pill ars b i g 3 f tl w

e n ee o er th an th at of th e b ase

of th e dagh ob, m a k es th e m loo k l fty i w d i

o , v e e n front from th e lan d
p
i ng la ce , wh i ch h as b e e n save d f th h ill t
rom e o c reate th is e ffect.

I t h as at one ti m e b een pl aste re d ov e r, and th e ornam ent i s, to m

y
k
th i n ing, a i m inu tiv e d
e gb e h , d wi th in an arch wa , wi th ilaste rs at y p
th e si de s flanke d by
sim ilar arch e d de corati ons .

I cannot he lp i gi i g th
m a nn e se are m e re ou tlines o f a dagh ob , and

d pt d f
a a e or suc h p p by f w
ur ose a e cu rv ature s and ornam e nts, and it
t ik
s r es m e still furth e r th at such is th e origi n of th e p ointe dd e cora

tiv e arch of th e cav e s and of th e gre at w i ndows of th e ca th de rals at

A j unta, K arli, and K e ne ri . I do not m e an to vi e w th e arch i n i ts

co nstru cti ve or arch i te ctural ligh t, bu t as si m ply d esigne d and su
gge st
ed from a yp
t e, fam iliar to th e Budh ists in th e ir dagh oba ; at le as t
th e ou tli ne i ps re cise l y alike .

Th ou gh dug from th e h ill, two si es d of th e large d gbe eh onl y are

f re e , th at wi th th e i m age and orch p and th e g j

ad oi nin oute r s id t e a

righ t angles to i t, and furth e st from th e b ill wh ich , save in th e p h orc ,

i s th e counte r art o f p th e oth e r . Th at nearest th e h i ll is se p td

ara e

from it by a p assage wh i ch le a d s to th e large si ngle ce ll bf e ore m e n

tione d, and th e oth e r h as h ad a frie ze or sc ree n cu t on th e s id e of th e

h ill o pp osi te to i t, of th e sam e ch arac te r as th e d gb e eh , v iz . alte rnate

sm all dagh ob a and th e ornam e nt. Th i b i g s e n v s i ibl f e rom th e app roach

up th e h i ll, m ay h av e b e e n cons id d i k pi g
e re n ee n .

De gb e h No . 2 , inste a d of a p h h orc , as a v aulte d excavati o n, for

th e i m age ; No 3 is th e m ost
. k bl f th
re m ar a e o e se rie s, and suggests

anoth e r d
i ea, th at i t is th e origi l d typ
na an e of th e ch ait ya caves

44
344 c av e s o r x o onv an .
[J A N .

im p rove d on at Dum nar, and b rough t to p e rfecti on ce nturies late r at

K arli and A j unta .

Th e dagh ob is h e re wi th in a long ovoi d cav e , inte n dd e and cut for

i tse lf sole l y , 2 1 fee t by 1 6 i t h as ne i th e r r ib s, aisle , nor galle r y , b ut an
p d
o en oorwa y . Th e i m age is e nsh rine d in th e b dyo th e de gb e h ,
of

wh i ch is p rolonge df w or ards, and th e si des te rm r- p

inate i n ilaste li e k
fronts, surm ou n e t d by sm all dagh ob a, and ch arge d wi th tw o e re ct

w ar e rsd b l w d tw e o , an o sm all se ate d fig ure s of Budh b

a ove th e m . I
ra th th i k th i w
er n d s as one as an afte r-th ough t to p rote ct th e d ity
e for
th e f pp
roo t h
a ears o av e falle n alm ost du ri ng th e e x cav ati on, th e
crus t b i g y th i
e n ver n, and to th is m iscalculation ve r y lik ly e th i s
additi i tt ib t bl
on s a r u a e.

Th e de corations of th e de gb e h ge ne rall y are onl y of any m om e nt as

i ndicati ve of th e i d ea th e y b dy d th
em o , an e e x e cution and p rogre ss o f .

art th e y e vi nce , and ce r a nt i ly y littl ver e ca n be sai di n e i th e r re s e ct, p

wh e th e r as to nov e lt y or v ar e i ty Th . e ornam e nt o f th e b as e m e nt of th e
large de gb e h , th e scre e n i n sh ort wh e rev e r se e n, is a m e re re p titi
e on o f

th e sam e notion, and I t k it t a e o be , as said, an outline of th e dagh ob

b e twe e n si m pl e an d pl i p i l t
a n as e rs .

Th e e x e cu tion is as go od as th e nature of th e stone adm itte d . Of

ornam e ntal figure s th e re are none wh ate ve r, and th ose of Bu dh , wi th

one or tw o p
e x ce tions, are se ate c ross-le gge d on a sinh h sa Th e d .

rou gh ne ss and c oarse ne ss of th e stone , and i ts disinte gration by th e

w eath e r, re nde r y fl
i t v e r di i cult to say wh at th e figure s m ay h ave b ee n

o ri
gi nall y , artis ti call y vi e we d.

T h e re a pp e ar to b e no re cords conne cte d wi th th e m i n th e sh ap e

of le tte rs, pi t c orial or o th e r illustrations, and no fa b ulous h istor y

( not e v e n of th e Pandu s) wi th i n th e k nowle dge of th e p re se nt race

of Nati ve s w h o li ve ne ar . All I could e li cit as to th e i r stru cture

re sulte d in th e h a ppy con e c turej th at th e y we re th e wor k of go s , d

no t m o rtals .

F rom th e a b ove data and p

de scri ti ve de ta il th e re re m ai ns to b e
drawn th e i m p o rtant de du ction as to th e anti qui t y of th e se cav e s . In
m an yp oi nts th e yb e ar a stro ng re se m blance to Du m nar, v iz . in
th e i r siz e and h e igh t ; i n sh ort, w h at m a
y b e te rm e d th e i r h p yi s cal

ch aracte r ; and th e analo

gy i s carrie d som e w h at furth e r, and e m b rac es

a si m i lari t y of w o rsh i p , th at o f th e
'

Dagh ob , and in de coration bu t

th e c av e s o f K oolve e h ave no ch ai t a or ca th e y d ral cav e , th e dagh ob
b e ing i n th e o p e n ai r th e re is no atte m pt at a vih ar, as i nte n d die n

Bh ee m Singh
’
s b azar, at D a m ne r, a nd no e m bl e m atical or m
y th olo

gi cal figu re s, as th e t l p
an e o e ; th e y are co nse q ue ntl y of anteri or dt a e.
 oa v ns o n x oo nv x n . 345

M r Fe rgusson laces th e
. p D am nat cav es y in th e 8 th or 9th ce ntur ,

an d k th
m a es k f th i w t f i pli i ty d j ty
e re m ar rom e r an o s m c an m a es ,

th t i t
a ly qon i fi
re i t f
u res su ili i ty w i th t h
c en d g am f d w w
ar d e e re e o o n ar

p g ro re sst b b
o l d te e nai t e
g d o t d use l by wh i
as a h t ra ua e sca e c o

m easure th ti th te th
m e l p d b f
a m us th tp f t
av e e a se ld e ore e m os er e c c ou

h k i t th
av e su n no d b d p i
e m ore Th i i d btl t
e ase s e c m e n.
”
s s ou ess rue

to som e t t th ex en g h t, t f pou f ti i p
a s a e o li p h f t i
e r ec on m es an e oc o m e,

as it i g i t
s a a ns t pp th t t ld h
re ason o su ose p g t a ar cou av e s run a once

t p i ti
o os llve b t it i
e x ce t
e nce ; y u il s i p li ity
no easd to re conc e s m c an

j ty wh b th t i l d i
m a es , e re o m a er a
g i t t h an lp t s ze are a a ns e scu or.

I t h w
t se e m s o m e , th t th o e v e r,l wi th th b h ld
a e se cav e s e av e e e o er a

p f t q i l t f th w t f fi i h i th p i iti
er e c e u va e n or e an o f th i
ns n e r m v e ness o e r

d iges nTh fig
. e ll i plures are th d gh b wi th
a s m e ; tw e a o , one or o

e x cepti th ons, wh il th
e sam e b f eth d l e a se nce t o a ca e ra cav e , or, o

g i v e anoth d fi i ti
er fie i nh d p t
on, a l f th
ns e d g h b d
re ce i t ac e or e a o a an s

m an if t wes h ip i ors hi f fi n cth i e tiq i ty

, con rm T dd t th i e r an u . o a o s,

th i
e re s no
g t q d i p
ro e s u e ness or p t i pp t i th
s ro or i f
on a are n n e re m a ns o

th e fig flyi g fig
ure s, no B dh tw n ures,b di t di i i i u su as or su or na e v n t e s,

an d th lye on bl f
se m ptiance s o th l ti
corru d ddi ti
on are e a te ra ons an a ons

in th e dagh oba, wh i ch m ay b e accounte d for i n m y estim ati on

'

Th e B u dh is ts i n M alw a h ad e fore th e m b u t one form or t b yp e to

re gulate th e ir w orsh i p , em b dyo th eir fai th by , and
to guide th e m in
th e u tte ranc e of th e ir c ree d th at w as th e gr e at S t h u p a at Sa n chi ,

wh i ch I v e ntu re to say will turn ou t to b e th e C h ai ty agiri m e nti one d

in th e M ah avanso e re cte d by Ki ng As bka s wi fe , and visi te
’
d by M h i a n

dro th e ir h is w ay from O oje in, ( rior to th e conv e rsion of

son, on p
y
C e lon,) and from w h ich h e is sai d to h av e s rung h i s would p . T
place i t in th e 2 nd ce ntu r 13 0 I ts form h as naturall gi ve n th ey . . y
ch aracte r to all th e ir afte r-scul tu res, and origi nate d th e dagh ob a p
ce ntur y or two late r . An im age of Budh w as afte rw ar s d pl d ace at th e

car di nal p oi nts in conne cti on w ith i t, and still late r, th e gate w a s and y
b alustrade d
w e re a de d, as e vi de nce d by th e gifts towar s th e m , i n a d
langu age wh ich h as e vi de ntl y d un e rgone ch ange .

Th e figu re s o f B d
u h at Sanch i are seate d and squa tte d, and th e

re m ai ns o f p
illars e x i st, sh owi ng th at a cano w as ov e r h im py .

Th e latte r B u dh ists, a ce ntur or two afte rwar s in co i ng from y d , py

th i s in th e roc k , and d
fin i ng th e ne ce ssi t to e nsh rine th e de i t y y som e

wh ere i n co nne cti on wi th th e dagh ob, and w or i ng on th e solid k roc k ,

b ut still i n th e p
o e n air, w ould natu rall y e x cavate a pl ace for i t w ith in
th e dagh ob, to p t ro e ct it from th e vi c issi tu d e s of th e w e ath e r, or h av e
a p orti co i n i m itation of th at at Sanch i, and I am incline dt o th in k
346 c s v ns or x oo nv nn.
[J A N .

th at No 6 dagh oba, th us h ollowe out from th e h ill

. d , w as th e first
atte m pt at h aving one in a cav e , wh ich w as furth e r i m p rov e d on at

Dum nar, wh e re th e cave w as le ngth e ned, th e dagh ob p lace d at th e e nd,

and th e ligh t d
a m i tte d by two loft y ve ran ah s, d th e ou te r one h i gh e r
th an th e inne r ; th is b eing afte rwar s re d pl d by
ace th e m ore
p e rfe ct
y
ch ai t a-sh a e p d wi d w n o at A j u nta and e lse wh e re .

Th e w orsh ip of th e i m age is th us scarce l y infe rior to th at of th e

dagh ob i tse lf ; m ore p p ly i t i
ro e r s associ ate d with i t . Altoge th er I
i ncline to th ink th ese cav e s we re th e earl y atte m pts of Budh ists
th e at

cav es in th e 3rd or 4 th ce ntu r y a . n .

, th e se cond e ra of Budh ism of

Malwa .

W e re th e y of th e 8 th or 9th ce ntur y , th e re woul d certai nl y h ave

be en m ore p e rv e rte d t
ornam e n , or som e co py from th e Brah m anical
d e corati ons wh i ch p d d b th th
e rva e o e Budh i st and Jai n arch itecture at

th at p e ri o d b ut th e re se e m s no v ari e t yi n i t, and i t alm ost com

m ls

th e conclusi on th at w h at is se e n is ori gi nal. Th e pill ars e vi nce th e

sam e , b i g pl i
e n a n and square wi th th e b
a acus m ere l y li ne all y d
rou n e d.

Th e figu rati v e, resem li ng th e outli ne of th e

ornam ent is b
n o s wi d w
d
of th e cath e ral cave s, and is th e sam e at Du m nar and B i gh As i t .

m ay b e i nte re sti ng to noti c e th e e m e llish m e nts th i s se lf-sa m e de b

cora

ti on h as gone th rough , I gi ve in j t p i ti
ux a os on co py of Budh ist one
a ,

and als o one from th e Ji a n te m pl t Gy

e a rasp ore , and from th e B rah

m ani eal m onoli th i c tem m e at Dum nar. Any ar u m e nt

g from so i nsi g
ni ficant a p art of a b ildiu ng as a m e re d ecorati on is not li k ly
e to b e
m ate rial or to j tify
us a rati onal conclusion, b u t it is we ll worth wh ile
noti ci ng i t a s p ea s a nt, and re m arki ng th at h ad th e cav e s e en ne ar th e b
p e ri od of th e rich e r o ne , or h ad th e arch i te cts b ee n Jia ns, th e re se m

d
b lance woul h av e b ee n close r, and p arta k e n of i ts ch aracte r .

In one or tw o cases th e figure s of Budh were alone in a sm all sanc

tuar y for i tse lf, b ut th ei r osi ti on with p re fe re nc e to th e oth e r cav es

w as so i rrele v ant and m is lace d, th at th e p y m ust h ave b e e n afte r-conce

p
tions and p osterior in dt a e, wh i ch I tk a e to b e th e rati onale of th e

unfinish e d caves, wh i ch do not nu m b er h alf a doze n .

Th e followi ng i s th e d escri pti on of th e caves in num erical succes

on
sn

No . l .
—A si ngle cav e , 2 1 fe et by 7 le a i ng from th e
, d assage at p
re ar of th e large dagh ob . I t h as a stone -cou ch and illow at each p
e nd ; th e inne r room is large , th e d oorwa ybi e ng two p ill ars i t is d kar

and gloom y .

No 2 . .
—Th e largest com binati on of th e ce lls o pp itos e th e lan ing d
p lace , and close to th e ch ie f dagh ob . It is 28 fe e t by 7 , i n th e sh a e p
 c av e s o n x oo nv na . 347

of a _ _ 1 i nve rte d, wi th d
si e room s from th e p assage ; it h as a triangle
o ve r th e oor d .

No . 3 — A igh t of ste
. fl p s at th e ou tsi d d f th t t ity f
e , an ur es e x re m o

th is, lea d s to a cav e ov e r thi s, unconnec t d wi th i t b t f

e p d , u o corre s on

i ng le ngth ne arl y at th e e nd are a cou pl f pill t f wi d w th

e o are s or n o s, e

h ill p j ro ects ov e r th e m d
a m itting th e li gh t f blw b t
rom i g e o , u sc re e n n

th e v e ran ah d from th e w e ath e r . Th e re is a stone -c ou ch ne ar th is

wi n d ow . Th e i nne r room lea d s off from a si d p
e assage , also furnish e d
wi th a cou ch .

No 4 — A large dagh ob
. . by it se lf, i n th e p
o e n ai r, wi th a recess in
b
i ts ase for a figure of Bu h d .

No 5 consists of a long
. v aulte d v e ran ah ,d e ntrance at one ex

tre m ity . At th e oth e r, a sm all room wi th tw o windows, a nd a re s ti n

g
pl ace ; ia rear is one room , wi th a stone -co uch i n th e p g
assa e .

No 6 .
-Th e
for th e dagh oba, 2 1 fe e t 1 6 and 1 2
v aulte d cav e by .

Th e roof h as falle n i n, and th e dagh oba i s rolonged forwar s, e n i ng p d d

i n fronts, on w h ic h i m age s of B u dh are seate o v er e re c t dar als
p d .

Th e re is a p as sage round th e dagh ob, wh ich h as a te e and dou le b

um b re lla ov e r it
. Th e e x ca v ate d p orti on of th e dagh ob contai ns a

seate d figure of Budh c olossal, th e d oorwa y is ca pp d by

e tw o sm all

dagh ob as . Th i s is, Ii m agi ne , th e origin o f ch ai t a c av e s y .

No 7 — Th e ce ll of th e atte ndant on th e a ove , wh ich i s large r

. b
th an ordi nar one s y .

No 8 — A large dagh ob , 1 2 fee t in iam e te r, c ut fro m th e soli d

. . d
roc k d
I t stan s i n front of a sm all co urt 2 2 fe e t
. 8 , one si e o f by d
wh ich i s oc cu pi d by e a c olossal figure of Budh , 1 5 fee t, h i s righ t h and
e x te n e d and d p diex oun ng .

No 9 — A h all or
. . ch ank m an, 32 fe e t by 2 4 , contai ning a d blou e

row of pl i pi ll d l d
a n f l d f th i t
ars, anO h lf v au te roo , ea s rom s cour . ne - a

of th d ew y b f th
oor ll p ill ia t w y d th
e ore th w e sm a ars s cu a a , an e o er as

p b bly
ro a t t b l g d l f
m e an ligh t w h i h th d gh b i f
o t
e e n ar e a so or , c e a o n ron

bl k t th t pill i th i i t d
oc s ou on t fig
e ou e r ars s e cu r ou s nv e r e c resce n ure

no ti bl i l t ll B dh i t
ce a e K i p ti l ly Ab th
n a m os a u s cav es, e ne r ar c u ar . ov e e

h t pil t
s or i th l h
as e rs st i i t th d w y i 12
e usua c arac e r s t c o rnam e n e oor a s

f t h igh d4 b d d q i d th dditi l 4 f t b l w f ligh t

an
'

ee roa , an re u re e a ona ee e o or .

N 10 h o. tw f d h i wh i h i l g h l
as o room s rom a v e ran a , n c s a ar e o e

dug ; th e h as two p illars to i t, th e

e ntrance of one room o th e r i s p lain .

I t i s th e atte n ant room to No 9 d . .

No l l —. Entrance at th e e nd, wi th a win ow and

. d couch . S te p s

le a d u
p to th e h i ll b e tw e e n th i s and th e b
a ove ; th e y are now b k ro e n

consi d bly
e ra .
 348 c a v e s or x oonv nn .
[J A N .

No . 12,
— A illare h all
. N o 9 p
h as a d
orch lik e th e sam e size as . p
large dagh ob ; a fri eze along oth i t and th e front a ove th e wi n ow s b b d
si m ilar to th e ornam e nte sc re e n of th e sam e ; th e win ows are sm all d d
sq uare o p e ni ngs ; th e court is fl k d by d gh b i
an e a o a n re lie f, and th e

im age of Budh is i n a sm aller ce ll pp it th p

o h os e e orc . Th e e ntire

roof h as falle n in, so m uch so th t i tapd y b e sca e m o se rv ation on m

y
p re vi ous vi sit .

No . l3 — Two . caves, one a single pl ia n ce ll, wi th o ut d

v e ran ah , and

O pp osite to i t an im age of Budh in a c e ll also . It is b

o se rv a bl e th at all

th e figu res, h ow e ve r m d
e t, are un e r cov e r ; if c onne c te d wi th th e dagh o b

th e y are pl d i ac e n a h ollow i n i t, if si ngle or u nconne cte d th y e are

p rote c e t d by ll a ce .

Nos 1 4 to . 22 — A . range of 7 c ells, pl i a n, wi th out ve ran dh a , o r inne r

room o r couch in rear anoth e r figure o f Budh faci ng ou twards .

Nos . 2 3 to 2 6 .
—A se ri e s of th re e , p aralle l to o ne a no th e r, and a

figure o f Bu dh , wh ich se e m s an alte r-ide a . Th y e are dou le b ce lls w ith

v e randah , re sti ng- pl ac es, or room s, se p arate d from one anoth e r by
narrow p assage s ; at th e e x tre m ity of one of th e se is th e i m a e
g i n

a c e ll.
No 2 7 - Two dagh obas in a court in th e ai r, ou t from th e h ill
. .

—
No 2 8 , Th e i m age , too large to adm i t of e i ng lace d i n conju nc
. b p
tion wi th th em , so p ut into a ce ll ad oining, j strongl y m arki n
g th e
i nse p b ility
ara of bo th .

No . 29 .
—Th e p oojare e ce ll, atte n ant as d usual on th e o bj e ct of

w orsh i p .

Nos . 30 and 31 .
— A large d bl ou e and si ngle ce ll, e x te n di ng u p a

long p assage c ut in th e roc k pp i t

, o os e th e furth est ; a figure of Budh
in a ce ll.

No . 33 — A . vaulte d ce ll, with v e ran ah , d b ut wi th a large arch e d

fronti ng, e vi de ntl ybg e un fo r som e o th e r p p ur ose ; b e ars m ar s k of

h aving b een plaste re d ov e r.

No . 34 .
—A long v au lte d ch a m b e r, too sm all for any p ur osep b ut
a dw llie ng .

No . 35 .
— An ordinar y b
h a i tati on of two room s, e ntrance at th e
e x tre m it y .

No . 36 — A . pp roach a bl e from a b ove , two room s wi th an o p e n v e ran a h d

and b e nch ou s t id e, th e sun bie n
g se l o md on th i s p art.

No 3 7 . long large ce ll, ou t hi gh on th e roc

.
-A I t h as a ara e t k . p p
d
i n front, and a oor and six rude wi n ows an inne r ch am e r runs ac d b b k
d
war s from one e nd, e nte re d two illars, and ano th e r at an angle by p
wi th th at . Th e re h as b ee n a large p l tf a orm for wal ing a k b ou t in front
 A NT I QU I TI ES m sc m nn . 349

of th i s, wh ich h as now falle n . A v aulte d ch am b er h as also b e en

com m e nce d d
u n e rne ath ; a fligh t of ste p s le a d u
p to th e h ill from one

e x tre m it y of th is .

Th e se ri es i s h ere te rm inate d by th e ce ssati on of th e scar p , bu t is

conti nue d a li ttle fu rth e r on .

No . 38 is a ce ll w h ich h as lintels cu t in th e doorwa y , wh i ch none of

th e oth e rs h av e th e stone b e nch is outside , e x cav ate d g tt lik
ro o- e .

Nos 39 and 4 0 . .
— Sim ilar to th e ab ov e ; th e room s b i g lt d
e n v au e .

No 4 l — Two
. . roo m s and a v e ran ah ; d door bi e ng li nte lle d, as all

se e m to b e in th is range .

No 4 2 — C ut h i gh on th e h ill, and a roach a le onl

. . a ladde r, pp b y by
k
li e 37 th e re is an atte m t at wi n o ws th e door h as a re gular arch , p d
th e w indow s h alf arch e d a re ce ss leads off from e x tre m i t y .

No 4 3 — A dagh ob , wi th dom e ro e n, i n a court

. . b k h as a re ce pt
acle

p j
for th e im age ro e cti ng from th e circula r frustru m .

No . 44 .
—Th e atte ndant ce ll to 4 3 . Th e ne x t is th e gre at orna

m e nte d dagh ob .

Anr '
. lV . N o ti ces of A ntiq ui ti es i n S ci nde C om .

m u nica te d b
y H B E F R ER E Es , C o m m i ssio ne r i n S c i nde
q . . .
, . .

P rese nte d at di ffe re nt p e ri ods .

C AI RN S AN D C R O M LEC H S .

4 . M r Macle od .
, D p ty C ll
e u o e c tor, i nform s m e th at c ai rns and

cro m lech s, s uch as are d i b d by

e sc r e p
C a ta i n M eado ws T yl a or, are

co m m o n o n th e road to Sh ah Billawal , in Be looe h ista n , and also i n th e

h ills on th e di re c t roa d from K urrach e e to K o tre e . Th y e a re ge ne ra ll y
k nown as fl
K a irs grav e s, and are attri u te d to th e
’
Wu dw as, as ”
b “ ”

b
de sc ri e d b y C a tai n Pre e dy p
Th e nam e h as e e n v ariousl e x laine d . b y p
to m e as m eani ng th e “
gr e at or th e
“
o ld p e o le Th e indoos p . H
clai m th e m as Hi ndoos, b e cau se th e yb u rie d th e ir de ad wi th th e ir h e ads
to th e e as t, and we re th e re fore cle arl y not Mah om edans . But th ey
35 0 ANT I QU ITI ES i n se m e n .
[Ja m

c oul gd
i v e no oth er re ason, nor could h ear of any im a e s or
g i n oo I H d
em b b
le m s h aving e v e r e e n fo un near th e grav e s ra i tion states th at d . T d
th e i r ca i tal w as p u H bb
Saro na, som e ista nce e on Sh ah B
”
illawal, d by d
and th at th e y w k d th or e e lea d m i nes at K undroj, 1 2 coss from th e

latte rpl ace th at th e i rs w as an olde r ci t y th Bil wh i h b

an e a, c oasts a

hi t y f
s or o y ears . Th i t b e r om s, as f
o un d th b t e rea o u s, are ci rcle s

of l b f
s a s o sto ne , pl d
ace d p igh tu r , an consist, som e ti m e s, of se v e ral

ch b am e rs, connec e t d t g th Th l t o e er . e as of th e race , i t is state d, w e re

roote d ou t, an d d t y d by M h
e s ro e a om e d bin C assi m , wh e n he
c onqu i re d Scinde . Pi e c e s of th e ir m one y ar e som e tim es foun d near

th e si te s w h ich th e W udwas are sai dt o b

h ave i nh a i te d, b u t th e y are

si m ply q s u ares of co pp e r, b
a out th e si ze of a pi ce , wi th ou t stam p s or

m ar k E— . r tra ct o
.
f le tter 1 8 4 1 Qf 1 8 5 1 , f rom H . BE . . F re re, Esq .
,

to th e Governm e nt.

3 . Th rou gh ou t th e h ill yt rac t wh ich e x te n s d from Ca p o Monze

u pw ards, and w h i ch form s th e w este rn fronti e r of S cinde , trace s of an

anci e nt p pleo e, dis tinc t from th ose of th e S oonnah s and Sum m ah s,

fou nd in th e v al e l y of th e I ndus, are app are nt . Th e se are u suall y

fou nd m ost nu m e rous i n th e vi c ini t y g p
of natu ral s ri n s, and consis t of

stone e nclosu re s, w e lls , c rom le ch s, cave s, cai rns, and

grav e s or b arrows,

o f u nu suall yl arge di m e nsi o ns .

4 . S tone Enc losu res .

— Th ese are nu m e rous, b ut th e th re e p ri nci al p
one s w h ich Ih ave b
o se rv e d are si tuate d, th e first ne ar u rrach e e , K
th e sec on d near Duuraj, on th e di re c t roa dt o Se h w an, and th e th ir d
i n th e va lle y of th e H bb u , near th e village of O om ed Alli C h ootah ,
b
a ou t 1 00 m ile s nor th f K o urrac h ee .

5 . Th e first is s it t d
ua e near th e K urrach e e cantonm e nts, and wh e n

Ifi rst o se rv e d b i t, som e tw e lv e y ea rs ago, i ts e x te rnal walls we re b

a ou t

3 fe e t h igh . At p re se nt m e re l y th e foundati on re m ai ns, th e stones

h av i ng e e n b c arri e d aw a y by cam p follow e rs for b ildi g p p

u n u r ose s .

Th e pl an of th e e nclo sure is, h owe v e r, s ti ll dis ti nc tly i ib l v s e.

Th e wh ole of th e se e nclosu re s face e ast and we st, and are

6 .

c onstru cte d of large unh ew n stones, ile toge th e r wi th ou t ce m e nt : p d

th e y
are i n th e sh a e of a aralle lo ram , and are usuall
g p i vi de d p yd by
transv e rse walls i nto se ve ral p de artm e nts. Th y y i di i
e v ar n m e ns ons,

th at near K urrach e e b i g 1 12 p
e n ace s i n le n gth by 1 5 i b d th th n re a , e

o ne ne ar Dunraj b
a ou t h alf th at siz e , and th e th i rd, ne ar O om ed

Alli s vi llage ,
’
bi
e ng still sm alle r . d
Th e first is i vi de into se ve n a art d p
m e nts, th e se con d i nto th ree , and th e th i r d
h as no ivisi on at all d .

Th e first is nown am ongst th e nati ve sk by th e nam e of th e S ath

”
Gh ur, or se ve n h ouse s Th e tra iti ons, . d or o pi nions rath e r, h el d by
 A NT I Q U I TI ES m sc m nn . 35 1

th e native s of Scinde , re garding th e se and th e oth e r ancie nt re m ai ns,

are v ari ous . So m e , am o ngst wh om w as N uw a Ah m b ed Kh an Noo m u ah

j ,

i nfo rm ed m e th at th e e nclosu re s w e re e re c te d th i rte e n ce nturi e s ago

by th e
‘
W udwa Log,
’
of wh om noth ing c e rtai n w as k nown, e x ce t p
th at th e yw e re e i th e r Jw e s or K a i rs,fl and th at th e yw di e re r ve n ou t of

th e t y o r e x ti r ate d p by th Pro h e t p s son-i n-law Alli

’
c o un r e .

8 . Cr om lech s .
— Th e se are not nu m e ro us i ndee d th e o nl y one

w h i ch I h av e o b se rv e d is si tuate d a fe w y d i ar s n fro nt of th e sto ne

e nclosu re near Dunraj . It a pp e ars o rigi na lly t h o ave c onsiste d of four

sto ne altars, e ach co m p ose d o f four u p i gh t
r stone s of large di m e nsions,

w ith a large flt
a sla b on th e top . Th e alta rs are e re cte d in an e nclo

s ure o f u nh e wn sto ne , w h i ch i s b uilt in an e x act square , e ach face of

th e squ are fronti ng to one of th e c ardi nal pi o nts . Th e sq uare is

e
q u all y di vi ddi e nto fo ur p arts, in e ach o f w h i ch is e rec te d an alta r .

Th e e ntranc e to th e e nclosure is i n th e north e rn fac e . Th e w h ole of

th e alta rs are m ore o r le ss in j u re d ; bu t I am no t aware of any e x cav a

tions e ve r h avi ng b e e n m ade to asce rtai n wh at is de p osi te db e neath

th e m .

9 . C a im a . T
— h e se are p il e s o f u nh e wn stone , v ar i n from
y g 6 to 1 0
fe e t i n h e igh t . Th y e are v e r y nu m e ro us, and are sai d by th e Sci ndee s
to b e of m o de rn e re cti on . Th e Nati v e s call th e m C h ors,
’
a nd re p ort

th at th e y are e re c te d , wh e n found g l si n y , to co m m e m orate th e site of

so m e pi r vate m u r e r, and, d wh e n fou nd i n clus te rs, to m ar k th b e attle

fie lds, au d th e nu m b e rs slain in e ngage m e nts wh i ch h av e t k

a pl en ace in
fo rm er y e ars, b tw
e een th e se ve ral nom adi c tri b es b
inh a iting th e h ills .

10 . T
Gr a ves f qor Barm
t wi h i h an — h e se are re ue n tly m e t , e t er
i gly
s n ll ti ly
or c od lw y p k
ec ve f by th S i d
, an th
are a a s s o en o e c n e e s as e

g f h
rav e s o f K fli it h b ei t t
o rm e r T h y f d a t r n a an s . e are oun m os nu m e rou s

i thn i i ity f th h t p i g
e v c n Th y
o lly
e d wi th
o s r n s . e are u sua c ov e re

l g l
ar e t d b t 2 f t i h igh t 8 9 f t i b dth
oo se s o ne s, an are a ou ee n e , or ee n re a ,

an df 1 5 t 20 f
ro m i l gh Io w th t
ee t
y fnt h en t . am not a are a an o em

h b p d b tI p p p i g
av e e v e r een o e ne f th d i gu ur o se o en n som e o em ur n

m
y t t
ne x d h p t p t
o u r, th anl T h ll y
O f eN i g
o re or e re su t . e va e s o a n

an d K h i th J gh
a ee ,
p g n h f S he i t anpp t har u r u nna o e ns an, a e ar o av e .

b th h d q t f h i i t
een e ea B th ll y
uar e rs o w t rd t s anc e n race . o va e s are a e e

by b i f l d p i p i g f w t wh i h i i g id bly
e aut u an co o us s r n s o a e r, c , r s n c o ns e ra

ab th l l f h ll y
ov e e e ve h d w o h t fin ll i l pl i
e va e s, r us o n on t e e a uv a a ns

b l w ff di g b d
e o , a or pply f w t ll h y
n an a u n ant s u d f o a er a t e e ar rou n or

h
t e l i ti
cu fft fi
va h d d
on o fl diou r o r h ll y ve un re a cre s o an n e ac va e .

11 Th g . t e i th ll y f N i g w h
rav e s are m o s nu m e rous n e va e o a n , e re

I l di a so d d k i d f t p f wh i h I b g t
scov e re a ru e n gh o o s, o c e o anne x a ro u

45
 35 ? A NT I Q U I TI ES us se m e n .
( JA N .

s k e tc h . I t stan d s on th e top of a s m all li m e stone h ill, i n w h ich th e

s p ri n
g w h i ch w ate rs th e v alle yh as i ts so urce . I t is construc te d o f

large u nh e w n sto ne ,
p ut to
ge th e r w i th m uc h re
g ulari t y , bu t wi th ou t
a ny c e m e nt . Th e Noh anne e tri b e of Be looc h ee s , w h o i nh a bi t and
c ulti va te th e v alle y , s ta te th at i t is e re c te d o ve r th e h e ads o f a v as t

nu m b e r of th e i r tri be w h o w e re slai n in b tla t e, wh en O pp osi n

g a de tach
m e nt of troo p s se nt agai nst th e m from D lh i e unde r th e c om m a n d of a

c e rtai n N uw a b Th y
. e h ave , h owe ve r, no tradi tion as to w h e n th e
ac tio n k pl too ace , and th e N uwab
’
s nam e , if h e e ve r e x i ste d, h as long
ago p ih d Ier s e . am de c i de dl y of o pi nio n th at th e to p e is m uc h m o re

anc i e nt th an th e Noh annee Be looch e e s , a nd Ih p o e , on m

y ne x t i it
v s

to th e s p ot, to o p en i t, and to asc e rtai n i ts c o nte nts . J u d i n fro m i ts

g g
a pp e aranc e , i t h as ne ve r b ee n distu r bd e si nc e i ts e re cti o n. Th e
di m e nsio ns o f th e t0 p e are as follo ws — I Ie igh t o f th e lo we r sto r y
7 fe e t d
i tto secon ditto, 6 fe e t di tto th i rd ditto, 3 fe e t d .

12 y
Each stor i s c i rc ular and ap are ntl soli d, th e lo we r o ne
. , p y
bi e n
g 1 2 fe e t, th e se co nd 6 fe e t, and th e th i d 3 f
r i eet n dia m e te r . Th e re

is a fligh t o f ste p s i n th e e aste rn face , le adi ng u

p to th e top of th e
first s tor y I ld di . i ip i
c ou f h scove r no nsc r t o n o n a nv o t e s to ne s .

13 Ab 30 0 y d i f
. t f h p
ou t t ill g f N i g
ar s n ro n o t e re se n v a e o a n , a

i l h p d h ill i
c on c a -s b 1 0 0 f t i h igh t it i y t p d
a e r se s a ou t ee n e : s ve r s ee , an

a pp t h b f ti fi d t
e ars o av e di t t p i d ee n A w i di g
or e a so m e s an er o . n n

p th w y l d t th t p wh i h i f d
a a ea s o f h e o , on c s ou n o ne o t ose e no rm o us

g rav e s b w w h i
or h I h arro b f d isb d T h f c d ave e ore e scr e . e ou n a

i
t ons o f w ll l pp t d m
a s are a s o d g T diti
a are n , an so e m o e rn rav e s . ra on

re p t th t th i w th t gh ld f th K fl
or s a s i h i f wh
as e s ron o o e a r c e ose nam e

w as L k uc h th h m e re d hi l t t d t a d b i g e e re m a e s as s an , an , e n o ve rco m e

an d l i w s a n, b idh N as M h d K ll
ur e i t d dt h e re . oo r a om e u o ra n e n e o av e

f ti fi d th
or e igh b i g h ill
e hne h p i g h itou r n d s, w e re t e s r n as s sou rc e , an

h dga t o neid bl p i ll ti g
o c ons e ra f hi p p e ex e nse n co e c n sto ne s or t s ur ose .

V t qas i i f t
uant till t esi p il d p i h p
o s o ne i ts re m a n e u n ea s a t c o nv e n e n

di t s a nc e sf h w k wh
or th y h e ld or b ildi g
m en en t e s ou c o m m e nc e u n .

Th M e di d b fee r h ld e y hi p j t e ore e co u ca rr out s ro e c .

14 C —. I h ll y f K h
a rm a t h t di t
n t e va e f h o e m , a a s or s a nc e rom t e
sp i g h d th
r n ea l , d h w
e re are t f h k hi h
se v e ra ru e cav e s e n ou o t e roc , w c

h av e id tly bev den h h b it i e e n u seh g h w d as um an a at ons, t ou no u se as

ca ttl h d
e s Th l e s . ib d t th f K fl i i h bi
e se , a so, are asc r e o e o rm e r a
‘
r n a tants .

Th i e re ll s b tw h t w f S h w d h b d
a sm a c a ve e een t e o n o e an an t e un e r,

ca ll d th
e Eh th b e p ill d wh i h w i it d by D Wil
- am ,
’
or one a re , c as v s e r . so n,

an d i ti d i h i
s no M i
ce th C n T pl & f W t
s e m o r on e av e - em e s, c . o e s e rn

I di Th i i pp d t b f Hi d
n a .
’
s s su igi b t i t w ld
ose o e o n oo or n, u ou see m
 a x r rou rr rs s i n se m e n . 35 3

th at th e anc ie nt race wh ose re m ai ns are d

fou n i n Sc inde , and wh ich I
h ave atte m p d te b
to de sc ri e , w e re not Hi ndoos, as th e fo rm er b u rie d

th e i r de ad, and w ou ld pp a ea r to h av e h ad am on st
g th e m none of th e

IIi ndoo s y b m l
o s— at le ast none h ave as y e t b e e n discov e re d .
”—
Ez tr a ct
of le tter 2 0 60 of 1 8 5 1 , f rom Cap ta i n Pre edy , Collector, K urrach e e, to
H . BE . . F r e re , Esq .

2 . O wi ng to th e lo ng-conti nue dd rou

gh t, th e h ill is tri c ts d are

alm ost d d
e se rte , so m uch so, th a t on m
y route from K urrach e e to
J a ngh ar I ld se om m et w ith e ve n a soli tar y goath e rd, e x ce pt i n th e

v ic i ni t y of a natu ral s pi r ng, o f wh i ch se v e ral are fo un d i th n e v alle y s.

All th e se spi r n s are

g h ot, th e te m p e ratu re of th e m v ar yi g f n ro m 1 00
°

to In th e pi g i t h t iy f
v alle y of Longs , a s r n r se s a t e ex re m t o an

t i
e x e ns v e pl i f wh i h it w t b t 300 b g Th i l d i
a n, o c a e rs a ou ee as . s an s

i l d d i h j gh
nc u e f N w b Ah
nt e d Kh N j h
a eer o u a m e an oom u a .

3 Tw th fi . p i g ll d K h d N i g i f w il
oo er ne S r n s, c a e a ee an a n , r se a e m es

t o h w tw d f J gh
t e es Th f
ar o f ti li an b t 2 00 thar . e orm e r er ze s a ou , e

l tt
a b t 4 00 b g Th l d w t d by b th th p i g
e r a ou ee as . e an s a e re o e se s r n s are

l i t d by th N h
c u t va e t ib f Bl e h o th f anne e r t e o e ooc ee s, e orm e r o n accou n

o f G t
o v e rnm e n d h l tt , ant f K h
t e All a Sy d e r on acc oun o um er ee e ,

J gh d Th
a e e r a r. ig f i t p pl
e v e st b bl i th
es o an anc e n eo e are o se rva e n e

i i i y f b th f h
v c n t o pi g d l i
o o t e se y p t f th h ill
s r n s, an a so n m an ar s o e s.

Th ese i t f d t
c o ns s l o ru e lly i th h p
s one f e nc osu re s, us ua n e s a e o a

p ll l g
ara e o i
y g i l
ram
g th f , v ar 5 0 t 1 0 0 ny d d i
n en b d h rom o ar s, an n re a t
f ro m10 20 y d Th
to ar s .t d f g h h w e se a re c ons tru c e
t o rou un e n s one ,

p il d t g h i g l d b t wi th t
e o et er n re u ar or e r, t Th l u ou ce m e n . e e nc osu re s

a re g lly f
e ne ra d b t 3 4 f t i
o un h ig h t T
a ouh y d i i d d
or b y ee n e . e a re v e

p i i w ll f th
art t on a s, t i l o d th i k e th t w ll
sam e m a e r a an c ne ss as e ou e r a s,

an d lly f
u sua t dw t ac e e as an es .

4 N .h p i g t K h th
e ar t e s rn s a l d h a ee e re are se v e ra ru e ca v e s ewn

o ut o f h k wh i h h
t e roc id , ly b d h
c ave h bi ev e nt een use as u m an a ta

t i o ns . Th y pp b e fg t
a tiq i ty b t t d i i
e ar to i e h lly
o re a an u , u ra t on s w o

th p p l i h b i d th — ”
sil t en wh as to h o e eo E t e
f
w e re t at n a te em . r ra c t o
.

le tte r da te d 2 4 th Novem be r 1 8 4 9, f r om Cap ta i n Pre e dy to II . B . E .

F r e re, Bag .

2 . Th e c ro ss-sh a p e d e re c tio n b d i th 7 h p g ph
de sc ri e n e t ara ra o f Mr .

Mac le o d s le tte r is th e th t wh i h I h d ib d
’
sam e as c ave e sc r e as a s ua re
a
q
of fo ur stone altars . I t is si tuate d b t h lf w y b tw
a ou T a a e een ruc k a nd

Dunraj , on th e dire c t rou te to S e h w an .

3 . Th e sto ne
‘

grave s allude d by M
to r. Macleo d are found i n gre at
num b e rs th rough o u t th e h ill y di stric t wh ich d
e x te n s along ou r wes te rn
35 4 A NT I Q U I TI ES m S C ND EI .
[Ja m

fronti e r . Th e y are usuall y m et wi th i n ele vate dp osi ti ons, and consist

of th re e four large or stones se t o n e dge , w ith a flt a sto ne pl d ace

h oriz ontall o n th e top y . Th e re wo uld a pp e ar to h ave b e e n no u ni form

ru le o b se rve d as to th e di i n wh i c h th e se grave s w e re lace , as

rec tio n p d
i n th e grou s h ave m p I e t with th e y
are fou nd i n all di re c ti ons h ad . I
p
th e le asu re of oi nting o ut p o ne of
g p t y f
th e se w d y ro u s o ou a e a s ago ,

on th e h ills ne ar Wagh odu r , d I th i k w b h g d h

an wi thn e ot a re e , t at th e

e x ce pti o n of th e h ole in one f h oid t w ll th

e g s e sto ne s
- or a s, e rav e s

e x ac t ly re se m bl h d e t ose escr i b d by C p t i
e T yl d C g a a ns a o r an on re v e , and

we are , I th i k th f n , e re o re , j ifi d i g di g b th h
us t e n re ar n o as t e re m ai ns

S y th i D
”—
of th e sam e c c ruidical race . Er tra ct
. o
f le tte r 2 1 5 4 qf
1 8 5 1 , f rom C a p ta i n P r e e dy to H . B . E F r ere, Esq
. .

2 . Wi th re fe re nce to th e C om m i ssio ne r
’
s i ns tru c ti ons on th is
su bj e c t, Ih av e th e h onou r to su b it to y ou, for h is i nfo rm
m ati on, th at

no ancie nt re m ains of th e p re c ise natu re adv e rte to d by C a p tai n

M e adow s T yla or h ave co m e u nde r m
y b
o se rv ati on sinc e m
y arri v al

i n Sc inde i n 1 8 4 3 . Th e re are som e o bj e c ts o f i nte re st, h owe ve r, to th e

a ntiq u ar y , w h i ch , as th e y are di t s ant from th e sc e ne o f m y la o u rs, b I
w ill ta k e th e li b tyer o f m e nti oning to y o u, th at th e atte ntio n of o th e rs

wh ose d u tie s m a
y d a m i t o f visi ti ng and d e sc ri bi ng th e m m ay be dire cte d
th e re to .

3 . In th e h ill cou ntr y w e st of th e I ndus, g y d rav e ar s far from

h um an b
h a itations a re fre q ue nt . Th y e are th e b i lg dur a rou n s o f p arti

c ular tri b e s and fam ilie s, to wh ich th e de a d are b ro u h

g ,t at ti m es from a

conside ra b l di t
e s a nce . In su ch pl ac e s ce rta in grave s are p ointe d ou t as

th ose of K at fls r th e y are ge ne rall y w ll d fi e e ne d, w i th large sto ne s se t

on e dg e, and are e asil y di ti s ngui sh e d fro m th e m o re m ode rn

grave s

of Mah om e dans . Th e se are i n all p b bility th

ro a e gra ve s o f th e i nh a
b itants p re vi ous to th e Mosle m i nv asion .

4 . In se
q ue ste re d pt s o s, cluste rs o f som e wh at si m ilar m e m o ri als of

th e d d yb f
ea m a e ou n d wi h t ou t an
y adm i x ture of M ah o m e dan graves
th e y it h ff
cons s e ac o o ur stone s, fo rm i ng a sm all squ are , w ith i n w h ich

p ar ti l f l i d b
c es o ca c ne one s m ay be o se rve d b
O ccas io nall th e are . y y
a rrange d in a ci rc ular fo rm aro u n d a fe w, w h ic h form a c e ntre . I m a
y
m e nti o n th at b tw e e en Run Pi ttana a nd Moulm a ch are e , i n th e di re ct
roa db e twe e n Hy drab ad and K urrach e e is , a sm all v alle y , form ed by th e

cliff s on o ne si d e , and th e h illoc k s on th e b anks o f th e ri ve r on th e

o th e r. Th e se re m ai ns are nu m e rous.

5 . Sc atte re d ov e r th e h ill cou ntr i n y e ve r y di rec ti on, e nclosu res o f

stone , calle d by th e Native s Ka i r Ko te , fl ’

are to be found . Wh at
 A NT I Q U I TI ES m I
SC ND E . 355

th e y y
m ah av e e en sh all n b
ot atte m t t I
o con e c tu re p j ; th e y are o f to o

sm all a siz e fo r dw e llin s S om e of th e se m ay b e se e n o n th e righ t

g .

b k
an of th e Gu gge r riv e r i n th e b e d o f w h ich
, an i nsc ri ti on i s p re p o rte d

to h av e b ee n o b se rv e d, in a s trange ch arac te r, by one o f th e S urv e y o rs

attach e d to th e C h ie f Engi ne e r .

6 . At Jh aree ah
j - a-k Boo te a , b e tw e e n Joku ude e ( an e x te nsi v e

b urial g ro u nd of th e Jo ke e as) and th e Guggur ri ve r, is a bu nd,

co m p o se d of large u nh e w n s tone s, w h ic h w as a pp are ntl y m ade wh e n
th e c ou ntr y was m o re th ic l ky p p o u la te d, a nd th e p pl eo e m o re i ndu s
triou s th an at p re se nt . I t is c alle d Bam de lle o ,
’
and th e Ka i r fl
Bund .
’
My i ns pe c tion o f i t was a ve r yt ransie nt o ne , bu t I h av e an

im p re ssio n th at i t is th e m onu m e nt o f a re m ote e ra, a nd, in co nne c ti o n

w ith th e fo rm er h i sto r y of th e p rov i nce , is w o rth y of th e a tte ntio n o f

th e anti u aria n
q .

