TheJournaloftheBombayBranchoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety1857 10862918
TheJournaloftheBombayBranchoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety1857 10862918
O F TH E
BOMBAY BRANCH
o,
1 2m m l m th e s u n tan) .
V OL V . .
A
C
‘
Bom b ay
I
P R N TED AT TH E
Ed i to r w o uld tak e th is o
ppo rtunit
y of ac kno w le dgi ng, w ith
h a d th e h o nou r to be S e cre ta ry of th e S oc i e ty ; m o re
p arti c ularly
to th e Re v Drs
. . Wilso n and S te v e nson, th e form er H onora ry
P r e side nt and th e latte r late P reside nt of th e S oc ie ty , to w h ose
i
e x e rt o ns and w illingne ss at all ti m es to ai d in th e m anage m e nt
Wh ile av ailin
g h i m se lf o f th is op po rtunit
y also to apo lo gize
Bo m bay , In July 1 8 5 7 .
CONTENTS OF VOL V . .
No . X V II I .
Ar m o u r:
I — H istorical Nam
. es and Facts containe di n th e Kag h e ri
( K e pi
ne r
y) wi th T l ti I pp d d
nsc ri t ons rans a ons a en e .
By th R J S V e DD ev . . TE E N S O N, . . .
l I — O th Na i k C
. u I e ip ti By th R JS
s av e - nscr ons. e ev . .
'
rs
V D E N SO N ,
III — G l gy f th N gp St t By th R S H
.
. eo o o e a ur a e. e ev . . I S LO P .
I V —.Th A i t I e i My th l gy
nc e n L tt t th R ran an o o : a e er o e ev .
D W H r . y P id t f th S i y By
I LS O N , onora r re s en o e oc e t .
P f N L W
ro esso r G f C p h g . . ESTE R AA R D, o o e n a e n,
H yM b ono rar em er
V — B i f N ti
. r ef P i d f th L g g
o ce s o ll d e rs an, an o e an ua e ca e
Z d By J R en . E q f ly O HN O M E R, s .
, o rm e r
P id f h S i ty Cres e nt o i d by th R t e oc e . om m u n cate e ev .
D W H r y P id t I LS O N , o nora r re s en ”
lld th Nl
.
VI A D. ip i
- f th S l w t L k
e scr t on o l e a t- a e r a e ca e e u ,
GF . B b y A y P li i l Ag t Ri
U LU A M ES , om a rm , o t ca en , wa
K t an a
II — B ddhi t C T pl
. u h Ci
s f B it lb i
a ve - d em es 1n t e rca rs o a a ar an
D l b d i H H h Niow ata D ii
a , By n . . t e za m
’
s om n o ns .
W H B . Eq S g. B by A y
R A D L E Y, s .
, u r e o n, om a rm ,
h d t H H th Ni
attac e S i o . . e zam
’
s e rv ce
"U L — D ip i f
esc r f th l g F
t o ns f F ili d
o som e o e ar e r o rm s o o ss ze
F i gf i S
ora m i d w i th O bn
’
ti
era hi n n ; se rva o ns on t e r
I l St t nte rna By H J C Eq A i
ruc u re . . . A RTE R , s .
, ss st
tS g B b y E t bli h t [Wi h Pl t ]
an ur eon, om a s a s m en . t 8 a e
CO NTENTS .
Anrrc nn
'
IX — . D esc ri
p tion of O rbi toli tes M a la ba ri ca illustrative , of
C h am b e rs in D O R m
’
GN Y s
’
Or d er Cy cloc téguea . By
H J . . Cu rra n, Esq .
, Assi stan t S ur e o n,
g B by
om a Es
tablish m e nt. [Wi th a Plate ]
X .
— Note o n an a pp are ntl y ne w ge nus of Gas te rop od . By
A . H . Lu '
ra , Es q .
, MD . .
th P i l f I di By C l l v
e en ns u a o n a . o o ne ns ,
GS Wi th D i p ti
. f th Sp i
. By Si a e sc r on o e e c m e ns . r
P MGE . DEG S [E t t d f . . GE R I O N ,
’ ‘
. . x rac e r
th Q t ly J l f th G l gi l S i ty f
e ua r e r ourna o e eo o ca oc e o
L d ] on on.
XII P t ipt t th G l gy f th N gp S t t
.
- os scr o e eo o o e a ur a e.
”
By th e Re v S Hrs no r
. .
No . X IX .
I .
—Sah yadri Inscrip tions By th e Re v . . JS V. TE E N S O N, DD .
Pr id es e nt
II .
— S um m ar y of th e G y f I di b tw th G
eolog o n a, e ee n e anges,
th e Id n us, an d C p C i
a By H J C
e om or n . . . a u r nn,
'
Esq .
, Assi stan t S g B b y E t bli h
ur eon, om a s a s m e nt .
[Wi th M a
p and
IV — p
De scri tiv e Notice s of Anti uiti e s in i n
. q S d C . o m m uni
cate d by H B . . E F R E R E, Esq
. .
, C i i om m ss one r in
Sin d
V —Ab stract
. of th e P roce e di ngs o f th e S oci e t y for th e
Ye ar 1 8 5 2 -5 3
No X X . .
—
L Th e Tith y as or B ddhi t d th
Tirth akas of th e u s s, an e
By th e R J S V
e v. D D P id t
. TE EN S O N, . .
, re s en .
C O NTENTS . v ii
A R TI C L E p A GE
II B ddhi t
.
— u s Anti q ui tie s Chi
in na . By th e Re v . J .
S V TE EN S O N , D D, . . P id t res en
III .
— An Accou nt of th e Ancie nt and Rui ne d C it y of
Si d By A F B
Brah m inabad, iu
Eq n . . . E LL AS I S , s . 4 13
IV P ti g Vi it t th S h y ad i C
.
- ar n By th R J
s o e a r ave s . e e v. .
S V D D P id t
TE EN SO N , . .
, re s en
V N t
. F -
h w t I f i i th I l d f B
o e s on re s a er n uso r a n e s an o om
b y —N l O g i ti
a . By H J C o .
, r an sa on . . . A RT E R ,
Eq A i t tS g s H C S B by
.
, s s s an ur e on . . .
, om a
V I — F th
. Ob ur ti h R i d C ity f B h
er se rv a ons on t e u ne o ra
i b d i mSi d By A F B
na a Eq
, n n . . . E L LA S I S, s .
,
B b y Ci il S i om a v e rv ce
V I L— R h d Di
esearc i i A y i esd B by an scov er es n ss r a an a
l i By Si H C R W
on a. r . . A L I N SO N ,
&c .
VI I I .
—O u th e Avasti i, and th e Ze n d and P hl a av i Language s .
MU R R AY M I TC H E L L ,
o f I di n a d th
an dj i i g C t i By J H e a o n n ou n r e s . O N
WI LS O N , DD F RS H
. y P id t f h . . onorar re s en o t e
S oci e t y
X — . D p
e ve lo m e nt of t e en
h R t ll nd it N le -ce a s uc us I n
Ch a ra b By H J C Eq
oe r ti ci lla ta, Rox . . . A R TE R , s .
A i t t S g H C S B by
ss s an ur eo n om a “
Si d
. . .
,
XI N i. Hi t i l d A tiq i f Pl
- ot ce s, s or ca an n uar an, o ace s I n n .
C i t d by H B E F
o m m u n ca e Eq C . . . R E R E, s . om
i Si d
f B eth B
i i m ss o ne r n n “
igh,i R
. .
X II — D ip ti f th
esc r C on y o e aves o l n
E I M P E Y , Esq
.
X I II . O u th e Ultim ate
- tru ctu re S of Sp ongi lla , and A di d
tional hw t I Notes on F re s a er nfusoria i n th e slan I d
f B
o b y By H J C
om Eq
a . . . A RTE R, s .
, Assistant
S g H C S B by
ur e on . . .
, om a
X IV .
—E t t f
x rac R p t A trompt d a e or on t em s m a e to su p ply
A d wi th W
en t By Li t t II S a e r. e u e na n . T . C . W IL
E
K I N S, ti E gi Adx e cu C ve n ne e r, e n. om m u n c a e i t d
by th G t e ove rnm e n
C O NTENTS .
A RTI C LE
XV .
—Le tte r from F . B RO U GH TO N , Esq .
, Assistant S ur eon
g
H C
. . S .
,
W I LS O N H onorary Pre
to th e Re v Dr . .
,
I di By H J
BA
e rn n a. . C A R TE R , Esq ”
t
.
XVII .
— O u th e Transi tion of Tra p i nto Lateri te .
y ssi s
ant S ur e on
g F . BRO U GR TO N , Ci vil S urge on, K ol
h apoor
XVIII — Ab t
. s ract of th e P roce e di ngs o f th e S ocie t y for th e
y e ars 1 8 53-5 4 , 1 8 54 -55, and 1 8 55
LIST O F PLATES .
Pu t
}
To m en P AG E
z
I .
— P lan of th e C ave -Te m pl es at NIisi k 41
J
F ac-si m iles of I p
nscri ti ons i n th e C ave s on th e Il ds an
of Salse tte
(
D itt o In th e C ave s ne ar Nik (Tfll
as . o o ow .
)
“T bl a e s of Le tte rs and sylla les b as e x hi bit d e i n th e
C ave - I p
nscri ti ons .
(T o follow .
)
“
IL — F ossil F oram ini fe ra in in S d
V
I p
Fac-sim ile s of nsc ri ti ons in th e aves at K arlé n C
{
D h
itto at Rora , i n th e out e rn C oucan ( T S h
o follo w . .
)
Ditto at Bja a.
(To follow .
)
V
Ditto at Juni r ( Di tto)
“I II —Plans
. .
of th e Cav e - e m T pl es at Junir .
(To follow ) .
V I V — Dia ram
g. ex hib iti ng th e Ig ne ous and S di
e m e ntar y
Rocks of I ndia
1 Ma of I di T f ll
p n a .
( o o ow .
)
V D .
- rawi n s
ill t ti g us ra ve o f th e Anti q uities of Si d n
VL — B ddhi t A hi t t
u s rc e c u ral Re m ai ns near Jerruc k .
( Not
pi d) r nte .
JOU RNA L
OF TH E
BO MBA Y BR A N C H
O F TH E
J U LY ,
1 8 53 .
AR T . I — H is torica l N a m
. es a nd F ac ts conta ined i n th e K ala hari
( K e nn y ) I nscr ip ti ons wi th Tra nsla ti ons ap p e nde d . By th e
Re v . J STE V ENS O N, D D
. . .
I T h as b e en well b d by M P i
o se rve r . r nse ,
p h
t at as long as th e
stu dy f I di o n an An tiq i ti
u fi it lf t
es con ne s se o th e illus tration of I ndi an
t y i p d t d th t ”
h is or , t osse sse s li ttle attrac ti on foi th e ge ne ral stu en , an a
an i t t i thi
n e res bj t i ly w k d wh th h b
n s su ec s on a a e ne en e re as een
di d
sco v ere pl ibl p i t f
som e ti b tw th l g d f
aus e o n o conne c on e e en e e en s o
I di d th ti l hi t i f G
n a an e ra ona dR Di
s or es o i ree ce an om e .
”
sc ov e r e s,
h w
o lik th
ev e r, h d f e ose i I di A h l gy
e m a e, orm an e ra n n an rc aeo o .
M P i p g th d th i t g
r . r nse adh l ft t
e re th li ttl
e v n a e , an th as e o o ers e m ore an
th gl
e i g f th g p
ean n s o db t f hi l
e ra est d ly d
an u or s am e n e ear e ce ase ,
hi l
s ze a d d w ld t han ll w d
ar our ou th no t i av e a o e e ven ese o re m a n.
W h e f q li t
av e no t t b i g f w d wi h th
nam es o e ua n e resl dy o rn or ar t ose a re a
i t d
n ro uced t th ti f th li t
o y p bli f E p
e no ce o e Ch e rar u c o uro e no an
d g p t t i d tify with th S d
ra n a o en tt f th G k e w d an raco us o e ree s, as as one
by Si W illi r J A ti h am g d
ones ; no k by d
n oc us e n rave on our roc s com m an
l i t th p
a c us on as oby wh th p p f whi h d
e e rsons om , e ur ose s or c , an
h ti
t e b t whi h th
m e a ou k bl
c ti k w h C
ose re m ar a e e x cav a ons, no n as t e av es
o fW t I di w
e s e rn n t d
a, A d e re e x e cu e ti g p i wi th h
. n as a conne c n o nt t e
d h dd dw t
re cor s an e by th
o n i t o wus l th i g e anc e n s, e e arn som e n
o f h ligi
t e re p f i f h ous ro ess on ig f th o V li di t g e sov e re ns o e a or ens
an d y f h d d th d f t tw th d l y d
an arm o a un re ousan oo , o ousan cav a r , an a
th d l ph t li g th M h a i h t G t Ki gd i
ousan e e an s, ru n ov e r e a r s ra or re a n om , n
t
an e x e nt to whi h i t g i i c d ti d th P hw tt i d
a a n n m o e rn m e s, u n er e es as , a a ne
an d i di t d i t l i t th
v n ca e s c a m it b o e nam e ears .
App ly th
are nt t i t hi t i l
e m os anc e n k i th t s or ca nam e on our roc s s a
o f h f t e C h a ky
am ous h p pt d p i
na a, t e i i t fre c e o r an r m e m n s e r, or a
w hil f th
e, o b ti d Ch d g pt H i
e a ove m e n one ti d dan ra u a . e s m en one un e r
h i g til
s en f Da il (S
e nam e o D i il ) m Th a C h A ky
a ns . r m a . e nam e na a
is a p t y i d K tily th fty) h i ll d i th pl y
a ron m c, an au a e cra , as e s ca e n e a
o f h M d
t e Ri k h
u ra i i d tly s asa, i k s g
ev i h i enby h i a n c nam e ve n m s
e ne mi Hi p p
es . s w Vi h
ro e r nam e g p t d D a
as il t
s nu u a, an r m a se e m s o
h b ave
g til
ee n a pp llenti q
e a i l t t e t h a S on, e i D a i d d
u va e n o e anscr t r v a, an
th e m o e rn *
d T il ll f th w d b i g di lly th
am , a o ese I or s e n ra ca e sam e . n
i t ti
anc e n it i w ll k w th t ll B h
m es s e no t n th S h fh a a ra m ans o e ou t o t e
N b dd w
er u i l d d
a e re g t h
nc u e P h D i i
am on d W h h e unc rt v a . en t en
Vi h s
g p t
nu u l ft h i ti
a e t w t s na k h i ve f t o i n p o d se e s or une n cam s an
t h i g til
c ou r s, s en d hi
e nam e se rve i th w y th t
m as a surnam e , n e sam e a a
our F h S tt I gli C b l d d y th h b
re nc , co , n s, um e r an , an m an o e rs av e ec om e
th pp ll ti f i di id l F th tw i ip ti i wh i h
e a e a ons o n v ua s . rom e o ns cr ons n c
hi s nam e i f d it pp th t h w
s ou n , a i h b it t f K ly d
e ars a e as an n a an o a na
( C lli a ) d
ng h , an t i p b b l
e nce noy K i mB a hro f a th C h i t a oncan r m an o e
p w t i b wh
a n r e, by f h o are t ar l tf B h e m os num e rous c ass o ra m ans
b tw hi d G Th i i th t ib th t i th P P h
e ee n t s an oa . s s e r e a , n e oo na es
w as,
g l t th
av e ru e rs M a h i E
o p i e d i arN 6 t a F ) . i rp m re , an n n arnav s
-
ro
d d th
u ce t l b t d I di
e m os ce e t t ra e f n d ti an ds a e sm an o m o e rn m e s, an a
p f t K ily f h i
er ec au t k d p li y I
a or s croo d with th t di
e o c . n accor ance e ra
ti b C h a ky f
ons a ou t na d p
’
a s ll t d by Wilf d i
am e an e nance , co ec e or n
vo l i . f h
x. A i ti R
o t e h it i th i t ti g t fi d
s a c e searc e s, s ra er n e re s n o n ,
tht a th e onl y
pith t by whi h h i d ib d i
tw o e e s i ip ti c e s e scr e n o ur nscr on
( N o 1 5.
) l bare t d t h g hce e th w
ra e ld d p i fi
rou d T h ou t e or ,
”
an ur e .
”
e
tw i o ip i
nscr t i t ly d di ti
o ns con a n m e re f t h a y f e ca on o a cav e o t e m e m or o
Da il with
m a, yi g by wh ou t sa W n l f th t j t
om . e are e t, e n, o con ec ure
th e p i th d d t d h i p p y t th
r es oo , ev o e ti s f ro e rt t o e e x cav a on o a m onum e n
t hi g
o st p g itre a Th ro e n or h by whi h t d ig t h i
. e nam e c ose n c o es na e m
m a
y b i d
e co ns d h ppy e re it a t ia p li t
one , as t h i con a ns a com m en o s
ti
na v e l d whil p i ti g t
an , e ill t io n n F th
o one h us r ous m an . rom e c arac
ter o f th l t w
e
ye i f
te rs, th t th i
e m a i p ti w n er
g d h atly e nsc r on as e n rav e s or
a ft th
er t f th Ch i ti
e com m e nce m e n o e rs an e ra .