7 . Ne ar th e v illage of T k r uc , on th e di re ct road from K u rrach e e

to Se h wan, i s a re m ar k bl a e e re ction, no t, I th i k n , of m o de rn date . It

is c om p ose d of a dou ble row of u p igh tr sto ne s, and is in th e form
‘

of a

c ross , th e arm s gbii n t

e nh e i re c ti on d of th e c ardi nal p oi nts . Th e top
is y e t i n p art c ov e re d i n w i th large sto ne s, th e le ngth of w h i ch m a
y
range fro m 6 to 9 fee t .

8 . Monu m e nts e la orate l b y carve d are com m on e no u

g h ; b u t th e y
are all o f c om p arati v e l ylt a e date , and m a
y e asil y be disti ngu ish e d by
th e h ead l ing y a little to th e no rth ward o f we s t, w h i ch is i n Sc i nde
th e su pp ose d di re c tio n of M e c ca Ex tra c t of .
”—
le tte r 2 62 of 1 8 5 1,

f r om J M a cle od, Es q
. .
, to H B E F r e re Esq
. . .
, .

Budh is t Rem a i ns ne a r Je rr ualr .

—
Su n I h ave th e h onour to i nform y ou th at h av e fo rwarde d to th e I
y b
Socie t tw o ox e s c o ntai ni ng s ec i m e ns o f te rra c otta arch i te ctural orna p
m e nts, du g u
p i n th e neigh bou rh o o d of e rru c k o n th e J I ndus, and re
p
se nte d by W . . Dp y
C ole , Esq , e u t C olle c tor o f urrac h e e K .
( Plate v i .
)
2 . Th y pp e a e ar to m e to be e x tre m e l yi nte re sti ng, fo r m ore re as o ns

th an one .

3 . As m e re s p e c i m e ns of ornam e ntal bikw k

r c - or , th e y are o f a st
y le

su p e ri or to an y hit ng now to be se e n i n Sc inde b u t th e ir ch i e f inte re st

consis ts i n th e gre at a pp are nt a nti
q ui t y of th e b uildi n
g to w h i c h th e y
b
,

e longe d .

4 . Ih av e se e n no re m ai ns i n Sc inde to wh ich a h igh e r antiqu it th an y

th e fou rtee nth ce ntu r y could be ass i
gne d o n an
y c le ar and c o nclusiv e

dt a a . Th e cas tle of Se h wan is sai d to be v er y anc ie nt, and so m a

y
be th e K a i r fl re m ains d e sc ri b d by
e Masson , as we ll as th e num e rous
35 6 am ro u rr rs s I N S C N D E I .
[Ja m

Hi d n oo sh ri nes wh ich h av e b ee n c onv e rte di t Mh n o a o m e da n p e e rs ; b ut

th e clai m o f all th e se e di fic e s to ant iq i y i j u t s c o n e c tu ral o r tradi tio nal,
and not founde d o n any v e r yd i i
e c s ve p f h roo , su c as c oi ns, i nsc ri tio ns, p
arch i te c tural re m ai ns o f m ani fe s t an tiq i y t
u t , o r on rus tworth y hi t s o rica l

te stim on y .

5 . But th e o rnam e nts o f th e b ui ldi ng disco ve re d by Mr . C ole

a pp t e ar t b l ly B dh i t
o m e od l I
e c e ar i t k i th i
u s an u n e ss am m s a en n s

b li f th y w ld gi
e e , e y h igh tiq i y t th b ildi g t wh i h
ou ve ve r an u t o e u n o c

th y b l g d
e e on e .

6 All h
. t l p t t ik
t e ornam y i il i h t
en a ar s s r e m e as v e r s m ar n c a rac e r

to t h f ose d i h l B dh i tou n pl
n t e d f gate r t u s c av e -te m es ; an ra m e n s are

f o und b i g th fig ear n f B dh i tti g i

e h it d
ure o f t u a, s n n t e a tt u e o co n e m

p l i
at on T h h .d i i i b lye b eak fi p
s b b ly
nv ar a by th c ut o r ro en o
'

, ro a e

M h a d om eI l h
an d t y d thconoc as ts pl b t th l gw o e s ro e e te m e u e ar e

p dle n u ous d th h t i i
ears an f B dh o till
er l
c ly
arac e r st cs o u a are s c e ar

trac e a bl O f h f g t will b f d i th b
e . ne o t e se ra w m en s e ou n n e o x e s no se nt .

7 S. f h om e o p d h pp t h b
t e o rnam e nts a re stam e ; ot e rs a e ar o av e ee n

c ut w h il th ly w e f ed h p tc a f g
as so t ;
t i ty an t e at e rns are o rea v ar e .

Th ose now ly l i se nt are o n a se e c t on .

8 Th
. p h h e s i w ot di w di
e re l w h ill
t e re m a ns e re scov e re s a o ov e r

l ki g h I d
oo n b t 3 il b l w J k d l t h
t e n us, a ou m es e o e rruc , an c ose o t e
h am l f Sh ik T
et o a aroo .

9 I w
. p i d tt M C l
t as o nte K fl i K t
ou th
o ly r. o e as a a r o e e on

lo cal tradi tion w as th at i t was th e re side nce of Mu nje e ra , an i nfi

de l ki ng, wh o re igne d b e fore th e M ah om e dan inv asi on of Sc inde .

10 .
‘

Th e flt t p
a o of th e h ill, (p l fig . v. . l ,) wh ich is of sm all a re a ,

a pp e ars to h av e b e e n fo rm e rl
‘
y d by w ll f l g t
su rro u nde a a o ar e s o ne s,

th e re m ai ns o f w h i ch are in pl ill
ac e s st bl A p j i g p i
trace a e . ro e c t n o rt o n

at th e e as t si de a pp e ars to h av e b p d by w ll ill
e e n se bl ara te a a st trace a e

by a raise d ri dge of loose s to ne s a n d bb i h d h ru t f s an t e re are ra c e s o

s to ne e nc lo su re s i nside , th e c h t f wh i h
arac e r
y p h p h o c m a , er a s, e re

afte r be di sc ov e re d, wh e n t e h bbi h wh i h
ru ths h b c c ov e rs em as ee n

re m o ve d .

11 . O utside of th e p art th u s cu t off fro m th e re st of th e b ill

a re th e re m ai ns of th ree se p arate e nc losu re s : th ose m ar k d (b)
e a nd ( )
c

on th e s k e tc h are , as far as h as b een

y et disco v e re d, ro u
gh sto ne w alls ;

th e m o und m a r e d k ( ) a is th at fro m w h ic h th e o rnam e nts no w se nt h ave

be en dug .

12 . M r C ole .
’
s atte ntio n was attracte d to th e m ou n d by fi ndi ng a

fragm e nt o f a ve r y large and fi ne -graine d bikr c id , o ne s e of w h ic h

h ad b een b e ve lle d off . I t struc k hi m as un li k y b i

e ank h rc e h ad se e n
 s ur rom
'
rrs s m se m en . 35 7

bf e ore in Sci nde , and be em pl y d

o e m en to tre nch across th e m ou nd .

Th y e soo n cam e to th e to p o f a wall, and, cle ari ng it dow n to th e by

le v e l o f th e su rfac e o f th e h i ll, and followi n
g th e w all, b e e x o se d th e p
re m ai ns o f a b uildi n
g 8 5 % fe e t s
q u are , c o ns tru c te d o f lar
ge and h e av y
w e ll m ade bik r c s 1 5 4 x 9 5 x 2 s i nch e s, laid w i th v e r li ttle c e m e nt, y
a nd th at app are ntl y th e fine m u d of th e Id n us, m i x e d, occasi onall y ,

M r C ole
. t hi k n s, w i th so m e fib ro us su bt s a nc e .

13 . Th e base of th e b u ildi n
g w as o rnam e nte d by b a old m ould

i ng, th e c h arac te r o f w h ic h w ill b e se e n by th e se c ti on ( g

fi . At
i nte rvals o f 6 fee t on th e le dge m ar k d( e a
) th e re w e re s uare
q p j ro e c tions,

as i f fo r pil aste rs .

14 . Th e m ou ldings w e re m ade by b bi g d ru n o wn th e la rge bik r c s

to th e form re ui re d
q .

15 . With th e e x ce pti o n of th e m ouldi ng, no ne of th e ornam e nts

w e re fo u nd i n s i tu . Th ye w e re du g out of th e ru bbi h s w h ich b u ri e d

th e re m ai ns o f th e w alls, as th ough th e v h ad bl e on e d
g to th e s tru e

tu re a b o ve , and all b e ari ng h um an figures h ad b een de face d wi th so m e

care .

16 . Since wri ti ng th e b
a ove , Mr C ole h as discov e re d an i nscri
. bd
e

sto ne a t a s p ot a fe w m ile s f ro m th e re m ai ns of th e te m pl e . I t was

y
l i ng a b ou t a q uarte r of a m ile fro m o ne o f th e large sq uare e nclo sure s,

bu ilt o f u nh e wn and u nc e m e nte d stone s, of g re a t siz e , w h i ch are com

m only k now n to th e p
h ill sh e h e rds as Ka i r flK o te .
”
A de sc ri ti onp of

o ne will b e fo und i n Mas son s rav e ls and i n so m e a e rs

’
T ,
”
pp by
Ca p tai n Pre e dy and M r M acle od wh i ch forwarde to th e Socie t
.
, I d y
som e tim e a o
g . I
e nclose M r C ole s c op y (fig 3) of th e i nsc ri ti o n .
’
. p ,

wh i ch m a
y se rv e to ide ntif y th e c h arac te r . Ih p o e to ge t one m ore e x ac t

wh e n th e s to ne re ac h e s K urrac h e e . Th e stone i tse lf sh all b e forwarde d

i f th e So ci e t y w ould w ish to h ave it — Le tte r 1 2 1 7
. o f 1 8 5 3, f r om H .

BE . . F r ere , Esq .
, to th e S e cre ta ry BBR . . . Asi a ti c S oci e ty .

A nci e nt Re m a i ns o
f th e K u r ra ch e e C o lle c tora te .

Sm ,
—I h ave th e h o no ur to e nclo se a co py of a le tte r fro m p
C a ta i n
Pre e dy , w i th a s k e tch
p i
m an o rigi nal, sh ow ing th e o s i ti o ns o f a p
num b e r o f ru ins, a p p are ntl yb
e longi ng to a n a nc ie nt e o le w h o i nh a i te d p p b
th e h i ll y di t i t s r c s o f th e K u rrac h e e C o lle ctorate . Th e se re m ai ns are

lly k p bi t b K atfi r
’

ge ne ra now n to th e re se nt i nh a ants as u n e li e ve rs forts

K ote ,
”
or K ote e ra, th e di m inu tive o f k o te ) .

2 . Th e re are m an y of th e m ide nti c al w i th th e rui ns desc ri bdi e n

le tte rs from p
C a tai n Pre e dy and M r Mac le od.
, alre ad y transm itte d
( w ith le tte rs No . 1 841, d td 9h
a e t Se t , p . and No . 1 960, date d 22 nd
35 8 a ne m rm s
'
m s c rND s . [J A N .

p —
Se t 1 8 5 l p p 35 4, to th e Soci e t y by G ove rnm e nt, to w h om th e y
*
. .

w e re addre sse Som d . e of th e m are m e nt o ne i d by M asson w h o giv e s a

,

de scri ti on p and s k the c of th at one wh i h t d

c s an s No 2 i n C a tai n
. p
Pre e dy
’
sy ti th i id t lly
list, and fre q ue ntl no ce s o e rs nc en a .

3 Ih
. dd d t C p t i P dy
ave l t a g e d p l (p
o l a a n re e
’
s e t er a ro u n - an . v.

fig 4 .
) f h t
,
pa ti l b i
oldi g f t h i h aM g i
ar w d
cu a r t u n o w c asson ve s a oo -c u
,

an d f w at d d i g j
e y th gh th b ill
no e s m a e ur n a ourne ro u e se s .

4 With th
. pti f h ll b ildi g d e ib d
e x ce f d
on o t e sm a u n s e sc r e as roo e

wi th l b f t s a s f th b o y ts one ,f f I f
none th y o em e ar an race o a roo . e

e ve rh d y i t a t h b an f h p , i h b l t
m usi l t l
av e e en o su c er s a e m a e r a s as o e ave

no fragm e nt now re m ai ni n
g .

5 . Th e siz e and sh a e p of th e b uildi ngs, th e ir frontage , and th e ir

fre qu e nt oc c u rre nce at di stance s of a stage or h alf a stage from e ach

o th e r, y
alwa s along li ne s o f road, and at goo dh alting - pl ac e s, im p re ss

m e w ith th b li fe e e th at th e y w b ilt e re u as sh e lte r for trav e lle rs . As6 k a

is sai d to h ave o rde re d s uc h b ildi g u n s to be e recte d th gh t h i rou ou s

dom i nions, and, ce rtai nl y , e v e n wi th ou t roofs, th ose de sc r i b d by C p t i

e a a n

Pre e dy m u st h ave b e e n ve r y ac c e p t bl
a e to trave lle rs as sh e lte r agai nst

th e w inds wh ich swe e p th e se dry and de solate valle y s, i n wi nte r itte rl b y

c old, a nd i n th e h otte r m onth s li k e th e bl ast of a furnace .

6 . Th e u niform it y i n th e pl an, m ate ri als, and m ode o f construe

tion, i . e . h uge bloc ks of stone , rou h l

g y q s uare d, and laid w ith ou t
ce m e nt, go to p rov e , th at w h ate ve r th e b ildiu ngs m ay h ave b e e n, th e y
w e re th e w or k of one age and one p pleo e .

7 I t w ill be se e n from th e m ap , th at th e line s of roa from K ur

. d
rac h ee th rough th e h ills to S e h wan and ott e s are th ose on wh i ch K
th e se re m ains are m ost com m on . Th e se ro ute s are still m u ch u se d by
fl
ka i las from Kh e lat and U pp er Scinde , and th e nu m b er of tra ve lle rs
h as m uch i ncre ase d since th e c on u e st of
q Sci nde re nde re d th e roa d
safe , a nd fre e d th e d
tra e rs from th e co nstant e x ac tio ns of transi t d ues

and b k lac -m ail . Th e pp o ulation is no w, and a pp

for age s to h av e
e ars

b e e n, al m ost e ntire l y nom ads . Eve n th e fe w fix e d inh a i ta nts li v e i n b

te m p orar yh d
u ts m a e of re e ds and b ou
gh s o f tre es, nor is an
y h ou se o f

m ore su b stantial m ate ri als to b e m e t w i th o n th i s h ill road fo r 1 4 0

m ile s, from K u rrach e e to th e M u nch u r la k e . O ne consi de ra bl e tri be ,

th e Gubb ocils, b e twe e n Pokru n and th e Mu nch ur la k pp e, a e ar to li ve
alm ost e x clu siv e l yi n cav e s and fissure s of th e roc k s .

8 . Ye t th e b ildi
u ngs de sc ri b d by e p
C a tain Pre e dy are not th e

o nl y e vi d e nce of th e re h avin g b e e n onc e a fix e d and m o re ci vilize d

V i de Masson s Trave ls i n
’
Be looe h istan , vol. 11 .
 a rm ou rrm s m sc ra p s . 35 9

p o ulatp
i on . Ru bbl e stone foun d ti
a ons, as of h ouse s, often m e t wi th i n
consi d bl e ra e num b e rs, and b uilt in re gular line s, wi th fragm e nts of

p o tt y t tif y t
er , es o th e e x is te nce of a se ttle dp p eo le , w h o liv e in p e r d
m ane nt towns o r v illa es, and
g wh o m u st h ave b e e n m u ch m ore ci vilize d

th an th e ru d e sh e ph d er s wh o now i nh a i t th e se b v alle y s, and wh ose

tradi tions h ar l dy e x te n d by d e on th e last fe w ge ne rations I t is .

rem arka bl e th at all i nq uiries for coins or oth e r re m ai ns of th e form e r

i nh a itants b of th e se valle s, y calculate dt th row furth e r ligh t on th e ir

o

h is tor y or ch aracte r, h ave h i th e rto b e e n u nsucc essful, wi th th e e x ce p

tion of th e i nsc ri tion, p a copy of wh i ch was forwarde d wi th y le tte r m

No 1 2 1 7, of th e 6th May 1 8 53, (p l v fig

. . . . and whi ch was foun d
near th e re m ai ns m ar e d No 1 6 o n th e m a
p k . .

9 I kd
h av e m ar e on C a tai n Pre e dy s m ap (by th e wo r
.
’
Ruins p d
th e site s o f som e of th e se v estige s of anci e nt i nh a i tants, wh ich a ear b pp
to m ar k th e si tes of form e r tow ns
,
— Le tter . 2 1 0 9 of 1 8 5 3, fi '
om H . B .

E F r e re, Esq
. .
, to th e S e cre ta ry BBR . . . Asi a ti c So ci e ty .

—
S u n I n re l pyt y o our le tte r No . 5 6, of th e l oth of J anua r yl t as ,

wh i ch I m u ch re re t sh ould
g h av e so long re m ai ne d u nac k no wl dg d e e ,

Ih av e th e h onour to re p ort th at th e followi ng are th e kote e ras wh ich

h av e as y e t com e u n e r m d y own o b se rv ati on.

0 6s . 1 .
— K otee ra m e ans a sm all fort .

No . 1 — Near
. K urrac h ee , contai ni n
g se v en divisi ons, calle d by th e

Nativ e s th e Sath Gh ur .
”
Th e room s or di vi si ons are ne ar ly q s uare ,

and v ar y
in e x te nt from a ou t 4 0 to 4 5 fe e t i n le ngth an b db dth re a .

Th e e x te rnal and d
i vi si onal w alls are c om ose o f large p d d d
u n re sse

bl koc s o f sto ne , wi th ou t ce m e nt, and var yf rom 6 to 9 fe e t i n th i k c ne ss .

M y an of th e stone s a pp e ar to h av e b ee n ex p dtose o th e ac tion o f fire ,

and are b urnt q ui te re d. Th e ko te e ra face s e ast and w es t, and each

di i i h
v s on as an e ntrance in th e e as te rn face . Th ese p e culi ari ti es are

ob bl i n all th ose y e t disc ov e re d

se rv a e .

0 6s 2 — . . d
Vi e anne x e s e tch [si m ilar to figs 4, 6, p l d k . . Th e
b
room s are a ou t 30 to 4 0 fee t, inte ri or m eas ure m ent .
“

No . 2 .
-Ne ar D um as, on th e direct roa dt o Seh wan, contai ning tw o

or th ree (4 di visions, each of b

a o ut 35 fe e t sq uare . Th e walls
are constructe d i n th e sam e m anne r as th ose of No 1 . . F ronting
e as t and west th e re is a cu rious c ross-sh a e d p b uildi n
g ne ar th is kote e ra,
'

com p d o se of h uge p p dier e n cular b

sla s of stone , wi th h orizontal sla b s

b
a ov e , w h i ch w ou ld pp t
a e ar o h ave b ee n use d e i th e r as a tom b , a te m pl e,

o r an altar for sacri ficial

p p
u r ose s .

O bs . 3 — . Th i s m in i s b
a out 4 m ile s on th e Dunraj si d e of T k ruc .

46
360 m m m r ras m sc m ns .
( Ja n .

F or a d escri ti on and p d rawing vi d e Masson s Travels in B

’
e looe h is tan,

v ol. ii . Anne x e di s a tole ra l by com et g roun -p lan d (p l . v. fig 4 , a )

. .

Th e m in is known to th e Noom rea sh e ph de r s aroun d as th e Soosoo

ke -Atun,
”
or s pi p p l Si d
nning-h ouse of Soosee , th e h e roine of a o u ar c n es

lg d
e en i , f wh i h i gi
one ve rs on o i Bt Hi t y f S i d c s ve n n ur on s
’
s or o c n e.
”

C p t i P dy d
a a n t ti
re e i gl p igh t l b
oe s no d b li k
m en on a s n e u r s a or ru e o e s

still t d i g 1 0
s an 12 y d f n th NE g
or l f th t p l
ar s 7
() rom e . an e o e em e

or th i f:
i il
e re m a ns o l b t i il di t f th SE
a s m ar sa a a sm ar s ance rom e .

an
g ( )
l e T h N
c c h . t di ti t
eh t th i i
oo m reas th ig h av e a ra on a e re s n e ne

b h d
our oo fi p i g wh i h w p p ly h k d p d
a ne s r n ,
l c as u r ose c o e u an conce a

ed by th K m wh th t b lis a ra
”
fi ti d d th en ty e rue e e v e rs rs nv a e e coun r .

I th n igh b h d e twne b ildi g f th our oo ki d aret o u n s o e sam e n , no

d ib d by C p t i P dy d wh i h I h
e scr e a a k d hi p
n re e , an c av e m ar e on s m a as

N 2 o. dN 2 A an Th f i b tw o. Ah d Kh
a. dB h l e orm e r s e een m e an an oo a

Kh T d d i i gl
an s
’
an a, an b t 35 f t q f h
s a s n e room a ou ee s u are , o t e con
t
s ruc ti l i th
o n u su a b ildi g Th th i il i h p d n ese u n s . e o e r, s m ar n s a e an
i
s ze , li b tw Bh l Kh
es e T d dS bk
een oo a th an s
’
an a an oom u , near e

D w t ur th p by wh i h th Bh
a ,
”
e i ass
p f th c e aru n r ve r esca es rom e

h ills .

No . 3 —A large kotee ra on th e Ve roo plai n

.
, situate d a sh ort di t s ance

to th e SW of th e ba nd. Th is koteera h as . se v e n di visions, is 1 2 5

y d ar s i n le ngth , and 2 2 in b dthre a . Th e walls are si m ilar in construe
”
ti on and dim e nsi ons to th ose of th e Sath Gh ur .

No . 4 — .A sm all kote e ra ne ar th e form er one , of wh ich onl y a

p ortion o f th e fo un ati ons d re m ai ns, th e re st of th e m ate rial h avin g b een

re m ove d and m a e use d of by C a

p tain Partri ge i n th e d constructi on of

th e large b d un .

No 5 -Also on th e Ve roo lai n, is tant a ou t a m ile from No 3,

. . p d b .

wi th wh ich i t corresp onds i n le ngth , b u t is de ficie nt 4 ards i n by y

b d
re a th Th e stone s of wh ich i t is com ose d are also of i nfe rior
. p
di m e nsio ns .

No 6 . .
-O u th e Ve roo pl ia n, distant b
a ou t 1} m iles to th e west
w ar d of th e b u nd. Th is is a ci rcular kote e ra, wi th onl y one e ntrance ,

o n th e e aste rn side . Th e ci rcle is a out 1 0 ar s i n diam b y d e te r, th e walls

a b ou t 4 fe e t i n th i c k ne ss, 3 i nch e s h igh , and p ut toge th e r i n th e sam e

m anne r as th ose of th e q u d
a rangu lar kotee ras .

No . 7 — Be tw e e n Ro dh and K otre e , on th e di rect route from K ur

t e e h ee , c ontai ning th re e di v sions,
i di m e nsio ns not re cor e dd .

No 8 . .
- A sm all one ne ar th e form e r.

No 9 . . b
-A ou t a m ile to th e e as twar d of th e tw o last, containi ng
th re e di visi ons .
 s ur rourrras m S C I NDE . 36 1

O bs . 4 .
— Le ngth (walls not inclu d d) 30 y d b dth ditt
e ar s ; re a o 20
y d di id d by
ar s, v e a wall i nto 2 e qua l p t i t h f wh i h
ar s, dn o e ac o c a oor,

sit t d 7 y d f
ua e ar s rom e i th e r e x tre m i ty l d , F t th
ea s . t aces o e e as .

No . 10 .
- Be twee n Je rruck and Soom b uk, ne ar Loo nee fort, on th e
Bah rnn ri ve r, h as two i visi ons d Th
. e re is a cu ri ous stone alta r ne ar

th is kote e ra, com p ose d of two p p di er en cular stone s, w i th a large slab

at le ast a ton i n w ei gh t pl ace d h o rizontall y on th e top of th e m .

No . 11 —Be twee n Soo m b uk

. and Murrae e , containing th re e or

d
four i visi ons, i m e nsions not re cor e d dd .

No 1 2 — Ne ar M urrae e , c ontai ning two

. . di i iv s ons .

No . 13 — Be twe e n K udjoor
. and Pokrun, contai ni ng two divisions ;
a circle of stone s ne ar i t, div ide d by a c ross of wh i te stones, th e li m s b
of th e cross dire cte d tow ar d s th e car di nal p oi nts .

O bs . 5 — h is
. T stage from K ujoor to Poh ra n i s p arti cularl y ri ch in
su ch re m ains . At K ujoor itse lf th e stone foun d ti
a ons of a town or large

v illage are visi bl e , and th e nce to Pokrun are num e rous v e sti e s
g of

form er b
h a i tati o ns . Th e p i ip l
r nc a re m ai ns b
co m m e nce a ou t 4 m ile s
bf e o re re ach ing Pokrun, at th e rui n nu m b d 1 3 by C pt i
e re a a n Pre e dy .

It contai ns tw o ch am b e rs, e ach 35 fe e t s uare

q . Th e ci rcle is a li ttle
distance to th e north , and is 2 5 fe e t i n di am e te r.

A b ou t 1 50 y d ar s fu rth e r on is a kote e ra, contai ning a si n le ch am

g b er

35 fee t square .

One m ile ne are r Pokrun is a ver y curious rui n, e x actl y th e sam e in

m ate rials and constru ction as th e sq uare rui ns, but consis ting of tw o
ci rcular ch am b e rs ad oini ng e ach oth e r, each ci rcle
j 25 fe e t i n di am e te r,

and e ach with a d oorwa yt o th e we st .

O ne m ile furth e r on is anoth e r kote era, contai ning onl y a sin

gle

ch am b e r. Th i s is b
a ou t 2 m ile s from Pokrun, wh e re th e re is a ve r
y
large and p e rfec t b ildi
u ng, ( No . 14 on p
C a tain Pre e dy
’
s list, ) ve r
y
sim ilar to th at ne ar Tm ck ( No .

No . l4 .
-At Poh ra n, i m d e nsi ons and di i i
v s ons not recor e d d Th . ere
are se ve ral sm all kote e ras i n th is ne igh b ou rh oo d .

0 6s . 6 .
— O ne of consi d ble ra e size , and surrou n e d d by k m ar s of th e
foundations of h ouse s is to b e see n at D ull, th e t g b tw
s a e e een Pokrun
and J ungar.

No 1 5 —In th e v alle y of th e H bb u riv e r, near O om ed Alli

’
s v illa e ,
g
. .

containin tw di i i n
g o v s o s .

Nos 1 6 . and l7 .
— Ou th e p ost re ad b tw e e en Murree and K otre e ,
b oth sm all.

2 . d
I n ad i tion to th e b
a ov e, If o un d se ve ral kotee ras i n th e v alle y s
 ’
362 a nsr a s c r or r u n soc urrr s r noc nnm
'
na s .
( Ja n .

of Nai ng and Kah ee , all of a re ctangular sh ape , and

p osse ssing th e
usual ch a rac te ri sti cs as re gar s d fro ntage , co ns tructi on, &c .

3 I n th e valle y of Nallie or Nurree , th rough wh i ch th e re is a

m ountain p ass leading to Kh e lat, and by wh i h c ka i las fl occasionally

e nte r Sci nde , I f d twoun o oth e r ci rcular ko tee ras, of si m ilar i m d e nsi ons

and construc ti on to No . 6 . Th ese we re e re cte dp aralle l, and a few

y ards di ts ant from each oth e r.

4 . Th e b
a ov e are all th e kote e ras th at Ih ave as y e t m e t wi th , b ut
th e re d btl ou ess are m an y oth e rs to be fou n d scatte re d th rough out th e
h ill di t i t s rc s on our we ste rn fronti e r .
— Le tter 1 1 66 of 1 8 53, f rom

C ap tai n P re edy to H . BE . . F rere, Esq . th e Obs erva tions

”
by th e
la tter .

ART V - A bstract. o f th e P roceedi ngs o

f th e Socie ty f or th e

Year 1 8 5 2 -5 3 .

MEMBERS E EC E L T D ,

F ROM DEC EMBER 1 85 2 TO 28 1 3 NOV EMBER 1 8 5 3 .

Th e Righ t H bl L d F
onora e or . Li e ute nant J J . . Annesly .

Fitzclare nce , G C H . . . Dr C C .ea . . M d .

Th e H onora bl S i C M J k
e r . . ac R S Sinclair, Esq
. . .
, MA . .

son, Kt . Dr . W H
Bra le . . d y .

H W R. Eq C 8 . e ev es, s .
, . . Li e u te nant P. Browne .

W Si Eq C S
. m son, s .
, . . Mirza Ali Mah om e d Kh an, Esq .

Mj G P p
a or . o e. Li e ute nant Hp J o e oh nstone .

Li t t C l l G I J
e u e nan o one . . am eson. . b
G F or e s, Esq , C S . . .

M j J H l
a or . o m es . Dr na
. J K pp
. .

R Willi E q
. s, s . Azum Tilm alrao Vy ankatrao, Esq .

M A C ox on Esq
. . , .
, C 8 . . Dr J
V on i e ig
. . L b .

R . W . Bone , Esq . Li e ute nant A M Gri e ve , . . I . N .

G Ri m ington, Esq
. . Dr A Fle m ing
. . .

S UBSC R I BERS .

D . Davi d son, Esq .

, C S . . M R L Meason, Esq
. . . .
 p am nN rs F O R TH E
'
m naa a v . 363

PRESEN S F O R THE T LI BRARY .

D O N O RS .

A nna (A Dire ct de r A . kd a . der Wi sse nsch afte n,

850 Vi e nna) , das V ate r U nse r, in

. m e h r als 2 00
S p rach e n u nd Mun d t ar e n, m i t O ri gi nal Typ e n. Alois Aue r .

AN TI Q U E Li te raturse S pt t i
e e n r onalis, Ge or gi i H i k c

s eii e t Hum p h re di Wanleii 2 vols fol . . M r C annon

. .

BA D D E LE Y (D . F I . nve stigation of th e D ust

Storm s an d Wh i lwi d r I di
n s of n a . Gov t . of Bom by
a .

Bo w x na ( Re v . Essa y Hi d on n u C aste ( 2
cOp ie s ) Re v Dr . . Wil son.
BU I ST ( G .
, Id
n ex to Book s and Pa p e rs

on th e Ph y i lG
s ca e ogra ph y , Anti qui ties, and

Statis tics o f I di
n a Th e Auth or .

Ge ologi cal C h art of th e Il ds an of Bom by a ,

Bu nN o u r (M . Eugene ) , Sur les T rav aux de . M St. . Hil i a re .

C E N S U S, A bt s rac t of th e Se ve nth , of th e U ni te d
State s Sm i th son Inst . .

C o nc o nA N ( J
Account, Ge ogra h i cal, Histori cal, p
and Statistical, of th e C h inese Em i re, i n th e p
Ur d u language , 2 v ols . 4 to . Gov t . of Bom by
a .

-
C o ne s Tra n ( M anoc kj )
e e , A fe w Pas si ng Id e as for
th e b e ne fit o f I ndia and I ndians ( 2 copi es ) . Th e Auth or .

D A L Z E LL (P . Mon th ly State m e nt of th e
Ex te rnal C om m e rce of th e Pre si d y e nc of

Bom by a , from O cto b er 1 8 52 to S pt b

e em er

D E ATH S in Bom byd a uri ng th e Ye ar 1 85 1 Me ical d Board .

DI C K I N S O N
’
s C om p h re e nsiv e Pi cture s of th e Great
Exh i i tion b of 1 8 5 1 , in 8 p arts Gov t . of Bom by
a .

Em s; S c n nm r de Diis Ge rm ani s siv e V e te ri Ge r

M r C annon
. .

I N STI TU TI O N , Ro yl a , of Great Britai n, Li t s of th e

Me m b e rs, O ffice rs, & c . of th e , w i th a Re p ort

of th e Visitors for th e Ye ar 1 851 . Th e Socie t y .

Notic e s of th e Me e tings of th e Me m b e rs

of th e , Parts I . and II .
, 1 851
J a rs nnn o v ( Sir J Rah e Parse , or a Gui d e to th e
 AB
’
364 STRACT or r u n soc I nrv s r aoc ns m
'
no s .
[J A N .

D O N O RS .
b i g T l ti f
Religious i ; e n a rans a on rom v ar ous

W k i Z d P h li i A bi P i L ti
or s n en , e v , ra c, e rs an, a n,

d S k it l i d ti g h q ti A
an ans r , e uc a n t e ues on re

w j ti fi d i killi g
e us i l ? e n n an m a s Th e Auth or .

J I G
O AN N S ti i i P i A lyti Ai t
ram m a c n r ors na cs r s o

Mr Cannon
. .

J O U RN A L of th e I ndian Arch i p lg e a o and Eas te rn

As ia, Nos 5 to 1 0 . of Vol V I for 1 8 5 2
. . Govt . of Bom by a .

Nos 6 to 1 2 . of Vol . VI . for 1 8 5 2, a nd

No 1 . of Vol VI I for 1 8 5 3
. . Th e Edi tors .

Be ngal Asiatic Socie t y , from J anuar y 1 8 48

to Nov e m b er 1 8 53, i nclusi ve . Th e Socie t y .

Ma d ras Socie t y f Li to e rature and Sci e nce .

[N o num b er h as b een rec e i ve d si nc e 3 1 , for

M arch
KI N LO C H ( C . W . Statisti cal Re p ort of th e Dis
tric t of Gov t of Bom by a

I di heA lt th k d
. .

L AS S E N ( Prof C . . n sc er um s un e ” Th e Au th or .

M o a n n nA n ( C M D I t d t y L
. t , d li . . n ro u c or e c ure e

v e re d i th G t M di l C ll g t B b y
n e ran e ca o e e a om a ,

on th 1 5 th J
e 1 8 5 3 t th p i g f th une , a e O en n o e
—
Se ssion 1 8 5 3 5 4 .

MO R R I S ( J Se le c te d D ii e c s ons of th e Court of

Su dd D w er e ane e Ad wl t a u of Bom by a , Part II .

,

1 8 48 Govt . of Bom by a .

NU N N ( T I fl . n am m ati on of th e Breast , and

Milk Ab scess Th e Auth or .

Varicose V e i ns and Vari cose Ulce rs .

O BS E R V ATI O N S, Magne tical and Me te orological,

m ade at th e onora le East n ia C om H
an s
’
b Id p y
b
O se rvator of B om y
a , i n th e Years 1 8 4 9 and by
1 8 5 0, u nde r th e su p i e r nte n e nce d of C a tain p
C . W . Montriou , I . N . Govt . of Bom bay .

O BS E R V AT I O N S m a e a t th e O se rvator d b y tH b a o art

T
own, i n V an Di e m an s
’
and, V ol L III d
. .
, un er Hon . C o urt of

th e su p e ri nte nde nce of C ol E . . S bia ne . Di rec tors.

O R DE R S, Ci rcular, issue d by G t i ov e rnm e n n th e

P olice B ranch of th e J di i l D p t
u c a e ar m e nt,

V ol . I . Govt . of Bom ba y .
 p asa Ts r o a Ta x m nu a r . 365

D O N O RS
Baron L it
.

F O RGSTA LI .
( von, e ratur e sch i ch te
g
de r Ara b er Von ih re m b gie nne b is zu En d e

J h h d t d Hid h t D itt
Zwoe fte n a r un e r s er sc re . r er

B d (V l III )
an o . . Th e Auth or .

RAGn u v A N s n A,by K lid wi th C t y a asa, a om m e n ar

ty l d S ji
s e by M lli h an v am a nat a Govt . of Bom by a .

RE PO R T, A l f th Elph i t I tit ti
nnua , o e ns one ns u on,

B b y f th Y
om a or e e ar Prof H k ar ne ss

t M di l C llg
.
, .

f th oG B b y
e ran e ca o e e, om a ,

Se ve nth Ye ar , Se ssio n 1 8 5 2 -5 3 ” Dr More h e a

. d .

of th e Board of Educati on of Bom bya ,

from 1 st May 1 8 5 2 to 30 th A p il
r 1 8 53 ( 3
co pi es
) Gov t . of Bom by
a

J d
.

of th e Civil and u di c i al A m inistration of

th e Bom byP a re side nc y for th e Year 1 85 1 .

of C ri m e , and o f th e Poli ce A d m i nistration

of th e Zill h a s of th e Bom b y P id y
a res e nc , for
th e Year 185 1 .

of th e K e w C om m i ttee of th e Bri tish

Asso ci ati on for th e d
a vance m e nt o f Sci e nce,
for 1 8 5 1 -5 2 Th e Socie t y .

of th e K urrach e e Ge ne ral Lib y rar . H . B . E F re re,

.

se co nd, of th e C om m issio ne rs for th e Esq .

Ex h i ition b of 1 85 1 . Govt . of Bom by

a .

of th e Su dde r Dw e ane e A d wl t
a u .

of th e Tw y Ni e nt - nth Annual M e e ting of th e

Ro yl a Asiati c Socie t y of Gre at Bri tain and
I re la nd, fo r 1 8 5 2 Th e Socie t y .

RETU R N , Annual, of th e Poli ce , sh owi ng th e state

of C rim e i n th e Tw o n and Il s and o f Bom by a ,

during th e Ye ar 1 8 5 2 . Govt . of Bom by a .

S E L EC TI O N S from th e Re c or d s of th e Gov e rnm e nt i n

th e Police Branch of th e J udic ial Dp e artm e nt,

Nos . I . and II .

S M IT H S O N I AN C ontri b u tions to K nowle dge , V ols .

III .
, IV .
, and V . Th e I nsti tuti on .

S M IT H S O N I A N I I
N ST TU T O N , I C atalogu e of W k or s

and Pa p e rs in th e Dp e artm e nt of Z l gy
oo o ,

Botany , and Ge o l gy f
o o
 A BSTRAC T O R TH E soc nm r s p Roc BEU I Ne s . [
’
366 J A N .

DO N O RS
I Di ti n f ll t
.

S M I TH S O N I AN N ST ITU T O N , I re c o s or co e c

i ng, p re se rvin
g , an d t p ti g Sp i
rans or n e c m e ns

of Natural Hi t s or y p p d f th u
, re are or e se

Th e I nsti tu tion .

Re p ort o n re ce nt im p rov e m e nts in th e C h e

m ical Arts, by Professors J . C . Booth and C .

M orfit
F ifth Annu alRe p ort of th e Board of Re ge nts
of th e , sh owi ng th e O p e rati ons, Ex p di t en ure ,

C ondi ti on, during th e Ye ar 1 850

S O C I ETE BE GE O G R A P E I E, Bulle tin de la, ( Pari s, )
Nos 1 3 . to 1 9, for 1 8 52 . Th e Socie t y .

SO C I ETY , Am e rican O rie ntal, J ournal Of, V ol . III .

No . 1
Bom by a , d
Me ical 8: Ph yi s cal, T ransactions o f,

No . I . Ne w Se rie s, for th e Ye ars 1851 and

1 8 52 . Th e Socie t y .

D itt o ditt o di tto di tt o Govt of B om

. by
a .

C h e m ical, Quarte rly J o urnal of, Nos . 19

and 20 of V ol V . . for 1 8 5 2 —5 3 . M . Bailliere .

M auri tius M e teorologi cal Me e ting of h e ld , ,

1 2 th M ay 1 8 5 3 Th e Socie t y .

T ransac tio ns of ditt o, for 1 8 5 3 .

Ro y lA t a s ronom ical, p roce e di ngs of, Nos 6 .

and pp
7, w i th Su le m e ntal Noti c e (No 9) of .

Vol . XII
, for 1 8 5 2 No 1 of V ol
.
, for . . XIII .

1 8 5 2 ; N os 7 and 8 o f Vol . for 1 8 5 3 . XIII . .

S U N JA N A ( P . Gooze rattee T ranslati on of a

Pe h li vi W k or e nti tle d th e K ar Nam eh , Ar

Th e T ranslator .

S x x Es, ( C ol . W . Adm inistrati on Of C i vil

J ustice in British I ndia, from 1 8 45 to
1 8 48 Th e Auth or .

on th e C e nsus of th e Il ds an s of Bom by
a

and C ola b a, ta k e n on . th e l st M ay 1 8 4 9,
by p
C a tai n E . Baynes , Su p e rinte n e nt of d
TH E ATM A-BO D H A, with its C om m e ntar , also th e y
Tattwa-Bodh a e ing tw o tre atise s of b
n i an Id E
[ q
s .

Panth e ism R. X . M ur h py ,
 p a ES E NTs F O R TH E M U S EU M . 367

D O NO RS
W I di h St di Bit g f
.

E BE R ( Dr . n sc e u en e ra e ur

di K d d I di h
e un e Alt th Zw it
es n sc en er um s . e en

B d D i tt H ft (N 3 V l
an e s, r es e . o . o . Th e Au th or .

WI G HT I Pl t l di O i t li
cone s an aru m n se r en a s ; or

F ig f I di Pl t V l V I f
u re s o n an an s, o . . or Gov t . Of Bom by a .

W (M
Y ATT I d t i l A t f th Ni t th
. n us r a r s o e ne ee n

C y
e ntur S i f I ll t ti af th e r es o us ra ons o e

h i
c t Sp i
o ce s f P d by y
e c m e ns o ro u ce e ve r

N ti a Th i d d F h D i i i
on . f r an ourt v s ons, or

S pt b e dDem b 1 8 52
e r an e ce m er

Z - d
E I TS C H R I l T D t h M g l di h
‘
er e u sc en or e n an sc en

G ll h ft e se H ggb
sc a d G e rau s e e en v on en e

h ft fiih
sc a S h t B d H ft III IV
s re rn . ec s er an , e . .

d Si b t B d H ft I
un e en e r an , e . Th e Socie t y .

FO R THE M U SEU M .

Argillace ous Li m e sto ne , dar kg y re , and bl k ac , from

th e di stri ct of Sh ora p p u r, re se ntin
g o n th e e x
p ose d si de e x cavati ons, c oni cal i nwar ds, from
0 to 1 i nch d p d0 t ee , an o i nch w i de . p
Ca t M . . T yl
a or.

Basalt , dar k g y b w with p

re , ro n, O liv i ne , sp es ots of

ci m e ns f p oi g , osse ss n a strong olari t , from p y

th e s um m i t o f th e m o untai n calle d th e Ponce ,
i n th e Dr G Buist
f
. .

Bri ck s
.

, m ou ldi ngs and cornice s rom th e re m ains

of a Buddh ist b uilding , disc ov e re d by M r. C ole

in a m ou nd 3 m iles b l wJ
e o e rruck, on th e I ndus,

L owe r Scin d b e, e ari n

g desi ns
g sligh tl y allie d
to Grec i an l
() st yl e, v z.i h um figure s,
an

it runni ng p atte rn of p lie cans and th e lo tu s

w i th i ts sh oo ts and le av e s i n th e fo rm of sc rolls,

li ons
’
h ea d s, th e lotus by it se lf, &c &c. . On
th e su rfac e Of one bikir c s afigu re of B u ddh a

sea e d c oss le gge d on th e

t r - lotus, wi th th e h an s d
in front of th e low e r p art of th e ch e st, and th e
li ttle finge r of th e le ft e twe e n th e th um and b b
fore finge r of th e righ t h an ; a v e st o ve r all d
th e b y
od e x ce t th e ne c p
Tw o ram s e re ct, k .

47
 ’
368 A BS TRA C T OF TH E s o c rnr r s p RO O EEnI Ne s .
[JA N .

D O N O RS .
one on e ach si d e, th e ir b k ac s tu rne dtw d o ar s

th e figu re ; and two lions cou ch an t d th un e r e

lotu s .O th e r figu re s a pp e ar to h av e e x is te d

on e ach si de of th e h e a , d ( c roco dil es

’
m o u th s

b u t th e y , wi th th e h e a d of Buddh a h im se lf, E
[ q
s .

h ave b een b k ff
ro en o . H . B . E . F re re ,
Burm e se M anus c r ip t pl y on a m ra le av e s ” Dr . J W lh . e s .

C h e rt, conta i ni ng Ph y s a P r i ns ep i i , P a la di a a De ccan

e nsis , M e la ni a q uadri li ne a ta , and C yp ride s ,
s p e ci m e ns of, from th e ne igh b ou rh oo d of C a tai n p W T . .

Saugor, in C e ntral I ndi a Nicolls .

C oal, s p e ci m e ns of, fro m th e Easte rn Arch i plg

e a o,

v z i . from fl
Port Ra le s, No rth e rn Au stralia,
Borne o ,
Il ds an s of Li ngui and Ju nkse y lan,
I ndram y a er Poi nt on th e North C oas t of J av a,

Lb a uan, Saraw a k , and C um b e rla nd . J . Ri tch ie , Esq .

C oi ns, C e p p e r, ( 7 1 , b
e ari n Ara ic ch arac te rs, fro m
g b
th e Mah e e anta K C ap t R . . W ll a ac e

h
.

wi th D e va nagari c a rac te rs on th e m , C a tai n p W T . .

from Sau gor, C e ntral I ndia . Nic olls .

Silve r, ( 1 , disc o v e red by Li e u te nant Ph illi p s [ q

Es .

i n th e rui ns of th e old to w n of Sh a kp a ur H B E F re re ,
n
“ . . .

C o rne lian, agate , and o p aq u e bl ue glas s, f g

ra m e ts
o f, from th e ru ins o f Sh a kp a ur Li e u t. Ph illi p s .

p
Ele h as Africanu s, craniu m o f, w ith ou t lowe r jaw Ca t p . C am pb e ll,

and tus k s I . N .

p
Ele h ant, e x ti nc t S p e c ie s of alv e ola r p roc e sse s

of, w i th p arts of th e tu s k s i n s i tu, from th e

b k
an s of th e Godave ry at Py tan
e x ti nct s p e c ie s o f, tus k and fragm e nts of

th e long b one s of, fou nd i n th e b e d of th e

Go dav e ry , to w h ich th e alv e olar p roc e sse s

j ust m e nti o ne d bl e ong. Th e p orti on of th e

tus k is soli d, and m e asu re s 7 i nch e s i n i ts
w ide st di am e te r, w h ile th e h ollow art i n th e p
alv e olar p roc e ss
g i v e s an arc o f a ci rcle wh i c h
i s 9 to 1 0 i nch e s i n diam e te r .

F ossil- b o nes fou nd ne a r th e v illa e

g of Narai n p ur, p
C a tai n W . T .

18 m ile s so u th -e as t o f Saugor . N icolls .