Th dy e y th nas t d d h M y th t f d d by Ch d
at succee e t e au r a, a ou n e an ra
g up t d
a, an d h th i d ki
un e r g f w h
t ei h A k B r ddh i b
n o th c ,
'
so a, u sm e cam e e
t t
s a e re ligi i I di i on ll d th S g
n n a, Th f s ca d f thi y le e un a . e ou n e r o s ro a
h w P h p i t F h i th pp d g Mit w f dly
o use as us am ra . rom m e a en a e re as con e sse
g i ven to d w
som e , an p b b ly b by
as t if t
ro a ll f h i orne m os ,
no a , o s suc
ce ssors i h li
n t e sam e It i lth gh ne . dj t t
s, a ou com m on as an a unc o
th f
e re ore th i p pti i f
e re s a resumf y h i g on h n av ou r o an one e ar n su c
h
t e dm o d Mi h
e rn, an f th i t P i
t ras o I S i t ite anc e n , e rs ans . n anscr m eans
a fi dr en di , ppli d
an s apith t t th e bigi p il
as an e e o e su n, as e n n a s ec a
th w ld f i d i pti it i t b t k i it
’
m anne r e I
or i
s r en . n our nscr ons s o e a en n s
or igi l na d , i
an it d i ti not n Th s th p pe r va ve se nse . us e ro e r nam e
R hi ni i t
o -m lit lly ra th f i d
e ra f R hinim eans f th l e r en o o , one o e unar
co ns e t ll ti a di ons, an f th Wh t
s a nam e o hw igh t
e m oon . a e v e r, o e v e r, m
h b th k f ily f th p
av e een e ran or w i h Mi t
am f i gp t f
o e e rsons t re orm n ar o
th i e r nam e , m e n ti di i ipti
one n ou rf b f
nscr th ons, nam e s o m em ers o e
ro ay l f ily am d bt dly i ib d th k t K d l (C l )
are u n ou e nsc r e on e roc s a r en ar e e .
O th n b li k
e o e t id th st pl th i i ipti whi h h
ou s e e em e e re s an nscr on, c ,
w en
trans a el t d i f ll w,
‘
s asTh o hi f Ag i it (P é i t Agi it )
o s e c e n -m ra r cr -m ra ,
so n o f h G t t Ki g Bhuti (P é i t
e re a n t d thi li w d
r cr e re c e s on-cro ne
pill Th ar .
”
fJ g it
e nam e o l d bt f th
a s -m f ily
ra a so, no ou one o e sam e am ,
i i
s nsc rib d th e f th pill
on ft
e t i g th
ou r Bhutiar a er en er n e cav e .
- f I scri p
sona rno fo r m u m ; an d p o kh a r a fo r p us h ka ro ,p a ss i m I n N o 1 5 o o ur n . .
ti ons th e re is ih for w an d i n N o 1 2 Si m as a co m .m on no un fo r m ; i S ee al so
was t h e n, p b bly
ro a , th e pl e x cav ator of h
t is cav e te m e .
* As from
Wil Vi h
son s
’
P a s dP i
nu p U f l T
ar na, anb l i t pp t h t h
r nse
’
s se u a es, a ears a e
re ig d b t B
ne a ou 7 0 th . t h c . b , t d b t th t
e cav e m u s av e ee n e x cava e a ou a
p i d Bh i i w
er o . l d fi
t lp ti
as accu se d hi p i o i i m m ora rac ce s, an s rm c m ns
t e r, V d asu d d hi
e v a, dm ur e re d d h i th P hp m , an asce n e s rone . er a s
Bh i ti lik th
l , e t t f th fi t Egyp ti
e cons ru c or py id d th o e rs an ram , an e
fi i h f S i tP t d p pi it f lt h bj
’
n s er o ti
an e e r s, s g i
rre ut a s r o re v o am on s su ec s
by l i f ev e s o d y f h i g ifi t w k d th
m en an m one or s m a n ce n or s, an us
hi p i
s i i t
r m e wm t p t d t d th h i
n s er as d em p th e o e ro ne m , an usu r e
sov e re ig ty n .
Th t i p t t
e m os m K égh i ( K
or an
y) k
nam es on ou r th er e ne r roc s are ose
o f G t i p t
au a m dY d y
-
S i S i t K ni tw f
u ra an a n a ig
’
r - a - ar , o am ous sov ere ns
o f th A dl e dy ty f ki g th t ti d by Pli y l b t d
'
n l ra — nas o n s, a m en one n as ce e ra e
i h i ti
n s — dp h p l
m e, an hi d th t f B li fi t
e r a s a so a ig f t r , a o a n, rs sov e re n o
th e race . Th i h f i d y i i i h P i
e re s m uc con us on an m an om ss ons n t e urt ns
i l ti t th A dh ig i l i h
’
n re a on o e se
y t nt t t tw
ra so v e refi t ns e n re a on o e o rs
ti
m e n one d ki g th i p ty n s
g e re t T h
s a i
re t y nea r a re e m e n . e nam es n m
co py f th vay whi h w
o e h p p ty f C l
u, c lK dy d
as once t e ro e r o o one e ne , an
i th B
n e band ram di g t Wilf d g a, ac cor tly wi th th n o or , a ree e x ac e nam e s
on k
our roc pt h t S i i t p d
s, e xce t a t
'
bfr s rans ose , so as o co m e e ore
Y d y wh i h t
a n a, i th
c , l oo,
g t T
s h g h e h tw
usu a arran e m e n . ou t e o
nam es o o f ll w th Y d y i
one ano t i d t b th e r, b ta n a ly s no sa o e e son, u m e re
conne c e t d with G t i p t th t h w li k ly h i g
au a m - du ra, so Th a e as e s ran son . e
fi t f th th
rs o ki g th ig d b tw th w y d th pt
e re e n s at re ne e ee n em s a e e sce re
tw ty ight y
en -e d th t tw
ears, an ly h Th tw th e ne x o on se ve n eac . ese o, e n,
w e re i ll p b b ility b th
n a ro a l fY d y roTh e rs or tw u nc es o a n a. e sam e o
nam e s occu r a a n ng i i th ti t N a i k th
e sam e conne c th on a s ov e r e cav e e re
m os t t th o igh t whi h i th
e r id t h
, b c t d by th C
s e re sa o av e e e n e x cav a e e om
d i C hi f f th l tt f th tw p i
m an e r n e o e B id a er o th l ft ese o r nces . es e s, on e e
p h f th g t
orc o e t K é nh i ( K
rea
y)
cav e a th f g f th er e ne r e ra m e nts o e
inscr ip ti h w th t th y th l
ons s o pi d th
a ep iti F e re a so occu e e sam e os on . rom
th e or igi l P a i t f G t i p t
na r cr th Bhag t h by t p i
o ua a m - u ra
, e av a as rans os
ti on f d G ti p t p h p i t ti lly t
orm e om a - u ra
, l th l ti
e r a s n en ona , o co ncea e re a on
su b i ti g b tw th A dh
ss n e ee n ig d th f
e
’
d f B ddh
n ra sov e re ns an e oun e r o u
ism wh,
f ily
ose thi
am hb nam e Th f th
s m onarc tw e ars . e nam es o ese o
ki gn s are so ve r y p li th p e cu k w t I di hi t y
ar, no o er e rso ns no n o n an s or
or t di ti
ra b i g ith th
on e ar n h th e th t th b er p i ti g
e one or t e o e r, a e are o n n
f th ti ffi i t t id ti fy th w ith th h '
o em ou s su c en A dl o en em e n l ra m onarc s
ti
m e n one d i th P i It h l b n e ur na. l ti ti d by as a so ee n se v e ra m es no ce
o th ers, h t th
t a e latte r of th e b
a ov e m e ntione d ki ngs is d btl th
ou ess e
I di
n an sov e re ign m e nti one d by D G es ui gnes, wh o se nt an b ytem ass o
Anoth e r ce e l b t d hi tra e bd k i th t f
s ori cal nam e i nscri e on ou r roc s s a o
B ddh gh h wh i l i d by th i h bit t f th E t
u a os a, o s c a m e e n a an s o e as e rn
P i l th i p tl d wh th C yl
en ns u a as e r a os ffi
e , an l t d om e e one se a rm trans a e
Atth k th a a a , t th yi g f B ddh ft h i g b f
or com m e n on e sa n s o u a, a er av n , e ore
leav ni g I di t i it th i i l p bli h d
n a o v s l e r k i df s e, f hi u s e se v e ra w or s n e e nce o s
ne w ligi
re d i on, p p iti an hi n f o ligi i t
os th on to s orm e r co-re on s s, e
Bfih r m a ns Wh th h f
t e d f S i d B h I di
er e e v e r re urne rom am an urm a to n a,
as th C yl e e ffi onese a t it w p b bly b f h i d p t
rm , or no , as ro a e ore s e ar ure
th t h w
a e t d w ith K e h i
as connec e d h th li d b t n er an as e m us av e ve a ou
th ti w i h th fi t f th b d A dh h h ’
e sam e m e t e rs o e a ov e na m e n ra m onarc s, e
w as p b b l i i wi h h i i t
ro a y , n un on t li p ti g B ddh i m , ns rum e n a n ro m ot n u sm
i W t
n I di
es e rn n a .