Fossil- b one s of tw o e x ti nct s p e c i e s of p

Ele h ants,
 pR BS ENTs s o n TE E M U S EU M . 369

D O N O RS .
fragm e nts of, fro m th e Si walik h ills, consi sting
of 3 p o rti o ns o f th e lowe r j aw s, wi th m ore or

le ss of a tooth in e ac h , and 3 co n dyl id o e x tre

m ities of th e large lo ng b one s . Dr G . . Bui st .

of e x ti nc t ani m als, fragm e nts of, f ro m th e

island of Pe ri m , O pp osi te th e m ou th of th e
Ne r b ddu a ; co nsi sti ng of 9 p ortions o f th e j aw s

of 3 or 4 s p e c ie s of m asto d on 3 p orti o ns o f 2
sp e ci e s o f rh inoce ros ; front p art o f th e lo w e r

j aw of hi pp p o otam us fragm e nt o f a c roco dile s

’

h ea d 2 large v e rte rae o f b p b ro osci dian ani

m als and 3 fragm e nts o f oth e r

o f e x ti nc t anim als, fragm e nts o f, from th e

island of Pe ri m , consi sti n
g of
~

12 p o rti ons of

th e te e th of m asto dons ; 6 p ortio ns o f low e r

j aw, and one of th e u pp er
j aw, wi th te e th of 2
s p ec ie s O f rh i noc e ros ; one p o rti on o f lowe r jaw
of hi pp po ota m us 3 crani a of sm all m am m alia

( p oste ri or p ortions ) 2 crani a o f re p til e s, o ne

’
of w h i ch is a large croco dile s h e ad ; te e th of

h orse , p ig, and ru m i nant ; v e rte b rae o f re p ilt e

and sm all m am m alia ; a nd 1 0 fragm e nts of

o th e r b o ne s . Dr A . . H L i th
. e .

F ossil e ch inode rm ata, ( )

8 s p e ci m e ns o f, from Scinde .

pl a m -w oo d, ( 3 lar
ge s p e c i m e ns, ) from Prom e. Dr . J W lh
. e s .

F ossils from th e te rti ar y , lac ustrine , and O oli ti c l

()
form ati ons i n th e ne igh b ou rh oo d o f Nagp u r
T e rti ar y and lacustri ne f gm e nts, large and
- ra

s m all, of e ndoge nous and e x oge no us w oo ds,

see ds, and frui ts, and also of fresh wate r

sh e lls from th e form e r. O oliti c f? — im
) re s p
si ons ( re d -co lou re d) i n w h i te m icace ous sand

sto ne , of fe rns and o th e r pl ants, am on

g w h i ch
are Gloss op teris Browni ana , G . a ny us t if o

li a, Cy clop te ris, C a lam i te s, Ver te bra ria l

()
&c & c . Re v . S . Hi l p s o .

and
ge ologi cal s e c im e ns p from som e of th e Li eu t . C G C on. .

islands i n th e Pe rsian Gulf . sta bl e .

and
ge olo
gi cal S e ci m e ns p from p art of th e
W e ste rn C oast of K atty awar
 ’
37 0 m an ne r o r r u n so orm s PROC EEDI NGS .
[JA N .

D O N O RS
y
.

Fossil sh e lls from th e te rtiar form ati on on th e

C oas t of T rav ancore Maj Ge nl C ulle n. . .

Fossilife rous Li m estone , p

s e c im e ns of, containi n
g
O r bi toli tes, from th e NW . C oast of K atty a Li eut . C . G .

C onsta le b .

Ge ological s p eci m e ns, colle c ti on of, m a e d by p ty a ar

wh o v isite d th e Mud Volcanoes ne ar Hinglaj,

di t i t f L
i n th e s rc i ti g f t ti y
o u ss, c ons s n o er ar

g lcon t d t d
om e ra e , san s one ,h ll f th an s e s rom e

He R g ra l p i
an e ; f li d t d
a so s ec m e ns o c onso a e

d ft l y f
an so p t f th d fl i
c a rom ar s o e m u e
'

us ons,

g th
to e w i th py i
er t y t lli d fi b r l
e s, cr s a ze ro us ca c

p d
s ar, i t
an f l
a m d
x ure l o E
[ q c a careo us m u , su s .

ph d gyp
u r, an su m H BE F . . . re re ,

G ldo dt p i
san s one , f th ll d f
s ec m e ns o E
[ q e ao-ca e , rom s .

C t h i th n c , k l g th
n t
e c re e A D R b t
s a on e co as . . o e r so n,

Di tt di tt di tt
o ditt o o o .

G p f 75 Rh h ( B
rou o M k ) li t i g
a ans urm an on s , s en n

t th i oS p i e r p di g th B ddhi t
u e r or ex ou n n e u s

S i pt cr d g ure s,t f ld P g d i th
u ou o an o a o a n e

f fB
ort o i J ly 1 8 5 2
asse n, u D J W lh . r. . e s .

f Fig o i R li f i wh i t
u re s nbl f e e , n e m ar e, rom

H i d t pl i G t
a n u em e n R Willi E q
uz e ra . . s, s .

H bl d gorn en e , d id ( l) i g
re e n an l l oc ras e n ranu ar ca c

p s k f ar roc Ti ,
lly
rom ne ar M j G l C ll nne v e a . en . u en .

I p i
m f t
ress o ns f o dg pl t d
s em s o en o e nous an s, an

llsm a ll ( y
C
m o 2
usca, p i ) i d
re na s e c e s. n re

i llo-m icace ous sandstone , also silicifie d

ar
g
y d
dic ot le onou s wood, from e twe e n 60 and 8 0 b
m ile s S . of Nag p ur ( 4 s p e ci m e ns ) . Re v . J Hi l p. s o .

I ron O re , p osse ssi ng strong pl iy p

o ar t , s e ci m e n of,

from K une swar, 8 0 m ile s SE . of Nagp u r .

L ate ri te from a m ass i n si tu, s p eci m e ns of, on th e

h igh e st p oi nt of W orle s bill, a fe w y d ar s north

of th e flg st ff
a - a . H J
. . C arte r, Es q .

pi if
s orm , from Am ara ur p
Li h c en e ograp h ic us,
g on p e tro si le x , from th e
Gre at End C rag, Borrowdale , C um b e rlan d Dr A . . H L i th
. e .

M angane se O re ( P y rolusi te ) , p
s ec im e n o f, from th e
Se wajp oor h ills SE . of Powngh ur, and from
 P RES ENTS F O R TE E M U S EU M . 37 1

D O N O RS .

J um boogaum p
; also s e cular i ron ore , s e cim e n p Ma or Gj . F ull
of, from th e Gh oor h ills . j am e s .

Mine ralogical and ge olo

gi cal p
s e cim e ns from th e
Re wa K anta, c onsi sting of o x i dulate d and

sp e cular i ron ore pp

co e r ore ( m alac h i te
) m ica
e n m a ss e in large a e s, flk and roofing slate s

corne lia n flints, agate s, & c . talc ose lim e stone

q uartz sc h iste , i nte rstratifie d wi th i ro n ore

g rani te
p roto
gy ne and s e ni te . y O yt s e r sh e lls,

fossil, long c anali fe rous, from th e te rtiar y (i )

li m e stone of th e Raj pee pla h ills, & c & c . .

Me tallic and e arth y m i ne rals, ( )

2 0 s p e ci m e ns of,

illustrativ e of th e e c onom i c ge olog y of South

e rn A S
. p e ns, Esq .

Mi cace ous , ar
gi ll -
o s i lice ous sandstone of v ari ous

colo urs, ( u pw ards o f 30 s p e ci m e ns, ) w h i te , re d,

p pl b w
ur e, ro n, v ari e ate d
g som e b e ari n
g v e ge

t bl i p
a i
e m re ss o ns ; one p orti on of a fe rn ( P e
cop te ri s ) fro m th e ne igh b ou rh o o d ( north ) of

Ellich p ur ; p orti ons of th e sam e form ation in

durate d by h e at .

y d
M onocot le o nous and dycoty le donou s si lic ifie d

w d p i
oo s, s e c m e ns of, b
e au tifu ll y cu t and

p li h d l
o s e a so c u t and p oli sh e d sili ci fie d fo ssili

fe rous sh ale and sh e lls from th e lac ustri ne for

m ati on, in th e ne igh b ourh o od of Sau go r
fossil b f one s rom th e calcare ou s co nglom e rate

of th e u pp p er art of th e Ne r b u dda and i ts tribu

tari e s, am ong w h i ch is a transv e rse se c ti on

of an e le ph ant s
’
tus k f i bl
, r a e, i nch e s i n i ts
wi d e st di am e te r
( so lid) ll ; a from th e ne igh p
C a ta in W T . .

bo urh ood of Saugor, in C e ntral I ndia . . Ni colls .

O rnam e nta l arch i te c tu re , ( )

8 fragm e nts of,

and o ne te rra co tta m oul df ro m th e ru ins of

th e Buddh ist te m pl e ne ar J e rruc k, on th e
Id n us W . C ole, Esq .

Os tre a h y otis , s e c im e n of, ta p k en from th e k ee l

of one of th e frigate s of th e I m am of Muscat . Dr G . . Buist .

P h y sa Pri ns ep i i, and Unio Decca nensis, free and

im b dd d p
e e s eci m e ns of, in se m i-ch e rti fie d
 ’
A BSTR AcT o r TE E soe rm s PRO C EED NGS I .

D O N O RS .

p orti ons of th e lacustri ne dp e osits from th e

ne igh b ourh ood o f Elli ch p ur .

Re m ai ns t k
a en from c ai rns a t d
An 51a , C h ikh nh alli,
M oul Ali , a nd Narkailp alli, allu dd
e to, and

d
figure i n C a tai n a lor s p Ty ’
pp a e r o n crom le ch s,
c ai rns, & c ( vide Nos X IV . . . and XV II . of th e
y J l ) i f d lt h
S o c ie t
’
s o urna b , v z. o a u u m an one s,

tw pp b ll
o co pp h i
er e t s, a co er c a n ornam e n ,

s p h d w h
ear- e a s, d t ip d p
arro - ea s
, a r o , s oon,

p tt y ( 7 l g d 2 6 ll l )
o er a r e an sm a v e ss e s . Ca t M p . . T yl a or .

Roc k p i
-s f
e c m e ns
g i t t p d t
ro m ran e, ra , an m e am or

ph i d t ti y li t i th R w
e an er ar m es one n e e a Ma j or G . F ull
K t an a j am e s .

ill t ti f th g l gy
us ra d ve o e eo o an

m i ne ral we alth of th e Salt Ra nge , in th e

Pu n jb
a ; also of th e M u rre e , Huzara, and

C ash m e re h ills Su p re m e Gov t .

consisti ng of grani te , gne is s, m ica, sch iste ,

talc, diorite ; m e ta m or ph i c sh a le s, lim e sto ne

and sandstone tra p b lt

, asa , and late ri te , w i th
a
g re at num b er of th e v ari e ti es of e ach ;

m i cace ous i ro n ore , co pp er ore , gold san d ,

and diam ond b recci a, all from th e South e rn

M ah ratta C ou ntr y Li e nt A Ay toun . . .

( )
2 4 s p e ci m e ns of b uildi n
g m ate rials, us e ful

and ornam e ntal, fro m th e Sa lt Range i n th e Bd . of Adm . of

Pu n jb a , s
q ua re d and p olish e d Lh a ore .

fro m th e ne igh b ourh oo d of Nag p u r, c on

sis ti ng of sac ch aroi d y t lli

, cr s a ne , wh i te dolo
m i te , w i th and wi th out re d s te ati te ; diori te ,
and v e si cu larb lt h i l t d wi h asa , t e v e s c e s coa e t a

im l li k
ne ra b idi f h t h ll d
e o s an res wa e r s e s, an

p ti f th b
or ons o f li
e f th
o ne s o m am m a a, ro m e

pli d p it i th igh b h d f h
oc e ne e os s n e ne o ur oo o t e
N b dd er u a Re v J Hi l p s o

p y y
. . .

g h i t rai h i gh l
e t
n lli w h it
a cr s a ne e

g l l
ranu ari t f T i
m e s one lly rom nne ve Maj Ge nl C ullen
S d l p d
. . .

an a s , ( i ) f
a r, th l f th d t E
a m a e o e e av es o e a e
[ q
s
by th t ib f Byl
.

t wre e , orn e r es o e a .
H BE Fre re ,
S l i t p ti i ty f d
. . .

e en e, orf i th on o ,
g n li d e cav o a eo e ne
 I
O R GI NA L C O M M U N C A T O NS I I . 37 3

D O N O RS
p p
.

wi th lau m oni te and calcs ar, from th e tra of

Dr G . . Buist .

Scori es , S p e ci m e ns of, from th e Loonar C rate r

Se p ulch ral U rns, f rom a m ou nd in th e v i ci ni t y
of Bagdad , e x cav ate d u nde r th e su p e ri nte n d E
[ q
s .

e nce of W H . . Barke r , Esq .

, I . N . W H . . Bark e r ,

Sh e lls, ( 35 ) s p i e c m e ns o f, i n d pliu cate a nd tri pli c ate ,

of 1 5 ge ne ra of lan d and fre sh wate r, c olle c te d

from th e i sland of Bom by a . Dr A . . H L ith . e .

Stalacti te s of S alt, fro m a c ave rn i n th e i sland of Li e ut . C G C on. .

Ki h bl
Bm
s e n, Pe rsian sta e .

Um b re lla,(gi lt, use d th e u r e se as an e lemby mb

o f ran , a nd k by
th e War C h i e fs as a standard ;
ta k e n at th e ca pt u re o f Bassein on th e 1 9th
May 1 8 52 Dr . J W lh
. e s .

Ve ge ta le b im p re ssio ns from th e c oal s trata ne ar

Ne w castle , co nsi sti ng o f a large f ragm e nt of

Lep idode ndron e ley rm s , ( 2 fe e t 3 i nch e s lo ng,

and 1 1 i nc h e s ro ad, ) b and a long e nsifo rm

le af, w i th p aralle l v e i ns ( 1 foot 7 i nch e s lo ng,

and 1 5 i nc h b road ) Dr A . . H L ith . e .

W ate r, p
s e ci m e ns o f, fro m th e Agh or riv e r, and

di ffe re nt locali tie s i n th e Mu d Volcano istric t, d E

[ q
s .

i n th e p ro vi nce of L uss H . B . E F re re ,
.

W d oo s, fossi l m onoco ty l d e o nous and dy co ty le do

p
nous, s e cim e ns of, fou nd ne ar th e v illage of C a tai np W T . .

Narai n p ur, 18 m ile s SE . of Saugor . Ni c olls .

O R G NA I I L CO M M U N C A I TIONS .

C O M M U N I C AT E D
Africa, C o py of a M a
p ill us trati v e of th e T rav e ls of BY
th e Re v . D L . i v i ngstone , and M r O sw e ll.
,

M adras C S in th e i nte ri or of Afri ca N E

. .
, , . of

th e C olon y of th e Ca p Good HO p e , e m
e of

b raci ng a V isit to th e Gre at a e Ngam e e Lk . E

[ q
s .

1 5 th S ep tem ber 1 8 53 .
( ) a H W . . Re e ve s,

( ) a Rec orde d .
 A BS TRAC T o r J
’
37 4 TE E S OC I ETr s RRO C E EDI NC S .
[ A N .

C O M M U N I C ATE D
Barr (C ap t . C . V oca b ular y o f Slang L an u a e
g g BY
u se d by th e M angs and Ram oose e s o f K olapore .

— 2 0 th Ja nua ry 1 8 5 3 ( b) . . Govt . of Bom by a .

Bradle y (Dr W . . A sh ort D esc ri pti on of th e

C av e - T pl em es of Bai talbarree and Dou latabad,
firs t b gh t rou to th e noti ce of th e Soc ie t y by
Ca pt i R
a n ose , with 30 F ac-si m ile s of I nscri p
tions from th e se and oth e r C av e - T pl em es .

— 1 7th M a rch 1 8 53 .
( ) c Th e Auth or .

Brah m inab ad, Ri ve r of, e x trac t

( p g p h 6 t
ara ra s o 9)
from a le tte r date d 28 h t F b ey 1 8 53 f
ruar , rom

th e Ac ting C olle cto r of Hy drabad , re lati v e to,

si tuate d a o ut b 9 m ile s ESE . of Sh adadp oor . E
[ q
s .

2 1 s t Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 . H . B . E F re re ,
.

C arte r ( H J Esq. D ipti f O bi t li t

. escr on o r o e:

M a la ba ri ca ( w pnei ) f th T i yS ec es , rom e e rt ar

Li m e sto ne o f th C t f T e ill t oas o ra v a nco re , us ra

tiv e of th e Spi l d t C
ra t i A an no o nce n r c r

ran e m e nt o
g f Ch b i D O big y d am e rs n
’
r n
’
s or e r

Cy clos tegues — l 7 th F e bru a r 1 8 5 3 Th e Au th or

.
y .
( ) e .

Su m m ar y of th e Ge olog of y I ndia b e tw e e n

th e Gange s th e , I ndu s, and C a p e C om o ri n

1 8 th A ugus t 1 8 5 3 .
(f )
De C re sp igny ( Dr E N . . . Sh ort D esc ri pti o ns

of 23 S p e ci e s o f F re sh wate r F ish es from th e

Riv e rs i n Guze rat, wi th a dra wi ng of e ach

1 7 th N ove m ber 1 8 5 3 .

Edw ards (T . Re p ort o n a S urv e y of th e Ri v e r

Tap te e .
— l 6th De ce m be r 1 8 5 2 .
( )
h Gov t . of Bom b a
y
D p
.

F ram j ee ( C om ari so n, and Re -e x am i na

ti on, wi th Note s, of th e Bili ngual I nsc rip tions
of Haj-i -A b ad, ne ar Nu ksh -i -Ru stam , p ub

lish e d in Sir K e r Porte r

’
s T rav e ls i n Pe rsi a, and

in Profe ssor We ste rgaard s e di tio n of th e

’
Z e nd

— 1 7 th F e brua ry a nd 2 oth O c t 1 8 5 3 i Th e Auth or

a ve sta . . .
() .

F re re ( H . B . E, . Accou nt of th e Re m ains o f

a Buddh ist Building , 8 5 3fe e t sq uare , iscov e re d d

( b) Se e S e lecti on of Gove rnm e nt Re cords , Part I .
( )
c p.1 1 7 .

( d) De fe rred .
( ) p 1 42
s . .
(f p 1 79
. .
(g) Re co rde d .

( ) Se e abstrac t of Procee d
h , . O flLi t
'
. . &c .
()
i Se e ne x t No .
 O RI GI NAL C O M M U NI C AT O NS I . 37 5

C O M M U N I C ATE D
by W
C ole , Esq , e u ty C olle ctor o f K ur
. . Dp BY
rach ee , i n a Mou n 3 m iles e low Je rruc , on d b k
th e Id
n us, i n Lowe r Sc in e, wi th sp e cim e ns d
of th e Bricks and O rnam e ntal Parts, wh i ch
are all i n te rra cotta . Also co py of an I nscrip
tion iles ofl 1 9th M ay 1 8 5 3
— (j ) Th e Auth or
'

som e m . . .

F ulljam e s, M
( ja . A D esc ri p ti on of th e Salt
w ate r Lk a e calle d th e Null, si tuate d on th e
I th f K tty w
s ( w ith
m us oT p g p h i l a a ar a o o ra ca

Sk t h ) — 1 7th M h 1 8 53 ( h )
e c a rc . .

H i l p ( R S J G l gy f th N g St t e a ur a e.

p
s o e v. . . eo o o

— 1 7th M arch 1 8 53
h C
.

I m p e y (E Esq escri tion of t e aves of . D p

K oolvee , i n M alwa ( wi th Ground- lan and p
D rawi n
g)
— l 9t
.h M ay 1 8 5 3 ( )
m . Gov t of Bom bay
. .

K u rrach ee , le tte r e nclosing one from C a tainp

Pre e dy, wi th S k t hM pi e c a n O rigi nal, on th e Re
m ains of an A i t P pl
nc e n eo e i n th e C olle ctorate [ q
Es .

of — 1 5 th S ep te m ber
. 1 8 53 .
( ) n H . B . E F re re ,
.

L i th
e ( Dr A . . Note on an a pp are ntl y un e d
scri e Ge nus bd of Gas terop od — 1 7th M arc h .

1 853 .
( ) o Th e Au th or .

Ph illi p
(T ,sEs q ) M e m oran um. on t h e Ru i ns of d
Sh a a ur — kp
l 6th June 1 8 53 . .

Ro m er Esq Brie f Notice s of Pe rsian, an o . df

th e L angua e calle d
g Z d en . By J oh n Rom e r,

Esq .
, form erly Pre si de nt of th e

Soci e t y — 2 0 th
. Ja nuary 1 8 5 3 .
(q)
S te ve nson ( R J ev . O n th e N é si k I nscrip
ti ons — l 7th F e brua ry 1 8 5 3 (r)
. . Th e Auth or .

Sah y é dri nsc ri tions — 2 0 th I p . Oc tober

1 8 53 .
() s

on Buddh ist Anti q uitie s i n C h ina . l 5 lb

S ep tem ber 1 8 5 3 .
()
t
Ti th yas or Tirth akas of th e Buddh ists and

y
th e G m noso h ists of th e Gree ks, igam p D b ar

Ji a ns. -2 0 t h Oc tober 1 8 5 3 .
( )
u

(j ) p 35 7
. .
( )p
a . we .
( I) p . as.
( )
m p see
. .
( )
it p 1 45 . .

( )po . 1 45 .
(p) Rec orded .
(q ) p . 96 .
( )p
r . 35 .

( s) p 1 5 1 . .
( ) Se e next No
t .
( )
u Soc next No .

48
 A BS TRA C T o r r u n S O C I ETx s PRO C E ED NGS
’
37 6 I .
N AN .

C O M M U N I C A TE D
Sa u j ana ( P . D . T ranslati on of th e Pe h livi Bx
I nsc ri tion at p Haj -i -A b ad, ne ar Nu khiR
a -- us

tam , co rre c te d fro m Pro fe ssor We ste rgaard s ’

Co py i n h is lith ogra h e d p e diti on of th e

Z e ndave sta .
- l 7i h F e br ua ry and 2 0 th Oc tobe r
1 8 53 .
( ) c . Th e Auth or .

T ranslation o f a Co pp pl t Edi t pp i
e r- a e c a o nti n
g a F ee
to be p aid fro m th e Pu nch anum and oth e r

T ibr es to o ne Gajankoosh Wu ntpoolee , d tda e

S h a li c a h a n S h a ka 1 0 2 2 ( A. D. fou nd i n
th e p ossessi on o f a Gang of D acoi ts i n th e
Sou th e rn Mah ratta C ountr y — 1 7th
. Novem be r
1 8 53 .
( w) Gov t of Bom . by
a .

We ste rgaard ( Pro f N . . Th e Ancie nt I i ran an

M y th olo
gy L a e tte r to th e Re v Dr . . Wil son,

H onorar y P si d re e nt of th e Socie t y .
— 2 ls t
Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 .
( )
a

PROC EE DI NGS O FF I C IAL LITERARY AND SC I ENTI F IC, , , .

I h i g b
T t t d by th
av n S t y th t Hi E ll
ee n s a ey th e e cre a r a s x ce e nc e

C om d i C h i f L d F d i k F it l
m an e r n wi h d b e , or re er c zc a re nce , s e to e com e

a M b f th S i ty th R
em er o D Wi l H y P e id t oc e , e ev. r. son, onorar r es en ,

d d by th R P A d
se co n e p p d h t d p t ti
e ev . . n e rson, re ose t a a e u a o n, con

s is ti ng of th e P r e s i de nt, A . Male t Esq , .

, Vi ce -P re side nt, and th e
S e cre ta ry , sh ould w ait u on h i s p L d h ip
or s at th e e arlies t O pp ortuni t y ,

for th e p p
u r ose of soli ci ti ng .
h im tob e co m e Vi ce -P a tron of th e So
c ie t

i
C ptain T . Barr s ’
le tte r i ntim ate s h is inte nti on to furni sh th e
y
S ocie t w ith a v oca b ular y of th e di l a ec t s p k by
o en th e M angs of

K olap ore, to accom p y an h is sk e tch of th e m anne rs and c ustom s o f

th isp pl eo e, re ad at th e las t m ee ti ng of th e Soc ie t y .

I C pt i Ni colls le tte r is d p
’
n a a n containe a sh ort ac cou nt of th e s ec i

m e ns of sili ci fie d m onoc ot yl d e onous and dy coty le donous w ood, & c .

m e ntione d (p . Th p ese s e ci m e ns, wh ich are e autifull c ut and b y

p olish e d , form a v alua bl dditie a on to oth e rs alre a dy f orwar e ddf rom th e

( ) a Se e nex t Ne .
( ) Re corde d
w .
( )p
3 . 77 .
 OF F C A I I L LITERARY,
, A N D SC I ENTI P l c . 37 7

sa m e ne i
gh b ou rh ood, and p tly by th
ar e sam e O fl
i c e r. p
C a tain Nicolls
s tate s th at th e yw e re found stre we d on th e surface of th e bl k (
ac g ) re ur

so il ne ar th e v illa e o f
g Narrai npoor, as soc iate d wi th sim ilar si ze d ie ce s
p
o f c h e rt,
‘

and oc casionall yj p as e r and radiate d “

ze oli te . Th e foss i l
is e db o ne , w h ich is a ph alanx of so m e large anim al, w as o bt i d f
a ne rom

th e s am e locali t y .

Th e su rv e y of th e ri v e r Tap te e by T . E Edw ar
. d s, Esq .
, e x te n s d
o ve r 2 32 m ile s of th e ri v e r Tap te e , vi z . from th e Wanjore b ranch ,

on th e road b e twee n Malligaum and Boorh anpoor , to S ura t . Th e

w i dth o f th e ri v e r, u nti l e m e r
g gi n fro m th e D gj au n u ngle s i nto Guz e
rat, is fro m 8 0 0 to fe e t ; afte rwar d it i f
s s rom to
fee t wi de th at ove r th e grav e ll y sh oals is fro m to fee t w ide ,
a nd th e d ph
e t of th e w ate r from 1 foot 6 i nch es to 2 fe e t 9 i nch e s,
w i th a strea m ru nni ng fro m 2 to 3 ile s p e r h our
m Th e an s i n . b k
K h ande ish are a out b 60 fe e t h igh , of w h ic h th e u er art co nsi sts of pp p
bl k d
ac , an th e lowe r o f e llow e arth y . Wh e re h
t e Sp urs o f th e Sat
p h ill
oo ra s and th e tai l of th e W es te rn Gh au ts co m e u p on th e ri ve r,

th b k
e an s are 1 50 and 20 0 fe e t h igh . Th e be d of th e ri v e r i s grav e ll y
th e wh ole way On . em er i
g gn f rom th e D
aung ungle s into Guze rat, j
th e b k
an s are low . M r Edwards
. p ro ose sp to de e p en th e w ate r ove r

th e sh oals by na rro w i ng th e ch anne l and afte r re m ov i ng a fe w roc k y

b
o struc ti o ns in oth e r p a rts , to nav igate th e ri ve r wi th flt ba oa ts o f a

p tiar c ular ki nd, wh ich h e d e scri be s, and w h ich m igh t be trac k d th

e e

w h ole way . He th e n cons id e rs th at a gre at p ortio n of th e trade of

Be rar (O om rawutty be ing only 1 30 m ile s

, di t
s ant, ) th e trade fro m
Bunde lkh und p assi ng th ro ugh Hosh u ngabad , and th e w h ole of th e
tram e from Lh a o re alo n
g th e A gra road, w o uld be di v e r e d
g o w n th e d
Tap te e to Su rat
”
and no t i m p bb
ro a le , b ut th at at som e fu ture
p e rio d it m igh t be fo u n d adv anta
g e o us to se n d co als from th e coal

fie lds near Hosh ungaba d by th e sam e co u rse .

— l 6th De ce m be r 1 8 5 2 .

W th i re fe re nce to th e de p u tati on a pp oi nte d at th e las t m ee ting to

w ai t on th e Righ t H o no ra bl L d F d i k F i l
e or re er c tzc are nce , C om m ande r-
t

i n-C h ie f, &c & c to . . so li i h i L d h i p

c t s b or s Vi to e co m e ce -Pa tron of th e
Soc ie t y , th e S e cr e ta r y p
re d h
orte
t t h i L d h iap h d s or s a e x p re sse d h im
se lf m uch pl e ase d to c o m ply wi h h S i y q t t e oc e t
’
s re ue st, bu t would h av e
p f d
re e re a Vi ce -Pr e s ide ntsh ip , th at h e m igh t h av e h ad an o pp ortuni ty o f

big
e n m ore use fu l . Th e Soc ie t y re
g re tte d th at th e re w as no t a y v ac a nc

a m o ng th e Vi ce Pres ide nts, to ta

'
k e a dvantage of h is L d h ip k i d
or s
’
s n

conside rati on .

Th e Gove rnm e nt c i rcular No 1 24 o f 1 8 5 3 i nti m ate s th at th e C ou nci l

.
 ’
37 8 A BS TRAC T o r TE E S OC I ETv s p Roc s ED I NGs .
( JA N .

of th e Socie t y of Arts h ave b dyi g th i p p d

re solv e d on em o n e r ro ose

ex h ib i ti f th
on o p d t d e f t
ro u c s f I di wi h
an m anu ac u re s
g t o n a t a re a

I t i l E h ibiti t b h ld i D bli th i y
n e rnat o na x on o e ed q n t u n s e ar, an re ue s s

h S i ty t gi
t e oc e h o p b li
ve i ty t th
t e sam e i i t di d t u th c i g i l o s as o e or na

i t ti
n e n on Th S . t y w e di t dt
e cr e a r di gly
as re c e o ac t acco r n .

F l i g l tt N 8 9 d t d 9th D b l t t t th t i
’
D r . em n s e er o. , a e e ce m e r as , s a es , a n

c om pli with th q t f th S t y t G
ance e re ue s rom t wi he e cre ar o ov e rnm e n t

th G e G
o v e rnor l i h i l tt N e ne ra 7 7 d t d 1 7th M
, n s e er h 185 1 o. , a e arc ,

an d wh i h w c d k w t th S i y th
as m a e no gn h S i
o H M e E l li
oc e tt rou r . . o

a b t th
ou tie h h
sam e p p d f th S i ty
m e, e as re are or e oc e
’
s m use um a

co ll i f p i
e c t on o i ll t ti
s e c m e ns f th g l gy us ra d ive o l w lh e eo o an m ne ra ea t

o f h S lt R g i th P j b
t e a an e nl e ll ti u n au f ,k & f
”
a so a co ec on o roc s, c . rom

th M e H
u rree , dC h usara, an h ill Th h d b as m e re f lly s.
”
ese a e e n care u

p kdi
ac e t b
n a s ron
g d f w d d fox , J
anh l or t h ar e2 8 t h rom e um on e

O t b l
c o t th
e r as t, f th S
o t y f th B d f Ad i i t ti
e c are o e e cre ar o e oar o m n s ra on

a t L h a f o re , wh D Fl i g h d
rom e nce i d d i
r . emf it d n a re ce ve a v ce o s es

p t
a c h t B o b y i d M
om lt a , d K
r h oo T h l
an an tt i urrac ee . e e e r s se

c om p i d by d ip ti t l g f th p i
an e a escr ve c a a o ue wh i h b o e s ec m e ns, c ea rs

ev id f th i f
e nc e o i g e r ti t orm ti g n d l bl
a m os t i b ti
n e res n an va ua e con r u on

t th S i ty
’
o e oc e s m use u m .

Al g ar ell f i p ro i of th i m ip ti
re ss ons oi th t J
e i
nscr ons n e caves a un r,

wi h t pl f th l tt by Li t
a an o e a B tt w l id th t bl
er e u e nant re , as a on e a e

l
a so l tt f
a e M B tt t ti g th t h w
er rom r. re , w t K li t k i g
s a n a e as no a ar , a n

i p
m i
re ss ons f th i i p ti
o i th e nscr f th t p l ons Th R
n e cav es o a ac e . e ev .

D Wilr. t t d th t th ti
son s a e ti d by th S p
a e m e sanc G o ne e u re m e ov e rn

m en t i , v zy f M Bett t t k th i p i h d ly
. one e ar, or r. r o a e e se m re ss ons, a near

ex pi d d th t lth gh M B tt h d l b d y dilig tly

re , an a a ou r. re a a oure ver en

d i g th
ur n wh l f th t ti
e o ey t o y i
a f t m e, i e i p ti
as m an , no m ore , nsc r ons

re m a nei d b t k to h th e f a e n, b itt d t h S i ty th
e e re ore su m e o t e oc e e

d i bl f gti g M B tt pp i ’
e s ra e ness o e tn t p l g d
r. re sTh a o ntm e n ro on e . e

C av e T
- p l emC i ie w om m q t d t
ss on i
e re ret th i ues ei w o com m un ca e e r v e s

on th bj t t G
e su ec t di
o t ov e rnm e n re c .

A t h d b
ccoun s i d f
a M F ll
ee n rece v e t K li t ti g th t rom r. a on a ar , s a n a

b e w p g i g pidly w ith h i ill t ti

as ro ress n ra f th s t us ra ons o e cav es a

th t pla ace .

Th R e D Wil ev . r.d d by Th L J ki E q p
son, secon e om as . en ns, s .
, ro

p ose d h t
, t th a las d i e g h d b
o v e r an h
carr a ed d th a e e n so m u c re uce , e

su bj t f h i g th S i ty ppli f w d d by th i t i t d
ec O av n e oc e
’
s su es or ar e s ro u e ns ea

o f d th C p b b itt d f th
ro un e a e e su mi d ti ef th C or itte c ons e ra on o e om m ee ,

an db g h t
ro u f w d f d i or i ar t th or t ti
sc uss on a
g T h i w e ne x m ee n . s as

i
u nan m ou s ly g dt a ree o.
 O F F I C I AL, LI TERA Rv , A ND S C I ENTI F I C . 37 9

Dr . Wil son, g in di re cti n p p ti tl d B

atte nti oni f to th e a e r en e re

N ti o f P i
ce s o d th L g g
e rs an, an ll d Z d e wh i h h d b
an ua e ca e en
”
, c a ee n

f w d d t hi
or ar e f p t ti t th S i ty by M R
o m or rese n a on f o e oc e r. om e r, or

m er ly P id t f th S i ty
re s en o k d th t th l g g
e oc e , t d
re m ar e , a e an u a e s conne c e

wi th I g i
ran, d p i
e nu ne an t w h i h tt t i
s ur ous, f l t y h d b o c a en on o a e e ars a een

di t d th Z d i wh i h th b k t d
re c e , are e en , n d by th
c e oo s es ee m e sacre e

P i ars s are f d d wh i h by
ou n , an th g h t cby b t B i ti
so m e ,h ou no ou r es r s

li g i t h d l g b
n u s s, a h ld t b th p
on ee n t f th e d P i ho e e are n o e m o e rn e rs an t e

l g g i wh i h th A h
an ua e n ci i ei p ti c t B itae m e n and th nscr ons a es uu an o er

p l aces p
are d w h
comi h i w
ose d , i t d by G
c p h i
s no l e nom na e e rm an o

l gi t th
o s a ld P i e o d f w h i h th Z d i
e rs an, an d bt dly t th
o c e en s un ou e no e

p t
are n t h gh
, i t i oui p t s g t th S
n so m e re s e c s co na ei d i w h i h e asan e n, n c

th i e i p ti
nsc r t H j i Ab d w h i h w ld p
on a a - - tly f
a , th bj t c ou rese n orm e su ec

o f ti
conv e rsa d i il i
on, an i p ti
so m e s m f th dy ty f S ar nsc r ons o e nas o asan,

t l t d by th B
rans a e d S y e p i
aron th P h li i i wh i h
e ac , are s e c m e ns ; e e v , n c

trans al ti f th Z d w i ti g
ons o e d f w th
en rw k f
n s, an di a e o er or s are oun n

th h e d f th P i wh i h i h ld by W t g d t b ly
an s O e ars s, c s e e s e r aar o e on a

di l ti
a ec f f th P i
ne orm io d by th P i i
e e rs an, m
q srea f e ars s n conse ue nce o

th f
e u se o i p f t an m d bi g e r ec lp h b t an d wh i h i d
am i
uou s a a e , an c s e nom

t d by Sp i g l th i d by h i
”
na e P i e e d e t b i t
ars , di an sa m o e n e rm e ate

b twe th l g g f th S
ee n e id i
an ua e o i p ti e d th t f th Sh h
asan an nscr ons an a o e a

N am eh f Fi d o i th A r aus i Z b f th D ti
e sm an w d itt d by a an o e e sa r, no a m e

all t b o f b i ti
e a d th P i
a r ca on p p ly ll d i wh i h ll
an e e rs an, ro e r so ca e , n c a

th w k
e f I
or s o i th d y f Fi d
ran s nce i pp e R p ti g th l t
a so r aus a e ar. es e c n e as

m e nti one d language , M r Ro m . e r m ai ntains th at i ts conne c tions wi th

th e oth e r language s, wi th th e e x ce pti o n of -
th e ao calle d P h li e vi, wh i ch
app ea rs su bt s antiall y id e nti cal wi th i t, notwi th stan i ng th e d asse rti on of

ce rtai n of th e Parsis to th e co ntrar , are e x cee i ngl y d y re m ote and

i nsigni ficant, and by no m e ans o f th e ch aracte r long alle ge d by th bl e a e

a nd ze alous o ri e ntali sts of th e conti ne nt. Th e claim to ge nui ne ne ss

s

urge d
b h lf f th Z d h di p t
in e a O e en e s u e s, as re sti n
g on i nsu i c i e nt fl
g d p
rou n s,ti l ly t i g f
ari t c u ar as no ves es o as a la nguage e ve r s pk o e n c an

b f e d it h i t i l
oun :i s s o r ca connec t ons ca nnot be trac e d i
; ts struc tu re
and f ti ly d i
orm f th P
are e n re v e rse rom e e rsi an, e s p y
e ci all i n i ts h av i n
g
in fli e x ons, w h i le th e Pe rsian h as none ; i ts lite rature i s frivolous and

b
a s urd i n i ts ch aracte r, d bt d l ti t h S k it
and i ts u n ou e re a ons o t e ans r are

arti ficial and sus pi i H ll

c ous . p D Wil t d t k th
e ca s u on r. son o un e r a e e

tas k of a ca re u f l i ti
t e-e xam f th p i t wh i h h
na ti fi d h i
on o e o n s c ave sa s e m

as to th e ge nu ne ne ss i f th Z d p ti l ly
o h h e d ll
en , ar cu ar as e as re nounce a

fai th i n th e au e n c th ti i ty f th P h li i di ti t l g g by gi i g
o e e v as a s nc an ua e , v n

in h is a dh e re nce t th o i w f W t g d
e v e D Wil t t d th t
s o es e r aar . r. son s a e , a
 '
380 s um m er o r r u n soC I s rv s
'
F a o c ns m x c s. [JA IL

th o ugh h i s vi e w s o f th e Z d
en re m aine d unch an e
g d , and are founde d , no t
onl y o n th e analogie s wh i ch it b e ars to m os t of th e language s of th e
I ndo-Ge rm anic fam i l y b
, oth ne ar and re m ote , on v ari ous th o u h
g bif re

g e ogra ph i cal and h is torical allusio ns w h i ch i t co ntai ns, and o n c e rtai n

analogi e s, and at th e sa m e ti m e anta

g o nis m s, to th e o lde s t form s of

Hi ndu i s m wh ich i t e x p res se s, y et th e re

q u e st o f one so m uc h v e ne rate d

in Bom by a as M r Rom . e r, and w h o co ndu c ts h is discussi o ns w i th a

ha p py u ni o n of s p i it
r y
a nd co u rte s , w as re ce i ve d by h im w i th th e

g re a te st re s p e ct . He c onc u l d d by e m ov i n
g t
,h at th e S o ci e t y ex
p re u

th e h igh grati fica ti o n wi th w h ich th e h av e rec e i ve y d M r Rom .

’
er s

c om m u ni cation, and re solve to i nse rt i t i n th e J ournal of th e

S oc i e t y.

Dr . Wil ’
son s m otio n h avi ng b e e n se c o nde d by A . Male t Esq , .
, Vic e
P r e side nt w as , unani m o usl y ado pt d e .

A le tte r w as re a d from M anockje e C urse tje e Esq , .

, wh o h ad b ee n

re
q u e ste d at last Me e ti ng to co m m uni ca te h is v i e ws re gar di ng th e

de ci p h e rm e nt and translati on, by th e Parsi D as tu r, Pe sto njee

Be h ram ji , of a roc ki nscri p ti o n i n wh at is calle d th e Pe h livi language ,
fo und at Haj-i-A b ad, ne ar Nuks h -i -Rusta m , w h i c h i s u nde rs to o dt o re fe r

to Sa p or th e so n of Arde sh i r ( Artax e rx e s, th e re sto re r o f th e Pe rsi an

m o narch yi n th e 3 rd ce ntu r y) . An a ni m a te d conv e rsa tio n too k pl ac e

as to th e l
v a ue o f th e Dastur
’
s la b ours . As no au th ori ta ti v e translati o n

o f th e i m p o rta nt i nsc ri p ti o n i n q ue stion e x is ts,— Mr E . . Th o m as ( J I A . s.

So c . vo l
. xii . pg
a e 2 63) ex p re ssl y state s th at no translati on w h ate v e r
h as b ee n m ade ,
— th e Soc ie t y re
q ue ste d th at th e Gu j arati v e rsi on fo r
w arde d by th e D astur th ro ugh Mr . Gree n sh ould b e re nde re d i nto
English , and s u b m i tte d to th e S ocie t y . A le tte r fro m M r Dh u nji bh oy
.

F ram ji w as also re ad, i n w h ic h h e sta te d th a t u p w ards o f tw o y e ars a

go

h e h ad de ci p h e re d a nd transla te d th e i m p o rtant i nsc ri tio n,

sa m e p
a rri v i ng, h owe ve r, a t c o nsi de ra bl y di ffe re nt re su lts from th ose of th e
’
b
Das tur s la o u rs Th e S e cre ta ry w as re q ue ste d to
. co m m u nicate wi th
M r DlI u nji bh oy Fram ji ( w h o w as no t re se nt) and o
. p , bt i a n a co py of h is
translati o n, and th e re m ar k s w h ich h e state d h im se lf p re a re d
p to m a k e

on th e pp a e r of M r Pe ston
. Be h ram ji , i n th e h o p e th at th e c om m uni

c atio ns f b
o o th th e se ge ntle m e n on th is di ffic u lt anci e nt re c o rd m igh t
u lti m a e t ly b e i nse rte d i n th e j o u rnal of th e Soc ie t y .

M r Gree n also
. state d th at th e sam e D as tur was p re ari n
p g a c ri ti ue
q
on p
Profe sso r S i e ge l s v e rsio n o f th e 1 9th Fargard of th e
’
V e ndidad, as

gi v e n i n Mr Mi tch e ll s
’
.a e r i n th e last nu m pp
e r o f th e ou rnal b J . Th e
y p
Soc ie t e x re sse d i ts re adi ness to re ce iv e th e c om m unicatio n .

Th e S e cre tary state d, wi th re fe re nce to th e p

s e ci m e n of late ri te
 O F P lC l A L, m r s na a v, A ND S C ENT F I C . I I 81

m e ntione d (p , th t h h d b k
. it 3 f a e i a it ro th en 0 rom a m ass ns r on
a e

h igh t p i t f W l h ill f w y d th f th fi g t fi Th t
'
es o n o or es , a e ar s nor o e a -s a . a

th p d h b l i k th
e m ass re ose on t e d th i w d
asa t c roc p ig e re , an at t as ecom os n

i tn o d reth j e art th , us th t f th e b lt ly f d p
sam e as a o e asa , on o a ee er

l
co ou r, f th g rom t b d
e fi i it
re a e r a p i i Th w
un ance o ro n n s co m os t o n. e re as

no q ti ues f i t on o b i gg s noti l t i t e n d ll ld
e nu ne th t i w a er e , an a c ou se e a t as

i d ti l w ith th
en ca p i f l t it f
e s h S th
e c m e ns o M h ta er e rom t e ou e rn a rat a

C t y wh i h l y
o un r c th t bl a It w on p d j t th w f
e a e. as c om ose , us as e se e re , o

a m ass o fi l y pron c a t d with i , i ti

e rm e a e p ti g h
s nuous cav es, rese n n a sm oo t

p li h d f i t lly d p y fill d wi h g y wh i ti h
o s e su r ace n e rna , an em t , or e t a reas s

y ll
e w o th — w
ear h i l h d th i t
eh g e re anl w pe ret fnb l e e ne ra m ass e re s o s o ue

iro n ore t th i
com m on k It ld t b f d d with th
o s roc . co u no e c on oun e e

ro ll d p i
e f l
e ces it f
o d b t th d li i ti d h
ate r e o un a ou f th e ec v es an s ores o e

i l d f B b y wh i h
s an o om y a , y t h
c m a f i il
or m a no av e co m e rom s m ar

source s, b th t p f W l
e ca use on h ill i t w t b f
e o o d t ly or e e as o e o un no on

e n m ass e , b ti it u p i g th b lt j t it d l wh
ns u re os n on e asa , us as oes e se e re .

Th p ti e orf on ok w ld b d p it d roc ou g th th e p ie os e am on e o e r s e c m e ns

ill t ti
us ra f th g l gy f th i l d f B b y
ve o e eo o o d igh t be s an o om a , an m e co m

p d by y
are an w ith th onep i f l t it f e th S th
s e c m e ns o a er e rom e ou e rn

M h tt C
a ra a t y i
oun r th g l , i n d i t ly
e pp i t 2
ass-cas eo th m m e a e o os e. -

Ja nua ry 1 8 5 3 .

Th e Gove rnm e nt le tte r No . 4 40 of 1 8 5 3, acco m p anie d by th e b ox

p
of s e c i m e ns a ove m e nti oneb , from D r F le m d
i ng e nclose s also a co . . py
of a le tte r, No . 1 7 8 3 of 1 8 52, from P M clvill, Esq , Se c re tar to th e . . y
Board of A d m i nistratio n of L
ah ore , annou nci ng th e e s atch of th e d p
sam e from M ooltan to Bom by a , Cid K u rrach ee .

Th i s v alua bl e collec ti o n, w h i ch h ad arri v e d safe l y , and h ad b een

l id
a on th e t bl
a e, w as or e re d dt o be p u t in a co nve ni e nt pl ace in th e
m use u m , and th e S e cr e ta ry re q ue ste dt k o ac nowle dge i ts re ce i pt , w i th
th e m ost
grate ful th an k s of th e Soc i ty t th
e o e Su p re m e Gov e rnm e nt,

th rough th e Gov e rnm e nt of Bom by

a also to trans m it th e b e st th an s of k
th e Socie t yt
Dr F le m ing, for th e care and trou le h e h ad tak e n in
o . b
th e p p p k
re aration and ac i ng o f th is h andsom e and instruc ti ve rese nt p .

Lie ute nant Bre tt s le tte rs, date d 2 3rd ulti m o, and th e 1 4 th and 1 5 th
’

i nstants, forwar i ng re s e c ti ve l d p y F ae—si m ile s of th e I nscri pti ons in

th e C ave - e m les o fT p
arli,
”
a m K e m oran um d of conti nge nt e x p e nse s

d uring th e ti m e th at h e h as b een th us em pl y d
o e and a re
q ue st th at
th e a
p p li cati on for th e e x te nsi on of h is a pp i to n m e nt m igh t be with
d w
ra n, we re subm i tte d for th e d
consi eration and re py l of th e Cave
T plem e Com m i tte e .
 ’
38 2 A ns ra a c r O F r u n sO C I a rv s F noc s s m x us
' '
.
[Ja m

Th e co pp e r coi ns a ove m e ntione b d , forwar d d by C p t i

e a a n Nicolls, we re
h an dd e ove r for th e e xam inatio n of th e Pr eside nt .