Th h
e re b th
as f
e e n ano hi t i l i t t g d
e r nam e o som e s or ca n e re s e n rave
on th K an e h i k w hi h h w h b blit t d th t f
er roc s, c , o e v e r, as e en o e ra e , a o one
o f th M h ak h t p
e a s f a ra i g wh i
as, a race h b gi i g f o sov e re ns o n t e e nn n o
th Ch i ti
e rs ig d
an e ra re th t y neh I d dG j a t
ove r e cou n r on t e n us an u ar t, a
fi t pp
rs a tly
are n d p ti t pas f th B t i
e u h P hi
e s or sa ra s o e ac r an or rat e r art an
m onarc h b t f w d i dp d t
s, u a te r ar s ig s ? wh ppas n e en en sov e re n o a e ar
t h
o t d d th i
av e e x e n e w y f tl e r B b y Th i
s a as ar a e ast as om a . e re s an
inscr i p ti by i i t f
on f th
a m n s er o i t t Ke h ione o em ov e r a c s e rn a n er ,
an d wh l a o e t d t N i ik by th
ca ve w as e xca va e i l w f f a ls e so n- n- a o one o
I n one o f th i ip i he ti
ns cr d f Si g pé l
t ons w e av e m en on m a e o a ara a,
a ki d f High Ad i l t p t t t di g l hi
n o m ra o d by ro e c ra n v e sse s on t s, nam e
Pt l y th Pi t C
o om e t pp ll ti it ti d t d
ra e oas , an a till e a on con nue o e se rve
th E gli h
e n t d
s t th roo e t f ou bb ose nes s o se a ro e rs .
W h e h
av e f K ly i n
t e nam e s o W i (B i )
a dl a asa asse n , an
Na ik i t d
s d i h i ip ti
n ro uce d S p é g p b bly S p NE
n t e nscr ons, an o ra a, ro a u a, .
K h di w
an a, an d i M athi Ka h i
s no nam e n ar n er .
Th p e h wh
e rsons, dh t t b
e n, t dw
o ca use dt f t e cav e s o e e x e cu e e re ca e s o
d t
evo e es, wh t i g th p i th d th
o on e n e r n di p d f th i p p ty e r es oo us s ose o e r ro e r .
I h ll w d
s a no e n e av ou r to colle c t th e inform ation furni s h d by
e th e
i nscr i p ti i l tions n re a on to th e d e sign of th e cav es, a nd th e i nstituti ons
c onne c e t d wi th th em .
G ihr a ( P Gh )
r é cri t C h e tiati d di t d t h
ar , an e x cav a on e ca e o t e re ce pi t on
i i t i
n anc e n t m e s o f dag b th p t ti f th t l a o a, e re re se n a on o e um u us or
m o un d d e re c te
y p t i
ov e r an f th i or f B on ddh o d i e re m a ns o u a, an n
l t ti
a er wh i
m es,
g w h i p w
en m a e - i t d d ors f h i g f t
as n roh u ce , o t e m a es o e
g
sa e I t .
y th f
m a b i d d
e re ore h B d dh
e cons i t t p l e reI t h as t e u s em e . n e
l g
ar e K
ca v e at
y th p
e ne r b b ly , ll d d t
e one i h ropp p l t
a a u e o n t e co e r- a e
insc r ip ti th M h i Vih i
on as ew h a l t h f th t t r, d e dag b * ave a t e ar es en a o a,
an d h i d f th p h i
on eac s e o ki d f e orc l , l n a n o rece ss, a c o ossa
i g
m a e f B ddh o w i hu h i l ft
a, h d ti d t s h i he l d d an ra se o s s ou e r, an
th igh t wi th th p l
e r
p t w
e d h
a m p ot t en i h
o ar s w y t e s e c a o r, n t e sam e a
as th B ah e r f h p m ans o t d y t ep d th h d wh re se n f i g
a ex an e an e n con e rr n
a bl i g Th i i f it p t f i g f B ddh d will
e ss n . s s a avour e os ure o m a es o u a, an
d p t d i f D Bi d w k th ’
b f e ou n re th
res e n e fi t pl t n e rs a e o r . r s or on e
cav e s Th . b lit l d b t h t th tw i
e re can e t e
g ou f d t
t a e o m a es re e rre o are
th i
ose m e nt one d i th i ipti , n th e p h nscr h igb on on e orc , as av n ee n
t d by f h E p Y d y S i Sa K ni O ly
'
t
cons ru c e l ti a re a on o t e m e ror a n a r - t- ar . n
th e ll i
sm a g t t h
m a es t p f t
a h p il l e o i s h i
o t i e ars are n t e n e r or,
an d w hi h b i g i
, c ib l h
e n i
nacce ss Ke l e ld e re , as n r e n, co u ne v e r
h b bj t f w hip b l g t th
av e een o ec s o ors it w
, e on igi lly o e cav e as as or na
t
cons ruc e t d A i ddl i d i . m
g t h i h
e -s ze
g i d d
m a e on till i h e r t s e , an s n t e
p h i p ly i d t h b d di d t B ddh by B ddh
orc , s ex re ss sa o av e e en e cate o u a u a
g h hos T h a. ll
e re are som e sm a i g f B ddh d er f l l
m a es o g u a, an o se v e ra ar e
d k p b t ll i th p h d th it pp
oor- ee e rs, u a n e orc w ,h ll an us a ears, as e s a se e
m ore p ti l ly ft w d wh w p k f th h l gy th
ar cu ar a er ar s, en e s ea o e c ro no o , at
im a e
g
- w h i p w ors t i n t d d
as no t K h i ( Kro u ce y) ill th a an er e ne r t e co m
tem pl et K i nh i
ca v e a d h d b
l er , a sec on d t i l ft a ee n c om m e nce o ts e ,
b t u i i
re m a ns fi i h d t t
n an un n s e Th y ll s a e t h . igh t e ve r sm a cav e o t e r
m a
y l b d
a so de p
eem et i w h th
an e x ce i d a g b on, t h i e re e re s a o a, as e re s
l i th
a so n f y f th g t
e re e ctor o e re a cav e .
Th i e re th i g i th
s no i i pti
n n th e t l d t th
ns cr ons on ese cav e s o ea o e
id e a, as D B i d pp r. d f th i t i t f Mith i w hip
r su ose , o e n e rm x ure o a ra c ors on
thi id
s s f I di wi th B ddhi
e o n a Th u i g f th sm pith t M i t
. e m e an n o e e e ra
Ddgob a is 11 Pan and S ingh alese word, supp ose d to be deri ve d fro m D eh agop a ,
th at wh i ch conceals or cove rs th e b od y .
”
Tops i s a corrup ti on of S trip e , an
on our roc k s b
dy pl i d d it h b h w th t it
h as e e n alre a ex a ne , an as een s o n a
i
s use d i it igi l n ff i d
s or dd na t th se nse o Th r en , an oe s no m ean e sun . e
B ahr d th
m ans an Hi du b t t y p ti l d i y b
o er n s, u no to an one ar cu ar e t a ov e
th e re st Th ly tw
. th ti d e on t hi bj t I h
o au en c ocum e n s on t s su ec av e
b bl t fi d th p p pl t b
een a e o n , are i d d th i ip
e co e r- a e a ov e m e nt one , an e nscr
ti i
on n h B ddhi t
t e y t h t p f th Na a Ghat p b
u s m onaste r a t e o o e n , ro a
bly j dgi g f
, u th pp n f th l tt
ro m th ld t
e a th i id
eara nce o e e e rs, e o es on s s e
o f I di n I tha . f b id B ddh th f ll wi g bj t f
n e orm e r, es es u a, e o o n o ec s o
dh Ah i (p b bly Ap ) Bh d a Pu gé Bh d é P d i Ka y
arr a, ro a sa ras , a r - r , a r a m , v a
V j pagi ( I d ) Vak (S a ra ti ) Ké i V
n raé
( y ) I , aras va , n ua s . n
h l t i
t e ip ti
at e r th i I dnsc r S k h g (B l a ) V i d
on e re s n ra, an ars a a a ar m a , i su e va
( K i h
rs ) C h na d a S i y (, t M i t ) t
an rh b lit t
l r a d f no ra e n a nam e o e ra e , a ter
w hi h i c L k p al s Y V o K b th V
a a, R a
am a, aruna, u e ra, e asu s, am ,
L k h i K ai V S dh ji ( G dd f Twi ligh t
’
a s m , um r , ara, S i an e , o e ss o r
t w o
g t d
re a t f thm o w hi pp
e rn f K i
se c s h do e ors e rs o r s na an
Durgé
2 . Th e secon d class of cav es are th ose w ic h hw ere form e rl y pp a ro
pitdrn e ti h ll d
as i th
conv oca i ip ti on d a s, an are n e nscr ons nam e
Bhi k h S gh g ih (P é i t Bhikh S gh Gh ) Th h ll
s u - an a- r a r cr u - an a- ar ese a s
w d by th p i t wh
e re use th y di d ligi
e tt
r es s d en e scusse re ous m a e rs, an
w l pl
e re a so f bly f li t i g t th i t ti
ac e s o asse m f th i or s en n o e ns ru c ons o e r
spi it l p i
r ua
* I su i t e tl t
e r ors .h h ll w f i h d n one ns anc a eas su c a a as urn s e
w ith t d h f th i k t t p I th i ipti
sea s an couc es or e s c o re s u on . n e nscr ons
on th p h f th g t t pl th
e o rc o f igh t ei p re a em e e nam e o e or n ne e rsons
f th
or
g t f ll th
e m ana e m e n fi i f th li gi t b l i h
o t at e a a rs o
'
e re o us es a s m en s a
3 . I d wi th th h ll w th ll f
ntim ate l y connec te ll e se a s e re e ce s or sm a
com p i f t
an es i di i d l k Tho pi ll d Bh ik h
r es s or n v ua m on s . e se are ca e s u
G ihr ti ath y ll i th id
som e f th l g
m es d e are ce s n e s es o e ar e cav e s, an som e
ti ll
m es sm a p t ti ti ly d t h d f
se ara e ll h e x cav a ons, en re e ac e rom a ot e rs,
an dh i g h p t t
av n At K a l
eac th y a se tly f ara e e n rance . r en e are m os o
th l tt
e d ipti a erd t Kanh i f th f escr I thi k it li k ly
on, an a er o e orm e r. n e
th t th w d L n
a ew ppli d t ll f th
or ti fi i l
e a, no w fi t a e oa o e se ar c a cav e s, as rs
A curi ous se t of bro nze figu res, re p rese nti ng a num be r of Burm ese Rah aus
listening to th ei r teach e r, was la tel p resente d to y our m use um .
8 H I STO RI C A L ru n gs A N D m ore [J U LY
gi ve n to th e se gro ttoe s, and t at it is h d e rive df rom a S anscrit w or d wh i h c
l b
a so ppli d t y e a f th l g f th
e b o an ti d one o e ar e r o e a ov e m en one e xcav a
ti b t it
ons, th ut f t th t t d by
se e m s ra k th er o re e r o em as e nan e m on s an
as m e re cavesI f t i t p p ly . i h bi t d
n t y
ac , ro er m e ans an n a e m onas e r , a
pl pp p i t d t th pl
ace a bl
ro r a e i f ligi t dyo d e e asura e e x e rc se o re ous s u an
m e ditati on.
m e nts of hi ki d
t s n are m e nti one d if I m ista k e not, no le ss th an
four difie re nt
'
In m o e rn d ti m e s m an yA
bli h d by th P hw
nnasatras we re e sta s e e es as
on th g t e d l di g t P (P ) d th f th th t
rea roa s ea n o una oo na , an ose o em a
w i t
e re anc e n d h df (
,i a
an ) l d f
a th i
ree pp t i
n mt t th i an s or e r su or , ex s o s
dy
a At th
. t b li h t
e se ly B ah
es a s p i d d wi th
m en s on r m ans are rov e
i i
ne ce ssar e s, as n anc e ni t ti ly B ddh i t p i t w m es ppli don u s r es s e re su e
from th f t i I t i th B
e re ec or es h i kh i . l wh i s th i e i p ti s i s a one o n e nscr on
are i it d t nv e d i th
o com e an pply f th i w t re ce v e e su o e r an s .
5 F . f q ar m oret ti i re d i th i ip i f t b
ue n m en on s m a e n e nscr t ons o es a
li hs t f
m en s th di t ib ti f w t
or e s r l th u igh t b i g
on o a e r, no e ss an e e n
p ifi lly
s ec ca d d Wh re c or e A .t i ti d th i
e re an unasa ra s m en one , e re s
ge ne rally if t lw, y no t da w i th i t i t
a s, conne c e f th pp ly f a c s e rn or e su o
w t a er b t th u b id l i t
e re are es t t d wi th th
e s se v era c s e rns no conne c e e se
t bli h
es a ts wm e n s, as
y b ly pp
e m a f h f t
re asona h l y su ose , or t e u se o ose a
i it
v s wh w ors t o itl d t th b
ere no fit f th
e nt f t i
e Th
o e e ne o e re e c or e s . ese
i t
c s e rns are sm a ll t k f th fan s o f t wi d fi i l g
re e or d ou r ee e, ve or s x on , an
as m an y d p h w d t f th lid k th h ill id Th y
ee , e e ou o e so roc on e s e . e
ge ne rally ly f ll
are ne ar d I p p th u w t , ant h g h th su o se e a e r oozes rou e
t p
ra kf roc b d h
rom ppli h w t
a ove , an i d by
t us su es t e as e occ as one
p ti B t th i
e v a ora on . ut b li th t wh th hill w
e re s re ason o e eve a en e as
t t d wi th
e nan e k th w m on s, tt d t p tt d w w t f
e re as an a e n an re se n o ra a er or
th e use f i it o d t fill p th
v s ors, an i t wh it b
o h td
u e c s e rn en e cam e e x aus e
em b k t h wi g th t th w t w d
an m e n s, s o n db ki i t
a e a er as am m e ac n anc en
is ,
from th e root ,
. 1 0 7,
Né sik I nscri p tion, No 1 3, . of Bre tt .
Is Th e K A NH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS . 9
ti m es ,
'
to afio rd a su
'
com m on h
t ing in th e h ot season for e ne vole nt i ndi vi uals to stati on a b d
p erson o n th e roa wit d hp h
itc e rs full of wate r, sufi cie nt to last t ro ugh h
th e day, to su pply t ll wh rave ers o m ay stan di n nee d f h o suc re fres h
m ent. S h i tit ti uc ll d i S
ns u it
ons are . ca e di n anscr P pa ( N !
ra S an n
M thi P hi ( f t) I th p i i l S
ara o tu . it f n f
e rov nc a anscr o one o ou r
i
nscr i p ti th y ons, d P iy Bh aj y ( m m ) h i h
e are nam e an a an a , w c
li t lly pl f th di t ib ti f w t B t th ”
e ra m eans a ace or e s r u on o a er . u e
nam e th y g elly i i th i
e ne ra ipti i P dh i
re ce ve n P dh i ( i l e nscr ons s o , or on m
or W ) f whi h th
, rom b ti d M thi w d i i d tly
c e a ove m e n one ara or s ev en
d i d Th w d 31 !
er ve . 3m
e th
or li gor d i th , In e m ascu ne e n e r, n e sam e
l g g
an ua e , m eans th ll t h d d th t f t t
e sm a re nc m a e aroun e roo o a re e o
t i th
re a n w t e ppli d t it f th w ll
a er su e o i i th rom e e or re se rvo r n e
ing f i t d ily
”
m orn or sd a ll use , an a sm a
I nm y py f C l co
g h P li V
o b l y (
ou C l
’
b s ap 8 3 oca u ar , o um o, .
,
S dh i i gi on f t lt k
s ve n i i
or a na ura k Bt an or reservo r n a roc . u
th e rea di g f n w d i t o w ll
ou r t bli h d f
or s it f qoo t e es a s e rom s re ue n use
i th i
n e i pti
nscr t Na ik d i th
ons a th sdi t i t w ll t
, an n e o er cave s r c s, as e as a
Kfigh i t p er , it f o
y h e rm
g i th o th g anphy b i g c an e d n e or o ra e n m a e.
Th S e it W w t
anscr wi th th p p i ti 9 will gi
a e r, i t bl e . re os on , ve a su a e
p i
rm i ti f ve w d
or ou r or .
6 . At f th one o th Ch i k K fih ap
e cav es, S él e ti d v ara a an
’
a, m e n one
i I
n nscr i p ti N 1 0 th on w o t bli h
.