Th e Re v Dr S te v e nson, in h is
. . ppa e r m e nti one d (p
, . 37 state d th at

h e h ad found fou r dates in th e Nasi k cav es, and two of th e m re peat

e d ia th e K arli cav e s . Most of th e m w e re b oth i n w or d s and figu res

of th e ancie nt t yp gi ve n
e Pri nse
p ( J l A s S by
oc v ol v ii . . . . . .
p l x x )
. .

Th e dates are gi ve n in ears, seaso n s, foyrtnig h ts, and da s, b u t y no

m onth s . Th e num b ers of th e y e ars range from 7 to 2 4, wh i ch m ade

th e Presi de nt at first th in k th at th e dt a es w e re m e re l th e nu my b er o f

th e y ea rs of th e re i gn O f th e m onarch wh o cau se d th e p
i nscri ti on to b e
e x e cu te d . He fou n d ft a e rw ar s, d h owe v e r, th at a Dukh unee pi r nce , Gota
m ip utra, w as ce e l b t d ra e as th e re igning ki ng, wh ile th e dt
a e was i n th e
y e ar o f a Gu j arat sov e re ign nam e dPd a m a. Th i s is th e nam e of th e
son of th e m o narch wh o is su pp d t
ose o h av e insti tu te d th e Balabh i
e ra, and th e fath e r
’
s nam e , wh i ch on th e insc ri ti on is V asava, by p
th e ai d of F e rish ta, Aque e n Akbare e ,
th e and a i n u w ork H d
calle d th e Vi kram a U p akh y ana, quote d by
Wildford, h e i de ntifie with d
th e Sri dh ara of W th a en s
’
Guj arat CO pp e r- pl ta e i nsc ri tions p . Th e
cave s, th e n, th at b e ar th ese d t di
a e nscrip tions, we re all e x e cute d b tw e ee n

A. D. 32 6 and 34 3 .

Th e tra nslatio ns of th e Peh liv i i nscri tions p at Haj-i-A bd a , wi th th e

b
o se rvations of th e translators, Me ssrs . Dh unjibh oy F ram ji, and

Pestonji D t as ur, wh ich acc o m p ani e d th e m , w e re d lie ve re d to Pro

fe aso r H k ar ness, for e x am inati on and re p ort at th e ne x t m ee ti ng — 1 7th
F e brua ry 1 8 5 3 .

ply t th l tt f th M g f th R y l I ti t ti
In re o e e e rs ro m e ana e rs o e o a ns u on

o f L d f w di g th
on on, ti d p t ti d (p
or ar n e no ces an re or m en one , .

d q ti g th t pi f th S i ty J l igh b p t d
re u es n a co es o e oc e
’
s ourna m t e rese n e

t th lib
o y f th I ti i th S t y w di t d t k w
e rar o e ns tu t o n, e ecre a r as re c e o ac no

l dg th
e eip t f th l tt
e & d t f w d by th fi t p p
re ce O e e e r, c . an o or ar e rs O or

t i ty
un pl t t f th S i ty J
a com l ld
e e se py f h o e oc e
’
s ourna ,
-
c ou a co o e ac

o f th b b p d
e num e rs e s are .

T h R y l G g ph i l S i ty th S
o t e o t y w
a l di t d e o ra ca oc e , e e cre a r as a so rec e

t o d th n b f th J l ppli d f i i d ii f l
se n e um e rs o e ourna a e or, v z . . an . o vo .

i .
, and x . of v ol . ii .

Professor H k ar ness
’
re p ort on th e Pe h li vi inscri tions p d i ph
ec e red

and trans l t d by M
a e e ssrs . Dh u njibh oy F ram ji and Pe stonji Be h ram ji
h aving b ee n read, i t was resolve d th at th e transc ri ts and English p
translations Of b oth sh oul d be pi td
rn e in th e ne x t num b e r of th e
Societ y J ’
s ournal.
 OFF C A I I L L ITE RA RY, ,
AN D S C E NT F C I I I . 38 3

Th e follow ing le tte r and i ts acc om p ani m e nt w ere re ce i ve df ro m H .

BE . . F re re , Esq .
, C S . .
, C om m issione r i n Sci nde

SI ,
n — I h av e th e h onou r to e nclose th e accom p yi
an ng transla tion,

wi th wh ich Mr . H . B Elli s
. h as fav o ure d m e, of a le tte r wh ich h as
ca u se d som e stir a m ong th e Mah om e dan pp
o ula tion of th is p rovi nc e ,

as it m a
y b e of inte re st to th e Soci e t y .

2 . F or som e y e arsp t th as e re h as b een gre at m ortali t y p

, e s e ciall y
from ch ole ra, am o n g th p i lg i e r m s at M e cca ; i t w as sai d th at th e cau se

of th i s h ad b ee n l d by th
re v e a e e p
Pro h e t i n a i i
v s on to one O f h is
fai th ful disc i pl e s at M e cca . Th e Pro h e t attrip b u te d th e pl g a ue to th e

e v il liv e s of h is disci le s, p
di re c te d ge ne ral rom ulgati on o f an and p
p
e x h o rtation to re e ntance and re form ati on o f m anne rs h is le d to . T
th e i ssu e of th e le tte r no w forw arde d, w h i ch w as rou gh t to Sc i nde b
so m e m onth s ago, and h as b een ever y wh e re re c e i v
e d w ith re s p e c tful

a tte nti on.

3 . Ih av e re c e i v e d m ore th an one form al a ppli cati on, c onse qu e nt, I

b lie e ve , on th e re c e ip t of th is le tte r, to p g
e rm i t th e anci e nt ri o ur of

th e M ah om e dan law to b e y
e nforce d, no t onl agai nst all i nds o f i m k m o

rali t
y , b ut agai nst i nfrac ti ons of th e ce re m oni al law, ne gle ct of p yra e rs,

b
and re ac h e s O f fas ts O ne . p ti i
e t one r off e re d, if Hi d n oos and n n c on
o -

form is ts w e re tax e d accordi n

g to anc ie nt custom , t p
o e rform th e ri gh t
to le v y th e tax for four la h s k of ru p e es.

2 8 th F e bru a ry 1 8 5 3 . i
( g )
S ne d H . BE . . F a u na .

F I R M AN .

I n th e nam e o f God , w h o is gracious and m e rci ful !

God be p rai se d, wh o is th e C re ator of all th e cre atu re s, and of th e
w orld to c om e for re li giou s p pl eo e ; h e is an e ne m y to none but to
y
t rants, and m ay th e m e rc y Of God and p e ace be o n our L ord M ah om e d ,

and u p on h is d e sc e ndants ! Now th i s is th e re v e lation from th e Pro h e t p

( up on wh o m h e th e m e rc y of God Sh e i h k H
um za, th e se rvant o f th e

T b om Of th e Pro ph e t, sa y s, th at one nigh t w h ile w as asle e , w as (i n I p I

a dream ) rea di n
g a ch a pt e r from th e ora n, wh e n K
saw th e Pro h e t, I p
wh o tol d m e to ac q uai nt h i m w i th th e circ u m stance s of h is se c t . In
re
p l yI sai d Pro h e t p of th e L o rd ! DO y ou inform m e th e reof .
”

Th e Pro h e t th e n p sai d th at a h undre d th ousand of th e m are dea d, and

no t o ne of th e m b ut was a si nne r and liar : trul y th e y w e re false

accuse rs, and b e are rs of false wi tne ss, nor h ad th e y an
y m e rc y am on
g
b k d th y
.

th e m , great or sm all and i n truth th e ir face s we re lac ; an e

h ad b e en wh oll y e ngage d in th e a ffai rs of th e wor ld d wi th th i

, an e r

49
 ’
38 4 a ns ra a c r O F
'
r u n soc ra rx s F aoc s s nuvo s
'
.
[Ja m

ch ildre n, wom e n, and p p ty

ro er , and h ad not th e sli gh te st fear o f ch astise

m e nt h y
i n th e grav e ; t e am use d th e m se lv e s with conve rsatio n wh ile th e
K oran w as b
e i ng re ad, and li ste ne d no t to i t th e co nv e rse d m uch i n y
th e m osq u e s, and did no t p a
y p p ro e r atte ntio n in sa yi ng th e ir p y ra e rs,

k
b ut w e re th i n ing at th e sam e ti m e O f th e w orld and i ts v ai n w e alth ,
d
a nd o f de e s of i nfide lit Th e Alm igh t y
o rd sai to h i m
. Mah o yL d
m e d, loo to th e k
eo le o f o ur se ct : th e p p
are i nde e d on th e wron
g y y
w ay , an dI d e si re to c h an e
g th e i r a pe arance p . He ( th e Pro h e t) th e n p
b gg d
e e th at ti m igh t be grante h im
e m d u ntil he c oul d gi ve th e m an

i j L d y did
’
i
n u nc t o n, and inform th e m o f h is ( th e or s
) ange r, and i f th e
no t atte nd to i t, th e L d or sh ould th e n carr y o ut h i s i nte nti ons . Th e
p
Pro h e t th e n id S h i kh H
sa w th p p l ta bti f u m za e re e eo e o a s a n rom

d i k i g wi f
r n n d i g f
ne , rom pp p i ti g f ibly h p p ty
m ur e r n , rom a ro ra n o rc t e ro er

o f ph or b ki g th ft b f i t w
ans, ac n e , a df use ll h t O v r uo us om e n, an ro m a t a

i f b idd
s or by G d w th t i it M b tt ti t p y
en o arn em o v s e cca , e a en ve o ra e rs,

an d gi l ve V i ly
a m s p th w ill
. er , th
u d y f j dg
on t em com e e a O u m en ,

wh i h i c t h
s d
ne ar a d th g t an f , p t will h tly b
an e a es o re e n ance s or e

s h t u j i th t f ll w th igh t p th d b t i f
: en o n em o o o e ril d d a , an a s a n rom ev ee s,

an d d thor e r t p t f i h i y th will t ly b
em o re en ; or y
n t s e ar e re ru e a ve r

g t
re a p l g d a w
ue , anill b gl
m entf l f i t T h i i e nel i ec u o . s s a re v e at o n to

p t
u t h th em i g on d d t
e r l t Iuarw i ll li,i t t
anh L d a th i b as so c e or on e r e

h lfa T ll th th y t k p f t f i d y d
. e em e m us eeh as s or s x a s, an on t e

se v e nth gi l di g t th i
ve a m s ac cor bili y d thn i t o h G d e r a t , an e n, n rut , o

w ill g h i w
ass ua e th w it h s th ra W h I w k I w th
emi w i tt . en a o e sa s r en

i d l
n re th
co ou rs on p l f y igh t h d A d it w w itt t
e a m o m r an . n as r en a

th l
e c ose ,th t i f y a f il tan
y h i p
one y y a h ld t
o sa s ra e rs, ou s ou no com

m uni cate w ith h im , nor v isi t h i m w h e n h e is ill, nor atte nd h is fune ral
w h e n h e i s dead ; and i t was w ri tte n th e re in, th at wh oe ve r p ro m ul ate
g d
th is notice from cit yt o ci t y , and from pl ace to pl ace , for h i m I will
m a k e solici tati on, and wh oe v e r, on re a di fails to p rom ul
ng th e no ti ce ,

g a te L d
i t, h is face th e
w i ll k b or m a e lac k i n th e day of udgm e nt I j .

th t I h t dd d w d in th is le tte r, and now se t Od to I

i
s w e ar a av e no a e a or

i it
v s y i y d p lg t th i b d
ever c t , an rom u a e s a roa . Do you stri ve also , and
h p f g
o e th gh
orM h race d th P p h t
ro u a om e e ro e O f God 0 Go d !do no t
.

turn u s t b p d go t ef l rou k o r u n ra e u , no r m a e us as th ose wh o p re fe r th e

w o rld to th e i r fai th . 0 God !ca use us to re p e nt of our sins bf e ore

d ea th , be m e rc i ful to us wh e n y
d ing, and do not unish us afte r de ath p .

O L d! or co nfirm us i n th e faith of M uss ulm ans, and oin us wi th good j

m e n. Am e n and Am e n.

Th e b eare r of th is Firm an is S y d Ad ll K h
e O a oorsh an Hoosainee ,

wh o le ft d
Me ina i n Sh a b an 1 2 68 . C p i d by Abd
o e oorah m an at Me h ur .
 O F F IC I AL, LI rs a Aax , A ND S C I ENT F I C.
'
I 38 5

True translation Si
( g ne d) H . B ELLI S
.
, Assistant Com m issione r .

l 7t/I M ar ch 1 8 5 3 .

Th e le tte r from th e p
Geogra h ical Socie ty, d tda e 1 2 th i nstant, i n
p y t th
re l o e Soc ie t y ’
s, dtd
a e 1 7th ulti m o, ode ri ng a
'

pl ace i n th e
lib yt h b p Bo ss Te stim ”
rar o t e glo e s wh ich fo rm art of th e onial, if
th S i ty
e oc e cons id d th e re e i r u se fulne ss w oul d be th e re by e x te nde d,

state s th at th e G g ph i
eo ra cal Socie t y will b e h a ppy t o t k a e advantage

of th is Offe r, and i nti m ate s th at i nstru c ti ons h av e alre a dy b ee n issue d

for transfe rri ng th e glo e s to th e i r ne w de sti nati on b .

’
p
Th e Ge ogra h i cal Socie t s le tte r, date d 9th i nstant, y m e ntio nin
g
th at a large co lle c ti on of ph il ph i oso cal instrum e nts h ad be e n re ce i ve d,

and re qu es ting a pl ace for th e e xh i bi i t on O f th e b arom e te rs i n th e

So cie t y lib y f
’
s rar or a fe w we e k s, h ad b e e n cons id d by th
e re e C om m i tte e
of M anage m e nt, w h o h ad offe re d, in re ply , an
y u nocc up ie dp art in
th e li b y f th p p
rar or i e d ur ose m e nt o ne .

N XV II f th S i ty J l w pl d th t bl
O. . o e oc e
’
s ourna as ace on e a e.

D W il i l yi g P f W t g d l dp p ’
r. son, n a n ro e sso r th e s e r aar s e arne a e r on e

A i r an My h l gy b f t o o h S i y p p e ore d th t i t i
t e i t bl
oc e t , ro ose a , as s m ore su a e

for th t di
e s u p l f th i t li t th f h ty di g t
ous e rusa o e or e n a s an or a as rea n a a

i d ld b i b f th S i ty ’
h urr e ti g i t h
m ee n , d i th s ou t e nse rte n e ne x num ero e oc e s

J l It i th i id
ou rna . not ce s d th ti
e c o nc di p e nce , an at e sam e m e sc re ance ,

o f l f h Z d i w ith th
se v e ra o t e V di l g d en c d t e e c e en s e n e av o urs o

trac e th i i gi t t di i
e r or n f p i i ti o ra f ph y i l
t ons o d l
a r m ve e ra o s ca an m ora

bli d t pi ti f
ss, a n o as w l f h pp i
ra o ns b th i th p t
or a re ne a o a ne ss o n e re se n

an df lif
utu re dp i t e t th i
an b q t o n s ou pti i h i e r su se ue n corru on n t e nte r

p t
re ati f t
on oh h i t i eml i as f k i g h
s o r ca d p p h i l
not ce s O n s, e ro e s, an ro e t ca

p e rso na e s
g T h l
.d t f t h l
e o g d fl
es d i
O i gh t i te set h e en s a
'

or s an ns n o e

ante - hi t i l is or ca wh th J ph ti
t m e, ti fI
en d I di b g
e a e c na ons o ran an n a e an

t d
o l p th i
e ve o e ligi e rd i l re i t p tti g th i w
ous an so c a e x s e nc e , u n e r o n

i t p t ti
n e r re a th
ons ph on f t e d th w t e nom e na f th o na u re an e an s O e

h u m an so u l Th . d f th th gh till y i
e m ore m o e rn o em , ou s ve r anc e nt,

m ar k g wi g t g t f
a ro n e s ran e m e n th f th tw b h rom o ne ano er O e o ranc es

o f th A i e i
r an th I dinat on, dP i Th di
e n ian f th an e rs an. e sc u ss on O em

in a ca m l ph il ph i l pi i t w i h oso cak b l k wl dg
s r ,
f h t a re m ar a e no e e O t e

d t i w h i h th y
ocu m e n s n b di d d f th di i f wh i h
c e are e m o e , an o e sc uss ons O c

th y h
e
gi
av e i b h i E
v e n r se , p d h E
ot t t itn t l
u ro i e an t e as , c ons u es a c a m to
a tt ti en i b h lf f M W t g
on n e a d wh i h ll will willi gly
o r . e s e r a ar d c a n acco r .

Th P id t h i g p
e re s en d th g tit d f th
, av n ex i g f
re ss e e ra u e o e m eet n or

th i p s li ly
e cu l bl
ar i ti
v a ua d d th p p l f i t
e com m un ca on, se con e e ro osa or s

p bli ti wh i h w
u ca on, i ly g d t
c as u nan m o us a ree o.
 ’
38 6 m an ner o r r u n sO C I Isrv s P RO C EE D l NGS
'
.
[J A IL

Th e ruins o f Brah m i nabad, in Mr F re re .

’
s com m u nicati on m e ntione d,

( p . are sta te d to e x te nd o v e r a n area of y il

m an m e s, and th e dry
be d o f a ri ve r to b e c lose to th e m , w h ic h was p b bly b
ro a a ranch o f th e

L oh ana or Poo ran, w h e n i t w as ru nni ng. Se v e ral h ardl y co nteste d

fie lds a re state d to h av e bee n fough t th e re b e tw ee n th e arm ies of th e

C ali h s p and Hi d n u Go ve rnors, and m ounds are still p ointe d ou t as

co ve ri ng th e re m ai ns O f th e slai n . Th e rui ns O f th e old ci t y are sa i d to

b e w e ll w orth v is
g i ti ng, ch i e fly f ro m th e ir bi e n am o n
g th e fe w re m ai ns

O f anti ui t
q th y
at e x is t in th e ne igh ou rh oo d o f Sh ah dad o or
p b .

p
Th e lans O f th e vih ara cav e calle Gu ttoor Duz, i n th e Ci rcar d of

Baitalbaree , and of th a t i n th e Pip l Kh a o ra, C i rca r o f Do wlata b ad wi th

a ske tch of th e sph y
figure s i n s i tu i n th e latte r,
nx Dr by . Bradle y ,

allu de dt o in p
h is de scri tions of th e e x cav ati ons re ada t last m ee ti ng,

w e re laid o n th e b
ta le .

M Fallo n il p i
- a nti n of th e i nte ri or of th e gr e at y
’
r. s O g ch ai t a ca ve

at K arli , wi th s k e tc h e s o f th e h e ad-dre sse s o f som e o f th e figu re s th e re ,

w e re lai d bf e ore th e m e e ting, and m u ch adm i re d .

Th e S e cr e ta ry re
q u e ste d th e atte nti on o f th e m e e tin
g to a le arne d
pp a e r, wi th s k e tc h e s, by E . C . Bay le y , Esq .
, Of th e Be ngal C ivil
Se rv ice , i n th e las t NO .
( V I I .
) of th e J o u rnal O f th e Be ngal Asiatic
Soc ie t y , o n sc ul ture s p d
fou n i n th e distri ct o f Pe sh aw ur , si m ilar to th ose
w h ich Dr Arnott . and Ca pt ia n Sh aw h ad p re se nte d to th e So cie t yf ro m

th e sam e ne igh b ou rh oo d, in all 45 pi e ce s . Th e rui ne d te m pl e fro m

w h ich th e se app e ar to h av e c om e is c a lle dJ am al Gi ri , and is si tu ate d

on a h ill a b out 30 m i le s from Pe sh aw ur, by h t e road i nto th e Euso fzy e

c ountr yf rom th e Swat v alle y . Th e au th or co nsi de rs th e m to be of

Buddh ist ori gi n, th o ugh th is fact i s no t so se lf-e v i de nt as th e i r

b
i nde te dne ss to Gre e k art. He c o nc lude s th at th e ea rli e st
p ossi ble

p ider o to w h i ch th e se
figure s c an be assigne d is 2 8 7 B c , . . and th e
late st 2 0 0 B . yp bb y
c .
, w h i le th e re is e v e r
f th i ro a i lit th at th e age o e r

ti
e x ec u w bon 2 71 d 225
as p i d f ly 4 6 y
e tw e e n an D. c .
, a er o o on e a rs .
”

O h i
t e r ru ns of th ki d h d b i th e sa m e igh b h d n a e e n se e n n e sam e ne ou r oo ,

f ro mwh i h i t w h p d h
c till i f t y i f
as i o e t at s m ore sat s ac or n orm at o n

m igh t b b t i d p ti g h i h i t y
e o a ne re s ec n t e r s or .

D Bi t h
r. pl i d i
u s t i t
t en ex ti g d i t i a ne , n a m os n e re s n an ns ruc t ve

m anne r, th t d p ti d t g f
e na u re an l ki d f p co m ara ve a v an a es o se ve ra n s o o rt

a bl b e t i w h i h th
arom e e rs, p i ity f h l t ly i d by
n c e su e r or o t o se a e re ce v e

th G g p h i l S i y w
e eo ra d y id t H l
ca oc e t ti d as m a e v e r ev en . e a so m e n one

th e d t g
a d di d
v an a t g f th
es id
an d y pi t
sa v an a e s o e ane ro an s m e so m e e r,

l f wh i h w
se v e ra o l id th t bl c d th d w h t ti
e re a on e a e an en re t e a te n on

o f th ti g t th
e m ee w ki g f n pl i t o d th e f or n O a uv om e e r, an e m e a ns o
 I I
O FF C A L, LI rnnA a r , A N D S C ENT F C
'
I I I . 38 7

co rre c tl y asc e rtai ni ng th e am ount o f e va oration p during

‘

g iave n e ri o p d
w ith th e sam e i nstrum e nt a d v e rt i ng i n
, co nclusi on, to th e u nsati sfac
tor ydt a a affo rde d by th e we t- u b lb h grom y e te rs . — 2 l st Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 .

Th e S e cre ta ry state d, th at o n accou nt of th e first num b er Of th e

S ocie t y J ’
s o nrnal be i ng ou t o f
p ri nt, i t w as i m p ib l
oss e now to su pply ,

e ith e r as p re se nts o r o n p urc h as e , a w h ole se t to an

y one wh o a p pli d e

fo r i t, or to an
y o ne to w h om th e So ci e t y , o u t o f re s p e c t, o r re turn for
fav o urs, igh t w ish to re se nt a c o m le te c o
m p p py . M r Fi rth
.
, th e Su p er

i nte nde nt o f th e Educati on Soc ie t s Pre ss, h ad

’
y m ade an e s ti m ate for
re pir nti n
g th i s nu m b e r, w h i ch fo r 2 0 0 co pi es would am ount to Rs 1 3 7, .

w ith o u t colo u rin

g th e pl ta e s. I t w as re solve d th at Mr Fi rth .
’
s te rm s

sh o uld be acc e p te d, and th e num b e r re pi r nte d.

T L J ki
. . en ns, Esq uire , se c onde d by th e Re v Dr . Wil p p
. so n, ro ose d,

th a t as th e So c ie t y h ad no t de te rm i ne d on h av i g i b k
n ts oo s se nt o ut

ov e rla nd by th e Pe ni nsular a nd O ri e ntal C om p y tan

’
s s e a m e rs, th e
su bj e c t of ge tti ng a c e rtai n nu m b e r of th e m se nt th rough th e Po st
O ffi c e be re fe rre d to th e C om m i tte e Of M anage m e nt for c onside ratio n

as a m ore p re fe ra bl e arrange m e nt .

Th e follo w i ng is an b
a strac t o f a Th m H M S
le tte r from Dr . o , . . .
,

to Dr . Bu ist , w h ich acco m p i d th p ian e f p l i db el s e c m e ns o o ar z e asa t

m e ntione d, ( p . 36 from t h M e i i By th C pt i f h S h h
au r t us e a a nO t e a

Allum I se nd y ou a p i f b l i k f h p k ll d h
e ce O asa t c roc ro m t e ea ca e t e
Po nce wh i ch , p osse sse s a h igh d g f p l i y
e
y p i
re e ow h o ar t , as ou e rc e ve en

you bi r n
g i t ne ar to a m agne ti c ne e dle . My atte ntio n was c alle d to
th is by a v agu e acco unt of th e com p bi
ass e n
g dis tu r bd e at th e su m m it
of th e Ponc e , and I de te rm i ne d to asce rtai n th e re al natu re of th e
b
dis tu r i ng c aus e , w h i ch se e m e d, by th e e x traordi nar y p re o rts w h ic h I
firs t re ad, to oint to som p e th i ng o f a n e le c tro -m a ne ti c c urre nt
g . A fte r
two asce nts to th e p k ea i n qu e stio n, w h ic h is a out fe e t h igh , b
g di re c tl e h i nd th e yb L
tow n o f Po rt o ui s, and te rm i nati ng i n a oi nt p
b y
are l accessi le , and not b m ore th an ei
g h t o r te n fe e t at th e s um m i t, I
w as e na bl d e to ge t so m e de fini te i de a p
of th e h e nom e na i n qu e s ti o n .

Th e w h ole of th e b asaltic m ass o f roc k w h i ch form s th e h igh e st

p t
ar of th e p e a k is ch arge d w i th m agne ti c fl u id, w h e th e r fo rm i ng a

p t
ar of th e ce ntral m ass, o n j utti ng angle s, o r i n de tach e d and b roke n

b it s ; and wh e th e r wi th th e surfac e c orrode d and disi nte grate d, or w i th

th e co m p ac t, c r stalli ne ,y gre yf rac ture o f th e inte rior wh e n ex p o se d by

k
b rea ing at? a c orne r .

O ur artific ial m ag ne ts w e re com le te l re ve rse d, and th e ole s p y p

alte rnate l y
turne d to e ve r y p
oi nt of th e h orizon, accordi ng to th e
 ’
38 8 A BSTRACT O F TH E S O C I Irrv S F aoc s a DI N O s .
( JA N .

re lati ve p o sition b e twe e n th e curre nts O f th e local p ole s of th e rocks.

W i th ou t re m ovi n
g a ste p from a p p t by
articular s o , carr yi ng i n th e

h and a surv e yi ng com p ass

q uic k ly ro un d y f th j
an o e u tting p oi nts of

ro c k , it ac q ui re d a c i rc ular m o tio n, wh ich las te d for ne arl y a m inu te .

Th e m a
gne tic force i s m os t p ow e rfu ll yd e ve lo pd e at th e p j
ro e c t i ng an d
h igh e s t p oi nts o f th e p k dd ea , an e c re asi n
g i n i nte ns it do wnw ards, y so

th at one d df
h un re e et b l w the o e su m m it all trace s of lo cal i n ue nce fl on

th e com p di pp
ass sa e ar, y e t th e w h ole of th e p k ea , and th e m o u ntai n

from w h ic h it sh oots u
p , is o ne , and a pp are ntl y Si m ilar m ass of

tra pb asalt.

Bu t th e m ost cu ri ous fact is, th at not onl th e y su m m it O f th e Po nce ,

b ut e ve r y oth e r p k
ea of th e se rra te d e dge s of th e m ou nta i n ne ar Port
L ouis, w h i ch h ave b e e n e x am i ne d, are fo un d p to osse ss an a m o unt o f

re side nt m a ne ti sm
g wh ich ov e r ow e rs p th e arti fic i al m a ne t
g . Ye t th e
sam e incli ne d stratu m Of b asalt, w h i ch p h igh
osse sse s so a de gre e of

p olari t y wh en te rm inati ng i n a p oi nt, a n d p j ti g i

ro ec th n nto e clo u d s, is
w i th out any in fl ue nce of th i s natu re , as it i k d w t f
s n s o n o o rm th e S i des

Of th e va lle y , b
ta le -land, and pl i a n o f th e i sland, wh ile e ve r yp e ak

th at h as y et b een trie d sh ow s a local m agne tic force . Ne i th e r I nor

a ny o ne e lse h as
y e t se e n a n si
y g n o f th is i n th e si es o f th e m ou ntai n, d
o r ro c ky
m asse s of th e lai n Th e onl p
ie ce s O f m agne tic sto ne foun
. yp d
b e low th e sum m it of th e m o u ntain h av e all th e a e arance o f rolle pp d
sto ne s, w h ic h h av e com e d ow n from th e h e igh ts b
a o ve .

Th e i nv e stigati on of all th e fac ts nice l y, to wa rrant us i n arri vi n at

g
an
y ri
g h t c onclus ion on th is c urious
q u e sti on, w i ll b e a v e r Slow
p ro y
cess, I
b ut h av e got th e Gove rnm e nt S urv e or now i n th e ac t O f su rve y y
i ng Gov e rnm e nt grou nd to note dow n, at all p oi nts , wh e re th e re m a
y
ch anc e to b e an
y Si
gn of loc al m a
gne ti sm w h ich h e m a
y o b se rv e . W i th
th e c ol dw e ath e r, and a li ttle le ss O fl
i ce w or k It, oo Sh all v is it as m an y
of th e oth e r p k e a s of th e i sland as p ibl
oss e , and i n anoth e r
y ear be a bl e
to re duc e all ou r O b As y e t Mr C o rle , th e
se rvati o ns t
o d or e r. . y
S u rv e y or , y
sa s th at e ve r ea yp k
is m agne tic, bu t h e h as no t fo und an
y
roc s k y
i n th e v alle so w h at furth e r o se rvati on m a Sh o w, i t i s now
y b
to say .

As far as th e facts go, th e y are sug e sti ve O f m an

g y ne w vie ws o n
th e su bj e ct o f local m a ne ti sm
g , es p e ciall y wh en we re colle c t th at th e
w h ole i sland is li ttle m ore th a n a te rre strial alvani c
g b atte r y su rro un e dd
by th y j
,

e oc e a n, and annuall su b e c t to gi ve to, and re ce i v e fro m th e

clo u ds, i nte nse ch a r e s o f e le ctri c
g fl ui d at p arti cular se aso ns th rou
gh
th e se m agne tise dp ea s k .
 OFF C A I I L, LI TE RA RY ,
A ND I
S C ENT F C I I . 38 9

As th e m ountai ns of th e D e ccan and W este rn Gh au ts Of I ndia

e x ac tl y rese m ble th ose of Mau ri ti us i n ge ologi cal form a ti on, as p e ct, &c .

and th ose Of M ah ab ule sh w ur co ntain far m o re i ro n th an e i th e r ou r

Po nce or oth e r ri d e s,
g i t w ould b e a c u ri ou s i nq u ir y to asce rta i n

wh e th e r any ph e no m e na su ch as Ih a ve noti ce d at th e M auri ti us m ay

no t also be found am on
g th e sh ar pp k ea s of th e form e r. Ih p o e
y o u

w ill ge t so m e of th e m an y sc ie ntific p e rsons wh o v isi t th e h i lls to

e x am ine th i s q ue stion .

Th e large ie ce o f roc p k wh i h I c se n dt o y o u w as b k
ro e n off th e ver y
h igh e st p oi nt of th e Ponce , and i ts natu ral s truc tu re is ne arl y th at o f

th e w h ole stratu m as it dip s down to Port L o u is . Th e se co nd S p ec i

m e n is p artiall y di i s nte grate d O u

”
th e surfac e , b ut i t was i n a cle ft wi th i n
a foo t O f th e sum m it .

p
C a tai n M e adow s T yl a o r sta tes, in h is le tte r ac co m p yi an ng th e pi e ce

of li m e sto ne wi th e x ca vati ons in it m e nti one d, ( p . as follow s

Th e great p art of th e Sh orap ore distri c t is a lim e stone fo rm ati on,

I th i k i d i l with th f K
n e nt ca l wh i h C p t i N wb ld w t
at o u rnoo , c a a n e o ro e

u p Th b t p ti f it f fi h d g i d f i
on . e es or ons o are O a ne ar ra n, an O an ron

g y
re l d y
co o u r, an i i l t li th g p h i
are v e r t i d d I
s m t ar o o ra c s one s n ee . se n

a
g d oo y l t t C
m an p t i W iS a es
g t d t
o D B ia t f a n n a e, an som e o r. u s , or

th p p
e fb i g
u r ose O d i li th g ph y e n d b li h y
us e w dt
n o ra , an e e ve t e ans e re o

a c e rtai n e x te nt. Th e sto ne v ari e s i n h ardne ss and in colour, th e

h arde st p k b ki
ea s re a ng w i th a conc h oi dal frac tu re , th e softe st and m ost

ar
g i llace o u s w i th a di re c t o ne Th e colo urs a re f ro m d a r -. luish
g re ,
kb y
ne arl y b k
lac , to ligh t e llowi sh and in ish gre y p k
h e re ve r th e y W .

form ati on h as not ee n distu r e d b b by

th e grani te , i t i s e rfe ctl h ori p y
zo ntal, y
l i ng i n lam i nae of from o ee to w o nc tw f t t i h i th i k es n c ne ss, som e

be i ng e v e n th i n e nou gh to se rv e or s a e s, or f l t f wh i h p p th y c ur ose e are

m ade u se O f i n th e c ou ntr vi lla e s

g y .

Now th e u pp e r strata of th is fo rm atio n is e ver ywh e re pi e rce d by

sm all h oles, such as
y ou se e i n th e s p e ci m e n I se n dy ou .
'

“
Th e se h ole s are nowh e re fou nd i n th e lowe r strata or lam inae of

th e form ati on . I h ave e x am ine d m an y pl ace s i n th e Bh e e m a, w h e re

th e ro c ki b s are , and oth e r pl ace s w h e re th e stone h as b ee n
q uarri e d
for b u ildi ng, but can onl yfi nd th e p e rforati ons on th e surface : p e rh a s p
th e y are m o re re m ar a k bl e i n th e fie lds, wh e re th e su rface -roc kp rotru de s

from th e soil, or wh e re th e soil m ay be cle are d aw a yi n a fie ld wi th a

sh allow c ov e ring of e arth o v e r th e roc k . I t will be found h av ing th e

sam e ki d f p
n o e rforatio ns ne arl y e ve r y wh e re .

I h ave ne v e r b ee n a bl t fi d y f
e o n an ossil rem ains i n th e di t i t
s rc ,

th ough Ih av e search e d ve r y dilig tly f h en or t e m .

 ’
390 A BS TR A C T O F TH E S OC I nTv S F ao c as D I N C s .
[JAI L

Som e Of th e h arde st of th e lim esto ne rests u o n soft ar illace o us

p g
sh ale , ve r y f i bl r a e , a nd o f all c olou rs fro m wh i tish -gre y t y ll w pi k
o e o , n ,

bl i h
re d, u s ,
& c gre
. y g s, e ne rall y , (i nde e d i nv ari a l by , wh e re th e re i s no
di t bi g
s ur n cause at h and,) h oriz o ntal, agree in
g w i th th e li m es tone

b
strata a ov e .

“
Th e Sp e c i m e n I se nd y ou is of th e d k ar er li m e stone , b ut w h e th e r
i n th at or th e li gh te r k i nd I se nt to Dr . Bui st , th e p e rforati o ns are

e x ac tl y of th e sam e sh a e and p c h a rac te r, so m e longe r and so m e sm alle r

th an o th e rs .

In m an yp t ar s ne ar grani te th e li m e s tone h as b ee n di t b d by
s ur e

th e grani te e ru t o ns, and loc s pi b k are fo und as i t w e re on th e ir si de s,

and at v a ri ous angles , h avi ng th e p e rforations o n th e Side u

p p e rm os t,

th at is not p p er e ndi c ular to th e grai n Of th e stone , as th e yw o uld be

if th e sto ne h ad lai n h oriz ontall y , b ut with th e grain no t o n th e su rfac e ,

b ut an th e side w h i ch is u pp e rm ost It is e v i de nt fro m th is th at t h e

.

p e rforations too k pl ace afte r th e grani tic distur b anc e .

“
Th i li s m e s tone is i d e nti cal w ith th at of K urnool, &c . and p art of

a ve r y t e x e ns i v e form ati on i n th e D e cca n . H e re i t is v er yi nte resting to

se eh o w th e grani te h as th rown i t a o ut i n so m e lace s, and actuall b p y

raise d u p large m as se s o f i t, Sh owing th at i t m us t h av e e e n olde r th an b
m an y of
th e grani te h ills a ou t b
We h av e :i t, too, o ve rlaid a w ave b of

p
.

tra -m ud from th e w estw ard, w h ic h h as re ach e d as far as t e e d e s of

g
”
th e li m e s tone h ills .

O f th e two Hi d n u co pp e r c oi ns m e nti one d i n th e m i nu te s of th e

Soc ie t y ’
s m e e ti n
g h e ld o n th e 1 7 th F e ruar las t, su m i tte d to Dr b y b .

S te v e nson for e x am i nati o n, Dr S te v e nso n state s th at

. th e be y
long to th e se c o nd C auauj se ri es, de sc ri b d by M
e r . Pri nse p i n th e 4 th
v olum e of th e Be ngal Asiatic J ournal, alth ou gh not am o ng th e nu m
b e r th e re in m e ntio ne d . AS far as I c an m a k e ou t fro m th e b k ro en

s ta te o f so m e Ofth e le tte rs, th e le ge n is S ri m a d La ks btna n Raj a d .

”

Th e silv e r coi n fro m th e ru i ns of th e town o f Sh a a u r, w h i ch ae c o m kp

p anied M r F re re s le tte r
.
’
, w as su b m i tte d to th e Re v Dr . . Wil so n for
e x am i na tio n M r F re re . . state s i n th is le tte r, th at h e h as re
q ue ste d

Li e ut. Ph i lli p s, wh o fou nd th is coi n, to forw ard an acc o u nt of

Sh a kp a u r, c o py of wh i ch , wh e n re c e i v e d, w ill b e se nt to th e Socie t y .

- l gth M ay 1 8 53 .

Th e le tte r NO 1 4 3, date d Pi nd . D d Kh
a un an, 1 7 th u lti m o, from W .

Purdo n, Esq , a nno unce s th e de s a c ,

. p t h id M C oultan, p e r c ooli es, o f a

b ox c ontaini ng S e ci m e ns O f u se fu l and p ornam e ntal b ui ldi ng m a te ri al,

O bt i
a ne d fro m th e Salt Range , and forw arde d to th e Soci e t y u nde r
 O F IrI C I AL, LITBaAnx , A ND S C I S NTI F I C . 39 1

i nstructions from th e Board of Adm inistrati on for th e affa rs of i th e

jb t Lh
Pun a a a ore . Th e le tte r e nclose d a d escri pti ve catalogue of

th p i e S e c m e ns .

P f L ro essor d t d Bn 5th A g t l t k w
asse n s
’
le tte r, a e o n, u us as , ac no

l dg wi th th k
e es th ipt f N an s XII X IV d X V f th
e re ce O os . .
, .
, an . o e

S i ty J l d ppli f N XIII Th i b t b
’
oc e s o urna , an a es or o. . s num er o e

f w d d by th
or ar e li t p p t i ty e ear e s O or u n .

O f th C e i i p ti anaresep t d by M nsc r R ons d rese n e essrs . e e ve s an

M C S
anso n, th S i y
. b it d th R v G H W igl
to e oc e t , su m te to e e . . . e e

f t or l i d
rans at on, an w t d w ith h i no t d d Dh w 2 9th
re urne s no e ate ar ar,

Ap il l t M r W igl t t f ll w
as , r. e e s a e s as o o s

Th i “
i p ti e w nsc r
p t i t yon h d asb t y u
g d I
n o m an s a ou a e ar a o, an

di d y b t d iph
m estit b t f o d it i p i bl Th fi t li i
ec er , u oun m oss e. e rs ne s

e asy t d d t i w ll k w di ti h H i g g t th f
o re a , an co n a ns a e no n s c . av n o us ar

( b f h
e ore i i p ti w
t e nsc r p t d t th on A i ti S i t
asy ) I th
rese n e
gh t o e s a c oc e , ou

i t w ld b ou y t k t th t b t I g t t y I f d it
e e as o m a e ou e re s , u re re o sa oun

f th wi
ar o i th
er I se : ne
y f th er N
, t i
nor an w h I o e num e rous a v es om

consu lt d ld e k t, cou th f w l tt
m a e ou h d th
m o re I an a e e e rs e re an e re .

se n t th i ip ti e t Mnscr g l w hon i t wo i d by
an a ore ,th R e re as e x am ne e e v.

H M gli g d by h i M h wh I
. oe n an si d thoons t e es, o, am co nv nce , are e m os

l earnedC t b f
anare se m e n d t th p t d y b th o e lt
ou n a e re se n a , ut e resu

was th e sam e .

It th e re fore se e m s th at th e co py i s not an e x act fac-si m ile of th e

p
insc ri tion, w h ich su pp o si tion is co nfirm e d by th e e vi d e nt i nequalit y
”
of th e le tte rs and li ne s .

Th e ru i ns of th e y cit of Sh a kp a ur, in Sci n d e, anci e ntl y calle d

Me h m e t oor,
p Mr . Ph illip s state s to be si tuate di n th e sou th e rn p art of

th e Sh ah Bunde r di stri ct, ab ou t te n m iles south -east of Mee rp oo r

Buttora , th e ch i e f to wn of th e zillah .

At p rese nt th e re are o nl y 50 h ouses th ere, situate d on a large wate r

cou rse calle d th e Old Goongra, wh e re th e rui ns m ay be traced f th or ree

m i le s i n e x te nt . Th ese co nsist ch ie fly f d O m oun s of b tb i k

u rn r c s of

diff e re nt si ze s . Th e largest i s si tua t d l

e t th c ose o e e x istin
g vi llage , and

is a outb 300 y d ar s in ci rcum fe re nce Th i h. s as not b een O p e ne d .

Th e re is also a sm all b yiur ng grou nd, in wh ich th e re are tom b s Of

carv e d sandstone sla s, b b ut with o ut inscri tions p .

A si lv e r coin h as b ee n found, wh ich was su b m i tte d to th e Soci e t y

by M r. F re re at th e last m ee ti n , and so m e
g fragm e nts of o aqu e p bl ue

glass, corne lian and agate w h i ch acc om p ani e d th is pp a er : se ve ral

Co pp e r c oi ns h ave be e n foun d , b ut so corro ed d th at th e i nscri tions p

are e fl ac e d
'
 A BSTRAC T O F Tu n S O C I B F ROC BBD I NO S
’
392 Tv S .
[JA N .

d
Th e tra i tional h istor y Of Sh a kpa ur is, th at th e p rese nt v i lla e
g
w as nam e d ft
a er th e fam ous C utch Sai nt Sh ah pntti , wh o trav e lle d
i n th at di re ction a ou t b 2 00 y ears si nce th at Me h m e tp oo r was foun dd e

by M h d Py a om e se n Soo m ra, th e first of th at b

tri e , wh o re i gne di n

L w S i d (14 h
o er c n e t or earl yp art of th e 1 5 th ce ntur y) , w h e n th e pre
se nt dry wate rcourse was th e b e d of th e Id n us . Th e ne x t C hie f
nam e d is U m e er Soom ra, by w h ich title th e large m oun d O f ruins

m e ntione d also goe s, as th is is state dt o be th e re m ains O f h is pl a ac e .

T hi s C h i e f le ft two sons, C h um ee sa and Dd o a . DOda , th e y ou nge r,

us ur e p d th e th rone , and C h um ee sa h av in g l iad a co m pl i t b

a n e fo re th e

th e n re i ni
g g n Em p e ro r at D lh i
e , Allah odee n, th e latte r se nt a force
b k wi th h i t
ac h i p p ty wh i h D d
m o t t pl
rec ov e r s ro er , c o a m e a a ace

ll d K
ca e 10 il f M h tp
e ree , H mb ttl d i
es rom e m e oor . e re a a e e nsu e , n

wh i h b th th
c b th w l i d th S
o e ydf td
ro e rs ere s a n an e oom ra arm e ea e

aft wh i h th D lh i f
er c pl d d M h tp
e e d t it fi orce un e re e m e oor, an se on re .

1 6th June 1 8 5 3 .

Th e le tte r from Dr Bowring, ate Ath e ne u m , 1 st ulti m o, intim ate s

. d d
th e desire of th e Gov e rnor Ge ne ral of Ne rth e rlands n ia, th at th e Id
Bom b ay Asiatic Socie ty Sh ould inte rch ange p bli
u cations wi th th e
Batavian Socie ty of Arts and Scie nces in Java . Dr . Bowring also adds ,

th at on any subj t with i th

ec n e fie l d
C h ine se i nq ui r h e will gre atl
of y y
j
re oice in an O pp t ity f b i
or un o e ng u se ful to th e Socie t y .

l d th t py y J ournal sh oul db for

’
I t was reso ve a a co of th e Soci e t s e

war dd f e or th e acce p tanc e Of th e Batavian Soci e t y by th e e arliest

O
p p t ni
or uty .

Th e le tte r from A Grote , Esq , . . d t d 5th i t t i ti t th t

a e ns an , n m a es a

th e C o uncil of th e Asi atic Socie t y fB glh d

O ll d ll p
en a a cance e a ee n

niar y blig ti
O a ons u n e r d wh ich th e B b y S i ty l b
om a d f thi oc e a oure or s

p u bli ca ti on, d
i nte n i ng h e nce forth to p rese nt th e m in e x ch an e
g for
th ose y p
w h i ch th e at rese nt re ce ive from th e Socie t y Of Bom by a .

Th e S e cre ta ry was dire cte d t k wl dg tho ac ip t

no e e e re ce Of th i s le tte r
wi th be st th anks of th e Soc i ty — 1 8 tl A g t 1 8 5 3
e . t u us .

With re fe re nce d t d 1 7th

to th e Gov e rnm e nt le tte r No 2 7 1 8 , . a e

li f w di g p i t d
u t m o, or pi f d p t h N 30 d t d 2dtb
ar n r n e co es o a es a c o. , a e

M y l t t g th wi th th
a as , o e p d f th H bl th
er o e r corre s on e nce , rom e onora e e

C t f Di
our t o p ti g U i l E h ibiti f Ag i lt l
re c ors, re s ec n an n ve rsa x on o r cu ura

and I d t i l P d t t b h ld by th E p
n us r a ro f th Fuc s h t o e e e m e ror o e re nc a

P i i M y 1 8 55
ar s n d q t
ai g th S i ty t gi , th
an g t t
re u es n e oc e o ve e rea es

p ibl p bli ity t th i nn n

oss e u t th S
c t y w o di t dt
s a ou cem e n , e e cre ar as rec e o
 O F FI C A I L, LI TBRARv , A ND SC I RNTIF I C . 393

a o d pt th b e est m easures in th e Socie t y p ’

s owe r for carr ing th e Gove rny
m e nt re
q u est i nto e flt
'

ec .

Th e Re v Dr S te ve nson s
. .
’
pp t i d
a e r con a ne a translati on, with note s,
of a Buddh ist i nscri tion p p bli h d i F
u s e n or tune s Te a Dis tri c ts of
I ndi a a nd Ch i na
”
pg
a e 32 4, i n w h i ch h e sh ow e d th at th e fore ign
ch arac te rs th e re gi ve n are T ib t e an le tte rs ; th at th e i nscri ti on contai ns p
th re e Buddh ist sac re d form ularie s, th e m i ddl e one th e fam ous 0 m
M a ni P a dm e H um /I . Dr Ste ve nson gave
. reasons for b li
e e vi ng th at
th e se form u lae h ad b e en b
d f I di th t th y w igi llyorrowe rom n a ; a e e re or na

T ti l
an r c a d ft w d
, an d p t d t B ddh i
a er ar s d th t th y w
a o e o u sm ; an a e e re

p ti ly i ti t th D i ty fi t th C t
re s e c ve nv oca ons o w th
e e as rs e re a or, no e

P d fi lly b t t b th D t y
re se rv e r, an na a ou f th U i o e e e s ro e r o e n v e rse .