, t th
e re i i
as an es at s m en , as e nam e nt m a e s,
for th di t ib ti
e t th
s r k f ll
u on o fe y Th
m on s o sm a sum s o m one . e
w d Ch i
or va ro m eans a ra
g h p i f l h , wor suc i d d a e ce o c ot as as cons ere
su i t bl f th w
a e or f B ddhi t di t d Ch i i f d
e ear o a u s m en can an va r , orm e
from it , h
m eans suc di t b t f th t d th i ip ti
a m en can u rom a an ano er nsc r on
it ppa e ars th t i t w l th p p
a as a so f f h e b f ro e r nam e o one o t e m em e rs o
th K m i y l A dh f ily d I l d th t th f d ti ’
e a or ro a n ra am ; an conc u e a e oun a on
o w d it
e igi t Chi
s or i K gi n o Th pp i ll d K ebap n
var ar l . e co er co n ca e a a
( S ans K
. i h é p n) w rs f th l
a a f 2 d E li
as o
g h y b
e v a ue ot . n s m one , or a ou a
F re nc h It w
sous . i d till l t ly i B as co ne b y d d th a e n om a , an nam e e re a
dh bbé
a dw i
, an l tw pi as h lf
n v a ue A odi g t th cs , or a an anus . cc or n o e
Mh a av anso fi ti l f th
one ar W jj i h y
c e w o t h t th e k a e res as, a e m on s
as ek d th l ity e g
a th th i, g t
am on
g i th o K i h a
er
p A n s, g o ve em a l an . m on
our J i it w ld b t y t l t k h i b t t
a ns ou e con rar o ru e o as suc a co n, u no
”
Th e Engli sh reader m ust not h e re th i nk of o ur word p ond,
for alth ough
ti on w t bli h d t b t w
as es a s e At th o di ti es o f B ddhi t p i t
. e or na on o u s r e s s,
l
a so, th i i f th thi g gi
s s one o e th t i di t th t th y
n s ve n em , o n ca e a e are
th f w d t b
e nce or ar pp t d by l
o e su or e a m s.
7 Att h d t th
. ac e ti o t bli he m onas t t Ka h i th c es a w s m en a n er e re as
a g d p
ar e n d i g ro fl w
uc n d so m e
g t b l o d e rs an d d w i th ve e a es , an su rrou n e
d f ill g (N 1 2) tt h d t th t pl d i t i i g l
m a e o a v a e o . a ac e o e em e, an s s n u ar
i t
e x s s on th d t T h t di t
e roa o f b t i
anua , il f
a a th s ance o a ou s x m es rom e
e x cava ti by th p thw y
ons e a ll ill g
a ; so m e sm a e r v b t th y a es are ne are r, u e
are am on g th h ill d p
e A l
s, an
g i f
oor w t . w i th y
ar e rese rvo r o a e r, a ve r
o ld b k t bl th lti t t i ig t p t f th i fi ld
em an m e n , e na es e cu va ors o rr a e ar o e r e s
i th d y
n e r th i g th
season, g h
a n , g h i ou y th com m on e nou n m an o er
p t
ar s o f I d i by n a, thnoi i d th
m eans so W t Gh aont s s e e e s ern s.
It i t i p b bl th
s no m ro a th t th e, ill g e n, w thi a d t g t
e v a e rs o e s a van a e o
th i f e r ti
orm e r c onne c with th t y
on Th g ti g f ll th e m onas e r . e ran n o a e
t
re n s o f ill g f thav a e pp t f ligi
or e su t bli h or t i o tillre ous es a s m en s s s a
c om m on hi g i I di t n n n a.
8 Th
. t i
e m os f t f ll cur ous t d wi th Ki gh i i th
ac o a connec e er s e
ll g d
a e e i t th
e x s e nce i i t ti e re f th i l bl
n anc e n li f t th
m es o e nv a ua e re c o a oo
o f B ddh u I a. f i
n one o ip ti ( N 7
ou r ) th nscr w h i h
ons o . e cave ov e r c
it i s e n rave
g d i ll d t h S i k
s ca e d ty l WW e
'
a ) t h
a- a B ddh -
a eg a , e u a
t th C
oo av e ,
”
p b bly b ro tha li w th ecause t p ily d p it d e re c as e re em orar e os e ,
w hil th t p th e e o e, p d t th p l f th h
e re com are o i w hi h e o e o e eav e ns, n c
i t w fi lly l dg d w b i g p p
as na o e , d Th fi l l dg t f th
as e n re are . e na o e m en o e
t th w
oo d btl i th t p p d by D Bi d pp i t th
as ou ess n e o e O e ne r. r o os e e
g re a t t p l em pp f
e cav e , as a th i p t t
ears pp p l
rom t i ip e m or an Oo e r- a e nscr
ti on, o f whi h th i c f i il i h i w k
ere s a Th
ac s m tb e n s or . e re m us e som e
i p f ti
m er ec i th t ons py f th i ipti whi h p t it b i g
n a co o e nscr on, c re ve n e n
sa ti f t i ly t
s ac or l t d th rans a e
gh t b t i t g rou l i w t oui t
; u s e ne ra m r s no
di ffi lt t cu t i o d th t
asc e r a n, an i p t i gh t f a no t i ns e c or m or a m om e n m ss
it is am th w d ( m, e ) B
or a dh a i y l g l tt i g n d t ve r ar e e e rs s e n rave a
th b tte of it om Thi w d
o . t k s or i t thm eans a d it i us , or can ne oo ; an s
w thy f
or ti o th t it i
no ce f thi p i a f t th th t th f
s o s s e c es o oo a e am ous
C yl D l d i pp d t b th gh i lity it b
e onese a a a s su ose o e, ou n rea e no m ore
th an a pi f i y C i th wh t ti i g pl thi Ka b i
e ce o v or . once ve , e n, a a s rr n ac e s g er
j gl t p t th h bit ti f tig
un e, a rese n e ad f a li t y Hi du
on o e rs an o a so ar n
d t with h i w nd h lf wh s d i il i h t nd w
e vo e e, s co a e r ca , o e om c e sa u , a co
I N TH E K A NH E B! 1 NS C R I PTI O NS . 11
th e B ddh u t th i
a - oo C yl n e on, or at Jg a annath , origina lly , Ih as av e
else wh e re sh w t b p b bl
o n o eB ddhi t pilg i g d
ro a e, a pl ace of u s r m a e, an
no t lik
un e ly b ti g t f
oas lin f th g t f
, oo, o d f th i
so m e re c o e rea oun e r o . e r
re ligi on . It i p p hw
s t ro e r,ti th t D B i d did
o e v e r, t di
o no ce a r. r no s
cov e r am o n
g th l b l h b h
e v a uat t li h t esy th ie li k t
rou th * o an n e a oo
g g g .
I i
t s ev id t h w en f , hi o ti
e v er, th t th rom th s narra b ve , a e re m us av e ee n
acce ss t it o t i i t ti
s sanc um by n anc e n td p g m es som e se cre oor or assa e .
pl t i h t
a a e d by fi
n a c arac e r m ore m o e rn i t i w f d v e or s x ce n ur e s as oun
i th
n e sam e d th t t i d th m oun ba f
con a ne dt i e one a ov e re e rre o nor s
i t b
t o pp d th t h li w i
e su ose a su c ibl t h p i t- W1
a re c as nacc ess e o t e r es 9, 19
so high ly d it Wh th B ddhi t w p
re v e re nce . en t d i I di e u s s e re e rse cu e n n a
it i s no wi b d t pp th t th p i
se a sur o su li whi h
ose a ld b e rec ous re c, c cou e
so eas ily l d d
conc ea e bi t f b , an i y w ld it littl
as a o one or v or ou ex c e so e
sus p i i c o n or p i d i ty g H
cu i du t i w
am on d w h
n il th sec ar es, as re m ove ,
e e
g o l d d j
an w l w h i h e ig h t
e s, d g h c f
m ty f t h f i ti
e n an e r
g p i t t e sa e o e u ve r es ,
w ere l ft b h i d
e Th C yl e n .
t t h i e i d t e h oneseb b g
ooh t s sa o av e een rou
from th th di f I di t C yl b t
e o er s e o n 310
a o It i e t on, a ou A. D . . s no
lik ly h w
e , if th
o li w
ev e r, lly i
e re d f c I d i t h t
e re re a i t w l d carr e rom n a, a ou
b e ll w d t b
a o e d w hil B ddhi fl i h d d
o e re m ov e e u sm our s e an as o ur
ins cr ip ti p it till fl i h d t l t t y l t th C yl
o ns rov e s our s e a eas a ce n u r a e r, e e ones e
m a y h d t
av e anted th l f
a e t h t he rem ova w ll i t ko th e oot , as e as m s a en e
q uar e rt w h it e nce th t i t i t
cam e b y d t h
so b a d f p s no e on e oun s o ro
h bili ty th t th i
a
ya b i d t
e rs m a i l K é u h i li
e our T h l g en d ca e r re c . e e en s
,
h wo l ti t th p
e v e r, re a tive f h
o e li f th b dy f B ddh
reserva on o t e re cs o e o o u a,
g i v en i th A nth k th e t p t
a a d t th
a, canno ti i ty d i t i p
re e n o au en c , an s ro
b bl th t th w hip f li
a e a e w ll
ors th t f i
o re g w
cs, as b t e as a o m a es, as u a
lt
a er a ddi i t th t t on t f B ddh i
o e e ne s o u sm .
It w ld b i t ou ti g if w e ld p iti ly d t
n e res n i ewh c outh os ve e e rm ne o e
arc hit t w th t p i t d d th
ec s e re a su ti n
er n en e Th ly l ese e xcav a o s. e on c ue
w h e t
av e h i i th o t ti th
s s ti f
e m e n on ti t t Ea l re e d m es o an ar s a r e" an
Ké nh i w h i er , f th Ka l i
o n one o ip ti ( N e 1 1 f B i d
r e n nscr ) i i d ons o. o r s sa
t b
o G k (Y ) d i N 7 f i ipti h i ll d
e a ree avan , an n o. o ou r nsc r ons e s ca e an
ar sti t H i . d Dh k k t Dh k k t wh i h I thi k y
e s nam e anu a- a a, or e nu a- a a, c n m a
t df X wi h few lib ti h
°
s an or t e nocra e s, t e ve n ft t k i th er er es t e n ars o e n a en n e
Bi rd s ’
C a ve: o f Weste rn I ndia , p . 1 .
- J
12 H I S TO RI C A L Na m e s A N D s a c rs [ U Lv
th en a
G k B ti
re e or hit t wh p i t d d th
ac r an arc ec ti g f th g
o su t er n e n e e e x cav a n o e rea
t
cav e - em pl t Ka l d di d h k t i t li h i
e a r e n, an i e se e o m m or a ze s nam e n con
ne c ti onwith th i t ti g ese ti
n e re s n It h b l g d t d e x cav a ons as e e n on un ers oo
th t th
a i t Hi du
ose anc en i whi h h n G k l tt t p d
co ns, c av e ree e e rs s am e on
th em d i th i p i i y f G k ti t d D Wil l t ly
, e r ve e r su e r or t rom re e ar s s ; an r . son a e
t ld
o usth t h p t th p i i y f th Adj t p i ti g t
a e sus e c s e su e r or t o e un a a n n s o
an ythi g n l wh i
see n e seI di i d t B t i p i t d
e re n n a, s ue o ac r an su e r n e n e nce .
Th d l d i t ti
e e c are f th n e n on ot f th g elly i e x cav a ors o e cav es e nera s
r esp t t B ddh d g d t h i p i th d B t t th
ec o u a, an re ar o s r es oo . u a e sam e
ti m e i t i w thy f s or k th t i fi f th l g i ipti
o rem ar a l g n ve o e on e r nsc r ons, a on
with th d p t i ’
th ese , l f the i
re m ov a f th o e s ns o e ono r s are n s s a
d l d
e c are f thcause ot b li h t f the es a ligi h s m en o e re ous ouses .
Th l g g i whi h th i
e an ua es nip ti c w itt e
g lly
nscr ons are r e n are enera
i
v ar ous s a h d f P a it wi th f w i S it Th S it i
es o r cr , a e n anscr . e anscr s m ore
or l p bt g d
e ss ure , u d t ly l d B ah
as oo as m o e ra e wg lly e arne r m ans no ene ra
w itr e N. f th P a i t i
one o ip i e pp h th Pfili i p i y
r cr nsc r t ons a roac e n ur t ,
an d ly q l th M ig dh i f th
scarce e ua J i w k d Hi du d
e a a o e a n or s, an n ra
m a ti p c Th y
oe m s . ll t h e b w itt i p ly ll q i l
see m a o av e e en r en n ure co o u a
di l t pp hi g wh t
a e c s, a roac n t th
som e d t g th a neare r o e m o e rn on u es an
th b
e a ov em e n ti d l i l l g g d Th g l p i ipl
one c ass ca an ua e s o. e e ne ra r nc e s,
hw o f th Pali G
e ve r, o e ppli bl t th ll Th l
ram m ar, are a ca e o em a . e ru es
o fV araruchi p d di L as e x I ti t ti
oun e Li g n P d i ti asse u s
’
ns u ones n ual; r cr cc
will g lly
e ne ra bl th S it h l t pl i th t th t
e na e e anscr sc o ar o ex a n e e rm s a
occu r, th g h th P
ou a i t h e i h
r cr d pp h i as l v ar ous s a es, a roac n
g c ose r, or
di g g
ve r i f th
n f t
ur h er d t romg e sacre on u e .
Th h t t i whi h th i ipti
e c arac e rs, oo, n w itt yc e nscr ons are r e n, v ar
i th f
n e ti f th l tt
orm a a
on o dw d l
e ewh i h i e rs
p i lly t an , an a so, c s s ec a o
b e no et d di g t th p i f th w it
, accor n o ef i t i th
rov nce o e r e r, as or ns ance n e
m uc h g t d pth i th G j ati h t f ll th t k th t
re a e r e n e u ar c arac e r o a e s ro e s a
com e b l w th li e o i t l
e dt
ne , as na ,
‘
, an .
Th ly p i t th t
e on w
o n i t ab t no h d i th h rem a ns o e ou c e on s e c ro
w ere a ft w d di er d
ar s will pp
scov e re i f t p p ] b th p
, as a ear n a u ure a e r, u a
th e to p p d by D Bi d th pl i ly i
e O e ne r. r e re a n n wor s w e rea d d sam va tsa r e
b i gi g t th l tt h lf f J
rn n us o Thi i th p i d f th g t
e a er a o une . s s e er o o e re a
f ti l t J g
es va ath
a d f a ann hi f f ti l t P dh p i th, an o our c e es va a an ar i r, e c om
m ence m e n t f th B ddhi t W o d j t t th b gi i g f
e u s asso, an us a e e nn n o our
p i di l i
er o ca d P h y i th
ra ns f th an t t us f th t p a s e nam e o e cons ru c or o e o s.
B ddh gh h l ft I di f C yl
u a os a di g t th M h
e n a or e on accor n o e a av anso
Ch p a ii i
. xx x v 4 10 .d th
,
fn A th i .
g D h . t p i th , an ere ore e m a e e se u n e
grea t t p l em t h b e m us t d h t ti ave p i t th t
e e n ex ecu e som e s or m e rev ous o a
dt
a e , as it lik ly h t h
se e m s un t d t Ka h i ft h i l b
e t a e re urne o n e r a er s a ours
i C yl
n e dB on an urm a.
Y d y S i wh pp i th p h i ti wi th
’
a n a r , ose nam e a e ars n e orc n connec on
th t f h i
a o l ti wh d di t d th i
s re a gon, th t B ddh
o t
e ca e e m a es e re o u a, se n an
em b y t C hi
as s o di g t th p i t d py f D G ig i
na, accor n o e rn e co o es u nes n
A. D . 4 08 Bt th i i thi
. ub id ly typ g phi l
e re s n s num er ev e nt a o ra ca
no t d th th
asce n till 4 24
e Th d t hrone th f i A. D. . e a e as, e re ore, n ou r
lib y py b
rar co t d t 4 2 8 ( I b li
ee n corre c eby th l t C l K dy ) o , e eve e a e o . e ne ,
th t th I h ll h id th
neare r e ru , s a e re cons er e true
num b r L t
ers pp th e b y us f Y d su
y ll d by
ose th e em ass o a n a, ca e e
Ch i Y g i t h
nese ue i d i China , i th o d y f hi
av e arr v e n na n e sec on e ar o s
re ig w hi hn, tb f c f th t th
canno h ig d
e ly
ar rom e ru , as e re ne on se v e n
M ty i t d i Wil
a s a, c Vi h
e P é n w b gh t t withi i
son s
’
s nu ur n, e are rou o nsx
y f th
ears o l i f th ig f th g t Sat K ni t wh
e conc us on o e re n o e re a ar , o om
a ll th P a gi e p i d f fifty i y
ur ns ve a th ti wh
er o th o -s x e ars, as e m e en e
re li f B ddh w d p it d i th t p
c o u a If h w
as e w t k th
os e n e o e .
, o e v e r, e a e e
rec k i g f th t P fi d b gi th A dh dy ty with B 2 2
on n o a ur n, an e n e
'
n ra nas . c .
,
w h ll b b ght i t th ig f th Si t K i t th th li t
e s a e rou n o e re n o e aru en on e s .
earliest, we j
co n e cture th e date to h ave be e n J une l 6th A D 1 8 9 . . .
L ’
an 40 8 on voi t arri ve r a la C h i ne des am bassade urs da pays de K i a-p i -li ( )
a
”
dans 1 I nde , o h
’
est ls Mogol, avec des p resens pou r os Pri nce .
( )
a Le Roi se nom m ai t Yue-gnai . On re m arq ue q u il sui vi t i n re ligi on
’
de Po .
”
14 n I s ro a I C A L NA M ES A ND m ore
'
Sa ns c a rr I ns c a rr rro ns '
.