With f t th
re e re nce pi f h H j i Ab d i i pti
o e Co es o ti d t e a -- a nscr on m e n one ,

( p . th th D h jib
e au h y F or, ji E q t tun th t ft h o ra m , s .
, s a es a a er av

i g
n f lly
care u i d th h th i k th t th
re -e x am ne py wh i h pp
em , e n s a e Co c a e ars

i P f
n W t g d
ro e ssor di ti f th B dh h h b
e s e r aar
’
s e t on o e un es as e e n m os

f lly t k
care u f th
a en igi l rom d th t i t i e ly i or t i na , an a s on nacc ura e n a

f w h
e c t th t th
arac e rs ; S i l p i d y P h li i i
a e i p ti
assan an i Si a ar e v nsc r on n r

K P t
er T li l i
or e r s
’
rav e s p ti s a so t d th P th i
n som e re s e c s ncorre c , an e ar an

or m os t i t P h li i i
anc e n i p ti pp t b ti ll
e v nscr whi h on a e ars o e s m ore so, c

m a
y h i
av e f th
ar se n d i ffi lty w
romi th wh i h i t w e b t i d f cu c as o a ne , or

Si K r P ter t tor e r I pi d th wi th ll th
s a es coyi y e em a e acc urac n m

p w b i g h i p d d by th h igh t d d k
o e r, e n m uc m e e f th i p i e e an ar ness o e r os

ti on . O p ti f th th pp li I ld t k t i
ne or on o e re e u er ne s cou no m a e ou n

th e least .
”
Be twe e n Sir K e r Porte r
’
s and Profe ssor We ste rgaard s ’

Pe h livi inscri tio n, th e p auth o r h ad i scove re d d b a ou t th irt y ch aracte rs

wh ich di tfe re d from e ach o th e r i n th e i r p

re s e c tiv e wor d s ; b ut as

a m ongst th ese th e re w e re a fe w h om oge ne ous one s, th e di fl '

e re nce in
th e de ciph e ri ngs w as of no great co nse ue nce .
q
Wh en M r Dh unjibh oy F ram j i first
. d i ph d
ec e re and translate d th i s

i p ti py d d bt p t
’
i nscr on from Sir K e r Porte r s co , be e nte rtai ne ou s re s ec

ing th e acc u rac y of th e translatio n, and th e re fore , far as lay in h is

as

p o w e r, su ppli d e a list of e rr a ta , dd e uce d from th e analo

g , e t m oloy y
g , y
and c o m p arativ e ph il l gy oo of th e w ords contai ne d i n th e m ; h e now
b gg d
e e le ave to l y b f
a e o re th e Soci e t y a translati on of th e i nscri tio n p
fro m Pro fe ssor We ste rgaard s ’
co py , w h i ch , w h e n c om p d
are wi th h is
p
first de ci h e ring, woul db e fou nd to diff e r o nl y in a d
fe w wor s, th e
ex pl anations of wh ich diff e re nces w e re in th e note s a pp d d t
en e o h is
trans lati on .

In c onclusi on, th e au th or state s, th at as y e t h e oes not fe e l qu ite d

c om p t nt t p
e e o lace be fore orie ntali sts a satisfactor translation of th is y
 s F RO C BBDI NO S J
’
394 A DsTRACT O F Tu n S O C I m .
[ A N .

p
i nscri ti on, because h e is sti ll d b tf
ou ul of th e orth o ra h i cal a nd i nte r
g p
ch ange a bl e v alue Of som e O f th e c h arac te rs, wh i ch h e w ill b e b tte er

abl pl i i h p f t
e to ex a n n t e re ace o h is Ze nd Di ctionar y , w h e re h e h om es
t p bli h h P h li i lp h b t
o u s t e e v a a e s, wi th b
o se rv atio ns on th e i r p
la idar , y
cu rsi v e , and nu m ism atic form s, to faci li tate futu re investi gati o ns i n th e
p
de c i h e ri ng of th i s c h aracte r .

Th e p i llustrati v e o f Dr
m a Li i g t d M O w ll
. t l
v n s one s an
’
r. s e
’
s rav e s

in Sou th e rn Africa m e ntione d ( p 3 73) i py f i. d b M s a co o one re ce v e y r .

Re e v e s from th e C p fG dH p
a e o d f w d d by h i w i h
oo o pye , an or ar e m t co

of a le tte r to th e Ch i f S et yt G e cre ar lli g h ot ti f

ov e rnm e nt, ca n t e a te n on O

th e la tte r to th e e x i ste nce of an e x te nsi ve slav e trade di scov e re d by

th e se ge ntle m e n i n th e countri e s to th e e ast O f Lka e Ngam ee . In th is
le tte r M r Re e v e s sta te s as follows
.

“
You w ill b
o se rv e i n th e u pp er le ft h and corne r Of th e m ap, a

notice of a tri be calle d Me m bari ,

’
to th e followi ng e flt ’

ec

Th e Me m bari c am e to Se bi toane in 1 8 5 0, bi large q uan

r nging a

ti t y of English clo th i ng, viz . pi td

r n e c ottons, colou re d, andb at te re d for

b
a out 2 00 slave s. By th e i r sugge stion th e Makololo we nt on a foray
agai nst th e Bash ukulom o— th e Makololo to rec e i ve all th e cattle , th e
p
M e m b ari all th e ca p ti v e s, in consi de ration of th e use of th e i r g u ns in
th e attac k .
’

Se bito ane , as will b e found e x lai ne p di n th e righ t h an d ppu er corne r

of th e m a
p i s , th e ch ie f w h o r ule s ov e r th e we ll-wate re d c ountr y Sh ow n

i n th e ce ntre . Th e Makololo are a tri b e u nde r h is Th e Me m

rule .

b ari m ost p b bly

ro a com m u nicate b tw e ee n th e se a c oast and th e great

la k bye m e ans O f th e Z b
am e zi
’
ri ve r, a m agni fice nt stream , w h ic h ,
a fte r re ce i vi n
g th e wate rs o f m an y ri v e rs i n th e ne igh b o urh ood o f th e
la k fl e, ows ac ross an u ne x pl ore d tract of cou ntr y , and i t is con ec turej d
falls i nto th e M ozam bi q ue a li ttle to th e no rth o f So fala .

It a pp e ars p b ro a ble th at M a j H
or a m e rton, Politi cal Age nt at Z anzi

b ar, m a
y th r
,ou h
g His H igh ne ss t e h I m am Of Musc at be , a bl e to p rocu re

m uch v alu a bl e i nfo rm ati o n c onne c te d wi th th e p roce e di n s Of

g th e slav e

de ale rs, Po rtugu e se , or wh oe v e r th e y m a

y b e, and to asce rtai n w h e th e r
th e Me m bari are Euro p ea ns or Native s em pl y d by
o e th e m ; and th e
re sult O f h is i nq ui rie s, co m m uni c ate d to th e British A d m i ral com

m andi n
g at th e C a e o f Go o p d H p ill bl o e, w e na e fl
th at o i ce r to ch e c k

th e i r ne fario us tra fl P h p
i c. h I er a s, to o, t e m am m a
y h ave i t i n h is
p ow e r to i nte rfe re ti ly f
ac h p ve i or t e re v e nt on Of th e slav e tra d e

h im se lf .

Su b idi y t
s ar o th e b
a ov e O bj ect, accurate i nform ation is re
q u i re di n

re fe re nce to th e m e ans O f c om m u nication b tw

e ee n th e coast and th e
 O FF I C I AL, LI TBRA Rv , A ND S C I RNTI FI C . 395

g re at la k e. Th e ri ver Z b am e zi
’
p yi
e s e ciall s an O bj e ct o f th e gre ate st
i nte rest . It is a b ranch of th e Z b i
am ez
’
se t dow n i n o ur m a p s

b w th
et ee n e 1 5 th and 2 0th p aralle ls of so u th latitu de . If M j a or

H t a m e r on c ould de te rm ine t h is, and lay down with any acc u rac v th e

pi t fj
o n o unc tion o f th e b ranc h wi th th e m ain stream , or p ro c u re an
y
i nfo rm atio n on th e m eans affo rde d b v th e se stre am s fo r na vigatio n, and

th e natu re and di t s ance o f th e cou ntr y trav e rse d by th e b ra nc h from

th e se a to th e gre at la k e, h e wi ll add a m ost i nte re sti ng and use ful

su pply to our ge ogra ph i cal k nowle dge , fo r so late as th is m o rn i ng I

re ad an acc ount i n th e Ne w Q ua r te rly Revi e w Of a j ourne y ae com

p li sh e d by M r . F ranc is Galton from th e W es te rn C oas t of A frica to

th e Ngam ee lak e, wi th out m uch fl
di i c nlty ; so th at th e su pply of th e

b
a ov e inform atio n re
g a rdi n
g th e Z b am e zi
’
is no w all th at i s re q uisi te

to co m pl e te th e c h ain of disco v e r y ac ross th e co ntine nt O f Africa from

se a to se a .

Th gh th e
ro u i n ne ss k d of Li e u te nant C lose , of th e Engi ne e rs, a

b e auti ful co of th e py K o ran, w ritte n on a scroll 1 0 fee t lo ng, and 3

i nch e s b d roa , m a ki ng i n all a roll 3 inch e s long and i nch i n diam e te r,

w as l id b f
a e ore th e Me m b e rs, and m uch adm i re d — 1 5 th S ep tem be r 1 8 5 3 .

With re fe re nce to th e Gov e rnm e nt C i rcular No . 34 1 9, date d l oth

i nsta nt, forwardi ng pi r nte d co pi e s of a furth e r de s pthf
a c ro m th e H o nor

abl e th e C o ur t f Di o re ctors, re s p e c tin

g th e U ni ve rsal Ex h i ition b of

Agric ultural an n ustrial Pro d I d d uc ts a b o ut to b e h e l d by th e Em p e ror

o f th e F re nch at Pari s i n 1 8 5 5 , and re

q u e sti n
g th at th e gre ate s t p b li u

ci t y igh t b e gi ve n to th e sam e , th e
m S e cre ta ry w as dire c te d to h av e
re co urse to th e b
e st m e as u re s i n th e So c ie t y p ’
s o we r fo r c arr i
y gn th e

re
q ue st of Gov e rnm e nt i nto e ffe ct .

Dr Ste v e nson state d, i n

. df e e nce O f h is p osit on, i th at th e Ti th y as of

th e Buddh ists and th ey Gp h i tm noso s s of th e Gre e k s w e re D ig b am ar

Ji
a ns, th at th e w or k ll d th K lp S
ca e e a a utra, th e m ost sac re db k f oo o

th e J ains, gi ves us a re u lar succe ss io n o f

g Hi d n te ach e rs, w i h p b bl
t ro a e

dt
a es and te rm s of life b k B
ac to . c . 5 69 d pl
, an ace s th e p i g t
re v ous re a

te ach e r Parsoo nath on ly 2 5 0 y e ars e arli e r, assi

gni ng to h im a life Of

1 00 y e ars ; w h e re as th e Buddh is ts ca rr y us bac k w i th p b bl ro a e date s

onl y to 5 43, b u t th row th e p d
re e ce ss o rs o f Buddh a b ktac o an alm ost

b
i llim ita le dis tance , and th e re fo re th at th is b ook h as m ore i nte rnal

p ro a b b ili y i f t n re e re nc e to th ose ti m e s th an th ose o f th e Buddh ists .

Th t th Tith y
a e as agree d wi th th e G y ph i t i j
m noso s s n re e c ting all

ar ti l fd
c es o th ress, at th e usage is com m en e d d i th J in b k
n e a oo s, wh ile
 A BS TRAC T O F TBB S O C I B
’
396 Tv s F ROC BBDI NC S .
[JA N .

in all th e Hi ndu boo k s O f auth o ri t y it i p b t d s re ro a e , and th e re fore ,

t h at as J ains th e n e x is te d, and i n t e h i y t
r s l d s em a one oes su c h a usage

as th at inti m ate d e x is t, th e conclusion m ust follow th at th e ybl e onge d

to th a t se c t .

Th e fo llo w ing O b se rvations are a pp d d by

en e Mr . Pesto n
Be h ram ji to th e re -e x am ination of h is translati on of th e Pe h li vi insc ri p
tion at H a -i-A
j b ad

Mode rn Z oroastrians, and e s e ci all p y th ose O f th e sace rdotal o r e r,d

to w h ich I h ave th e h onour to bl e on
g h av e O fte n
, e e n accus e of b d
i gno rance , not onl y Of th e ancie nt lite rature of Pe rsia, b u t also of th e
la nguage in wh i ch th e ir sacre d and re ligi o us w or k s are wri tte n, as w e ll
as th e c h arac te rs wh ic h areb d th h i nsc ri
li f e on e roc k s ne ar t e re cs o

iq i y b difl t p t f P i With i w t '

ant u tdi g i a oun n n e re n ar s o e rs a . a v e o

re m o v e hi p t h I hs re t p d t
roac d i p h, th P h li
ave ai i i
te m
p te o ec er e e v nscr

ti on at H j i Ab d a -- N k h i R t a i P i
, ne ar u a - - ns a m , n e rs a .

Wh I fi t t p t d th i i J y l t I h d
en rs at e m e t lys n anu ar as , a ac ce ss o on

o ne co py p bli h d i Si R K P t T l wh i h pp
, as u s e n r . . or e r s
’
ra ve s, c a ears to

b i p f t
e m d
er ec i an y pl b t h
e rro ne ous g h h k i d
n m an ac e s u t rou t e n ness

O f M Dh jibh y F
r. j un h b tt o d ram t py
i , a m uc e e r an m ore corre c co , as

re ce ntly t k d w a pp ly i h g t
en o n, a d tt ti are nt by P w t re a care an a en on, ro

f W t g d
e asor d p bli h d l
es e r aar y t th d f h i li h g p h
, an u s e as t e ar a e en o s t o ra

e di i f h B dh h w
t on o t e pl d un e
y d i p l
es i J as l t ace at m s osa n u ne as .

Th i h l d p
s as l
c e are big i i u dh bl d t k
se v e ra am u t e s, an as e na e m e o m a e

l
se v e ra difi ti
m o d ti ca i i
ons an
y g i l d i p h corre c t d o ns n m or na ec e rm e n an

translatio n .

Ih av e not s are d an
y p p ains d
to re n e r m y de ci ph e rm e nt and v ersi on

fai th ful and accurate . I th e re fore h av e no h e sitation i n su b m itting th e

re su lt to th e cri ticis m of th e Euro p e an p bli
u c, if w h ose disce rni ng j ud
g
m e nt be i n y m fav our i t w i ll o far to
g e s ta bli h s th e ge nui ne ness a nd

antiq u i t y O f se v e ral o f th e Pe h li vi w or s k no w in th e p osse ssi o n O f th e

Parsee s of W e ste rn I ndia .
”

Th i s translation d oe s not di fl'

e r e sse ntiall yf rom th at pby M

re se nte d r.

Dh un b h oy F ram ji at th e las t m e e ti ng O f th e Soc ie t y Th y will b th

. e o ,

wi th th e i nsc ri ptio n i n original and i n Gu j arath i p b p b li h d

i trans cr t, e u s e

i n th e ne x t nu m b e r of th e Soci e t y J ’
s o urnal .

With re fe re nce to th e p re se nts for th e m u se um m e nti one d (p, .

th e S ecre ta ry state d th at c olle c tions 1 to 3 i nclusi ve we re fro m th e

te rti ar y f orm ati ons Of th e Pe rsian Gulf and b
Ara ian Sea, w e ll
ib d and illustrate d i n C olone l Grant s Geolog y Of C ntch
’
desc r e .

y
Th e fossil o ste r b e d i n th e li m e stone at Minora Point, K urach e e i n ,

b
C ntch , and on th e Ara ian C oast, see m s e qually to ch aracte rise th e ,
 O F F C IA I L, LI TE RARY ,
A N D S C E NT F C I I I . 397

te rti ar y form atio n on th e c oas t O f K atty awar fo r am o ng th e fossils

Of th e 2 nd colle c ti on are s p e cim e ns a pp are ntl y id i l wi h h y
e nt ca t t e o ste rs

and th e li m e sto ne o f th e se p arts i n wh ich th e y i b dd d wh i h

are m e e , c cam e

from th e sum m i ts of low bills (5 0 to 1 5 0 fe e t h igh ) on th e weste rn coast

of K attyawar .

Th e sm all, b ut e x tre m e l y
fossil sh e lls p re
i nte resti ng collec ti on O f

s e nte d by j
Ma or Ge ne ral C ulle n, also e longs to th is te rtiar form ati on b y .

Se v e ral are ide ntical w ith th ose figure d and descri e Sowe r in b d by by
th e wor kj
ust m e ntione d T y
h e are in an e x quisite state of rese rvati on,
. p
b
not h avi ng y e t e c om e conne c te d w ith th e m ate ri al i n w h i ch th e are y
im b dd d
e e , and ne v e r h av i ng b e en worn by th e ac tion of th e wav e s . Th e
fac t of th e ir u nde rl yi ng th e late ri ti c cliffs and bd e s Of li gnite , m ine ral
co pl a , &c . Of Quilon and th e ne igh b ouring coas t p , rov e s th at th e latte r
are not so Old, ge olo i call
g y conside re d, as th e te rtiar y f ti orm a on.

p
C a tai n Nicolls
’
b eauti ful colle c tion O f cut an d p li h d w
o s e oods, as

w e ll as Sh e ll-de p osits O f th e eoc e ne lacustrine form ati o n, se e m s to i n i d

cate th at th e re are fossils not onl y of th e latte r, b ut also of th e O oli tic
d
san s tone Of I di b
n a a out Saugor ; at all e v e nts th e cast i n li m e stone ,

a pp are ntl y of a large tur bo, am o ng th e collec tion, Sh ow th at th is at least

l s O f m ari ne ori i n.
g Th e se c ti on O f th eph e le ant s
’
tus k i b dd d
m e e In th e
b dd
Ne r u a calcare ous c onglom e rate p b bly
ro a ca m e fro m th e sam e s e ci e s p
asth t p a rese nte d to th e Soci e ty by D r. Bradle y , w h i ch h e o bt i a ne d from

th b ke an s of th e Godav e ry . Both 7 } inch es in iam e te r, and soli

are 4
d d ;
th e h ollow p ortion at th e b ase of th e Godav e ry one gi v es an arc of a

c ircle a ou t b 1 1 } i nch e s i n di am e te r. Baron Huge l m e nti ons one from

th e island of Pe rim , o pp osi te th e m ou th of th e Ne r b dd
u a, wh ich was
1 0 } i nch es i n diam e te r ; and Mr . D e an saw one from th e be d of th e
J um na wh ich b e im agine d to be at least e igh t i nch es i n iam d e te r. Th e
latte r a pp ears to h av e b ee n in a b
fria le state , li k e th ose Of th e b dd
Ne r u a

and Godav e ry , for th e se py o s w e re ki g

m a n use of it for p ip l y e c a .

Th e se see m to be th e large st tus k s on re cor d .

Th e m i ne rals colle cte d from th e R w K

e a anta by th e late Ma or j
F ulljam es are Of
gre at inte rest i n an e conom i cal p oint of vi e w . I ron

ores of th e rich est ki nd e vi de ntl y b a oun d th e re , i n th e sam e form s as

i n Malwa and in th e Sou th e rn M ah ratta C ountr y t th pp it

, a e O os e or so u

th e rn b d y
oun ar Of th e great b asaltic re
gi on o fW t I di Li
es e rn n a . m e

stone , t pp oo, a e ars to b e a p art O f th e sam e form ation ; so th at wi th

th is fl ux on th e p
s ot, all th at a pp e ars w anti ng is th e p rox im y it Of coal

to m ake th ese ore s h igh l y av a i lab le a

— de side ra tm n w ll k
e nown to

j
Ma or F ulljam es, w h o, led on by th e ri ch m ine ral s p e cim e ns afforde d by
th is inte resti ng district of wh ich h e was Political Age nt, probably
 ’
398 A BS TRACT o r r u n S O C I ETv S F RO C EEDI NO S .
[JA N .

c o ntracte d th at fe ve r, i n h is gre at ze al fo r th e ir fu ll d e ve lo p m e nt, w h ich

h as so su d e nld y c ut S h ort h is use ful c aree r . By h is de ath th e Socie ty
h as los t an o ri inal
g b
o se rve r a nd a v alua bl e co ntri b uto r ; and th e

Gove rnm e nt a n o fl
i ce r wh ose lov e fo r ge o logi cal and m ine ralogi cal
re se a rc h w oul dh av e soon te ste d th e e co no m ical re sou rces of th e Re wa
K anta i n th is p
res e c t to th ei r u tm ost — 2 0 th October 1 8 5 3 .

AS th e le tte r from k ppli d f

Profe ssor E . py f B . Eastwi c a e or a co o

th S i y J l i i t f hi b h ip i w l d h t
’
e oc e t s ourna n v r ue o s m em e rs , t as re so v e t a

at t h A i e y M i g p p i i h ld b b gh t f w d
nn ve rsa r eet n a ro os t on s ou e rou or ar

to i l
e nt M
t e an
y b f I d i
em t t
erh t l
out Oi p y n t f tha o a c a m on a m en O e

annua l b ip i
su f
sc r id t M
t on o b i R 15
no n-re s en em e rs, v z . s . .

Th p i
e CO f h S
eS oi y J t el pp li
oc e td f
’
b
s
y P fourna a E t i k e or ro e s sor as w c

f th p bli L ib
or e u y B li h Lib y f h E I di C ll g
c rar at er n, t e rar o t e as t n a o e e,

an d f hi or lf h d b
m se f w d d by th l t
, a ee n or il ar e e as m a .

O f th p lh l p
e se u c d by M B k h t t th t th y
ra u rns rese nte r . ar e r, e s a es a e

w f di d ll d T t B l i i h i i i ty f Bgd d n t e
’

e re ou n n a m o un ca e e a ar , v c n O a a ,

wh i h w c as t d d h i di ti Aft h i g d g l g
e x cav a e un e r s re c on . er av n u a ar e

tu nne l f 60 f t l g
O d bee 20 f on , b l w th f h
an a ou t ee t e o e sur ac e , e ca m e

u p w ll p d f kil b t b i k f th
on a a co m ose O i
n- u rn h r c s, o e sam e s ze as t ose

fou n d t Bbyl b t with h

a a o n, pi f
u , ttw eh i g e x ce t on O one or o, av n no

insc r i pti hon o n d b ki g h gh th i w ll h f d it t

t em ; an on re a n t ro u s a , e ou n o

b the id f
e s p lh l l
e o a se i i g b t 1 50
u c ra v au t, c onta n n p il d p a ou u rns, e u on

o ne h b t f td p i
anot e r a o u t en i i ee l f ee S , f n a se m -c rc u ar o rm . om e o

th t i d
e se c o n a ne l i d b d h
ca c ne l pi o ne s an f it i fi d h as e s, a so e ce s o v r e e art ,

g l ass, an d h d h w fill d
e a s ; ot e rs w i th fi p d
e re d w
e ne ow e r, an som e e re

em p ty All w li d wi h b i
. e re ne Th t dhd tb tu m e n . e m o un a no ee n

p i ly p d — 1 7th N b 1 8 53
re v ous O e ne ovem er .

ANNIV ERS ARY M EETI NG .

M O N DAY, 2 8 TH No v . 1 8 53 .

Rep or t of th e Com m i tte e of M anagem e nt .

Th e p ro ce e di ngs o f th e p tyas e ar i ndicate a favou ra le b d a v ance m e nt

in e ve r ydp e artm e nt o f th e So c ie t y .

Si x te e n re si de nt, se v e n non-re side nt Me m b e rs, a nd tw o Su b ibsc r e rs ,

h av e be e n e le c te d, th at i s four non-re side nt Me m b e rs and two S ub

b
sc ri e rs m ore th an last y e ar, w ith an e
q ual nu m b er of re si d e nt

Me m b e rs.
 O F FI C A I L, LI TERARx , A ND S C ENT F C I I I . 399

Eg i h t - y p p
two am h le ts and oo s h av e ee n re se nte , twe nt ori b k b p d y
gin al co m m unications, and six t dona tio ns to th e m use um , am ong y
w h i ch are u wards O f p
m ine ralo ical and ge ologi cal S e ci m e ns
g p .

b y k
To th e li rar 1 38 wor s, co m rising 2 2 7 v olum es , h ave ee n a e d p b dd
by p u rch ase, and th ese h av e not b ee n so e x clusi ve l y confine dt o tyre

or th ree classe s, as in form er y ears, alth ough th e ge ne ral d

re a e r can

s ti ll claim by far th e grea te r sh are Th e num e r . b o f lite rar y and

sci e ntific p e ri odi cals is th e sam e , viz 4 0, and th e De w s . pp a e rs h ave b ee n

i ncrease d by 8 , m a ki ng i n all 2 1 .

Th e ch i e f im p rov e m e nt th a t h as ta k pl i
en ac e n th e librar yd uring

th e p ast y ear is th e n um b e r of w or k th t h
s a ave been b d oun and

re pi a re d ; th is am ou nts to 5 1 2 , or v olum es, m an y of wh ich h ave

b e e n folios and q uartos, am on
g w h i ch , agai n, m ay be i nclu dde som e of

th e larges t b k
oo s i n th e li b y
rar .

Th e fram e -wor k f th
or e ne w p p s a e r room sancti one d by th e Socie t y at

t h e las t Annive rsar y M ti ee ng h as be e n e re c te d, and, with th e e x ce pti on

of a fe w files, th e w h ole of th e p
ne w s ape rs are now ti
s tch - b ound,

le tte re d, and conv e nie ntl y arrange d . Th e ph b ti l al a e ca catalogue ,

w h i ch i t was h o p d w ld h b
e ou av e ee n co m pl t d by J ly l t
e e u as , h as, u ntil

late l y b , ee n v e r y l w i it p g
s o n s ro re ss, bu t now th at th e p lan i n wh ic h
th e b k oo s sh ould be arrange d h as b een lai d d own, fou r cases h ave
b ee n num b d d l tt d i
e re an e e re n accor ance d w ith it, and th e rest m a
y
be e xp e c e t d t p dily f ll w
o s ee o o .

Th e m use u m i t dily d s s ea a vanci n

g to war d s an instructi ve sta te , and

th e additi ons wh i ch i t h as rec e iv e dd uri n

g th e p ast y e ar h av e b ee n

b th
o num e rous and v e r y v alua bl e. C e ntral I ndia, Sc inde , th e Re w a
K t th
an a, e South e rn M ah ratta C o untr y , and th e Salt Range of th e
P j b h
un a , av e all affo r e dd ri ch illustra tions of th e i r m i ne ralog y and

geo lo
gi cal form ati ons , th rough th e ki d n ne ss of th e ge ntlem e n wh ose
nam e s are m e ntione d a fte r re s e c tiv e p p re se nts i n th e list of donations to
th e m u se um , wh e re th e latte r will be fou nd m ore p arti cularl y d t il d
e a e .

Th e re p o rt of th e C av e - T pl C
em e om m ission i nfo rm s us th at se v e ral

accounts o f Budd h ist C ave - T pl em e s and re m ai ns h ave b e e n re ce i v e d ,

am ong wh i ch th e m o st i nte re sti n

g are th ose of Lw Si o er c n e, d di scove re d

by W . C ole , Esq , and c om m uni cate th rou

. d gh H B E . . . Fre re , Esq
C om m iss ione r i n Scinde ; of K oolv e e i n a M lw by D a, r . Im p ey ; and
ofBai talbaree and D owlata ad, b in H H . . th e Nizam
’
s te rri tori es, by
Dr B .rad le y . All th e i m p re ssi o ns of th e ca v e -te m pl e p
i nscri tions
ta k by Li
en e u te nant Bre tt h ave b ee n re duce d and li th ogra h e p d d un e r

th ep itsu e r n e nde nce o f th e P reside nt, th e Re v . Dr . S te ve nson, wh o

h dd d t
as a e ranslatio n and re m ar s on a k p art O f th e m , w h i ch h ave b ee n

51
 ’
40 0 A BS TRAC T O F T R E S oc I ETv s F RO C EE D I N GS .
[JA N .

p bli h d i N XVIII f th S i y J
u s e n l O d th
. th p ti . O e oc e t
’
s ourna , an e o er ar s

no w b i gp i t d i e n h f h i g r n e Th till n t e l o rt com n one . e re are s se v e ra

inscr ip i h w t i diff
o ns, t p t f h o P id y fB b y
e v e r, n e re n ar s o t e re s e nc o om a ,

wh i h h c t b t k
av e b t th C no T pl C i i een a e n, u e av e - em e om m tte e s not

wi h t th p ou h t by th k i d O i t e, f G t a t i p i e n ass s a nce o o v e rnm e n , m re ss ons

O f h t l w ill h
e se ly b a so b t i d M F ll h ti t h s ort e o a ne . r . a o n, t e ar s , as

c om p l d h ill i e te f th t e f El p h t d i
ustra t o nsw f o e cav e s o e an s , an s no ar

a d d i h h
v a nc e f K l w t t ose o ar e e .

Th S i ty h e p bli h d th
oc e l b f i J l f 1 8 52
as u s e e u su a nu m er o ts ourna or ,

i N X VII
v z . O l . h N i XV III i J ly l t
.
, a so a no td h er O . v z. .
, n u as , an t e num

b erf h p ty
or t hi h i e w i h p
re se n w ill pp i e a r, w c s no n t e re ss, a e ar n

J y t I i
anu ar ne x f h g tifi ti
. t y t C i t
s a source O m uc ra ca on o our om m ttee o

b bl t i gd df h S i y J l b th
’
e a e th th io state , at e nc re as n e m an or t e oc e t s ou rna o

i I di
n n dE p p i f
a an bly f i t i uro i g f l
e rom se s av oura or s ncre as n use u ne ss .

Th b l e i f f h S i ty
a a nce d th f l t y
n a vo u r o t e oc e e x ce e s at o as ear .

Th i R p w s i d
e d th b t h k f h S i ty
ort as re c e v e t dt th , an e es t an sO t e oc e vo e o e

C om mi t fM gt ee f h o l b l i d i g th p
ana e m e nt or ty t e i r v a ua e se rv ce s ur n e as ear

Ele c ti on o f Vi ce P re s ide n t .

His Ex c e lle nc y Li e u te nant Ge ne ral th e Righ t H onora bl L d e or

F re de ri c k F itzclare nce , Vi ce -P a tron of th e S oc ie t y , w as also

e le cte d Vi ce -P r e m de n t .

Th e follow i ng ge ntle m en w e re e le c te df or th e C om m i tte e of Manage

m e nt, M use u m C o m m i tte e , and Au di tors for th e e nsui n
g y e ar

C om m i tte e o f M a nage m e nt .

Willi H d E q am o w ar , s . p J G F b
Ca t . . . or e s .

Li t C l J H ll d
eu . o . . o an . Th L J k i E q os . . en ns, s .

A H L i h E q
. . e t , s . J h Ri h i E q
o n tc e, s .

Re v . P Ande rson, A M
. . . M Stov e ll Esq
.
, .

Jh H k
o n ar ne ss, Esq .
, A M . . C . J . k
Ers i ne , Esq .

M use um C om m i tte e .

A ll . . L ih e t , Esq . Ge orge Buist , Esq .

, LL D . .

H C yb . on e a re , Esq . R S Sinc lai r, Esq

. . .
, A M . .

J H k. ar ne ss, Esq .
, A M . H J C arte r, Esq
. . .

C ap tai n G . J . For b es . H . B . Gilm ore , Es q .

Th e followi ng p p ro osi ti on w as carri e d

M em b e rs on le aving I di n a Sh all, by a de p osit o f Rs . 5 0, b e

e nt itle dt o a co py of all su b se q ue nt p bli
u ca ti ons of th e Soci e t y .
 JO U RNAL
OF TH E

BO M BA Y BR A N C H
OF TH E

ROYAL A S I A TI C S O C I ETY .

J ANU ARY ,
1 855 .

ART I . . Th e Ti thy as or Ti r th a ka s of th e Buddh i sts, a nd th e

Gym nosop h i s ts o
f th e Gree ks, D iga m ba r Jo i ns By th e Re v . .

J STEV ENS O N D D
.
, . .
,
Preside nt

Read O c tob e r 2 oth 1 853 .

ALTH O U GH m uch O b scu ri t y still rests u p on th e Bu ddh ist re li

g io n,

p
e s ec iall yi n re fe re nce to i ts ri se , and th e re latio n i t h olds to oth e r

yt
s s em s now p re v ale nt in I di
n a,ligh t h as of late bg e un tob ki re a n

up o n th i s inte res ti ng su bj e ct . pb
Th e u licati on of Burno u t Hi t y
’
s s or

of Buddh ism , em b dyi

o ng large e x tracts from ori
gin al d t w
ocu m e n s no

e x i sti ng i n Nep aul, of wh ich c ap i e s w e re transm itte d by M H dg

r. o son

to Eu ro p e , and th e translati on O f si m ilar docu m e nts found i C yln e on

by M r . H dy ar , furnish un ue stiona
q bl pe roof, th at wh e n Buddh ism
S p
g p , fi
ru n
v e a nd auh alf c e ntu ri es bf e ore th e C h ristian e ra, th e w h ole
I
of ndian soci e t was un e r th e in y d fl ue nce of th e p re se nt Brdh m ani cal

i nsti tu tions and to m e it a pp e ars as e v i d e nt th at Ji a ni sm h ad bg e un

th at o pp osi tion to th e p re v ale nt ce re m oni al s ste m y , w h i ch was afte r

w ards m ore vi
go rou s ly carri e d o n u nde r th e b anne rs O f Bu ddh i sm .

Slave s as H
th e indus at first si gh t a pp t
ea r o b e to pi r estl
y dom i nati on,
th e re h as alw y ba s ee n, and still i s, a p ty
ar am ong th e m opp d t
ose o th e
52
402 TI TR YAS O R TI RTR A E AS O F TH E BU D D E I STS, [J A N .

di t ti
c a on of th e Bré h m ans, and se e ki ng som e th i n
g m ore s p i it
r ual and

li b l th
e ra an th e i r ri tual a fld '

or s .

I t is a si ngular fac t th at th e firs t i nnov ations on th e anci e nt ce re m o

nial s s te my are trace db kb h ac ot by Brdh m ans and Ji a ns to Rish abh a,

a sov e re i
gn w h o s tan s ne ar d th e top of th e list of th e i r
h e roi c ki ngs,
and fath e r of th at Bh arta , from w h om I ndia re ce iv e d i ts i ndi e no us
g
nam e an d wh o, ac cor ding to th e m ost m o d e ra te c om p utati o n, m ust

h av e liv e d four th ousand y e ars ago . Th e acc o u nt g i ve n Of h i m i n th e

Bh é gav at , th e gre at Bré h m anical au th o ri t y, i s th e fo llowi ng

Afte r h av ing installe d Bh arat , th e e lde st of hi s h u ndre d so ns, in
th e sov e re i
gnt y o ve r th e e arth , th is ac c om pli h s e d se rv a nt o f th e L o rd,

and frie n d O f m an, de vote d h im se lf to Go d . Pre se rvi ng noth i ng th at

bl e on e d
g to h i m ,
w ith h is b dyo na e d, k h is h ai r di so rde re d, and li k e

one de range d , h avi ng drank th e ash e s of th e co nse crate d fire , h e we nt

forth as a m e ndicant in th e land of th e Bré h m ans .
”

Th e Ji
a n account o f Rish abh a, i n th e K lp a a SIi tra, is th at h e was
th e first ki ng, th e first m en di cant, and th e first Ti th k r an ara.
”
1
'
I t is
also sai d th at Ach ai laky a (w ant O f cloth i n
g) i s th e attri b u te am ong

th e Ti th kr an aras o f Rish abh a and Mah av i ra alo ne I .

How far any g re ularl y g i d dpor t pp i ti

an ze an e rm ane n o os on to th e
ancie nt ce re m onial to o k pl t thi ly p i d
ace a s e ar er o cannot w ith
ce rtai nt y be d e te rm ine d Th p b bility i h t it li
. e ro a s t a r ua s m and

li be ralis m we re both th e n, and long afte r, wi th ou t s ste m

y . Th e ne x t

g re at O pp one nt afte r Rish abh a to th e p re vale nt c ere m onialism , as far

as we g can ath e r fro m th e tradition of th ose ti m e s, w as K pila a b ut
alth ou h th e s iri t of h is
g h i loso h p
i s in di re c t co ntra di c ti on top t h e py
—d
V e as, th e onl sacre y
oo s th at se em db k
to h av e e x iste d am ong th e
Bé h m ans in h is ti m e, h e ne ve r se arate h i m se lf from th e ir re ligious
r — p d
y fl
com m u ni t , and h i s in u e nce was to o gre at to p b
e rm i t O f th is e i ng

e ff t d by th
ec e M d o Hi du w i t h w h d
e rs . o e rn d n r e rs, o e v e r, av e e nou nce

hi y t
s s s em i wh i h y th i g i d d d f
, n c t wi h
e ve r t th n s e uc e rom na ure , t ou e

i t ti
n e rve n on f d i y d go da ll d i t th
e t , h i ti l
as an e rous, an ca e e at e s ca

S kh y
an Th i i h h
a. f p h il
s ph y th t w
s i tly
t e sc e m e o oso a as anc e n so

ppl o u ar g th B ddh
am o n i t d J i d he B ih u i d s s an a ns an t e rI m ans, n or e r

t d p t i t t th i
o a a dd d d i y t wh
o h y
e sm ig d th h
, a e t a e t , o om t e ass ne e ear

le sst k f l ki g
as o oo d wh il t w
n l i gf
on u nconce rne h e na u re as e v o v n rom er

f til w
er e b th l t f th i g
om e e em en s o n s .

Bh é gavat Purana , book v . c h ap . v . 28 .

t Translati on of K alpa S utra, ch ap vii . .

-
3 Translati on of K alp a suna, I ntroducti on, p 3 . .
 A N D GY M NO S O PH I B
TS O F TH E O RBEx s . ,
403

Th e town of K ap ilavasta, nam e d th is sage , w as fam ous in

after

anci e nt tim e s, and we h av e no goo d re ason to ou t th at d b

a ila w as Kp
a h istori cal p e rsona e , th ou h th e tim
g g e i n wh i ch h e li ve di s i nvolve d,
lik e m ost su bj e cts O f Hi ndu ch ronolog y , i n alm ost i m p e ne tra bl e Ob scu

ri y t y e t th e pl ace h e h olds i n I ndian tradi ti on lea s us to con e cture d j

th at h e fl ourish e d a ov e a b th ousand y bfe ars e o re o ur e ra .

Afte r K pila a th e ne x t li b e ral ph il ph oso er wh o e x e rte d a great

in fl u e nce on th e m in d of I ndia w as Parsh vau ath , th e au th or of th e
Ji a n re li
gi ous y
s ste m , wh o fl ourish e d e igh t and a h alf c e nturie s bf e ore

th e C h ristian e ra. According to th e Ji a ns, h e w as th e son O f ki g a n

of Be nare s , liv e d a h un d dyre d di d B

ears, an e . c . 8 28 . He is re c k d one

y th i d i th
tw e nt - r n e num b f th i Ti th k
er o e r r an aras, h as te m pl es S p i llyec a

d di t d t h i
e ca e o m , and is h e ld, with Ri sh abh a and Mah av ira , still i n

p il
s ec a ti v e ne ra on . Am o ng th e Hi ndus g e ne rall yh e is m u ch b tt e er

k w no th bj
n as e O e ct o fJi a n re v e re nce th an any O f th e re st of th e ir
sage s, and i s alo ne s e c a p i lly i k d i nvo e n th e i ntro d u cti on to th e m ost

sacre d Of Ji a n wor k th K lp S t
s, e a a
’
II ra ; d
le a i ng to th e i d ea th at h e is
th e rea lf d o un e r of th e se ct .

Afte r h im , th e ne x t gre at te ach e r Of th e d Ji yt a n s s em was Var h a

m fi tyl d M h
na, s ei ( th g t h
a av ra ) f S i d dh
e é th
re a t h p tty
e ro , son O r a, e e

j f K dgé
ra a o t w
u n a r m a, a d di t i t i Bh é o Hi d h t k
n an s r c n e r. s e at oo

p l B
ace 5 .6 9 t
c. h g f , a ty H i h
t e a e o i f d i i p l t
a ve n th t t i . s c e sc e a a m e

w asG t I d t i i d ti d t b
o am a n ra th f
t , es B ddh
ne o d e co m e e am ou s u a, an

t p d th ligi f h
o s rea e re on Od ti i um an wid ly i
re ason an asce c sm m ore e n

E t as e rn A i th h
s a h pp d t
an
y th
as alig i e ne y o an o er re ous s ste m .

M h i h di
a av ra t da h y t f hi p d
nnova e on t e s s em dt h w o s re e ce ssors, an o S o

hi s tien f d re f re e h om p i di p d wi th th
ro m u m an ass ons, s e nse e m ean

a pp l wh i h f th k f d y
are c , or eti sa till the o i
e ce nc d , as ce cs e n cont nue

t w o Aft h i d h
e ar . erpli t k pl s e at g t ha s b
t oo f h ace am on e m em e rs O t e

Ji an i ty th
c om m u n j i ty dh i g wi th S dh
, e m a or t th
a er n u arm a o e

t
s s em
y f h i O p p
t e t b r t i fl
re ce ti l i or, it y uw i th anG t n ue n t a m nor , o am a a

th i h e r d t i g t th i tit t f P h é th i p t f
ea , re urn n o e ns u e o ars v an n re s e c o

d t pp
e ce n a l are .

Li t f th h d t h
s s o e f th di i pl
ea fM h i
eac e rs o eigi l sc es o a av ra, or or na

J i h b h dd dw t
a ns, av e een f an et tw hy
o n h o us, o so ru s ort a c arac te r,

an db i ge ar n h i t l
so m uc id f t th th t i t i i p
n e rna ev ibl
e nc e o ru , a s m o ss e

t d y h i
o en g i
t e r e nu ne ne ss, as
y y ti fy h i lf by
an lo nek i g m a sa s m se oo n

i t th
n o Sth i a li f h K lp S i t
e r va b t wi g t th p
O t e a a l l ra u o n o e re v a e nce

o f B dd h i
u f sm l i ft i t i
or se v e ra J i i th gh t
ce ntur e s a er s r se , a n sm , ou no

ex ti t nc ki t
, san p ti b ity
n o c om ara ve O sc u r .

G t th
o am a, Ji i t i
e w igi lly
a ns m a n a n, Bé h b t th as o r na a r m nn, u e
404 TITII Y AS O R T I RTIIA x A S O F TE E BU D DR I S TS , [JA N .

Buddh ists afl
i rm th at h e was th e son O f S uddh odh ana a pe tty , ra aj in
Be h é r Howe ve r th is m ay be we cannot allow h i m th e m
.
, e ri t o r

d e m e ri t, as th e case m ay be consi d e re d, of inve nti ng th e y

s ste m he so

wi d ly p p g t d Th B ddh i t th l
e ro a a e . e u ti fi s s th e m se v e s m e n on ve o er

i
asce t cs, no d bt b l gi g t th J i i ity wh
ou e on n o e t d wi th a n m nor , o c onso r e

G t o am a bf h b e ore B ddh e Th it i t f ti d t d
e cam e u a . ese , s rue , or a m e ese r e

hi m b t th y ll t
, u e d a hi tt i i g B ddh h
re urne on ds a d p a nnd u a oo , an rov e

e x cee di gly f l t h i i th p p g ti f h i y t
n use u o m n e Thro a a on O s s s em . e

esse n ati l l t f b th h i
e em en s o yt d th t f th
o s J i i th
s s em an a o e a ns s e

ph il ph y f K pil — th d ifi ti f t
oso O a a e e pi it t i l
ca on O na ure ; a s r -
u m a er a

p anth i e sm w i th
, t h p li i ty th e t t i
ec u ar t l l t a ce r a n na ura
p e e m e n s are ca a

bl e f p
O i g th
re ss n l f w d e m se v es t q ori ar i i , so as o ac u re om n sc e nce .

Th t
ese e x raor di y b i g nar ll d by th J i
e n s are ca e Ti th k d by e a ns r an aras, an

th e o th B ddh
e rs u as .

I th n d pti g i th i th J i
us a o n n t
e m a n th t b de f t
a n accou n as a ase on ac ,

in o pp iti t th
os on o t f th i
e accoun f B ddh i O g i eby i t
r se o w u sm ve n s o n

a dh t I w g id d t fi t l ly by th
e re n s , as u e a id rs ti th t
so e e co ns e ra on a

th J i
e a ns
g i p b
ve b l f us t d
ro a d t d e t ac s, an f h li f a es, an e rm s o u m an e,

b k t B 8 2 8 wh il th B ddh i t d
ac o . c .
, e ly t B
e u 5 43 b t s s o so on o . C . u

h f ll wi g
t e o o id
n ti cons t k f e ra B ddh i t d
ons, a en th rom u s oc um e nts em

l
se ve s, will f lly fi u th p i
con rm i t f th
e Ji
re v ous e x s e nc e o e a ns as a

re li gi ousp ty ar .

I th B ddh i t d
n e u t p s d i th th f I di d
oc um e n s re se rv e n e nor O n a, an

ana ly d by B
ze f d i th C yl
urnou , an w i ti g t n l t d by
e e one se r n s rans a e

H dy f q
ar , re t ti
ue n i d f l
m e n on s m a e f pp t o t d
a c ass O o one n s e ncoun e re

by B dd h u a, lly u suad Ti th y Ti th k
nam e Th i w d as or r a as . s or ,

h w o i
e v e r, s use d y y ly with Ti th k th S k it f f th
s non m ous r a aras, e ans r orm o e

w d Ti th
or r k an ara, a nam e pp p i t d by th J i t th i d i fi d a ro ra e e a ns o e r e e

re ligi ousl gi l t e
* I
s a ors . lp g th T i t h
n se v e ra
y di ti g i
assa esh d e as are s n u s e

b th f
o rom Bé h r d B ddh i t
m ans an Th R kt k h i i d t h
u s s . us a a s a s sa o ave

g one t o apl w h ace th w T i

e re h k S d
e re e re d B é h rt a as,
'
r m anas, an r m ans,

asce ti cs and di t d
m en N t h i g th
can s
'
igi l b f o av nI e or na e ore m e, c an

on ly j t th t th tw l t ti d p ti w Vé p th
con ec ure a e o as m en one ar es e re n ras as.

an d S yh i an d th th i d
s s, an eBah rh h ld
com m on Th r m an ouse o e rs . e

se co n dw t i ly B ddh i t
e re ce r a n ti u d it s t asce th cs an see m s o m e e re can

b e as littl d b t b t th t th fi t w
e ou u J i I th a e rs w y i e re a us . n e sam e a , n

th L lit Vi t
e a a th Ti th k
s ara, e ti d r a g t h d
as are m e ni t f one am on e au ors o

B ddh t di fl tf th Bé h i p g i wh i h
'

u a as a se c e re n rom e r m ans, n a assa e n c ,

p h p
e r a s, th ig i e l t or t h
na t h
e rm s are f t h p ge i t d
sam e as ose O e assa e c e

Burnout Histo i re ,
da Buddh i sm , v ol. i p 5 1 5 , and onward
. . .

t Burnonf p 1 7 2 ,
. .
1 8 55 ] A ND O Y II NO S O F BI STS OF Tu E C REEII S . 405

b
a ov e .
* I n Turno ur s Ph li
’
Buddh istical Annals th e Tith yas are also

m e ntione d, and nam e d h e re tics rt I n th e Bu ddh ist docu m e nts th e

Bré h m ans are alw a s co rre ctl y y d e sc ri bd e , and w e ll ch aracte riz e d, as in
th e follo wi ng pa ssa
g e, wh e re Buddh a , afte r p arta ki ng of a feast p re
p are d by a Bré h m an for h i m and h i s disc i les, is p sai dt o h av e s o pk en

as follows As th e offe ri ng O f th e Bré h m ans ca nnot be p rese nte d

wi th ou t fire , u nto h im fire i s th e p i i pl r nc e re
q uisi te as a k nowle dg e Of

th e sc ie nce O f re ci tati on is re q u re i d by h i m w h o re cite s th e Ve das ; as

th e king is th e ch ie f O f m e n as all ri v e rs are re ce i ve d by th e sea as

th e su n and m oo n are nece ssar yt h o t e sc ie nce of th e astro nom e r, so to

h i m wh o would ac q ui re m e r i t by th e
gi vi n
g of alm s Buddh a and h i s
pi r e sts are th e p i ip l
r nc a re
q uisite s .
I
Again, B uddh a and h is p
ri e sts on a ce rtai n occasi on are sai d to h av e

falle n in wi th a ce rtain asce tic B ré h m an calle d Bawari, w h o tau h t

g
th e th re e Ve d as,
”
b ut ne ith e r he no r an
y o th e r Bri h m an is e ve r

calle d a Tirth aka . Th e auth ors of th ose b k oo s, th e n, k ne w full w e ll

wh at a Bré h m an was , and d e sc ri b e h im as we now find h i m . Le t us

ne x t see h ow th e y d ib th Ti th k
e sc r e e r a as .

O ne Of th e p i ip l Ti th k pp
r nc a r a a O one nts of Buddh a is th us ce nsure d
by f a av o ure r O f B ddh iu C sm om m e nt p e ut-il etre sage ce lui q ui ,

p t l
or ant e s Si ne s
g de la virili té, & c p ro m é ne nu dans le v illage , aux e u x . y
d p pl p
’
u eo e ? C e lui q ui sui t la lOi couv re ls de vant de son cor s d un

In H arv e y ’
s Manual o f Bu ddh i w sm e are tol d th at th is Puri na w as
calle d also Pur ué K y p B d dh
- as a a- b u a, ecause h e h ad o v e rc om e all

ev il d esire .
”

F urth e r, i t is sai d Th e p pl b
eo e rou h t
g him cloth e s in b
a undance ,

bu t h e re fuse d th em , as h e th ou gh t i f h e p ut th e m on h e w oul d not

b e tre ate d w ith th e sam e re spe c t C loth es, sai

’
. db e,
‘
are for th e

cov e ri n
g o f sh am e sh am e is th e e ffe c t o f sin I am a ra h a t, an d as
I am fre e from e v il d e si re , I k now no sh am e .
’
Th e p pl b li d
eo e e e ve

w h at he said, and wors h i pp d e h im . F i ve h undre d th o p er e rsons

b e ca m e h is di ipl
sc e s, and i t w as p roclai m e d th rough out all Jam
b udvip a th a t h e w as Buddh a .
I]
I t is notice d p arti c ularl y O f anoth e r Ti rth aka o pp one nt of Buddh a ,

Lali ta V i stara , C al edn 2 1 3 f o m th e b o ttom Th e words are as fo llows

. .
p , . r . .

W e m m m m wa s vfa m wm i . J ai ns, Buddh i sts , BrRh m ans,

ere m i te s , and m endi cants from o th e r q uarte rs .

t J o u r As So c
. . . Be nga l ,
v ols. vi . and vi i . Burnout p p 1 8 7 , 1 88
,
. .

t Burno uf , p
2 75. . Harve y , p 29 1 . .
406 TI TII YA S O R TI RTR AR AS O F TH E BU D D R I S TS [J A N .

th at h e wore no cloth e s * . A th i r d b il d o e all h is wate r e re he dran k

i t, and a fo urth c onde m ne d th e ea ting Of flh es s t
Th two grand ch arac te ristics, th e n, of th ose Ti rth akas , whi ch
e re are

are in e xa c t agre e m e nt w ith th e O ldes t oo s and tra i tions of th e b k d

Jia ns - th e e x i ste nce am ong th e m O f D ig b am ar sage s, and th e tota l

b ti
a s ne nce fro m ani m al foo d . Ne ith er of th e se ar e a ppli bl ca e to e ith e r

th e Bré h m ans or Buddh ists of anci e nt ti m es .

In all th e Brdh m ani cal works no followe r of th e re ligi on O f th e

Ve das is m e ntio ne d , wi th th e si ngle e x ce p ti on Of Rish abh a, wh o we nt
b
a o ut uncloth e d Agai nst followi ng h is e xam le th e B
. h é gavat u ts p p
in an e x p ress cauti on, and sa s th a t th ose wh o now do so y
are i n

fatua t d by
e nece ssi t y , d
un e r th e e vil in fl ue nce of th e K ali a e .
g I
Th e Vish nu Puri na, wh e n i t descri b es Vish nu as assum ing th e form
of a sage to d ece i v e m anki nd, describe s h im as a Dig b J i
am ar a n, in
th e se m bl ance of akd di na e m en cant, wi th h is h d h
ea S av e n, and

carr yi ng a b unch o fp k f th
eacoc s
’
ea e rs .
§
Th e Ji a ns are ev id tly i t d d i
en n en e n th is p assage , th ou gh i t i s usual

to say th at th e ignorance O f th e Hi ndu annalist h as le d h im to con

d
foun th e m wi th th e uddh ists B .

I n Mann th e asce ti cs of th e th i r d or V dnp rasth a divisi on O f Bréh

m ans are di re cte d to cloth e th e m se lves wi th th e S ki n of an ante lo e
p
or th e b k ar of a tre e ,
”
and th e Sany é si or fo urth orde r are also di re c te d
to b e dre sse d i n c oarse

H odgso n,d d in ee , m e nti ons th at th e re is an isote ri c or tantri cal

th e or y f B ddh i k
o u sm nown i n Ne paul, th e pi c tures re p re se nti n
g th e

sage s o f wh i ch m a e k th e m a pp e ar as e nti re l y l th d b t u nc o e u no such

k wl dg d
sage s are ac no e e am on
g th e p ure B ddh i t f th p
u s s o e re se nt da
y
and h dpi f
t e a o t on o such a u sage is ti ly i
en pp i ti
re n o os on to th e
p ti
rac d pce pt an re ce s Of Bu ddh a , t i d i
as c o n a ne th d n e oc um e nts

transmi tt d t M B e o . u m ouf by M H r. odgso n h im se lf, wh ic h ex p ressl y

c onde m n th e Ti rth akas for th i yp s ve r rac ti c e .

In re fe re nce to a b tis ne nce from anim al foo d , th is see m s to h av e b ee n

an original i nsti tute of th e Ji a ns, or at least e arl y i ntroduce d by th em .

Buddh a would not kill an anim al, i t is true , for food, bu t h e w ould e at

i ts fl e sh , and th e last m eal he p arto o k fw o as a dish Of p k p p d

or re are

fl
,

by d i ipl
a sc e nam e d Ch undo Accor di g t n o Mann th e feast in h onou r
,

Harve y , p 330 .1 Harvey , p 2 92

. . .
t Bh agavat ,
b ook s v . and v i . 2 .

V i sh nu P urdu a, boo k s i i i and x vii i . . Mann, boo k vi . 6, 44 .

1 a no ur . J o ur AS S oc . . . Be ngal, vol . vII. p 1.0 03 . Th is fac t is also noti cad i n

Burnout and Harve y .
 A ND O YN NO S O F R IS TS O F TE E GBEEK S . 4 07

Of d d
ec e ase ance stors coul d not be b y l b t d with
h onoura l ce e ra e out a num

be r O f ki d n s of fl e sh , and th e f tt d lf w k ill d t
a e cat t i as e o en e r a n a disti n
uish e d u e st am o n th e anci e nt Bré h m ans as we ll as am ong th e J e w s
*
g g g .

Th e Tirth akas Of th e Bu ddh ists , th e n, coul db e none bu t Dig b am ar

Ji a ns and th e ve r y sam e consi de rati ons Sh ow th at th e G y m nosop h ists

O f th e Gre e k s m us t h ave dt h bl e onge l Th y ld itho t e sam e c ass . e cou ne er

h av e b Bi b een r B ddh i t b t
m ans no r h u
g s s, d i b d
u suc sa e s as are escr e

i th K lp S i t
n e a a d th l ta Ji w kan o er a nf wh till
or s, su cce ssors O om are s

m e t w i th M ont A bu ou nd th di t i t dj i i g C l t f
’
, an e s r c s a o n n . e m en o

Al e x and i th r a, t e m os G k w i accurate f ig tt
re e r te r on ore n m a ers, e x

p ly di ti g i h th
ress s n u s es B ddh i t f
e Sq th
ua t o r
du s s rom e
‘
I vp m o im au

or na kd g e d th gh th
sa e s, an w itou f o d th th t will
er r e rs con ou n em , a

no t i tp
ex c h p i i th i d f y wh k w wh t
m uc sur r se n e m n o an one o no s a

cru d e ti no ons y I di
on m an bj t ft n an l g su d l e c s, a e r so on an c ose an

inte rcourse , s till p i l i E gl d re v a n n an .

Th ly p
e on t ll w i th i
e rsons a h p l a f Hi d i wh
n t e d p t tha e O n u sm o a o e

p ti f g i g b t k d
rac ce O o n a ou t f K p lé i k G
na e are a se c i t o a a osa ns, e x re m e

t i
v o ar es o f Si wh va, id o ared hicons ti by h Bé h
e re as sc sm a cs t e r m ans,

an d wh o are fi d t thcon ne t d
o th f I di
e eas d an k w i sou O n a, an un no n n

th w t wh
e es , th G e re k e i re e t t wi h th
s cam e H i d Th i
n con ac t e n us . e r

or igi n,t oo, t b cannot d b k by ith t diti

e race ac i t e er ra on or anc e n

d ocum e n art y id evt th ti

e nce of th G k i t
e m es wi th
o e re e n e rco urse

W t I di wh il th t f th J i
e s e rn n a, e a oby t diti e d w i ti g
a ns can, ra ons an r n s

as w th y f
or di to cre y t h t i
as a n i t h t
a y e x st n e c oun r .

A s, th b th B ih
e n, o d B ddh i t
ri m ans an t ly by h i p u t
s s , no on t e r re se n

p i
rac t ce , b t i l
ul th i n a t t w i ti
e r e x an
g d th p rt i f
n s, con e m n
g e rac ce o sa e s

g g i
o n b t
a ou l th d unc o th i e , t asth l te re i d s f no y h e e as ev e nce o an su c

usa e g h i gav n p il
e ve rd i
re v a e
g h th p
am on ty t h e h
t er e one ar or e ot e r

as th J i e h
a ns i th i av e d b k l id d w h w t f l h i g
n e r sacre oo s a o n t e an o c ot n

as th e h c t i ti f th i fi t
arac e r s c o d l t d ifi de r rs ligi an l gi l t as e e re o ns e s a ors,

an d as a se ct f D ig Ob h am ti dt it
ara as con g th f
nue f o ex s am on em rom o

o ld t h o t e p t d y h ly re se n a , l i
t e on th t i l ft t i th t
conc us o n a s e o us s, a

th e Gy ph i t wh h G k f d i W t I di wh
m noso s s om t e ree s oun n e s e rn n a, e re

Dig b i am t p
ar sm t p
a il w
re se n Ji re v a s, d i th Bi h
e re a ns, an ne er r m ans

nor B dd h i t
u d th t i t w
s s an ap y f Dig b f th i t
as a com an o am ars O s se c

th t Al
a d f ll i wi th
e xan e r e nT il f wh
near C l ax es, one o om , a anas,

f ll w d hi t P i
o o e m o e rs a.

M ann, book iii 1 68 —1 7 2 ; . v. 22 , 4 1 .

ART l l . . Buddh is t A nti q ui ties i n C h i na . By th e Re v . J .

STEV E NS O N, D D , Pre side nt . . .

Pre se nte d S e p te m be r 1 5 th 1 85 3 .

Te a Di s tri cts of Ch i na a nd I ndi a th e re is

’
I N Fortune s an accou nt

o f a curi o us Buddh i st I nscri ptio n (plate vi .

) in an island ne ar C h u san,

of w h ic h , no t h av i ng y e t se e n any e x lanati o n, p I be g to su b m it a

translati on, wi th re m ar s, to th e Socie t k y .

Th e p assage in q ue stio n is as follows Afte r sta i ng a fe w days y

at C h u san, I w e nt onward to anoth e r Of th e islan s, nam e POO-too d d .

Th i s is co m m onl y calle d by fore i gne rs t h W h ipp i g I l d d

e ors n s an ,
’
an

is i nh a ite d b by th p i e r e sts O f Buddh a , an d th i f ll w I h d tw

e r o o e rs . a o

O bj ects i n v isi ti ng it at th is ti m e : th e first was on account of m y h ealth ,

w h i ch w as ge tti ng a e cte d fl ’

by th e e x ce ssi v e h e at O f th e w eath e r and

th e se co nd w as to o tai n b a py
Co of som e p i nsc ri ti ons wh i ch Ih ad

o b se rv e d on a form e r occas i on . Wh e n I l dd I an e , w al kd e ov e r th e

h ill in th e di re c ti on of one O f th e pi r nc ip l t pla em es, wh ich h ad b ee n

b uilt i n a little va lle y or glen b tw e een th e h i lls on th e d

roa -side . By
th e w ay, I cam e to th e stones on wh ich th e p
i nscri ti ons h ad b ee n

carv e d Th
. e re we re two Of th e m th e y l k d lik oo e e little grav e stones,
and, as usu al in su ch case s, each ha d ll p l
a sm a ace ne ar i ts ase for b
b u rning ince nse .

Th e ch arac te rs u p th on em we re not C h i ne se , and no C h i nam an

co uld read th e m . I p p li d t
a e o som e Of th e m os t te a m ed pi
r ests in
POO -too, bu t w i th o ut succe ss . Th y e coul d ne i th e r re ad th e m , nor

c ould th e y gi ve m e th e sli
gh te st i nfo rm atio n as to h ow th e y ca m e to be

p lac e d th ere .

Th e ch aracte rs loo k d lik

e e th ose of som e of th e North e rn I din an

language s ; o ne o f th e stone s w as e vi d tly l en e ss a e d

g th an th e oth e r.

I n th is th e k
u n nown ch arac te r w as pl d l ace a on
g th e top , and a ro w O f

C h ine se one s blw e o . Th e latte r, wh e n re ad, a pp eare dt o be noth ing

m ore th an an unm e anin

g p h rase , use d by th e Buddh ist priests at th e
com m e nce m e nt of th e ir wors h i p — Nae M o 0 m e to go wh at th e
u pp er line m e ans som e ori e ntal sch olar m a
y p ibly b bl
oss e a e to say .
 BU DDH I S T
. A NT I Q U I TI ES I N C H NA I . 4 09

Th e se cond sto ne was e vi d tly

en ver y anci e nt. Th e re we re no
C h ine se c h arac te rs u p on th is . How or wh e n th e se stone s we re pl ace d

th e re , i t is difficult e ve n to form a j
con e ctu re . Buddh ism we k now

was i m po rte d from I ndia to C h ina, and it i s j ust p ibloss e th at u nde r

”
th e se O ld stone s m ay be th e re m ains O f so m e of i ts earlie st teach e rs .

To any one ac u ai nte

q d wi th th Tib t e e an al ph b t a e , it is e as y at once

to p ro nounce th e fore ign ch arac te r i n th e se i nscri tions to be th e p

Tib e ta n . I n De vanagfiri and Rom an le tte rs th e se cond and p i ip l
r nc a

of th e m m a
y be rea d as follows

m i Blam .

i n I OR G“ If l : O m — Arakach ana Hrih

. .

am f
u vrm lt l J
’
Om .
— Mani p adm e Hé m .

i n I W -Wfi f |‘
a
Om .
— Vajrap ani H u nh .

Th e first inscri pti i on s noth in

g m ore th an th e se con d li ne of th is, wi th

It C h ine se gloss blw

e o .

Th e ge ne ral c h aracte r of th e se inscri tions, too,p is su fl

i i c e ntl
y
Ob vi ous : th e y are Buddh ist form ulae , h e ld in gre at re ve re nce th e by
p eo pl e, es p e c iall y in Tib e t, wh e re th e se con of th e m d
is w ri tte n
fre q ue ntl y on te m pl e s and o th e r p bli b ildi
u c u ngs, and h e ld i n so m e

th ing Of th e sa m e e ste e m as th e Bré h m ans h old th e ir Ga y atri, wi th

th is di ff e re nce , th at inste ad of se e ki n
g to conce al it, th e y , in accor ance d
with th e ge ne ral S p i it
r of th e i r re li i on,
g se e k to p bli h
u s it . Th e
Ne piilese , h ow e ve r, th i n k th is w ro ng, and in th is, as in m an y oth e r

th i ngs, h av e ta k en th e ir i de as from th e Bré h m ans .

Th i f s orm ula h as th e i nge nui ty and le arni ng of

e x e rcise d la ro th , K p
H dg o so n, and M ill and we re i t not th at th e acco m an i ng form u lae , p y
asI hi k t n , th row addi ti onal ligh t o n i t and th e w h o e su l bj e c t, I m igh t
b p d
e S are any re m ar s u k p on it .

Th e wh ole of th e form ula th e n, I th i k b l

n , e ong originall yt o Hi du th e n

T antra, th ough th e y are ca p bl

a e also of rec e i ving an orth o ox d H i du n ,

a m y stical, and a pp o ular Buddh ist i nte rp re tati on .

In a T antri k a tract, th e 1 !t
! Nandrnany as a) , wh ich Ih av e now

be fore m e, Ifi nd a
“
? ve r y y d
fre que ntl use , and am ong oth e r s y bl m o s also

i f and
K I kdas e a Bré b m an to w rite dw o n th e Hi du y
n s m bol »

corres on p di ng to th ose I n our inscri ti on, and p h e gav e m e 11 , m and

x
0

ex
Th e corre sp on e nc e d Of th e se w ith th ose in our i nscri tions is p
stri ki ng, and pl i ly p
an oints to th e source wh e nce th ese sacre d y bl s m o s

of th e Buddh ists was . originall yd e riv e d . In th e last O f th Ti b t e e an

53
410 BU DDH I ST ANT I QU ITIES I N C H N A. I [JAN .

form ule it will be obse rv e d th at th e nasal m ar ki s com bi d with th

ne e

v i sar
g , a com bi nati on th at ne i th e r i n th e anci e nt Ve di c nor m ode rn

Puranic Sanscrit can occu r. It is a p ec uliarit y of th e Tantrika

m antras . Th at th i s is no casual rea di ng will a pp ear from Kla p roth s

’

fac-sim iles, th re e Of w h ich are th e sam e as ours, th ough h e gives no

ex pl anati on of th e visarg, b ut assum es th e wor d to be th e Sanscri t

flT , m eaning ve rily , a m e n.

he original se nse , T t ik y b l t th d f h
th e n, of th ese an r a s m o sa e en o eac

Of h li t e w ld bnes, p d di g t th l ft h d d h by
ou e ex resse accor n o e e - an e sc em e

m i n
g - ufi r i . th ig h t h
r, d d y t by ;S k tin G e rd - an e s s em a , am es, an

Si va di g taccor y ti l B ddh i by Adi P d y fi S g d

n o m s ca u sm ra n , an a, an

B ddhu th a Ii H or d O i i f th
e s s,i t Egyp ti orns, an s rs o e anc e n a ns,

whi h w c igh t i t p t N t
e m th W ld d G d wi th
n e r re a ure , e or , an o , som e

d ti f th t
accom m o a ont o d f th i ki g th
e e rm s o our m o es O n n , as ose

ac q i t d w i
ua n e th H i d ui w ill i ly p i Al
n l th T
sm t i k e as e rce ve . e se an r a

y bl t b
s m o s are id d o i th
e cons ti i t j ti
e re as nouns n e v oca v e , or n e r ec ons,
h avi ng no v ar ati on on account o
i f case .

I t is y onl y t ti i p i g th t th i iti l i h i th
ne ce ssar o no ce n ass n , a e n a s e

p p l Hi du y b l f Béh Vi h
o u ar n s m o d Si ar th B ddhi t
r m a, s nu, an va e u s

for B ddh Dh u a, dS g arm a,d th ph il an ph i f th t l un a an e oso c or e e e rna

if t d
u nm an e s e f d ity f wh i h ll l
esse nce o i epp d t h , rom c a e se s su ose o ave

p g d wh i h th y d i t O ké
s ru n , an c e Bé h e nom na e m ra or r m a.

I pl i i g th w d i th b dy f h f th f l w
n ex a nn e or s n e o o eac o ese orm u ae , e

com m e nc e with th i ddl i t i by f

e m th t
e o ne , das s ar e m os com m on an

i p t t
m or an d th , th t i
an p td e one p t t with th a s re ea e on a se ara e s o ne e

Ch i b l w it
ne se e o .

It i M ip ds anOh j w l d l t ! w d wh i h
a m e, e
g i e an
y o us or s c , a a n, e v e r

p ty y pl i
ar m a di g t h i w p li y t
ex a n accor n Th t o s o n e cu ar s s e m . e e rm

i I
s, i
conce v e , p d d i th a com ti oun d p b b ly i
, an n e v oca ve case , an ro a n
h d l
t e ua b th gh h i i t q i t
num er, ou i l b t h l t
t s s no b u e e sse nt a u t e as m em er

m ust b ide d f i i F th igi l T

c o ns e re em n ne g .i w ro m e or na antra, a a n, e

e asily g t h e pl ti f Si d S k ti i I di gi by Kl p th
t e ex ana on o va an a n n a, ve n a ro ,

an d by p i ty f ar i g Vi h o d Ldk h i
re ason n d Adi B ddh
, s d
nu an s m , an u a, an

Adi P d y é ra n d t i p b bly i th
; an no y ti l y t th
m ro a , n e m s ca s s em , e com

p di g f th tw w d y b t k t ig ify S g ,wh i h
oun n o e o or s m a e a en o s n an a c

m eans i A
un on. di g t H dg ccor d Kl p th i th
n o p p l o so n an a ro , n e o u ar

B ddh i t y t
u s f N p dl
s s em d Tib t th i f
o e l i ppli d t th
an e , s orm u a s a e o e

Bddh i tw P d P i wh i pp d t p
o -sa a a m a an tt p
,
id o s su ose a re se n o res e ov er

an d g lre t thu a eff i f t h w e ld aI t i th i

a rs o th t p b bl yeh or . s s a ro a as

g i i
v e n r set th o b t i t
e c om m on d i g m ui P d
ncorrec re a n , s nc e a m a

P ii l k d
ag s oo e l d t f
on as a m a e, an l T i d af r“ no as a em a e. o cons er a
 BU DDH I ST ANTI Q U ITI ES I N C H I NA . 41 1

a locative, and tak e i f!into th e constructi on, or to su pply b tw e ee n

th e two w or d p
s a co ulati ve , see m s to m e i na d m issi le b .

In re fe re nce to th e first form ula, m , I am le ft e ntire l y to

j
con ecture : accordi ng to th e ra di cal m e aning of th e w or s, d it m a
y
m ean Oh Enligh te ne r of th e age I
”
and be appli d e to th e sam e

Boddh i-satw a as th e last in th e popular syste m , or to th e first Dh y dni

Buddh a wh ose nam e Vai roch am a m eans ne arly
, , , th e sam e th ing . Th e
last form ula contai ns th e nam e of th e th ir d Bddh i o -satwa i n th e
Ne p fil Buddh ist cosm ogon y d , an m ay be appli d t e o h im . Th e
v ocati v e h e re is rath e r acc or di g t thn o e
’
PIIli th an th e Sanscrit g
usa e .

I confess, h owe ve r, th a t I pp su ose ou r ta le t b re fe rs to an e arlie r

state O f North e rn Buddh ism th an th at e x hi ite b di H n odgson s

’
wor s, k
i n wh ich th e y i p t y d it w i t ft h i g b n
s ste m s ou r ra e as no e x s s, a er av n ee

g tly
re a d i fi d by
m o t h i fl e f B ah ie A t th
n ue nce oti f th r m an sm . e m e o e

fi t i t d ti
rs f B ddh i
n ro u c on o i t Ti b t th t i d y t
u sm w ppl n o e , e r a s s em as o u ar

i I di
n n w a, as f th e se e f El p h t
rom d Ell d it w
e cav es O e an a an ora, an as

th i yt I
s s s em i th t w fi t
conce v e i d b y d h Hi a ly as rs carr e e on t e m a a as

an d d p t d t B ddh i
a a e o Th Hi du Q i t i
u sm f Si
. Vi h e n u n an o va, s nu,

S y Lé k h i
ur a, dBs h d i did
m , t an i till ft w d av n d it i
, no ar se a er ar s, an s

th i wh i h
s t
see m s
c t h gi io m et th fi o D h é
av e
y i B dd h v e n r se o e ve n u as.

A k h I pp th t f t th C t i th Hi du
ra ac ana,
”
su ose , e n, o re e r o e rea or n e n
se nse o f hi if ti g s m an esb i gi g th w ld t ligh t
n or r nM ip d n e or o ; an a m e
”

I id t b th p
cons er o i g dg
e e ti pw
rese rv n d V j p i an e ne ra ve o e r, an a ra an ,

li t lly h w h i
e ra e d wi th h h d b lt t f t th d t
o s arm e t e t un e r o , o re e r o e e s ru c

ti p w f th D i ty d t d i h g lly i r f
ve o er o e e , un e rs oo t h , e t er e nera n e e re nce o t e
d l ti f th p t w ld i di id lly d yi g th
eso a on o e re se n or , or n v ua as estro n ose

b d f w dly d i wh i h p t th
on s O or e s re i p ti cf th pi it
re v e n e e m anc a on o e s r .

I thn b f
e a se nce O th ity h w au i t t th i
or ,pl ti o
y e v e r cons s e n s ex ana on m a

b with
e t d f th i ki g it igh t
eas e rn m o es O f p iti ly t
n n , m se e m unsa e os ve o

affi th t th i i th
rm a t s i t p t ti
s e f th rue y bl ytI n e r re a on o ese s m o s e

th i k i t
n fli i tly p b bl t f
su c en i t th t
ro a l ti e I h gi
o orm on e rans a on av e v en

be low .

Ih av e sai d p Ti b t w d
noth ing of th e ure e an or at th e h ea d of th e
table t trans l t d by C
a e d K p isom a e o ros, a su e r or, or h igh pi
r est, as it
d
e vi e ntl
y f
re e rs t th h i gho p t i wh i h th p
e re u e n c e ray e r was h e ld .

T L I RA N S AT O N .

Th e Ch i ef of Pr ay e rs .

d
O Tria ! O Bi g f th W ld t ligh t ! 0 r n er o e or o Nature !
0 T i d ! 0 Effi i t d M t i l G
ra ti C c e n an a er a e ne ra ve ause !0 U niv e rse !

0 T i d! 0 A d f th W ld D t ti on ! 0 God !
’
ra rm e or e or s es ruc
4 12 BU DDH I ST A NTI Q C I TI BS I N C H I NA. [JA N .

In e ndeav ouri ng to asce rtai n wh e n th is inscri tion w as p ex e cute d , we

are not h el p d by
e any date containe d i n i t, and are le ft, th e re fore , to
j
con e ctu re .

As th e Buddh ist re li
gion w as o n l i ntroduce i nto y d
Tib t b t th e a ou e

se v e nth y
ce ntu r o f our e ra, afte r i t h ad e gu n to b d li d h d ec ne, an a

be e n co ns id bly
e ra co rru pt d i
e n India, w t l k f
e m us p id
oo or som e er o

p oste rior to th i s in fix ing th e date of a Ti b t t bl t i Ch i

e an a d e n na ; an

as we learn from Desguigne s th at be twee n A

763 and A D 8 4 2 . D . . .

th e Tb p
i e tans we re ow e rful on th e north ern fronti e r, and h ad osse ssi on p
of som e p
arts O f th e co untr , i t was li k e l y
during th at e rio th at a y p d
sm all c olon y fp i
o r es ts p e ne trate dt o th e islan di q n uesti on, and th e re

esta bli h d
s e th e worsh i p Buddh a
of , and ex ecu e t d th e p
inscri tion wh ich
Mr Fortune
. h as cOp ie d * .

DSSguiguss ,
v ol . 1 p l
. . arti cle Ti be t, p 1 65 . .
A RT —
[ I L An A ccount of th e A nci e nt a nd Ru i ned C i ty
. o
f
Bra h m i na b a d, i n S i nd . By A . F . BELLA S I S , Esq . W
[ ith a

Plan ] .

Re ad Apri l, M 5 4 .

BR A H M I N ABAD , or B ke -
um b ra -
*
Th ool its m , ore m o e rn and d Sin d ee

nam e , is an anc ie nt and rui ne d ci t y , si tuate d on th e dry be d of a large

ri ve r, sai dt h o ave b ee n one of th e old course s of th e n us Id . I t lies i n
an e aste r ly di re cti on a ou t e igh b t m ile s from th e tow n of Sh ah dadp oo r,
and a bo ut twe nt y -o ne from H ll a s . I t is b
a out six t y m ile s NE . of th e

c it y of Hy drab ad, and a out b twe nt y m ile s from th e righ t b k an of th e

Eas te rn Na rra .

Brah m i nabad in its pl ydy

a m a s h as b e en a large and fortifie d ityc ,

b u ilt e nti re l y fb k db i
o a e r c ks . I ts p re se nt a pp e arance is one v as t m as s

o f ru ins, d
form ing irre gular m ou n s, v ar i ng in siz e ac cording to th e siz e y
of th e ori i nal h ou se s, o f wh i ch th e se ru ins are th e h u m
g le r re re se nta b p
tiv e s . So m e ide a y b
m ae fo rm e d of th e e x te nt of Brah m inabad, w h e n
I s ta te its ci rc um fe re nce is wi th i n a fe w y ards of fo ur m ile s, m e asu re d

by p a e ram b ulato r . Be side s Brah m inabad, at a distance b

of a out a m ile
a nd a h alf i s th e disti nc t and rui ne d c i t y fD l
o o ora, th e resi de nce o f i ts

last Ki ng, and fiv e m i le s i n ano th e r di rec tion is th e rui ne d cit y of

Dp e a r, th e re si de nce of h is Prim e Mi niste r ( W u ze e r

) and b tw e een

th ese c i tie s a re th e ru ins o f su b b ur s e x te n di ng for m i le s far and wi de

i nto th e o p e n co u ntr y .

Brah m i nab ad a pp e ars to h av e b ee n th e c om m e rc ial ci t y , wh e re th e

m e rch a nts and trade rs liv e d Dl o o ra, w h e re th e Ki ng and h is C o urt re

si de d, in lux u r y and pl e as ure ; and De p u r ,

w h e re th e Prim e M iniste r
tra nsacte d, wi th h is offi ce rs, th e affai rs of S tate . Th e ci t y of Brah m in
a bdi
a s e nti re l y surrou nde d wi th a ram p art, m ou nte d wi th nu m e ro us

tu rre ts and b as tio ns .

O n first e nte ri n
g Brah m inab ad, so e x te nsive and so com pl t e e are its
ru ins,
y o u fe e l lost i n c o nte m pl ti
a ng i ts utte r de solati on ; and it ta k es

Ba m b ra, a nam e fre q uently ap p li e d to old rui ned ci ti es in Si nd . Th oo l, a

to we r, b as ti o n .

54
414 A C C O U NT o n r u n BU l NBD cm or [J nu

so m e tim e bf e o re th e e y e b ecom es accus tom e d to th e c onfusion and

di d th t
so r e r a ch a rac te rise th e pl ace . Afte r a little e xam ination, th e
tp
m os i rom ne nt o bj ect th at p re se nts i ts e lf is th e rui n of a h i gh towe r
ofb i k w k rc - or stan di ng isolate d on a large h e a p of ruins, clearl yi ndi ca t

ing i ts form er e x te nt and im p ortance . Th i s m ay h av e b een th e ci ta dl e ,

o r one of th ose c ircular towe rs, su ch as are se e n in Si d t

n o thi s day in
th e forts of Hy drabad and O m e rcote .

d
Am i th e ch aos of rui ns y ou m ay fu rth e r o b se rve se v e ral o p en

s p ace s or square s, e vi e ntl th e azars and m ar d y b k pl

e t- ac e s of th e c ity
som e of th e se are of re at e x te nt, runni ng th rou gh th e fort A little
g .

im agination and y ou m igh t pi t c u re to y ourse lf th at h e re we re barrac ks

fo r troo p s; th at i n th is p p
O e n s ac e th e yw e re w ont to h ol d th i p d e r ar a es

th at th i s w as th e e xch ange of th e m one y d

-le n e rs
; th is th e ri v e r
g ate

of th e cit y , w h e re custom s we re le vi e d . Again, i t w e re yt i

e as o m a ine
g
th e no le b Id n us gli ding in a m i gh ty stre am ast th e p ity w ll h
c a s, er

wate rs t dd d
s u e , y b t d
as at p re se nt, with m an a oa , an m an y q it t a ua n cu

sail , an d y
P ll fi h
m an gi
a i gp u p t i
a t s e rm an v n e rs e c ve o th l d e p It an sca e .

w i till t p i t
e re e as e r s l g th b k o f th i c u re a on e an s o e r v e r, an di di t ly m m e a e

d th
un e r i ty w ll th b y h
e c t a ft d s, h y eigh t y wi
usth aun s o ra e e re ou m sa

t i ty w
ce r a n th tie re ft d t th b k h pil f g d
e na v e c ra m oore o e an e re es o oo s

an d h di w ft h p d d th t y igh t f ly y
m e rc an ze e re o en ea e ; an e re , oo, ou m sa e sa

w wd f
e re c ro i y so y ki g H i d h tt i g b i g d
no s , m one -m a n n oos, c a er n , arte r n , an

w ranl
g gi f t tnh a t pp er d f h i f
e m os d ti Ta i g rov e as on o m o e rn m es . urn n

from h t pl ti f wh t y h b t th h
t e co n e m a on o f a m a av e ee n o e c aos o su r

ro undi g i n th ly
ru ns, i l f th
e p t i l dt i q i
on m e m or a s o e as , one s e o n u re

wh t a ld h
cou d th tt
av e d t ti f ity l g d
cause e u er e s ruc on o a c so ar e an

so stron
‘

g .

Ve r y little is k nown o f th e h istor y of Brah m inab ad, e x cep t w h at tra

dition te lls as usual, it is m ix e d p with f bl
u a e b ut, w anti ng re cords,

e ve n b
fa le h as its v a ue .l Th e ppl o tu ar accoun of Brah m inabad, as far
as Ih b av e e en a bl e to p roc ure it, is as follow s
Th b at a o ut se v e n or e igh t c e nturi e s ago, Brah m inabad was a ri ch and

fl ourish i ng ci t y Th t i y wi k d Ki g
. a dD ln th ose da y s a ver c e n , nam e o ora,

reig ne d i th p tdn g h i ose y i i q i ti

ar s ; h d l w
an am on s m an n u es e m a e a a

th t a all y g whi d
oun i d y f
m a h i bj t w
e ns, t p o m arr e an o s su e c s, e re o ass

th w ddi g igh t i h i p l
e e n Th b n h f th i l w w n d th s a ace . e re ac o s a as ea .

N w o t i i h bl h d d gh t b tif l d f i d h
a ce r a n r c no e a a au e r, e au u an a r, an s e

w b tt b
as a ou i d B t th i l w w
o i
e m arr e p bl b t l t . u s a as an nsu e ra e o s ac e o

th f h
e wi h
at I h i di ffi lti
er s
’
h W tf
s es .i t t pi t
n s cu e s, e en or ass s ance o a r es

ofg t ti y wh w
re a pp d t h th p w f
sanc t , o i tas su ose o av e e o er o com m un e n

i g ih b h H
n w t d H ll ot d k d f d i Th p i t t ld
e av e n an e , an as e or a v ce . e r es o
 Bm m ua na n, I N s m n . 4 15

th e rich m an th at h e coul d onl yd evise one way h e l ing h im

of p , and

th at w as by d e stro yi ng th e wh o e c l i ty of Brah m inabad, if i ng K Dl o ora

di d t by
no a c e rtain day b
a ro ate
g th is ini quiti ous law Th e . ri ch m an be
sou gh t th p i e r est v e ry e arne stl y to save th e ci t h e offe re y d hi j w l m e e s,

and silv e r and gold, tod i e v se som e oth e r m e ans ; but th e pi r est was firm ,

and sai dh h e ad loo k d w ll i

e e nto futu rit y , and th at th e re was no oth e r re
dy Th e n, sai d th e ri ch m an, save m d d augh te r s h onour, sh oul
’
m e eve n
.
y
B h i b d b i d A di gly th w t f th p ph y p
ra m na a e ru ne . cco r n , e re en or a ro ec , ro

l i i g t ll th i h bi t t th t if by
c a m n o a e t i d y Ki g D l
n a an s, did a a ce r a n a n o ora

no t b g t th i wi k d l w B h i b d w
a ro a e s c ld b e tt ly d t y d
a , ra m na a ou e u er es ro e ,

an d w i g ll f i th f l p pl t fl th
arn n a a i ty b f th
u i p di g
eo e o ee e c e ore e m en n

l ity
ca am t p
cam e Th Ki g t k o h d ass d
. ti d i hie n oo no ee , an con nue n s

wi k d w y li i g i pl
c e a s, dl
v n y i th id t f h i l i i
n eas ure an ux ur n e m s o s asc v ou s

C t
ou r Th d y
. d wi th it
e a t wf l t
cam e , an p t f ll w d by a m os a u em es , o o e a

i l
v o e nt eart hq k Th i y f B h i b d w l i d l w i
ua e . e c i t d o ra m na n as a o n ru ns, an

i i t f ll Ki g
n s a , ti d b li
n , w
cou r b id e rs, an un e e v e rs e re ur e .

Th wh h d b li d th p ph y f th p i t d h d d
ose o a e e ve e ro ec o e r es , an a m a e

th i p f th ity b f th i l i y t k pl
e r e sca e rom e c ide ore s c a am t oo ace , are sa to
h w d
av e d b t Si d f
an ere wh l ya ou ki g f p t wh
n or a o e e ar, se e n or a s o e re on

th y e igh t ttl
m d b ild th
se th e an i ty Th y u h di i em ano er c . e se arc e n va n

for a s it b ti f l th t f th i i d B h i b d f l d
e as eau u as a o e r ru ne ra m na a ; or an s as

f til
er d i h f t d
e an rc g t d fl or i h i g A t l
ra e as t t h y t rea an ou r s n as e cam e o
*
, .

N ussur oor,
p d th b i g h anb t p l th y hatd i e n th y h d
t e es ace e a see n s nce e a

l ft th i
e b tif l ity th y ttl d th
e r own eau u d b ilt th
c , th e se e e re , an u em ano er

b i k ity d th th y dw lt Th i t h di pp d d N
rc c , an e re e e . s oo as sa e are , an ussu r

p i w
oor s no d b ilt t w lik
a m u ll th t f th t w
- u i Si d b t
o n, e a e re s o e o ns n n u

th i
e re m a ns of th ld b i k ity t b e o t th i d y r c S h i c are o e se e n o s a . uc s

th l g d f B h i b d
e e en o d i t i h b it t
ra m na a an s n a an s .

Ih av e lt d Sy d S b i Ali Sh h
consu e l d Sy d f T tt
u a r a , a e arne u o a a,

an dh f
av e d t th f w Si d b k th t gi
re erre o e
y e t n ee oo s a ve an accou n

o f B h i b d
ra m df na a th th iti
, an I g i th f ll wi g p
rom e se au or es an e o o n ar

Th e S yd u sta te s th at th e cit y pp a ears to h av e b e en foun d db f e e ore

th e Hi ndoo d y nast y of th e Brah m ins, wh ich c om m e nce d in th e first

y e ar of th e Hijree , or A . n . 622 . He sa s y i t is m e nti one d in th e
Tooh fu t-ool- iram K th at C h u ch , th e first of th e
‘

Brah m in Ki ngs wh o

rule d in Sind, a pp ointe d hi y s ounge r b roth e r Ch un d e r as h is v i ce ro y

Nussurp oor is a ci ty of ac knowledge d anti q ui ty , and, li k e Brah m i nabad, si tu
ate d on th e b an k s of one of th e old b ranch es of th e I ndus . It is still a p lace of
so m e re p ute and learni ng, and h as a not inconsi derab le trade .
4 16 rr o n
a cc o u r wa s RU I NRD cm or [J u m :

at Alore , and em pl y d h i lf i
o e m se n arranging th e b d ou n aries of h is
ki gdn om , h avin g bd d
su M h h ue a , t e C h ie f of Se h wan, and Agh ee r,
th e C h i e f of Brah m i nabad . F rom th is th e S yud infe rs th at th e city

w as p b bly f d d d i g th ig f th R j h b f th B h
ro a oun e ur n e re n o e a a s e ore e ra

m i dy n ty nas .

Th Sy d l e t t th t h
u ity t h
a so s a e s b i d b f th a t e c m us av e ee n ru ne e ore e

ex pi i f h f h Hij
rat on o t y
t e b t o u rt 1 020 h fi d re e ce n ur , or a ou A . D .
, as e n s

it ti d i th T h f t l Ki i th
m e n one n e ti f h S
oo u -oo - ram , n e narra on o t e oo m ras .

th t Ch t A
a o a b h fD l A m ranee , d p d t Bgd d
rot e r o o ora m ranee , e arte o a a

t f h i b th i j i Th i C h t A b d ’
o n acco u n o s ro er s n us t ce . s o a m rane e e m rac e

Il is am d sm i d th
,
d gh t
an f
m arr elb d A b wh h e au er o a ce e rate ra , om e

b gh t t Si d i h f th
ro u o ny t g h i th
nt e b fA b
o ur ce ntur , o e t er w a num er o ra s,

wh i o, p y wi th Sy d Ali M
n com an h db d hiu oo sonee , a ee n m a e ove r to m

by h Kh lif f Bgd d
t e a o a a .

Th C h h e iuc Hi t y f Ch h th fi t f th B h
nam a c onta ns a s or o uc , e rs o e ra

m i Ki g f Si d
n d fhi d i i
n s o It w w itt
n , an i th o igi l s om n ons . as r en n e or na

A bira b t c, a ou 700 Th i i ti d f B h i b d th
A . D . . e re n s m en one o ra m na a as e

ch i f i ty f
e c f th di i i
o f h Ki gd
one o f Cy bi S h
e v s ons o t e n om o rus n a ee raee ,

w h li d b fo th ti
ve f M h
e ore d I l ei m e o t f a om e . t a so c onta ns a n acc o u n o

th b t le f gh t th
a t es b t ti
ou ith th d t f it f
e re , d ti u m en ons ne er e a e o s ou n a on

nor its de struc tion .

Th e Tooh fu t-o ol- iram K contai ns a com p re h e nsi v e ge ne ral h isto r y o f

S i nd, and was wri tte n b
a out ni ne t y y e ars ago ( A . H . l and is

a m o de rn wo r ki n co m p arison w ith th e C h uch nam a .

Th e C h uch nam a w as w ri tte n by Ali K oofe e , w h o c am e to Si n d wi h t

th e arm y of M ah om e d K assim , se nt in A . D . 7 10 by th K h lif W e a ul

le nd, son of b
A dool Mulli k of Bagdad . Mah om e d K i d f as s m e e ate d

D h i th
a r e son of Ch uch , con u e re
q d Si n d , and overth re w th e Brah m in
dy y nast of ki ngs in 7 1 1 A . n .

It was on th e 1 1 th of March 1 8 5 4 th at I , in com p y wi th M

an r. C .

M Rich ar
. d son, v isite d th e rui ns of Brah m inab ad .

A fe w office rs ha d p i
re v ousl y v si i te d , at diff e re nt tim e s, th ese rui ns,

dh d a collec te d som e coins and dth e r c uriosities, wh ich are rea il dy

foun d on th e su rface , and m an y oth e rs h ad b ee n o bt i d f a ne rom v illage rs,
wh o are i n th e b
h a i t of di ggi ng in th e ruins for r c s, an u s find a b i k d th
var e t i y of b eads , stones, and coins ; b ut no e rson h ad e v er atte m te p p d
y
s ste m ati call yt o e x cavate . Mr Rich ar . d son and Iw e re th e re fore reso lved

to de vote two or th re e da y s to Brah m inabad, and to d

e n e av o ur, by ca re

full y re m ovin
g one of th e h ea p s of ru bbi h s , to di sclose any re m nants of

a h ouse th at m igh t h av e b e e n concea e l d th e re in for ce nturies .

We se lecte d for ex cavation a h ea p f o rui ns stan di ng on th e ve rge of

1 8 56 ] BRAH M I NA BA D, IN m n . 417

th e pi r nci
p al baaar or squ are . We h ad not com m e nce d m an y m i nutes
be fore we cam e u p on th e e dge of a wall : cle ari ng i t, we soon cam e u o n p
a c ross wall, and th e n u p on anoth e r, and anoth e r, u ntil a h ouse wi th a

v ari e t y of room s bg e an fast to ta k e sh a e , and p di sc lose i ts p p ro orti ons .

We h ad not dug tw o fee t bf we ore e cam e to quanti tie s o ones, and at fb

th at, g and reate r d pth
e s, s k lt e e o ns w e re so num e rous th at i t was h ardl y
p b
o ssi le to dig a p owra
“ full of e arth with out ringi ng up b p article s of

bone s As far as
. could ud e , m an
g w I
e re unde ni a l h um j y by an b o ne s,

and oth e rs th ose of cattle and of h orses . Th e h um an bo nes we re ch ie fly

d
foun i n doorwa y s, as if th e p pl eo e h ad b pti g t
ee n atte m n o e sca e , andp
oth e rs in th e corne rs o f th e roo m s . M y f th k l t
an o e s e e o ns w e re i n a

su fficie ntl yp e rfe c t sta te to sh ow th e p iti th b dy h

os on e o ad assum e d ;

som e we re u p igh t
r , som e re c um b e nt, with th e ir fac e s down, and so m e

c ro uch e di n a sitting posture . One in p articular, I re m em b e r, findi ng

in a doorwa y : th e m an h ad g ev i d tly b
en ee n rush i n o ut o f h is h ouse ,
wh e n a m ass of b k
ri c -w or k
h ad, i n its fall, crush e h im to th e grou nd, d
a nd th e re b y
h i s o ne s we re l ing e x te nde d full le ngth , and th e face dow n
wa rds . Th b e se one s, o u e x p osure to th e atm os ph e re , m os tl y c ru m bl de

to dus t, and i t was ve r y di ffi c ult to o bt i a n an yth i ng b ut fragm e nts . But

i n e x ca vating , y ou ofte n o bt i a n a go o d se c ti on of th e k
s e le ton, and

th e re by can y
e as i l te ll th e p i ti os on of b dy
th e o .

Be side s bo ne s , I fou nd large quan t e s o ti i f p tt y i o er n gre at v arie ti e s,

a nd m uch o f i t of a ve r y p
su e ri or de scr on ip ti t y I o an se e now-a- a s dy i n

Si n d . A goo de al o d f th p t y w
e o te r asglaz e d i n colo urs, of
great r b illi
anc y , and so m e of th e v esse s are l of a fine k
ind o f e arth e nw are or

ch i na . Pi ece s of glass and cr sta l we re also found, y b o th in th e e x ca v a

ti o ns and o n th e su rface of th e ruins, in u antities, and th e glass of all

q
ki d n s o f colours . F ragm e nts of cu p b tl dp
s, o y
t e s, an latte rs w e re ver

num e ro us . Som e of th e glass was b tif lly t i d f d p bl

e au u s a ne o a ee ue

c o lo ur, an d oth e r p ortions we re w or k d i i d d ibb d p tt

e n ra se an r e a e rns,

y
disp la i ng a h igh standar of art in th e ir m anufacture d
Stone s for grind .

i ng grai n oth e rs fo r gri nding curry stu , and so m e for m ix ing aints ; a fl ‘

p
se ve ral sto ne s fo r sh ar pe nin
g k i n v es and tools ; se v e rals large pi e ce s of

ko rundum or e m e r y , also use d by cu tle rs to p

sh ar e n swor s and instru d
m e nts
q uanti ties of corne lians and co rne li an ch i p s, and agate s, and oth e r

p ty
re t stones b ll b a s, eau tifull yt urne d , of i v or y , agate , and m ar bl e

coins, c h i fly f
e pp o co e r, som e few of silv e r ; b d
ea s and ornam e nts o f cor

ne lian and g lass, i n eve r v ari e t y y . In one of th e room s If d l g oun a ar e

grain
j
ar, ribb d
e in circle s ; i ts m outh was arch e d ove r with b i k w k rc - or .

Th e p o wre is a large h oe , in ge ne ral use in Si nd for di gging, b ut a ve ry b ad

i nstrum ent for ex cavating ruins, as i t is very liable to bre ak anyth i ng found .
418 AC C O U NT o r TH E a U I Ns n c m or [J u m

I at first too k it f or a w e ll, b ut afte rwar s d di scov e re d it t o be a sun e n k

grai n
j ar . Th e diam e te r o f i ts m ou th was two fee t, and inside i t w as
em pyf t or four fe e t, th e b o tto m p o rti on bi e ng fille d with m oul d , p ossi bl y
th e decom p d o se re m ai ns o f th e grain .

Th e c i y
t th m us av e be e n fam e d, li ke th e p rese nt citi es of Ah m e dbd a a ,

and C am b yi G a n uz e rat, for its wor k s in corne li ans and agate s ; and it i s

p b bl
ro a e th at i t w as fro m th at p rovi nce th at a tra d e was carrie d on for
th ese stones . Th e re are no corne lians of th e kin df ound in ige nous i nd
th e alluv ial pl i dB h i b d
a n aro un ra m na a , and th e m i nes o f K u p pe rwu nj i n

Guze rat are p b bly th

ro t pl
a f e ne are s ac e rom w h ich th e y couldh b av e ee n

im p o rte d . F h q i ty f
rom li t e uant o corne ans, ch i p s, &c .
, b id g i di
es es r n ng

and sh ar e ni ng stones, p I ldt

found in th e l d e xca vati ons, am e o conc u e

h
t at th h e t d th
ouse e x cav a e b i h bit d by l pid y
m us av e ee n n a e a a ar .

A t
m on
g h pp i e co y f lili p ti
e r co ns are m an i — ll th t o u an s ze , ao sm a a

th i e r l i th p
v a ue t d y w
n ld h dly b
e rese n l l bl
a I
ou i ty ar e ca c u a e . n a c

wh h
e re s uc i pl y d i th
co ns w e re e m di y d d ily
o e n y
e m ost or nar an a m one

t ransac ti h ons,h p h
ow c b h p i ff d?
ea m ust ave een t e r ce o oo

A g t
m on h i i ti f d
e cur os t B h i esb d h
ou n w i g a d ra d m na a , s o n an a v ance

t t
s a e f t o ar b if l g i g
, a re som e e au t li u d gt
e n rav n s on corne ans an a a e.

M y f h an o p f t g f t d lik th i t gli f R
t em are er ec em s o ar , an , e e na os o om e , are

p li h d h i id f th d i
o s e t on e —
ns e ot I b li e wl t
e v ce , S an ar , e e v e , no os . om e

th t w
a f d h d p th
e re oun b ll d th
a u on liem a u ly , an o e rs a on ; som e m e re

a nam e i A bi n d ra i h c, a nt som e bli g h D gnc arac e rs re se m n t e e vana re e or

S k it
ans r t f th m os pp d i l d i l d w ld b
o e se a eare c ut n ov a s an c rc e s, an ou e

w ll e it d f su th p p
e or f ig t i g
e th
u r ose o a s w dy t i t
ue r n ; o e rs e re re a cu n o

th e se h p s b t wi th t
a e s,
y i u i p ti d
ou i an if h nscr g on or e v ce , as t e e n raver
k pt e an t tf th
assor m e n h i f hi or t e c wh h d
o ce o ly t s cus om e rs, o a on o

ex p th i wi h wh t d i wh t
res s — e r s a— d th h d f th
e v ce , a nam e an e an o e c un

nni g ti t w ar p p dt k y g i g d d
s as re are o m a e an e n rav n o r e re .

I am t w no th t l p i d i
a are f th p a td y
a bl t p d
ar e s o e re se n a are a e o ro uce

fig d p tt
u res an p a li wi th
e rns u t
on ki g i i i i th
corne ans ou m a n an nc s on n e

t
s o ne , — p no fb i g
roce ss o ppli ti f i d will l
urn n , no a p ca on o ac , eav e a e rm a

ne n t k p
m ar li
u b t y t t B h i b d
on a carne an uy f th e a ra m na a m an o e

c orne li t
an ornam e n s f d fig d with i p tt i whi t
are oun ure v ar ous a e rns n e

li ne s, on a p f tly the r ec f d ft
sm oo h i g wi th t d th
sur ace , an , a er av n s oo e

d p f g
am o wh d g p q it f h
a es, are , en u u , u e re s .

A g t
m on h g l d i e d w ass l p i
scov e re i t
, t f d
e re se ve ra e ces n a s a e o ecom

p iti s w i h ll th b tif l t lli l

os on, om e t a e f th
e au p
u b bb l
m e a c co ours o e soa - u e,

som e th h d b at
q ai t p q e com e d th u p i w
e o a ue, i th b th i d an o er e ce s o s es

i th l
n e t g fd
as t s a y d ly th i fib f gl i th
es o e ca , an on t a n re o ass n e ce n re .

T d o ib th p
e scr e f d e p iti i gl I nn t d b tt
roce ss o e com os on n ass, ca o o e er
 s na n m NA BAD , I N s I Nn . 41 9

th an give Sir D id B w t
av re s er s o
’
pi nion on sim p
ilar i eces of anci ent glass

foun d by M r . L y d t Ni
a ar a ne ve h .
*
Fi di g gl
n n ass in th is de com p dose state is testim on y of th e anti qu i t y of

S i r D a vid Br ewste r s Op i nion on th e A nci e nt Glo ss f ou nd a t N i ne ve h

’
.

Th e di fie re nt ki nds of glass i n com m o n use co ns ist o f sa nd or sile x com b i ne d

‘

, ,

by fusi on wi th e arth s or alk aline or m e ta ls w h i ch e i th e r act as fl u x es o r com

, , , , ,

m uni ca te di ffere nt co lo urs or di ffe re nt de gre es of lustre , or refrac ti v e p o w e r, to th e

c om b i nati on . In quartz ,
or roc k cry stal, w h i c h is p ure sile x , and i n o th e r re gula rly

crysta llise d bodie s, th e i r m o le cules or ato m s uni te in i

v rtu e o f re gu lar laws, th e
p o le o f one atom u ni ting wi th th e si m ilar p o le of ano th er . S uc h sub stance s, th e re
fo re , do no t de co m p ose u nder th e ordi nary acti on o f th e e le m ents Th e lens of roc k .

cry stal, for e x am p le , found b y M r Lay ard at Nine ve h , is as so und as i t w as m any

.

th ousand y ears ago , wh en i n th e form of crysta l .

I n th e case of glass ,
h o w ever, th e ai lex h as be e n m e lte d and f orce d i nto uni o n

with oth er bodi es to w h i c h i t h as no natu ral a fii ni ty and th e re fore i ts atom s,

w h ich h ave th e ir p o les ly i ng in e ve ry p ossi b le dim e ti o n, h a ve a co nstant te nde nc y

to re co ver th e i r origi nal p o si ti ons wh e n i n th e state o f si le x F or th e sam e re aso n .

th e earth s, or al k alies , or m e ta ls, w i th w h i c h th e ato m s o f si le x h ave b e e n con

strai ne d, b y fusi on, to e nte r into u ni on, all te nd to res u m e th e i r p ri m i ti ve state ,

‘

and se p arate th em se lv es from th e sile x .

O wing to th e m anner i n whi ch m e lte d glass i s coole d and annealed, wh e th er i t

is m ade by fl ush i ng , or b lowi ng, i ts parts is not th e
or m ou ldi n , th e
g co h e si on of

sam e th ro ugh out th e m ass, and co nse q u e ntly i ts p arti c les are h e ld togeth er b y

di ffe re nt de gre es of force , v ary ing i n re lation to p o ints , li nes, and surfaces No
fi
.

ato m of th e flx u or oth er i ngre d ie nt m ay b e less rm ly u ni te d to an atom o f si le x

i n one p lac e th an i n anoth e r, dep e ndi ng on th e de gre e of h eat b y w h i c h th e y were

uni te d, or u po n th e re lati v e p o si ti on of th e crysta lli ne p oles of th e atom s th em se lves

wh e n com b i ned . Th e re are som e k

re m ar ab le cases wh ere fl i nt glass , wi th out any

rude e x p o sure to th e e le m e nts, h as b ec om e op a q ue ; and we h a ve se e n sp e c i m e ns

i n w h ich th e disi ntegration of th e sa m e k i nd of glass h as c o m m e nce d a fe w y ea rs

afte r it was I n ge neral, h o we ve r, th e p rocess o f de c om p o s iti o n
m ade . is v e ry slo w ,
e x ce p ti ng in sta b les, w h ere th e p rese nce o f am m o ni a h aste ns th e de c o m p os i ti o n, and

ro d n i t fa ll th b a ti f l lo urs of th e soa -b u bb le
p u c es u p o s su r ce a e e u u c o p .

I t i s, h owe ver, fro m am ong th e ru i ns of anc i e nt b uildings th at glass is found i n

all th e stages of dis inte gratio n and th e re is, p e rh aps , no m ate ri al b ody th a t cease s to
e x ist w i th so m u ch grace and be a u ty w h e n i t surre nde rs i tse lf to ti m e , and not to di s
e ase . k
l n dam p loca li ti e s , w h ere ac ids and al a lies p re v a i l i n th e so i l, th e glass rots,
as it we re , b y a p roc ess w h i c h i t i s di ffic u lt to study I t m ay b e b ro e n b e twee n th e k
fi
.

nge rs of an infant, and in th i s state w e ge nera lly fi nd i n th e m i ddle of i t a frag

m e nt or th i n fi b re of th e origi nal glass w h i ch h as not y i e lde d to th e p rocess of de ca y .

In dry loca li ti es, wh ere Rom an, Gree k , and Assyr ian glass h as bee n found, th e
oce ss of de co m p osi ti o n is e x ce e d i ngly i nte re s ti ng, and i ts res u lts si ngularl
p r y
be auti ful At o ne or m o re po i nts in th e su rface of th e glass th e de com p os i ti o n
fi
.

be gi ns . It e x te nds ro und th at p o i nt i n a sp h e ri ca l s u rface , so th at th e rst fi lm is

a m i nute h e m i sp h e ri cal one of e x ceeding th i nne ss F i lm afie r film is form ed i n a .

s im i lar m anner, till pe rh aps tw e nty or th i r ty are cro wded i nto th e te nth of an inc h .

Th e y no w rese m b le th e se c tio n o f a p ea rl, or o f an o ni o n and, as th e film s are sti ll

 420 A C C O U NT O P r u n s u rNs n C TY o r I [J U nx

Brah m inabad if oth e r e vi d e nce h e wanting, we h av e i t in th e decom

p ose d state O f th e bo nes . Th ese bo nes Ih av e sh ow n to se veral m e di cal

m e n, and th e y are all a re e d

g th at th e y are of gre a t anti q ui t y . Dr .

Beatty in p articular, w h en h e e x am ined as k ull and se ve ral oth e r bone s,

tol d m e th at h e did not recollect to h av e se e n bo nes in any m use u m

ap p are ntl y of such great a e ;

g th at all anim al m atte r i n th e ce llular

cavi tie s Of th e bones was com p le te l y e x h auste d , and th at such a p roce ss

of de ca y w ld t k ou a e ce ntu ries Of ti m e so com p l y

e te l to e ffec t .

I am aw are th at i n b i y
ce rtai n soils th e de com p osi tion Of one s ve r

ra pi d th : i g us y d wh th il i t d l y y i t
n rav e ar s, e re e so s we an c a e , ns a nce s

are no t th t ft
u ncom m o n b dy h d b b i d f ty fifty y
a a er a o a ee n ur e or or e ars,

no t ti g
a ve s f b ld b di
e o a d one cou pl t d p i d h d e sc ov e re , so com e e an ra a

b ee n th p e f d y b t i il lik th t f B h i b d d y
roce ss O e ca u n so e a O ra m na a , r

all i luv a d p wh i h i
san , u ly f ll I p
on c d p iti
ra n rare a s, res um e ec om os on

w ld b
ou yg d l
e ve r ra ua .

O f th b f d e yw
o ne s
qoun ti b ly
, h m an th th
e re un ues o na u m an, o e rs e

b one s O f l h cam e s, d g d f wl
orse s, I f th
ox e n, o s, an o s . n one o e room s

t d
e x c av a e g , b
a m on f b w a num p q er o i t y f t fl
o ne s, e ca m e u on a u ant O s u
'

th l k d
at oo y lik h b t h i h I b li t h th
e ve r e as e s, ui w f c e e ve o e e re m a ns O

sm a ll b er wh h o ne s, f i l
et d dt d t A b h l
er o m e n or an m a s, re uce o us . us e

o fi igh h
tm b t ll t dav e d th e e n co
t b l f ll f it
ec e , an
g e re are wo ott e s u o am on

m
y ll coti fec B h
on i b d
rom M y f th
ra m h f d
na a i
. an o e te e t o un are c u r o us,

an d h w h s o ig f g t
t e tiq ity
s th
ns O l rea i p tty
an u e e nam e o n so m e s re

p f t b i y li bl t p l f wi h th ligh t t p
er ec , ut s v e r a e o ee O t e s es re ssu re .

i y f w b gl b lt w l f d ’
A v ar e t o om e n s an es orf race e s e re a so o un ; so m e o

g l ass, h f
ot b e rs O d pp d
rass an b f i y w
Co k d e r, an a num er o vor , or e over

i p t
n a te rns .

A t
m on
g h ll ti tw
e co d li
ec d b ll
on are f p ott y th o ro un f so a s o er , e use O

w h i h i i difii l t i
c t s
g i T h
cu t t p
o b b l
m a pp ine i . i th t e m os ro a e su os t on s a

th y w e d
e re u sei il d h
as m
y b ss p l y d
e s, an by h d f
m a d av e een e m o e t e e en

e rs O f h ity g i t
t e c i di g f
a a ns an nv a n orc e .

Th t
e m os i li * I f d w h g l yli d f wh t I
c u r o us re c ou n as a e x a ona c n e r, o a

l
g ass , we se e b ri lli ant colo urs of th i n p late s w h e n w e loo down th ro ugh th e ir e dges , k
w h i ch form th e surface of th e lass th ese th i n e d e s h o we ve r be ing e x pose d to
g g , ,

th e e le m e nts de c om p se d
o — L a p a r d a N i neve h
.
’
a nd Ba by lo n .

Anoth er c u ri ous re li c o f anti quity , w h i ch I h av e v e ry re ce ntly re ce i ve d from

Brah m inabad, is a b raze n h o rse, w i th a ri de r th e reon . I t is cap ari s one d w i th a
b ridle , m arti ngale , and a nec k lace o rnam e nt. I h na no saddle , o
t n r saddle -cloth , and

i ts ri de r ri ses ce ntaur-li ke o ut o f th e b ac k Of th e h orse . Th e h o rse sta nds ab o ut

5 5 i nc h e s h i gh , b ut I re gr e t to say th e h ead and sh o ulde rs Of th e ri de r h a ve b e e n

b ro ke n off. I also fo und a sm all braz en b u ll, worn p ro bab ly us e ch arm ,
h alf
an inch i n h e igh t .
 1 8 66 ] I I NABAD , I N sI ND ,
na AH n 42 1

im agine to be woo d , or p e rh a s
p i vory , wi th an p
inscri tion in Ara ic in b
c ufic ch aracte rs on each si de . It is th ree i nch es in le ngth , and tw o

and th ree quarte rs in circum fe re nce . It was p roba bly a talism an or

ch arm , w hi ch , wh e n wra p i n si l or lpp d

eath e
e r, wasuworn roun th e k d
arm or nec k . y
It was unfortunate l fracture soon afte r it was iscove re d, d d
and h as b ee n
p toge th e r wi th glue
ut by M r. Rich ar dson . Th e Ara ic b
p
i nsc ri tions, as far as th e we re le gi le , y b are Allah is m e rciful,
”
&c .

Fi di d first day s e x cav ati on, Ii d th

’
n ng such success u ring th e ncrease e

num b e r O f e x cav ators from tw e nt y to se vent y , and in th e th ree d y a s

I was at Brah m inabad I e x cav ate d th di ti

re e s nct h ouses, two on one ids e,

one o n th e oth e r si e of a stree t fronting th e d pi r nci a l

p b
azar. A grou nd
p lan Of th e giv e n : it h as no
e x cav ation is
re te nsi ons to
gre at accurac ,
p y
y
but is ge ne rall correct -m an of th e m easure m ents we re ta e n un e r y k d
a burning sun i n th e m onth of March , and oth e rs by torch -ligh t . I also

g i ve a ro ugh s e tch O f th e f k
ront e le v ati on of tw o Of th e h ouse s .

I n re fe re nce to th e groun - lan, i t m ay be dp d th t th o b se rve a e re are

se ve ral of th e room s wi th ou t y dan t T h i I

oor or e n rance . s ca n onl y
ex pl i an by stati ng th at som e f h w ll w
o ft edf fi a s e re oun our, v e , and

six fee t in h e igh t, and abov e th t p f h d

e s e w y wh il
s o t e oor a s, e oth e rs

w e re foun d onl y a few inch es b th i f d ti

a ov e d e r
q oun a on, an conse ue ntly

pp
Again, it m igh t a ear strange , to a e rson not acquai nte with in oo p d H d
b
h a its and custom s, to find th e ones O f cam e ls and cattle insi e a h ouse ; b d
but th ose wh o h ave live d i I di
di t ly g i n n a willin th at fact im m e a e reco n se a

t
c us om t b i
o e see n M l ity f th p
n e ve r y Hi d td y n oo or ussu m an c o e re se n a .

t d h y M Ri h d i h i ”
Th w ll f th
e a s o e e x cav a e ouse s, sa s r. c ar son, n s

t
no e s on Bh i bd raw ll md b t ti lly b ilt — b g i
na a , are e an su s an a u , e re a a n

sh wi g th
o n p i ity f th e f ld t th
su e r or f th p t d y
o e m en O O o ose o e re se n a .

Th w lle ll t
a s are a d t igh t gl t h th
rue , an if b i lt waith r an es o eac o e r, as u

th ple b d li
um d t an i gi d t wi th
ne , an t g d tno runn n
y n an ou , ou re ar o s m

t y
m e r w
, b ildi g w d y i Si d Th w ll
as e se e u n s no f -a- a s n n . e a s are rom a

f t
oo d h lf t th
an a f t th i k
a d h o li
re e i di h i
ee c , an no c unam or m e s use nt e r

t
co ns ru c ti — th i g b t
on, d th fl
no n pp t h u com m on m u e oors a ear o av e

b til d
ee n d th wh l b ildi g b ilt p
e , an e i d pl tf o e b t u n u u on a ra se a orm , a ou

six o r e igh t fee t a bov e th e com m on le v e l . Sm all as th e se re m ains are ,

th e y are
qui te e nough to sh ow th at th e c it yw as w e ll and su stantiall b y
b uilt -so m u c h so th at I am convi nce d th at no th i ng b ut th e h a nd o f
God cou ld h av e cause d such an ove rth row . Th e rui n O f ancie nt Babylon
is not m ore com pl te e .

Iw as at first O f o pi nio n th at Brah m inabad h ad b ee n d e stro e y d by an

inv a di ng arm y, wh o h ad illage p d th e ci t y and slain th e b

i nh a itants, and ,

55
42 2 AC C O U NT or r u n a U I Ns D C I TY o r [J o n

th at tim e and de ca yh ad m a e d it a h ea p of ruins . Old Bu ddee na, i n

Lowe r Sin d, is an instance of th is ki nd

th e re you see h eaps of w ins
not unli e th ose of k Brah m inabad, but i n th e m i st Of th e rui ns y ou also d
see se veral b ildi
u ngs, su ch as m osques and te m pl es, wh ose walls w ere too
s trong for th e h an d f o m an to ov e rth row, and u on p wh ose stre ngth
tim e and slow de ca y l
a one m a e any k im p ression. At Brah m inabad th e
m i n of th e ci ty se e m s to h ave bee n com p le te , and, wi th th e e x ce pti on

of th e fragm e nt of th e tower h e fm e
'
d esc ribe d , noth i ng a pp ears to h ave
p
e sca e d utter d estruction . Th i s fact, a dd d t
e o th e num b e r of p e rsons

wh ose bone s were fo un di nsi de th e h ouse s, toge th er with th e quantities

bl
.

of coins and v alua es th at are to th is day in B rah m inabad, sh ook m y

be li ef th at an invading arm yh ad de stro y d th ity

e e C .

Nor do I b li e e ve th at th e cit yw as d t y d by fi
e s ro e re . Th e w alls h ad
not th e a pp e arance of a confiagrati on .Th y d li
e m an e cate articles ev e ry

wh e re to be foun di n Brah m i nabad, in a ge ne ral confia

gratio n Of th e
city, m ust h av e be e n consum e d
th e glass, for ins tance , woul h ave e en d b
fuse d ; th e b ones woul d not h ave bee n in e xiste nce ; and th e e licate d
ornam e nts of th e wom e n would all h ave b
e en d t yd
es ro e , or borne th e
m arks Of fire ; wh ereas noth ing of th e kin d i di s sc e rnible . Th e
m ar s Of k fire we re alone foun d on a fe w k
coo ing pots, and ch arcoal was
-

als o discov e re d near th e fl ooring of th e room in any great quantit ,

s, not y
b ut as m u ch as it m igh t be e xp ec te d th e occupants of such h ouses would
be lik e l to h avey for cooking urposes p . Th e ch arcoal was as fresh as if
m ade y t dy
es er a .

Mr .Ri h d c ar son on th i s pi
o nt O se rves b We found no re m ains of

woo d , wh ich m b d
igh t h ave e e n use in th e construction of th e uil i ngs b d
and, save on y
th e floors, and th e re onl in sm all quantitie s, no ch arc oal, or
rem ains of b urnt woo d ; so we m a
y fai rl y conclu e d th e c it y was not
burnt Ne ith e r do th e Old walls we h ave excav a e
. ear th e e vi e nce Of t d b d
h aving be e n unde r th e action of fire A fe w Old iron nails were foun , . d
d p d
but quite ecom ose , re taining noth ing but th e form of a large s ike p
nail . Th e alm ost e nti re abse nce of ch unam see m s strange , it bi e ng so

ge ne rally largel y use d by Natives in th e constructi on of th ei r m ore

b
su stantial b uildi ngs . Th ere is, h owe ve r, no lim estom to be found
wi th i n for ty m iles of th e pl ace , and th is m ay account for th e want
of i
Under all th ese ci rcum stances, I th i n k i t h igh l yp robable th at th e

p p
o ular account th at Brah m inabad was de stro y d by
e an e arth quake is
true . It m ust h ave b ee n som e such convulsion of nature to h av e e ffecte d
th e compl t e e and u tter d estructi on of a ci t y so strongl y b ilt u as Brah m in
a a b d d I ; an furth er thi nk it p robable th at th e sam e convulsion th at
 naAII II I NA BA D, I N sI ND . 423

sh oo k th e ci t yt o its ve r yf oundati on ch ange d th e course of th e rive r

whi ch once with out d bt w

ou ash e d th e cit y w ll a s .

M r Rich ar. d son gives th ree

goo re aso ns for su d
osing th e cit
y to pp
h ave b e e n destro e y d by an earth qua e — k
th e qui te coinci e with th e opi y d
nion Ih av e give n b a o ve ; b ut as Mr Rich ardson i s
. a ver yk b
ee n O serv e r,

and as h is account is gra h icall e x p y p re sse d, gi I

ve i t w ith out fe ar of

ti ring m
y reade r with a re e ti tion p . He says h at th e ci ty was T
destro y d by
e so m e terri le b convulsion of nature is, I th i k n , sufi ci ently

e vi d e nt,

lst — Be cause th e
. d pl t t h b th w k
estruction is too com e e o av e ee n e or

o f ti m e A pl. b t ti lly b ilt w ld i ll p b bility h

ac e so su s an a u ou n a ro a av e

h d a f w b ildi g i
so m e e u t l bl t t f p
n s n a o e ra ti d l f
e s a e O re se rva on an a so ro m

th h e i
u m an re m a ns f di f th b ildi g wh i h w
oun n one O et d u n s c e re e x cava e .

Th i
ese re m a ns w f d i th e re ou n f th n Th w t h d
e corne rs O e room s . e re c e ,

t t i k
e rror-s r c i h bi en t fi di g th i h
n a tan s, f lli g b t th
n n e r lik ouses a n a ou em , e

an
y th o i l
e r an m a h d i t
, h c rou c d
e th nf lli g t i
e corne r, an l b i d e a n m a er a ur e

th em Th
. i (
ese re m a ns ly b ) w i
m e re y d ones p d t t e re n a ve r eco m ose s a e,
— f
ao so t b t as ily o h d t d t i th fi g
e eas c rus e w w o ust bl n e n e rs ; e e re no a e

to g t e
y tian b en I
ret i t p
one s .b b l th b d i
s no w g l
ro l y a e ese o es ere re u ar

b i d i th pl w f d th h d th y b
ur e n e ace s e oun th
em : i i lla e e e n so , e rem a ns n a

p b bility w ld h b f d i
ro a ou ave ee nb t p iti oun d
n a recumt ll en os on, an no a

c rus h d i e h p na th y pp
ea , as w I pi k d t b i k wh i h
e a e ar no . c e ou one rc c

t
e n e re d w y i t
corne r- k ll d wh i h wh t k
a s n oas u , an h d p c , en a e n ou t, a a or

ti on O f th b dh i g t it b t i t w f gil th t I f i t
e o ne a er n o , u as so ra e a ear can

no tb p e d rese rve .

2 d — H d th
n . i ty b
a d t y d by i di g y th
e c ee n es ro e an nv a n arm , e

d t e s ructi w ld h dly h
on ou b ar pl t h d tw ty b l f
ave e e n so c om e e : a en arre s o

p wd b pl d d h i di id l b ildi g th i ld h dly
o er een ace u n e r e ac n v ua u n , e ru n cou ar

h ave b p f t b i d wh t
e e n m ore e r ec ; i hi f th
es e s, ldi y f a e ve r m sc e e so er O a con

q i
ue r n
g y igh
arm t h m i tt d b i ld i
ave com m
g d th pe p t
ony u n s an o er ro e r ,

th y w
e ld ou ly h sure i d f? i d th
av e ca rr e l blo wh i h
co ns an o e r v a ua es, c are

no w f d i i fi it b
oun n n n e nu m th f b t g
e rs on lly p k i ge su r ace , u , e ne ra s ea n , so

d p df
ecom ose p, rom t t h l
e x osure t t h t tho l g d
e e e m e n s, b li t a e e e n s are o e

t d
ra e Hw
. o f l
e v e r, d dilig t
a care u h igh t b
an f li
en sea rc m e succe ss u n

p igrocu r n p f tp i
m ore th
e r ec th s ec m e ns
y t d ig h tanth w ose e see n, an m ro

som e ligh t th h i t y f th
on e i y & &s or o e c t , c . c .

3 d rH d th .
- i ty b
a g l
e c l y d t d
ee n re th i h b i
u art t w ld ese r e , e n a an s ou

sure ly h i d th
av e carr e i l b l wi h th
t e r v a ua — y i p ti l d
es em , m one n ar cu ar, an

ornam e n s t Th p l . th e b i h bit d h i fly by Hi d
ace m us ave een n a e c e n oos, as
it s O ld B h i b d w ld i m y
nam e, ra m na a d l
, th
ou Hi d f m ; an un ess e n oos O

fo rm er dy w a s y diff t p pl f th p t
e re a ver e re n eo d e rom e resen race, an
 42 4 A C C O U NT O P r a n nU I NnD I
C TY o r [J U LY

su pp osi ng y h dh
th e a ad ti m e and O pp ortuni t y , th ey woul h ave d c arri e d
off all th e ir p p ty
ro e r , eve n to th e last pic .
”

I d t th i k th t y bj
o no pp iti th t B h i b d
n a an O ecti on to th e su os on a ra m na a
w d t y d by
as es ro e th q k b f d d th f t th t l g
an e ar ua e c an e oun e on e ac a a ar e

p ti f th t w h
or on o i d t di g e l g ft th
o ity i t lf
er as re m a ne s an n so on a er e c se

h dba d t d It y w it p ti l p
ee n ese r e ti t it
.
p i m a o e s ar a rese rva on o s su e r or

i d li dity
s ze an d th f g
so t wh i h h b t di g wi th i th
, an e ra m e n c as ee n s an n n e

y f h p t i h bit nt i i d tly b t y ll p ti
m e m or O t e re se n n a a s s ev en u a ver sm a or on

of th igi l difi
e or na e ce .

I n th e tim e of th e K aloras, so m uch re m ai ne d th at th e re igning p rince

d d th
or e re e dem oliti on Of th e ste p s d
lea ing to th e top , for th e p u rp o se

of frustrati ng th e d e si gns of ro bb e rs, wh o u se d th e towe r as a pl ac e o f

b
O se rvation, from wh i ch to watch trav e lle rs as a p re lim inar y t pl o unde r

i ng th e m p
A large orti on of th e towe r, wi th ou t th e ste p s, was sta n i ng
. d
till a b out th irt -five y y
ears ago, wh e n i t fe ll, and h as since re m aine in d
m u ch th e sam e state as i t is now —a m e re fragm e nt .

Be si de s Brah m inabad, th e re are th e re m ains of se ve ra l oth er citie s on

or near th e su pp ose d ancie nt course Of th e ri ve r Id n us, sh owi ng th at

wh e n th at fl w d by O
stream o e m e rcote into th e Gulf of K u tch , th is
O lde r v a e ll y f th I d w O f e n us as a e rtile and pp
o ulous cou ntr y .

Th e re i h n i t i ty f Al
s t e a c en c o ore , near Roree . O f h is High ness M ee r
Ali Moora d t i t y whi h i nte rve ne s, little is known ; but di
’
s e rr o r , c nex t

rectly y ou r e nte r
e - British te rri tor y ,
th e re m ai ns O f anti
q ui ti es agai n

a pp ear . Li e ute nant J am e son in a re ce nt le tte r w rite s, I p id a a vi si t

to an anci e nt cit yi n th e Now sh e ra Purgunna, but th e re was noth i ng to

di scov e r . Ruins th e re are none , and th e onl th ing th at e tra s form er y b y
civilizati on is th e v ast y f q uanti t o Old bik r c s wi th wh i ch th e grou n is d
stre we di n e ve r y di ti Thre c on . e re are one or two oth e r lace s in th e p
Mora Purgunna (i di t ly
m m e a e sou th Of Nowsh e ra) , and from th e ir u ni

form a pp e arance and situ ati on th e y m u st h ave form e d a line O f ci ti e s or

towns o n or ne ar th e b k an s o f th e Id n us in a form er d y nast y , wh e n th e

”
cou rse Of th e riv e r lay ne ar th em .

Sou th , again, of th e se localities i s Brah m i nabad, and furth e r sou th ,

b tw
e ee n Ki pp ra and Om e rcote ; Ih av e h e ar d of oth e r ruins, an d th e
re m ai ns of Ci ti e s ; and again, near th e b orde rs O f th e Runn of K u tch ,
are th e ruins Of Old Buddee na B id
es es th ese th e re m ay be oth e rs,
*
.

as th is p art O f th e country is little k now n .

Anoth e r stri ki ng feature i n th is v alle yi s, th at along i ts wh ole length

Th e ru i ns Of Sh ah kap oor, i n th e Sh ah b under distri ct, are m idway be twee n

Buddeena and th e p re se nt c ourse O f th e I ndus , and o n a b ranch of th e Piny are e

rath er th an of th e Narra . Li eu te nant Ph illip s

’
account O f S h ah kap oor was for
warde d to th e Bom bay Branch of th e Roy al Asi ati c Soci e ty i n May 1 853 .
 BRA H M I NA BA D , rs m D .
42 5

y ou can trace th e dr be d of
y a large ri ve r . Th e m ai n stre am Itk a e to
h av e b ee n th e Easte rn Narra, *wh ich fl wi g p o n ast O m ercote and th rou h
,
g
K utch , fo un d an outle t into th e G lf f K t h
u o u c , or p e rh a s at p Lukput,
and i n m ore m o e rn tim es lost d itself in th at v ast lagoon th e Runn . Th i s

m ai n stream th re w o ff i n its cou rse se v e ral b ranch e s, th e Dh oras or

Poorans, th e dry bd e s of wh i ch are clearl ydfi e ne dt rav e rsi n

g th e countr y
fiftee n to tw e nty m ile s west of th e m ain stre am , b ut p aralle l to it .

Li e ute nant L b t w iti g f

am er , r n rom M e h ra -ke -Gote b , near Wunga-ke
Bazar , on th e b d f th R
or e rs o e unn of K utch , sa s : y Ih j ave u st see n th e
F ooran ; i t is pl did l i
a s en c ear r v e r be d, as lar e an
g d di ti ts nc , and ne arl y
as de e p , as th e F ullailee , and th e countr y b a out contai ns th e fine st land,
all waste .Th i e re s in i ts be d, wh e re Ih j av e ust b e e n, a lar e
g p oo l a o ut b
one h un d dy d
re ar s ac ross e ach w ay, wh i ch is a lw y a s d
fille wi th wate r, and
contains fish of large size ( 30 or and ac co rdi n
g to th e p pl eo e h e re
th e p lioo s with ou t bo ttom . Strange to sa
y th,e re i s no c ultiv ati on from
it . Th e re is an ide a th at b ecause th e Hin d oos b old y ly f i
ear a rs th e re
it is unluc ky t o culti vate from i t . Th e sandh ills are a o u b t i s x or e i
g h t
m iles by e ond, and th e Narra ru ns along th e foot of th e m dI ; an saw, i n

th e sh ort distance Iw e nt alo ng th e Poo ran, two b ranch e s sai d to co m

m uni cate wi th th e Narra . I saw th e Pooran again a b M ora as cle ar

ov e ,

as h e re . I t h as not b ee n trace d y e t b twe een M ora and M ee r oor b ut

p ,

from Mee rp oor downwar d s to W u n a-ke -

g Bazar , Li e u te nant Pi rie h as
”
trace d it, andi t is clear th e wh ole way .

I gi ve b
th e se e x tracts ecau se th e th row som y e ligh t on a v e r yi nte re st

i ng cou ntry , of wh ich ve r y littl e i k

s now n, and It rust th e y m a
y e ncon

rage furth e r rw e arch in oth e rs . Th e re can be little d b ou t th at th is

v alle y w as b roade r th an th e p re se nt v alle y of th e Id n us, th at its so il

was e v e n m ore fe rtile, an d it p p s o ulation, j u dgi ng from th e re m ai ns of

i ts ancie nt ci ti e s, m ore num e rous . Th e re is not at th e p re se nt day a

ci t yi n Sind wh ich , i f ov e rth rown by an earth quake to-m orrow , woul d

k
m a e such a sh ow o f ruins as Brah m i nabad .

In conclu ding th is pp Ia e r, m ust add th at Ih Op e to re vis it Brah m in

ab a d ne x t col d seaso n, and to continu e th e e x cavati ons, and th at I sh all

be glad of th e com p y
an of an anti
q ua r y , w h o is i ncline d to j oi n m
y
cam p , and to dig am on
g th e rui ns of th e S i m ) Po u r s “ .

A great p ubli c work is now i n p rogress, at an e sti m ate d cost of about

Rs . u nder th e supe ri nte nde nce of Lie utenant F ife , of th e Bo m b ay
Engi nee rs, to restore a p e rm ane nt stream of wate r to th e Easte rn Nam , b y cu tti ng
a su p p ly ch anne l of nearly e le v en m i les i n le ngth at a little abo ve Rom e , so as

to connect th e Indus wi th th e Narra . Th is, and oth er works i t is i n contem p lati on

to carry out on th e Narra , w ill h ave th e e ffe ct of restoring fe rti lity to th e w h ole
of th is v alle y , from Roree , past K ip p ra and O m e rcote , to Luk p ut .
 Au r '
. IV — P ar ti ng Vis i t to th e Sa hy é dri C aves
. . By th e
Re ve re nd J S rs v rm so n, D D , Pre side nt
.
'
. . .

Prese nte d 2oth Ap ri l 1 864 .

IN a j ourne
y to and from Ah m e dnu u
gg ,
r wh ich Ih ad late l y occasi on

to u nde rta k I e, em b rac e d th e O pp ortuni t y of visi tin

g th e C aves at

K arle n an dJ i un r . Th e a d vance of th e season, wi th oth e r circu m stances,

p re v e nte d m y i nclu ing N a si d, as fi rst i nte n k I dd

e , th ough th e re we re
no v e r yi p m ortant d b
ou ts th e re to be solve d .

Th e bj t I h
o ec ad in vie w was to asce rtai n h ow far th e lith ogra h e p d
pi
co es o f th e C ave - nscri ti ons, late l I p y p bli h d by
u s e our Societ y , we re to
b d p
e e e nde d on and wh e th e r th e h g I h d
c an e s a ve nture d i n som e in
stance s to m k
a e we re warrante d by th e ori
ginals e ngrav e d on th e roc s k .

Afte r a care ful e x am ination and com parison, I

m ay v e nture to sa
y
th at Mr . Brett s ’
fae -sim iles are in ge ne ral ver y e x act, and th at th e
re d ucti on of th e m in th e Socie t y J ’
s ournal is on th e wh ole fai th full y
d
e x ecute ; so m uch so, th at no one wh o is ac uai nte
q d with th e Cave
Alph b t a e nee d p ex e rie nce
y difii
ancu lt i n m aki n
y g a ra nsc r o f t h e t ip t
le tters th at rem ain unin ure d, i nto th e
j ev ana ari
g As, h owD e v e r, fe w .

of th e i nscri ti ons p are e ntire l yp e rfe ct, nearl y all h aving sufie re d m
'

ore

or less from th e ravage s o f tim e, y t k t p t th

i t is not an eas as o re se n em

as th e y ori
gi nall stoo y d C k i th t
. rac s i t k f p t
n e s ones are m s a en or ar s

of le tte rs, and parts o f l tte wi d d by th d y f th k

e rs e ne e eca o e roc are

ap t to b e p asse d ove r a lt g th
o e bl i h i th t
e r, as m e re I em s es n e s one . n

m an y instances, afte r th e pyi t h d h i b t d bt will till

co s as one s es , ou s s

re m ai n y e t, as far as I j dg M B tt h
can u e, i d j t di
r. re as e x e rc se a us s

crim inati on in m ost cases o f th i ki d s n .

Th ere are , h oweve r, one tw or pti t th i g l l gy

o e x ce ons o s e nera eu o ,

wh i ch m ust now e ngage our atte nti on .

p
I n th e first K arlen inscri tion w e h ave th e nam e of a m onarch , w h ose
son e x ecu te one of th e d p
illars outs i e th e e ntrance of th e Grea t C av e d .

Accordi ng to our p
th e sove re ign i n q uesti on
li th ogra h th e nam e of

m ust be rea Goti d

e e ndi n
g on oth er au th
. oritie Dp
s, read th e nam e I
B h oti , and for reasons gi ven ( age 3 of th e ul No of 1 8 53) ide ntifie d p J y .
 su m m e r cav e s . 42 7

th is sove re ign with th e D e va- Bh uti of th e Puri na . Th e pi o nt to be

de ci dd e th e n was, wh e th e r th e first co nsonant sh ould be re ad I ! (g) or

a 6k
( ) In th e cave ch arac te r I is a se m i -ci rcle , wi th i ts conv e xi t y
turne d pw d
u ar s, and n is th e v e rti cal se
gm e nt of a b ttl
o e wh ose ne c ki s

b
a out th ree -fourth s th e le ngth of its b dyo . On e xam i nation, th e n, I
f oun d th e ne c k of
th e le tte r in questi on we ll e x resse , and quite dis p d
p p
tinct, and as long in ro ortion to th e wh ole le tte r as th at of th e n i n th e

d y b
th i r s lla le from th e e nd, a out wh i c h all are a re e , th ou h th is lat
g g b d
te r is altoge th e r a lar e r le tte r th an
g th e form e r . Th e re adi n
g I ado te p d ,

th e n, is th e corre ct one , and p

th e lith ogra h re quires h e re to be am e n e dd .

In re fe re nce to th e oth e r p arts of th i s inscri tion, p

woul no ti ce th at I d
th e tail of ll— th e last consonant in
“
Bh oti is too long in th e lith ogra h s,
— p
and rese m bl es a . I
was w rong in re a i ng th e fiftee nth and si x tee nth d
sy lla bl es m . d d y
Th e wor is de ci edl m , th ough , as re viousl notice , p y d
th e m e anin is th e sam e
g .

In No . V .
, m ar e kd in th e lith ogra h , p by a confusion of figures,
No . III .
, th e re is a m ista k e at th e b gi i g f th
e nn n o e secon d line, wh e re
th e first yll bls th a e on e stone i pl i ly fi
s an t, as form e rl y j
con e e

ture d . I h ld ti h
s ou no ce e re , also, th t N
a III f th o . . o e te x t is No I V . . of

th e lith o g p h
ra d g i , an , a a n, No I V . . of th e form er No V . . of th e latte r .

In re fe re nce to No X . .
, j I
th e con ecture m ade regardi ng its p osition

is incorre ct . It is ov e r a bl k d p d
oc e -u oo r, to th e le ft of th e e ntranc e of

th e Great Cav e . Th i d s oor m ust h av e le d into th e p

s ace b h i d th
e n e

p illars on th a t si d e, wh ich in anci e nt tim es m ay h ave b een use d f

as a re ec

tor y , th ough now m a e d into a h ouse , by a ru e d wall of stone and m ud,

for Goss ina .

No XV is . th e fifth p illar from

. on th e d oor on th e righ t — on , th e
p ’
S ec tator s le ft wh ile e nte rin
g .

Th e series of Cave s at K arle n are th e Great T pl em e , contai ning th e

Dgb
a o a, in wh i ch cave and on front of wh i ch m ost of th e inscri ti ons p are

e ngrav e d , two m onaste r y caves to th e ri

gh t, th e first of th ree stories, and

containi n
g no inscripti ons a se con d m onaste r y
cave on th e sam e si e , d
of two storie s, in th e u pp p er art of wh ich i s i nscri tion p No . XVIII .

and in addi ti on four oth e r sm all e x cavati ons or m on ki hs ce lls, to th e

le ft of th e Great C ave, in th e furth est of w h i ch , fronting th e east, th e re
is a sh ort inscri ti on p not ta en k by M B tt wh i h I d th gh
r. re , c rea , ou with
som e d bt
ou of th e se con d w d Fm ! “ m
or , i !W 1 11 1 t ; and

wh ich m ay be translate d, To th e Pe rfect One . A religious assigna

tion to th e L d (B ddh ) by or u a , Buddh araksh ita ’

.

At J i th
un r, p i f th e com ar son o e li th ogra h s with th e p original rock

i rscriptions was on th e wh ole favoura le to th ei r accurac b y .

42 8 s a n vs nru c av e s .
[J U L!

A fe wre m arks , th ough not on pi o nts Of first im

m rta nce , h owe v e r, m ay

be m ade .

I n NO VI I . .
, th e transcri t p Of th e two las t le tte rs into i fiti is wrong .

Th e lith ogra h is p not good, and e ve n th e original is anom alo us ; b ut I

thi n k it sh oul db e rea d U ni , so as to m ake th e las t w or t u t ti , th at is d
a v a i l, “
com e , as I jcon ecture d ou gh t to be th e case , th ough I did
no t conce iv e m y se lf warrante dt o m a k e th e ch ange .

I n NO . XII .
, th e Vigabh or v e ran a d th e re m e nti one di s no p art of

th e te m pl e, bu t a low range Of cave s to th e le ft O f i t .

I n NO . XIX .
, p
th e trans cri t O f th e nam e Of th e village sh oul db e

af fni l . Som e oth e r pit fo n s O infe rior im p ortance I l a so noti ced,

wh ich cannot we ll be ex pl i d i
a ne d
n wor s, and th ere fore I bti a s a n from
furth e r re m ar s k .

I e xam ine d also th e i nscri tion p at th e top Of th e NanaGh et In .

re fe re nce to it, m
y j
con e cture s h av e p rove d
unfortunate Th e fourth .

syll bl f th f th li
a e O e our ne is not I
“

, b u t an, and th e last le tte r, th ough

b k w t i ly
ro e n, as ce r a n a , as Colone l S yk es gi ves i t . I rath e r th i n k th at

th p di g l t l i
e re ce n e t e r a so s n, and th at wh at a pp e ars a p art of Q is but a
crac k in th e stone . Th e nam e Aso k a, th e n, coul d not h ave form eda p art

Of th e inscri ti on ; and p Ii ncline now to th in k th at Srinti n m us t be th e

p p ro er nam e O f th ig wh f d th b t wh th
e sove re h n o orm e e cave ; u e er e can

b i d ti fi d
e en d th i e wi th A k
un e r y t h i
s nam e
g f th so a, or an o e r sov e re nO at

p idI
er o td t
, i Th Sfi ti f th P é
canno i t
e e rm ly f
ne . e n o e ur ns s OO ear o r us,

an d I h tb bl t
ave t i
no wh t i th een a Hi d e f tho asce r a n a s e n u nam e O e

Se ti f th J i
n O e a ns .

A I s
y t g i
m a h ppno t i ty f d d
a an i g th S i t
av e an Oy I or un O a re ss n e oc e ,

em b th p trace i t e p re se n y g ti t d t th
occas on b o ex ress m ra u e o e m em e rs

for th f bl
e pti th y h gi t y p p
av oura e rece I di
on e av e ve n o m a e rs on n an

an ti q i i With t th d t g f th Lib y f th S i ty
u t es . ou e a van a e s O e rar O e oc e ,

h w th ti l fi d d by th f y f ll w l b
'

o e ve r ; e s m u us a or e i e succe ss O m e o -a oure rs n .

th i di
s an th d p t t p i lly th g l gi l d th d
n o er e ar m e n s, e s e c a e eo o ca ; an e a v an

t g
a f
e O h di f
suc i ti with th p bli
a m e um th S i ty
O com m un ca on e u c as e oc e
’
s

J l f i h it i t lik ly th t y tt ti w ld h b
ourna urn s e s, s no e a m a en on ou av e een .

di t d t h bj t t ll if di t d th t I h ld h b
re c e o suc su ec s a a , or, re c e , a s ou av e ee n.
a bl t pe o i th i f lp
e rse ve re ti n e r succe ss u rose cu on.
 ”
A nr V — Notes F res h wa ter I nf usoria i n th e I sla nd
on
f
'
. . o

O rga nisa tion . By H J . . C A RTER, Esq .

,

As s istant S urge dn H C S . . Bom bay .

Re ad February , 1 8 6 6 .

11 y m a pp
a ear, at fl
first, tri ing to e ngage i n th e stu dy f b i
O e ngs to o
sm all to b e vi e we d by th e u nassiste d e y e ; bu t i t soon ce ase s to do so,

wh e n we le arn th at th e h igh e st organi c e v e lo d p m e nts are m ade u

p Of

such b
e ings ; th at e v e r organ h as i ts e culia r y p bi e n
g wh,ic h diff e rs as

m uc h i n form and functi o ns th e soldi e rs O f difie re nt re gi m e nts and,

'

as

th e re fo re , th at to p osse ss a p rac ti cal k nowle dg e O f an anim al or v e gs

ta bl e, we sh o uld be acq u ai nte d with th e se ve ra l ki nds O f gbi

e n s Of wh i ch
it is com p ose d, j ust as m u ch as a
ge ne ral is wi th th e d ress and fu ncti ons

of th e difie re nt
'

so ldi e rs O f an arm y Wh
. a t sh o uld we say o f a ge ne ral

wh o co m m e nce d a cam p ai n
g with no oth e r k nowle dge Of h is soldie rs

th an th at o ne g roupw till y
e re th
ar ly th i d i f t y
er , ano e r cava r , a r n an r ,

&c .and e t th e
y ph y i i t t h i
s c an se s ou p ig g i t di on s cam a n a a ns se ase

w i th th e li ttle arm y f wh i h h i p ti t b dy i p d q lly

O c s a en
’
s o s com ose , e ua

i gnorant Of th e w t h b it
an s, f a d f ti f th
s, big orm s, an u nc ons O e e n s

p e culiar to th e diffe re nt organs, as such a ge ne ral would b e Of th e

p ec uliar ca p bili ti
a e s Of th e sol die rs bl i
e on
n
g g to h is diffe re nt re gi m e nts .

A p iyar t O f reaso ni ng se rv e s for b oth cases, and th e re fore it is lai n, th at p

h owe v e r m u ch
y b e i ncline d to
we m a re stri ct o u r p ursui t o fk nowle dge

in th is re sp e ct wi th re gard to anim als an d ve

g t b l
e a e s, i t is not ou r in
te rcet to curtail it i n th e leas t wi th re gar dt o m an ; w h ile , on th e o th e r

h and, w e find th at we canno t confine th ese inv e stigations to m an alone ,

i nas m uch as i t is im p ibl

oss e to carr y th em on successfull yi n m an w ith

o ut consta nt re fe re nce to th e si m
g Hpl t f
n it es orm s Of o r ani c life . e ce

d oe s not a pp e ar,t fi tas a gg i

rs th , t t ifl i g t
dy fr b i g n o en a e n e s u O e n s

wh ich are t oo ll t bsm a o kd y

e see n by th
p i lly wh e na e e e es ec a en

by su ch a s u t dy w y h p t
e m a dd th t k wl
O d g t e p o t a a no e e o our rese n

ac
q uai nta nce wi th h h ft e wh i h will
u m an bl th ph y i iram e c e na e e s c an

to p rac ti se hi p f i
s with t i ty i t d f
ro e ss on py i i d
ce r a nt h ns ea O em r c sm , an us

56
 430 o nc a m sar wn or rnr v s o nra .
[J e w r

confe r on m an ki d th n e greate st Of all bl e ssings th at scie ntific rese arch

pi t b t i
as re o O a n .

I fl d by th
n uence ese v i e ws, Ih ave not h e si tate df or som e tim e p as t,

w h e n ci rcum stance s woul d adm it, to give m y atte ntion to th e stu dy Of

th e I nfu so ria and F resh wate r Algae O f th e islan Of B om a d by , w h i ch

bi e ng th e sam e ,
ge ne rall y , as th ose Of Euro p e, h ave not occu pi d e m e

m u ch in p
s e cific de scri pti on, w h ile th e y h l ft av e e m e com p arati ve l y
uni nte rru pt d i e n th e ir structural and p h y i l gi l b
s o o ca O se rvati on . How
m u ch h as b ee n gai ne d by th e latte r th e following sum m ar y Of m
y
”
Note s will sh ow .

I sh all com m e nce with th e F re sh wate r Rh izo pd o s, As to ri a , and Eu

y lea a bu t bf e ore p rocee ding to re m ar k on th e m se p y Iw
arate l , ould

p rem ise som e o b se rvati ons on th e organisation

ge ne ra lly f I f
O n usoria,

and th e se wi ll be arrange d d un e r th e followin h eads

g
Pe lli e ula, or skin .

Di ap h a ne , or transp are nt m ovi ng m atte r .

S a rcode , or a bd om inal m u cus .

M ole cule , or m inute grains .

Gra nu les , or large grai ns .

Diges ti ve Globa les, ph

or s e rical s p ace s wh ich e nclose th e foo d
Sp h e ri cal Cslls, or ar organi sm bili y s .

”
Ve si cula , or C ontracting Vesi cle .

Ovules, or e m by r oni c ce lls .

Sp erm a tos oi ds . l
()

De ve lozm e nt o f Ova ls .

P e lli cu la .
- Th i s
‘

h as bee n p rOp ose d

te rm by MOh l for th e conso li

date d surface Of m ate rial wh ich h as no istinct d e nclosing m e m b rane

D j di
u ar n,in allu sion to th e te gum e ntary cov e ri ng O f Am oe ba , & c li . k e ns

it to th e film w h ich occurs ove r fl p our- aste or

g lue allowe to d cool in
th e
”
ai r ; 1
'
and th e sam e vi e w of it w ill be ta k e n h e re It i s . at first
insep bl ara e and u n di ti
s ngu ish a ble from th e tissue wh ich lies b e ne ath i t,
yi ldi g i
e n n e v er y w y t th f wh i h th
a o e orm c e latte r assum es . As, h ow
e ve r, Am eaba p g i
ro resses d lp t n e ve o m e n , and its activi t y b gi e ns to
di m ini sh , th e p lli l pp t h i k
e cu a a ears o t c e n and h ar d e n, alth ough it still

re tains
gre at te nacity ; and th us th e ex
p ansi ons of th e su bj ace nt tissue

Moh l on th e Structure of Ch lo op h y ll. —Ann & Mag Nat Hi st p 325 , v ol. xv

r . . . . .

foot-note .
— May 1 8 65 .

t Hist Nat des Z oop h y te s I nfusoire s, p 29, e t

. . . se q .
1 8 56 — 43 1
] r xm c u na . nra rn a nx .

a re see n to b urst th rough it in m u ch th e sam e m anne r as th e e nd of a

stre am Of le a db u rsts th rough its p lli l

e c e. Finall y , wh e n all acti vi t y
c ease s, and th e Am ba b ecom e s sta ti onar y (by fix ing i tse lf to som e

ne igh b ouring Ob e ct
j p d i l p l g t i f h
th rough
t p lli l ) a e c u ar ro on a on O e e cu a ,

a ne w l y f h l tt
a er O i f d b l w th ld
t e a d th
er th
s orm e e o e O o ne , an us e

p l i f d d th p lli l pl d h b dy f th
c a su e s orm e , an e e cu a re ace on t e o O e

A mb til th l tt
a, un b fi ly ye t d a T w h t
er p t f th
e com e s rm e nc s e . O a ar O e

b dy f th A
o O b th p di l p
e m oe a p d I ig t e e cu ar roce ss co rre s on s am noran ;

b t it i i t
u ti g t
s th t i
n e re s n E gl wh i il
o see p a n u e na , e re a s m ar rocess

t k
a es pl it i th t i ace , t ity w h i h i
s t th
e p di
an e r or e x re m c s ne x e e

l
c e M y f h w t Rh i p d
. an re s t t t a er i g wh i h zO O a sec re e a es ace ous cov e r n , c

i i i
ncre ase s n s ze with th i l b t th fl h y p t f th b dy b i g e an m a ; u e es ar O e o , e n

for th t p t fr
e m os i f till
ar d wi th p lli l
ee , Th
s o co u rse s cove re e cu a . e

llicul form s th e surface cov e ring Of As tas i a and Euglea a as we ll

p e a as

th at Of all th e h alo p oly dip lo and m ono ciliate d fl ibl ex e anim alcules

and zoos ores p . H e re too, p b bly th

ro a , e cilia th e m se lv es are also

cov e re d with it , th ough se cre e t d by bj su ace nt organs, analo

gous p e rh a s p
to th ose wh ich secre te th e h airs on th e bd o ies Of h igh e r ani m als — a

su pp osi tion th at would a pp e ar ri diculous did we not find such a corre

s ponde nce b tw e ee n th e v i tal p roce sse s Of th e h igh e st and lowe st de ve lo p

m e nts as t i d
o n uce us to thi k thn e one are bu t a re p ti ti
e on Of th e oth e r
o n a sm alle r scale ; th at i s to sa
y , e fl t d by
'

ec e sim ilar age nts, of corre

s ondin
p g m inute ne ss, c ondu cte d on th e sam e p rinci le p a in
.
g th e Tk
vi e w a ov e
gbi v e n O f th e p lli
e cula, we m ust re
g ard it as a structure less

p rodu ct, w h ich h a r e ns d afte r sec re tion . May we not infe r th a t th e re

is a la y blw p
er e o , s e ciall y or anise d
g for its form ation l
Di ap h ane — By th is . nam e I w ld d ou esi nate
g th e m ovi n
g b
su stance

on wh ich th e p lli
e cula rests . In Am wba, wh ose pi r m ar y figure is
sph erical, i t h as th e pw o e r O f ch angi ng th is i nto an alm ost u nlim i te d
num b f d yf
er O f wh i h b i g tt d d wi th
se con ar t orm s, m ost O c , e n a en e roo

h p d p l g ti
s a e j tly titl th i i f i t pl
ro on a ons, g th us en es s n usor um o a ace am on e

Rh i p d Th t th di ph i t t l d t p t f
zo o a . a e a ane s s ruc ure ess an rans are n , so ar

as our mi p i p w t d
croscO
y b by th t lli
c g f o e rs e x e n , m a e see n e rave n o som e

ki d f A b
n s O th fi ld f th
m i p i wh i h th ti g
a ac ross e e O e m crosco e, n c e coa n

Alth ough E uglm m e nti one d toge th e r , i t th at,

’

A stasi a and a are h ere see m s

i n classi fi cati on , one sh ou ld be on th e ani m al, and th e oth e r o n th e vege tab le side

of Am ba ; for A storia p osse sse s a m o nth and com p li cate d b ucca l ap paratus for
a

b i ti ng O il and ta k ing in food, wh i le E ugh m a ap pe ars to h ave no m o uth , and to be

'

nou ris h e d by e ndosm osis Th e h alf-de v e lope d cili um , too, i n E ugleaa , com p are d
.

w ith th e str ong p re h e nsile organ wh i ch i t i s in A s tas i a , wi th m any oth er p oi nts

'

w h ich wi ll b e m enti oned h e reafte r, allies th e form er a s m u ch m ore to th e zoosp ore

gonid um of th e Algm th e do es th e latter to th e h igh er i nfusoria

'

or , as re ve rse .
432 I
O RGA N S AT O N o r rs ru so ara I .
[Ju n

Of p
th e di a h ane , th ough b roade r all roun d th an th e di am e te r Of th e tur id b
m ass of conte nts in th e ce ntre , onl y now and th e n, wh en th e ligh t is
favou ra le , b com es into vi e w . Th e radi i in Actinop lrry s are w h oll yd e

v oi d Of tur i bd m ate rial, e x ce p t towar s th e d b ase ; and th e advanci n

g
b o rde r of th e Am oeba; ge ne rall is alwa s trans y y p are nt . But wh e th e r
granules are m ix e d with it or not, th e di a h ane p by it se lf, th at is th e
co ntrac ting m ate rial, in th e p re se nt sta te of ou r m icrosc o ic p pw o e rs,

m ust be ch aracte rise d by trans p are nc y and m otion, with ou t pp a are nt

s tru cture . It h as th e sam e a pp earance and pol m or

y ph i p c owe r in Dif
fi f
uqi a , Euglyp lta , and Am e lla, as i n Am oeba b ut in As tas i a and Eu
g le na , th ou
gh still p ossessing grea t lati tu d e in thi s p
re s e ct, it can
p u t
forth no p rolon ati ons,
g and, conse
q ue ntl y , th e pi r m ar yf orm s O f th ese
fam ilie s are nev e r e ntire l y lost . Thi s lati tu d is still
e m ore lim i te d in
Oz y tri ch a, P lce sconi a , P a ram e ci um , &c .
, th ough i n m an y i nfusoria
Of th is class i t h as still th e pw o er Of te m p o raril yp ro ducin
g consi d er

abl e alte rati on in sh a p e . It m igh t be state d th at th e di a p h ane canno t

b d e e m onstrate di n th ese ani m alcules but th e gre at owe r O f p m oti on

Of th e ir te gum e ntar y cove ring, com bi dne wi th trans p are nc y, warrants

th e us e Of th e te rm h ere j ust as m uch as in Rhi zOpOda, wh e re it is onl y
m o re stri ki ng, b e cause , for want Of cilia , th e ani m alcule is com p ll d t
e e o

p ut it forth in d lie cate e x p ansions and p rolongati ons, i n p ro

g ression, and

f r he
o t .
ca pt u re O f its food ; in d ee d th e se are th e tw o great m o d es in
w h i ch all vi ta l m ov e m e nts are e flt d'

ec e .

Som e migh t th in , from wh at h as k b e e n state d , th at th e re is no di fl '

er

e nce ori inall

g yb
e twee n th e
p e lli c ula an d di ph a ane , and th at th e latte r
p asse s into th e form er w h e n th e ani m a cu e l l b e com e s e nc ste d y . But
ne i th e r a pp e ars to be th e cas e ib r i f w e watch Am oe ba or Eugle na
u nde r oing
g th is p roce ss, th e activi t y d an ac com p yi g p ly an n o m or ph i sm

of p
th e dia h ane is di m inish e d ly by th
on e th i k i g
c d en n an co nso lid ti a on

of th e y
c st, u nti l th e latte r s i f lly f u orm e d, wh e n i t ce as e s alto e th e r
g .

Su b q tly h w
se ue n , o e v e r, in Euy le na, wh e n th is anim alcule e co m b es

tem p ily y t d th
orar e nc s e , p p
e dia h ane se arate s i tse lf from th e last la e r y Of

p lli l wh i h pl t
e cu a c com e es th e c yt s , and th us th e Eugle na b ecom e s fre e
w i th in i t ; afte r wh i ch i t will force 03 th e c o nstri c te d pd e uncle O f attach

m e nt from th e Obj y e ct to h wh i ch th e
b nfi d d p j t c st m a
y av e ee xe , an , ro ec

i g it ili
n s c th gh t
um h b k p
rou t w i b t f
e ti
ro til
en ar , s m a ou or som e m e , un

( p h p by
er a s i f i ) th
ncrease o y t i lt g th b
s zet d i t lib e c s s a o e er urs , an s er

a ti t d Y t it igh t till b b d th t th i i p f f
on re s ore . e m s e o se rve , a s s no roo O

th y t d di ph h i g b
e c s an a igi lly di ti
ane av n t — th e e n or na s nct struc ure s, e

di ph
a h
ane m a
y b f d i
av e w hi h I
e e n re - o rm e ly f t ; n c case c an on re e r o

wh t I h
a
q ti
ave d p
ues onei g th i gi f th p lli
re s e ct n l d dd th t e or nO e e cu a, an a a
 s a a c o ns . 433

wh at ta k es pl ace ge ne rall yi n th e h igh e r organism s a pp ears to m e to be

a ppli bl
ca e to th e lowe r ones . C e rtai nl we do y not find o ne structure e re c t

e d by th e organism O f anoth e r in th e form er, but th e p d

ro u ction O f e ach

structu re dp
e e nde nt on th e p re se nce Of its p p
ro er organism ab i ni tio
th at is, th at th e structure d oes not a pp ear bf
e ore i t is ac com p ani e d by
th e full de ve lo p dfe orm of th e ce ll or o rgani sm w h i ch p d ro u ces it . I
do not q u e stion th at, un d er th e laws O f vi talit y , one organism m a
y occa

si onally ta k e on th e e x cre tor y or se cre ti ng functions Of anoth e r, nor

th at, from a com m on stoc k , all organism s, in O e b di e nce to th e sam e

laws, m ay p
be ada te d to th at wh i ch is p articu larl y re qui re d of th e m bu t
th at wh e n once bi a e n
g i s fu ll de y
ve lo e d, p each or an
g Of wh i c h
it m a
y b e co m ose p dh as i ts p
e c uli ar or ani sm ,
g and th a t organism i ts
p e culiar du ti es , wh ich , e x ce pt i n unusual instances, are th e onl y ones

th at it is p bl f p
ca a e o e rform ing . Th at th e di ph
a ane , th e re fo re , sh oul d
p ass in t th
o p lli l e e cu a, or th e p lli
e cula be sec re te d by th e di pha ane ,

see m s un e na t bl e .

S am ari a — Th is nam e was p p ro ose d by D j di u ar n for th e glu tinou s

”
sub tance Of th e inte ri or Of infusoria and we sh all h e re u nde rsta nd

it as a ppli cable sole l y to wh at, i n oth e r w ords, m igh t be te rm ed th e

a bd om i nal m u cus .
”
Th e sarco e oc cu d pi
es th e ce ntre , wh ile th e dia
ph ane and p lli
e cula form th e circ u m fe re ntial la y e rs Of i nfusori a b e side s
”
th i s, i t is th e seat of th e g ranules and o th e r organs of th e i nte
rior, and a pp ea rs to rece iv e th e food di re ctl i nto its y su bt s ance . From
th e g reate r lati tu de Of th e p arti cle s wh ich are si tuate d towar d s th e
ce ntre , th at p o rtio n m ay be infe rre dt o be of less de nsit th an th e y re st ;

and som e tim e s, wh e n th e ani m alcule is re nde re d s ph e ri cal by a ue o us

q
diste nsi on, th e re app e ars to b e an ac tual cav i t yh e re bu t as I am not

ce rtai n a ou tb th e real si tuation of th e w ate r dun e r th ese ci rcu m sta nce s

I pi by d by p
,

sh all re tu rn to th is o nt again an . I n th e Rh izo oda

g e ne rall y , th e sarcode a pp e ars to h av e no e x te rnal com m unicati o n,

and h e nce th e foo d m us t p ass i nto it di re ctl y th rough th e di ph a ane ;

b ut i n m ost o f th e oth e r infu sori a i t com m u nicates wi th th e su rround

i ng m e dium by one ori fice at le ast . Th e sam e ki d

n of su bt s ance

o cc u pi es a
goo dp o rti on, if not th e wh ole , O f th e inte rnal or a bd om inal
cav i ty of As tas i a and Eugle na , Vor ti ce lla, P a ra m e ci um , and th e
i nfusori a of th is class . Wh en de ath is b
a out to tak pl e ace , it com es

fo rth from Vor ti ce lla , P a ra m e ci um , &c .

, in rou n d p
, trans are nt, stru e
tu re le ss e xp ansions ; an d eve n during life i n S te ntor a p ortion m a
y
be d by p
m a e, ressure , to issu e th rough a ru pt ure of th e p llie cula

0p . ci t .
p 35
. .
434 O RGA N S AT O N o r I I rx r us o a ra .
[J o u r

wi th out an
y a pp are nt i n ur j y to th e anim alcule .
* O tostom a d
‘
also ,

wh e n un e r d p ressure , th rows O flp '

ortions of i ts sarco e d th rough th e anal

orifice , containing a num b e r of th e s ph e ri cal ce lls,

”
to be m e ntio ne d

h e re afte r, wi th wh i ch it is ch arge d in th is ki d n of infusori um . As w e

sh all p rese ntl yfi nd th at th e p ortions Of food wh i ch are rece iv e di nto th e

m i dt s Of th e sarcode are circulate d roun d th e a bd om i nal cavi t

y , it
se em s ne ce ssar yt d o a m i t, also, th at th e sarcode is e ndowe d wi th p a ow e r

o f m o tion, in wh i ch we cannot h el p see ing an analog yt o th at m oti on

wh ich e x i sts i n th e ali m entar y canal of h igh e r ani m als .

I n Euglena th e sarcode is se arate d p from th e di ph

a ane by
a y p
la e r O f ointe d, si gm oi fi re s, arrange d b dp aralle l to each oth e r, so

as to form in Cru m e nula tez ta B

( j)
u . a coni cal c e ll, wh ich , as soon as

th e ov ule s h av e b
d l p d d th di ph
e com e e ve o e , an e a ane and oth e r conte nts

Of th e sarco e d h di d flb av e t p t b
e o
'

, e com e s rans are n , ut still re tai ns i ts

ni cal form til th
un ili y f th fib w
e re s e nc O e re s, no u nres trai ned by h t e

di a h ane p an d th oft p t d h i
e r sod h l ar s, e sc e , an t e ov u e s are se t a t li b ty er .

M ay we not i nfe r th at th e siliceous frustule of Na vicula i s si m il ly i

ar s

tuate d to th is fi b rous la y e r, and th at i t also de ri ves its pw o e r o f m otion

from an e x te rnal c oatin

g di ph of ? T h t th a ane a e re is a g e latinous la y er

e x te rnal to th e frus u e t l p b bly i

ro all Di t na a om e ae, m ay fre que ntl be y se e n,

alth ough it m a
y no t b lw y
e d w d wi th
a a s en o e bility
m o . In p
a s eci es

Of P a lm e lle a li k
Gloeoc ap sa granos a K g I
e . w hi h I h
c av e h ad un e r d
O b se rv ation, p
th e trans are nt e xte rnal cov e ring l p
e nv e o e ce ll, of Coh n)
not onl y at one p idp
er o re se nts an ac tino ph orous form , b ut also m oves

b
a out u nde r th is condi ti on, b e ari ng th e gre e n e lli pti cal ce ll wi th in ( y
sin
gl ,

or di id d i v e nto tw o or four, &c . as th e case m a

y b e , wh ose fo rm
) dp d
e en s

u p th p
on e re se nce O f a m o re or le ss firm coat, th at co rres on s i n p d p iti
os on

and O ffice to th e s p
iral coat in Eagle- 7m and silici ous frus tule in Navi cula ,

v iz . in su pp orti ng th e c o nte nts O f th e sarc o e and ch loro h ll- eari ng d py b

p roto pl asm , and in su stai ni n
g th e ir fo rm in all th es e o r anism s re s e c
g p
ti ve ly In Osci lla ri a (p ri ncep s Kg
. . m ike) too, alth ough , li k e Navi cula, th e
p re se nce O f a la e r of su sta nce y b e ndow e d with m otion roun d th e ce lls

ca nnot be se e n,
y e t, wh e n w e O bse rve th e w h ole ch ain of a fragm e nt

m o vi n
g y b k w d
slowl ac ar s and forwar d s with in its sh eath , and e ve n

t di g b y
e x en d it
n e on , so as to force out th e loose ne d ce lls at e ith e r e nd

( p b
ro b ly f ath f tior e orm a o n of ne w filam e nts ) , we can com e to no oth e r

l i
conc us on, th t I h a see , t an th at each ce ll, wh ich corre s on s p d in O fl
i ce

Eh renbe rg, ap Dnj ard . . op . ci t .

p 34.
, fo ot-note I t is th e sam e wi th N assu la An
. . .

1 Ann 8: . M e g Nat H ist p l i x

. . . . . figs 6—8 , v ol x v ii — 1 8 56
. . .

Hm tococe us gra nosa s Hassall, p l 8 1 , fig 6 . . . . Brit . Fresh water Algae .

But wi th cells scatte re d, not conti nuous .

 1 8 56 ] GRA NU LES . 435

to th e frustule in Nae i cula , &c .

, is surroun e d d by a trans p are nt,
g e la

ti s ons b
su stance , e n owe d d with m oti on, and th at, e n m ass e , th e y p e r

form th i s act . In none Of th ese instances d oe s th is e nv e lo p e, if e x ist

i ng in Navi cula , as we ll as th e re st, p re se nt an

y ch an e on
g th e a ddi
tion Of d
io ine b ut y ll w ti g
a whe o n e , even e n assiste d by lph su uri c ac id
and i t th e re fore pp t b itl d j t
a ears o e e nt e us as m uch to th e te rm Of dia
ph ane in N avi cu l (if p
a t) Gl p g rese n , oeoc a sa raaos a, l
( ) and Osci llari a ,
as i n th e infusoria . In Clos te ri um th e re are no si gns of an or an Of
g th is

kin d e x te rnall y , e x ce pt at th e e x tre m i tie s, wh e re it m a

y be an e x tru dd e

p art Of th e ciliate dp rotoplas m wi th i n ; for C lunula, as Morre n h as state d,

.

can fix i ts e lf by one e nd, and p artiall y ro tate u p on th at e nd ; w h ile in

Sp i rogy ra th is m uch e x trusi on of th p e roto pl asm is not pe rm i tte d, and

th e ce ll is h e re close d after th e m anne r Of v e e table

g ce lls ge ne rall y .

Wh at furth e r stre ngth e ns th e view th at th e re is in so m e Diatom e ee ( ex .

gr . Navi cula et Ni tzsclzi a) a la y er corre s onding p to d i ph

a ane on th e
surface i s, th at th e re is som e p re h e nsile and trans p orti n
g organ h e re ,
wh ich u n ou d bt dly h e as th e p owe r of se izi ng p arti cles th at com e in co n

tact wi th i t, and conv e y ing th e m p arti all y or w h oll y b kw d ac ar s and

forwar d s from one e x tre m it y of th e frustu le to th e oth e r, or of re tai n

ing th e m on any p art of it stationaril y .

M olecule —We will a pply thi s te rm to th e m inute , colourle ss gra

nu les wi th wh ich th e sarco de d Th y diff i i d

is ch arge . e er n s ze , an are

th fi t b di
e rs th pp o i i t
es b t w h th
at a th y b f d if
e ar nf t ki d
; u e er e e O ere n n s,

h av e an
y p t i l m ar d g
cu ar O y f t h d l p t I
oe , or un e r o an t ur er e ve o m e n , am a

p t i g t A b A t i d E gl i th li p t f
re se n noran . m a, s as a, an u e na , n e ear e r ar o

th i i t t
e r e x s e nce , res ec
p i ly t t i th i g l ve b t h i
se e m l o con a n no n e se u t s m o e

l
on ar sarco e ,d th l d t eti g i l
nu c e us, ft w d th an con rac n v es c e a er ar s e

g l
ranu e s
”
pp
a d l t f ll th
ear, an l b t h f w h
asi h o d a e ov u es, o O c are eve

l p d i th
o e n d g
e t th l
sarco e am on s l B y t h ti t h l e m o e cu es . e m e e ov u e s

h b
av e f lly f
e com e d th u d d it l
orm e l h , di d ff
e sarco e an s m o ecu es av e e o ,

or di pp d sa e are .

G l —
ra nu esTh i .i i t ddf ti l g g
s nam e s l wh i h
n en e or cer a n ar e ram r e s, c

k th i pp
m a e e r a g th l lw
earance a m on d i l t d d th
e m o ec u , an are c rcu a e ro un e

a bd i l ity i th
om na cav f h dig ti n g l b e l d
m anner o p ti l t e es ve o u e s an ar c es

O ff d oo Th y f diff t i b h i fly h t i d by b i g
. e are O e re n s zes, ut c e c arac er se e n

m uc h l g th th
ar e r l l f wi
an b f i l llipti l
e m o ecu es, e n num e r, o a c rcu ar, e ca ,

l g td
e on a e b d i g l h p with th i k d k dg pp
, su -roun , or rre u ar s a e , c ar e es, a a

re n l
ty p d d by b t
ro uce ti t th p g f l
O s rucig h t — l lon o f e assa e o co ou r e ss, or O a

y ll wi h g ti t Wh l g d with th g l tt
e o s reen n . en ar e , an no o er ranu ar m a e rs

p t b t th l l th y f
rese n u e m o ecu es, t ik i g f t i th i t i e f
orm a s r n ea ure n e n er or O

Am ber, Vortice lla, Or g

/ tri cks , P a ra m eciu m aureli a, &c . but at ti m es
436 o a o a s rs a r ro n o r ru r u so nra .
[J U LY

th e y are so insignificant in size as to be un di tis nguish able from th e

m olec ules, e v e n if p rese nt at all . Th at th e y are not ovule s m ay be

satisfactoril y see n wh e n b oth are toge th e r ; th e dar k , th i c k , and fre

q u e ntl yi gl rre u ar e d es
g and colo urless state O f th e form e r, contrasti ng

stron gly wi th th e th in, circ ular m ar in and

g y
fai nt- e llow ti nt O f th e lat
te r . Th y pp e a e ar to increase in size and nu m b e r with th e g
a e Of th e
i nfusori um , and, wh e n full yd e v e lo e pd t , o re m ai n unalte re d in siz e ,

th ough a pp are ntl y som e wh at sh ri v e ll d i f

e n orm , until th e i r di ssolution .

On one occasi on, w h ile watch ing th e m e tam or ph i f os s O an Oxy triclca

( si m ilar to, b ut not th e sam e as th at d e scr i b d by M J

e . ules B aim e , ‘

and of wh i ch Ih O e
p d
to giv e a de taile accou nt h e reafte r) , th e se granule s,
du ring th e form ati on of th e
glo ular ce ll with in th e b o d , wh ich e n b y
close d th e m ate rials from wh i ch th e Plees coni a was u lti t ly d
m a e l p d e ve o e ,

b e cam e con re ate d to e th e r at th e

g g g p
o ste ri or ex tre m ity f th O y t i h
O e x r c a,

a nd re m aine d th e re in a roun di h s m ass, sh u t out from th e ce ll, until th e

latte r b urst for th e li b e ration of th e Pla sconi a, wh e n, wi th th e deci

duona cove rings, th e yp asse d i nto dissoluti on . O f th e nature O f th e ir

o ffice I am i gnorant, b ut th e y are su ffici e ntl y re m ar a k bl e and cons tant

to de m and p arti cular no tic e .

I n th e de v e lo p m e nt O f p
th e s onge -ce ll, a sim large granules
ilar se t Of

m a k e th e ir a pp e arance at a v e r y e arl yp e ri od, and incre ase i n num er b

and size u ntil th e yf orm as rem ar a k bl e a fe atu re as th b ti d
ose a ov e no ce .

At th is ti m e th e y b
are a out r a im-
, of an inch in di t
am e e r, of lli p ti l an e ca

sh a e , p and of a li gh t am b er colou r, by transm i tt d li gh t th y

e ; e are

th e colou r- e ari nb gg ranule s o r ce lls of Sp ongi lla, and gi ve th e colo ur

O f ch loro ph yll t th i o s or ani sm

g wh e n i t b e com e s gree n .

S uch granule s woul d pp a ear to be p re se nt i n th e e arliest form s of

Am oe ba since th e m y a
y b e see n i n m ono —
and dip lo ciliate d m ounds,

wh i ch , on pp d g b
losing th ese p ly ph i d
a e n a e s, ll e com e o m or c, an assu m e a

th h
e c t fA
arac e rs o b i y g t t H th y t ly
m oe a n a oun s a e . e re e no on rese m

bl th g
e le f th p g ll b t t th
ranu es O e s ti pp t b f
on e -ce , u a e sam e m e a ear o e o

th e sam eki d th b d ib d N ith i it

n as ose a ov e t e scr e . e er s u ncom m on o se e

p ly ph i ll p i ly li k A b b i g g l l d
o m or c ce s, re c se e m oe a , ear n ranu es co oure

lik h e tf th
ose o
p g ll b et th b l
s on e -ce b tw th
; tw u e re se m ance e e en e o

i
or an sm s
g i g t w h s thso l t t i f
rea ,t h t i t i i
en p i bl et a er s re e , a s m oss e o

sa y w h i h i w h ich h w
s th y c g i h oy ll w d
e v e r, lli p ti l e are ree n s e o an e ca

fl
, ,

e longate in th e foot of Di ugi a p rote

if orm is wh ich cannot be
co nfoun e d d with th e ce ll of
Sp ongi lla h at th ese granules are not . T
o vules i th
n p e s on e-ce ll, an
g y m ore th an in infusoria, th e ir colour alo ne

is sufficie nt to de te rm i ne .

Ann d“ SOC Nat , To m . a . 09

p 1 , Z OOl - l ess O o
 m o ns rrv s
'
L
G O BU LES . 437

Diges ti ve G lobu le s . -We sh all use th is te rm for sp h e ri cal sp ace s Of

th e sarco e , d wh i ch are fille d with w t a e r, and e ne rall

g c o n tai n m ore y or

less foo d Th y
. e are form ed in Vor ti ce lla and P a r am e ci um in th e fol
lowi ng way, viz . as th e p arti cle s of nu tri tive m atte r are d raw n into th e
vorte x Of th e b uccal ca v it y by
, th e ci lia wh ich are dis po se d arou nd its
o ri fice for thi s p p u r o se , th e y are force d dow n, with a c e rtai n am ount

of wate r, i nto th e sarcode at th e e nd of it wh ere th e

, y at first fo rm a

po uch -li k e dilatatio n, w h i ch soone r or late r b ec om e s c onstricte d close to

th e b uccal cavi t y , and, h avi ng b een th us se p arate d f ro m i t, p asses O ff in

sp h e rical fo rm s into th e m idst of th e sarcode . Th e form ation of one

glo bule is soon followe d by th at of anoth e r ; and so on succe ssi ve l y th e

foo d, with a large quan ti ty

of wate r, is ta e n into th e a k bd om e n ; som e

tim es th e gl b
o ule a pp
e ars to contai n noth i ng but wate r . Wh en i n th e
sarco e, d it is c onti nuall y d
u n e r oi n
g g ci rcula tio n ro und th e a bd om inal
c av t i y , until th e wh ole Of its c onte nts are di ge ste d, and re solv ed i nto a

flid u , or until th e ir nutri e nt p arts are a stracte b d ; th e re m ai nde r th e n,

still in a glob ular fo rm , if th e re be su i c ie nt wate r le ft to sustai n th is, fl
is cast of th rou gh th e anal orifice, as it arri v e s O o si te th i s pp
p oint du ri n
g rotation . F re que ntl y , h ow e ve r, noth i n
g b ut th e crude

i nge sta re m ain ; for as soon as th e glo ule b b gi e ns to be circulate d,

th e wate ry conte nts b gi t e n o be b bd

a sor e ,
- h e nce som e p arti cle s

of d fo o are alm os t lw y p
a a s rese nt, wi th ou t an
y g lobu le round th e m ;

a dd d t e o wh ich , i yi
n m an nstance s b odi e s p
ass di re ctl i nto th e y
sarcode wi th out an y gl b l t o u e a all . I cannot th i n k , wi th m ost oth e rs,

th at th e re is an
y i nte sti nal canal i n th e a do m i nal cavi t , b y b e cause th e
dige stive glo b ules and o th e r arti cle s of foo p
a re cons tantl d y unde r oi n
g g
c i rc ulati on rou n d th e wh o le of i ts inte rior . In Vor tice ll pa, arti cle s of

food m a
y oc casionall yb e se e n to circulate th rough out, and accu m ulate ,

in e ve r
y co rne r Of i ts inte ri or, p articularl y th ose wh i ch do not h a pp en

to be i n glo ules
e nc lose d b
More ove r, th e intim a te re se m lance wh i ch
. b
e xi sts be twee n th e alim e ntar o r ans of h i h e r i nfus o ria, viz
g g N asm ly
a ,
.

Otoe tom a , &c , and th ose of th e inoc ular and sO calle

.
- -
lind Pla nari ce , b db
i n th e distance Of th e m onth from th e ante rior e x tre m it y
th e p re se nce
,

of a b uccal a pp aratus, and a si m pl e sac-li k e stom ach i n th e latte r, li ne d

wi th y
a la e r Of m ucous sub stance ( sarco d e l), ch arge d wi th th e “
s ph e ri cal

cells
”
b
a ou t to b e d e sc ri e d,b is so
g re at, th at wi th su ch a sim pl e gastri c

organ i n an anim al so close l y lli d t th

a e o e se infusoria as Pla na ri a, I do not
see wh at reason we h ave , n i d di g h
e sce n n t e scale , to e x p e ct a m ore com pli
as te d dig e sti ng a pp aratus ; b ut, on th e contrar y , one still m ore si m pl e, in
w h ich th e re w ou ld b e no stom ach at all —a conditi o n wh ich app e ars to
m e to be com m on to all th e infu sori a th at h ave com e un e r m d y noti ce .

67
438 o a o am s a r ro n o r rx s v so a u .
[J U L Y

I n th e Am a ba, for w ant, a pp are ntl y , of a ch anne l of com m unicati o n

w i th th e e x te rior, th e intro duc tion of foo d se e m s to ta e k pl ace di re c tl

y
th ro ugh th e p
dia h ane and it is onl y now and th e n th at th e p rocess by
wh ich th e dig estive glo bl i f
u e s orm e d ca n be di s ti nctl y se e n . Th us, o n

o ne occas on, i wh e re th e p ti l b
ar c e a ou t to be e nclose dw as a sm all Am oe ba ,

th e latte r, afte r struggli ng for som e tim e, go t unde r th e form e r, w h en

th e large Am oe ba rai se d i ts di ph ia a ne n a d o m e -sh a pd e cav i t y o ve r th e

sm all one , and th e n, closin g i b lnw e o , afte r th e m anner of a sph i nc te r,

sh u t i n th e sm all Am ba, w h ich , wi th a p orti on o f w ate r, i m m edi t ly a e

p asse d i nto th e sarcode , u nde r th e form of a s ph e rical dig ti es ve

glo b ule .
* Th at th e foo d is b k d w by dig
ro en o n a e stiv ep rocess in th is
w ay m abe see n i n th e Am b a , wh e re it fre u e n
q tly pp a ears in all
y
d e ree s of solution i n th e sam e in i vidual ; v iz from
g d . pq an o a ue , cru d e

m ass, to a bl ue or b row nish fl id u , according to th e colour w h i ch th e

m ate rial m ay assum e under its alte re d c on di i

t on . I n Artasia di gesti v e

glo b ule s also a pp ear, bu t h e re th e foo d is ta k en in th rough a is tinc t d

m onth , w h i le b
i n Eugle na, th e a se nce of such v e si cle s w ould ap p ea r to
in d pp
icate th at i ts su ort is eri v e in a iffe re nt way d d d .

Sp h e r ica l Calla — Th
e se ce lls, to w h i ch I h ave dd b d j us t allu e , a oun

d
in th e sarco e of 0 tos tom a , 1 and a are ntl in m pp y y f Eh b g
'
an o re n e r
’
s

th y f diff b th y
~

a ll t t
o re a I Ot t
. n os om a t i e are o i e re n s zes, e caus e e are n

a ll t gs a es o fd l p t d t k p p th i
e ve o m en ; an b with t di , o ee u e r num e rs, ou s

t di g th
en n i l l th y
e an m a cu e , b ti lly e d g i g m ust pi d e con nua un e r o n ra

d y w ll p d ti
e ca , as e as re Th rot uc k bl f t i th
on . e m os re m ar a e ea u re n em

is, th t th a l g b id th g l b di
e ar es t, es es t i o ler ranu a r o e s, con a n se v e ra

sm a ll ll ce fill d with
s, b w i h y ll w fl id d th
e a ro ll
ns e o u , an ese ce s

are l a sof d f o un g th re e am on
g l g p b t w h th ei lti e ne ra rou u at e r u m ate

d i i i
e st nat on s, as th y d pp t g w l g e o not a t b e ar o ro ar e r, or o e co m e te

p d
ro t i uc I i
ve ,
g I
am th P l i
norant t w
. h i h I h n ll d d e a na r ce o c ave a u e ,

as w ll e i R if
as n h ll
ot e ra, su c ly fill h t hce d h l g s near t e s om ac , an t e ar e

o ne s big e n l p
m ore o r
g d t g th i
e ss t h rouf t he ti o e er n e orm e r, a t e sam e m e

t h t th y h i fly
a e t i
c h y ll w ll gi
e co n a n th w h l
t e e b i o ce s, ves e o e a su -ac nous o r

g l d l
an u ar pp a y li k th h
e arance , v e r p ti l t d ie
g th e e a c e em e n su rroun n e

a li t y
m e n ar l f cana f th l w w
o som e o It i l i e ti ng t
o er orm s . s a so nte re s o

fi d h
n h t
e re h p t a e ac l h f ili ( b t 5 0) p j ti g
o sse sse s a as o c a a ou ro e c n

from p t f h ll wh i h f
o ne ar o t e ce ti , ft th y c f , d or som e m e a er e are orce

i t th w t
n o e h g h
a erth l
t ro u i fi p te ana o rf th b dy t by ce , or a ru u re o e o , ac

h i wh ippi g
t e r n i p f l
m ov e m e nts as ti g w h i
m l w h e r e ct
n ocom o ve or ans, e, e

th e se ll ce fi d is it
a re th xe m w h i ppi ng
n s u, nt t e sa e m ov em e m us

Ann 3: . M ag Nat Hist

. . . i v p 93
v ol . . .
— 1 849 .

f Idem , v ol. x vii . pl i x . . fig 6, b, b

. .
 su m m on ] . C E LLS . 4 39

ke e p u
p a continue d agi tation of th e gas tri c conte nts, wh ich , if not con
d ucte d in a sim ilar w ay i n th e i nfusoria, h as i ts analogu e th e re i n th e
c irculati on of th e d
igestiv e glo ule s, and granular m atte rs of th eb
sarco e d . Alth ough ov ules m a
y occasionall yi ssu e toge th e r wi th th ese
ce lls from O tos tom a, &c . as from th e P la narice , y e t th e two can h ardl y
be confou nde d wh il i
; e n th e P la nari ce th e eculiar ch aracte r of th e p
o v ule not on ly di ti g i hs n u s es it, bu tby f l care u m ani p ulation th e wh ole

ge ne rati ve a pp t y b
ara us m a e ex p d t id th
ose ou s e e stom ach .

Th at th e se ce lls i n P la na ri a and O tos tom a are h om ologous or ans

g
can h ar ldy be d bt d b
ou e , ot th e ir ge neral
h from ch aracte rs and th e ir
corre s on e ncep d i p iti
n os on ; bu t wh at th e i r ofi ce m a
y be is at rese n t p
k
u n now n . O ccurring, h owe v e r, as th e yd o, in th e stom ach of P la na

ria and Roti fe ra, wh e re th e re is no oth e r analogu e of th e ao-

calle d
bili y ar follicle s of th e lowe r worm s,
* and b e ing alm ost i d e nti cal in
Otos tom a an d P lana ri a, th e y not onl y lly tha e se two organism s, b ut,
at th e sam e ti m e, a pp e ar to be th e h om ologue of th e bili yar follicles
in each .

Ih y ll f th i k i d
ave ne v e r see n ani A b ce so s n n m oe a, unle ss
g th e “
ranule s
”

l dy d
a re a i b d b th i l g
e sc r It pp
e e e r ana o ue s . a e ars d
e vi e nt th at th ese

b th i A b d th p g ll th
o n m er an e s on e-ce are e sam e , and th at th e y are

th e se at of th e
g ree n colour in th e latte r . Are th e gre e n granules of th e
s po nge -ce ll analo ous to th e
g p arts or c e lls re s e ctiv e lpw h ich h ol y d
th e colouring m atte r or e ndoch rom e in th e Di a tom e ce , C los te ri um , Sp i
r oy
y ,
ra Cladop lw r a , & c . and
(th rou h th e latte r) , to th e
g
“
gre e n di k s s
”
or

p p h
e ri
r y
al la e r of ch lo ro h ll- earin ce llule s in th e i nte rnode
g py b of Ni te lla ,

and th ose whi ch , scatte re i rre gularl th rough i ts m ov ing d y p roto pl asm ,

are circulate d rou n d th e c e ll of S e m i cula ver ti ci lla ta If so, th e

c h loro ph yll b - e ari n

g p arts of th e p roto pl as m in ve ge ta bles m a
y be th e

analogu e of th e liv e r in ani m als . In so m e Rotife ra th e S p h e rical ce lls

a pp e ar to b bil
e ar e as gree n as
grass or ch loro h l
p y Ll w-
h
'
ile i n o th ers i t is

By th i s I do not m e an to class th e Planari ans w ith th e w orm s. Mr C Gi rard ,

. .

”
w h o h as fo llowed out th e Em b ryoni c De ve lo p m Planocera e lli p ti ca , w o uld
e nt of

ally th e m to th e Gasterop oda . Rese arch es u p on Ne m crteans and Planari sm

- "
.

4to , Ph i lade lp h i a, 1 8 5 4 .

t S ince wr i ting th is, I h av e see n D i gle na ca te lli na ( Eh r .

) disch arge th e gre e n
m atte r from i ts ali m e nta ry canal, and re tai n no th ing b ut th e ordinari ly co loure d

b i li ary ce lls ; also D . ca u da ta to h ave th e wh o le of th e soft tissu e s of i ts body

colou re d i n th is way , unless th e re b e di verti c ulati ons of th e sto m ach to th is ex te nt ;
to th at I now b e gi n to th in th is colour, w h i ch at k fi rst ap pear e d p e rsiste nt, to b e
adventi ti ous , and gained fro m th e E ngin e , and, p e rh a s
p , c h lo ro h
p y ll-beari n
g p ro

toplasm on w h ic h th ese spe ci es ch ie fl

y f ed e . A cci de ntally , p e rh aps , th e b ile m ay

b e com e gre e n in any sp ecie s o f Rotifera, as in ani m s ls

ge ne rally ; and th is app ears

to be th e case wi th th e endoch rom e of D i rtom eaz.

 440 o s e a m sa n o s or m m so am .
[J U L Y

Di a tom ea ; wh ile in Sp i rogy ra p

e s e ciall y , th e b
oil-glo ule s and am yl ace ous

de p osi ts, wh ich b d i b ti

a oun j g ti n a or v e co n u a on, are e ntire l y confine d

to th e gre e n S pi l b d th
ra - an s, p di g i us corres on n , n one i d e nti call y , and in

th e oth e r trans iti lly w i h h f t

ona d g , t t e a an su ar w h ich are fo un di n th e

live r of m an ; th e colouring m atter in all of cou rse bei ng, wh en pre

se nt, a m e re d
in i cation m t p a r of th e nature
. . of th e organ How th e .

colour be arin
-
g ce llulse of th e s ph e ri cal cells are p d d
ro u ce in O tos tom a
-
and Plana r i s I am ignorant ; bu t in som e Ro ti fe ra (
ex .
gr . Brae/tion s

Pa la Eh r , .
) th e yp rese nt th e m se lv e s at an earl yp i di er o n a circular or

di id g p
sco rou , attach e d to th e ce ll-w all, and th us, w i th th e b
a se nce of

th e nuc le us, bl g l t d t t f th t g
close l y rese m e a ranu a e s a e o a or an .

Vd t — I w ld p p
e an a th i f th C t ti g V i l
ou re ose s nam e or