I .
B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile s, and No 6 of late. p x li . i n Dr . Bi dr
’
s w or k I . t is
u nde r th e m iddle -size di m a e of
g Buddha in th e re ce ss of th e p h orc of
th e grea t cave o n th e ri
gh t . In De vam igari i t is as follows
an m ifi m [ w ] Fam e: m W FR W EIW
fi
[ ]{ m
z l
m am a3 M
Tra ns la tion .
A re li
g ious assi na tion of an i m age to th e lor
g ( Bh agav an
) th e d by
c om p h
assionate te ac er and v e ne ra le m onum e nt of re ligion s
’
is ci le , b d p
th e S aky
’
a m e ndi cant Buddh agh osh a , a j so ourne r on e ar th d , an a
pi i th b dy
r sone r n e o ; th e sam e wh o c om p d ose th e institu te s of th e
l d B ddh
or u a.
o blit e rate d B tw
. e e en m and ( 1 i n line l st Dr . Bi d h r as a le tter, and
Mr . B p
re tt none wh t l g
. Th e
b t p s lac e se e m s so m e a ar e , u on e rso na
i p i I ld h dly hi k th t i
ns e c t on co u h dh d l tt
ar
g dt n a t ev er a a a e er e n rave
i it
n Th fi t
. ppl t p i lly
e rs th p di g l tt i
su e m en , es ec a as e re ce n e er s
d btf l d
ou t gi
u , ti ti f ti
oe s no b t it i th b t Ive m e e nld re sa s ac on, u s e es cou
th i k f n o .
Th w d m e i h t k
or p i ly d sh wh ff
e re a en ass v e , an m e ans e o su e rs
from y p thy wi h th g i f f th f f i i th
s m a t e fr e s o o e rs, rom t n e se nse o
c om p i i afi u
ass on. th B h m y i ’
t di g t teh ra m ans sa s no acco r n o e
K di b t th
au m u l ,
w p h p t th
u e t iru e s th y e re er a s no e n so s r ct as e are
no w Qw fi i t.
y b w ll t ti m a f ll I de t d t
as e o m en on once or a u n e rs an o
th i g d di d t h it bl p p ”
m e an a n ligi e cate I o c ar a e or re ous ur oses . n
M th i ( n d
ara
“
h ity i th
i f l gi i g p p ly
m eans c ar n e se nse o a m s v n , ro e r
”
th e re li i ous act of giv ing
g .
II .
h
T is inscri tion p h h i N 6 f M B tt i i p f t d th
, w ic s o . o r. re
’
s, s m e r ec , an e
it . An att pt w
em d by D B i d wh p b bly it w l
as m a e r. r , en ro a as e ss
b k
ro e n, an d th lt will b f
e resu d i Pl t li N 8 f h i w k e ou n n a e x . o. o s or .
Th e re th e i p t will b
ns e c or th i glik h w d K h t p y
o se rve som e n e t e or s a ra as a,
In m s x a na aaI I NS C RI PTIO NB. 15
Transla ti on .
PaAc nI r I N S C R I P I I ON S
' ‘ ‘
.
I .
Th e first of th e se, or No 1 in Mr . . B ’
re tt s fac-si m iles, i s inscri bd
e on th e
inne r w all p
of an O e n ve ran a -looki n dh g pl j ac e us t to th e le ft of th e gre at
cav e , and w ich h th i it e v s or re ac h bf h
es e ore e com es to th e te m pl e.
are tw o ex cav ations, form ing sm all room s, wi t raise e nc es, e x actl h db h y
suc h as are now in ndia constructe I for th e fire- lace in c oo ing d p k
roo m s . O ve r th e one of h
t ese m ost to th e le ft is th e following
M m im
‘
m m w afn
Transla tion .
Notes .
Th e wor fi d t is p eculi ar h
to t is i nscri tion, y e t i t is e vi p d tly
en
derived from W , w ic h h d
is foun i n th e lace of it a ov e p b . Th e
wor dm (t housan d) i s to be ta k e n as ex p ressive of an unlim ite d
num b er.
II .
h
T is is inscri tion No 3 of M r p . . B ’
re tt s, and is onl y a 1i ttle to th e
ight d bf
,
FE m i niva n we e n i e “ -
16 m s ronI C A L N
'
A M ES A ND m or e [J U LY
Trans la ti on .
am o n g ll H ai du d n p i llys, an
g th J i es If th
ec aC h i am on e a ns. e nese
au th itior
g di
e s re g th ar i t n f D f R w
e e x s e nce oh b l octors o eason, ose e m em
w asthi y ti
s m s b f th ti f B ddh
c cross, * e ore t b d p d d e m e o u a, are o e e en e
on, th ld b
e se cou th th th
e no o J i t wh ert d tt
an e a ns, o ose se c , an no o
th e B ddhi t p p th k d g with wh Al d h
u s s ro e r, e na e sa e s om e x an e r t e
G t re a i
cam e t t d
n con ac f wh Gl , f ll w d h i
an one o om , a e nus, o o e m ,
ev id ly b l g d
e nt Th J i
e on e i t d th
. h d d y b f th
e a ns e x s e re e un re e ars e ore e
B ddh i ts ? d thi
u s an
y h g i i s m at t h d bl B ddh
ave i t ve n r se o e ou e u s
c h l gy th
rono o : big e pp i ti t th ti f P h
one e n an a rox m a on o e m e o ars
v an dth th f , ed f Jiioun e r o d th th t th t f G t
a n sm ,th an e o er o a o au am a, e
f d f B ddhi m i
oun e r o u sm lf . f pp ll ti b t s an u nusua orm or an a e a v e, u
i d tly d i d f b ) it y h w ”
is ev en e r ve f! rom i b rass m a , o e ve r, e a
p t f th
ar o e Th nam ew d as i . f an pl f p
e or s or , a ace or su
pl f pplyi g
ace or su iti t
n di t
nece ss bf pl i d
es o m en can s, as e ore ex a ne .
Th e sm a ll pp tly w th kit h
room s a are n d th l g e re d e c e ns, an e ar e cove re
p i
s ace , o e n n ron
p f t th d i i g , e nn room .
III .
Thi i ipti
s nscr (N 1 8 ) ion i li d
o. i dd l i ds i n one
g ne un e r a m e -s ze m a e
o f B ddh u th
a, on f th g t e scree n o th t di i d th h ll i i d
e rea cav e a v es e a ns e
from th p eh orc th h , d f th d k p
ov e r e th l ft
ea s o e oor- ee e rs on e e .
i ts h a i r $1 “ t w e s at
Transla ti on .
Ih av e h
d wh th I h ld k thi
esitate g th S i t e er s ou ran s am on e anscr or
P é it i
r cr i pti I f th thi d yll bl f
nscr ons. th d b d e r s a e rom e en can e re a
{a i t d f 0
ns e a ll th oth h g y b dily d t d
, a e o er c an e s m a e re a m a e o re u ce
it t So it th t
anscr i ti ; t th d l b i ge ppli d Th
erm na on a e en a so e n su e . e
m ark f th i ti i fig
or e l t b t
nvoca on t q it i l s a ure , a m os , u no u e, a c rc e ,
wi h th
t t il eti d a t k
con ly i dditi
nue so as o m a e near , n a on, a
a little h
t at le tte r in som e o f th S h lph b t
e ou t e rn a a e s, and i n th e Marat i h ,
IV .
N . B — Th e
. i nscri pti on No . 4 of Mr . B re tt s
’
fac-si m ile s, bi e ng
be so fill d e u
p a s to conve i ts g y
e ne ral se nse .
Th e i nscri pi t on No 5 , . and i v . of Pl t l f B i d
a e x . o r , is e n rav e
g d on
a sm a ll d ag b o a, c ut ou t of, bu t not se p d f th
arate rom , e le ft wall of th e
p h
orc of th e gre at cav e , j u st as one e nte rs . O v e r th e dag b o a are
h
t re e um b re lla-s hpd a e figu res , rising one a ove anot e r and tw o b h
hum an figu res, p
le aning u o n th e se c on , are la i ng ol of th e d y h d
thi dr . h
T is is p b by
ro a l p
a re rese nta tio n of th e t re e w orl s, and h d
of de v o te es esca pi n
g from e art ht h o eav e n.
Th e inscri tion p
ii w m fi e ( on: a n
'
Transla tion .
(Th e i m a
g)
e of t h ose wh o, by re li ion,
g h b av e ecom e guiltle ss and p u re .
Notes .
Th e p h p h ld b (D di t d) t th
translation, e r a s, s ou & e e ca e o ose c.
Th e in i thi i ip ti
n h s lly
nscr d l w li b pp h
on as an u nus ua cu rv e o er m a roac
ing th f e wh it b
o rm i l H
e re l w ld b
e com e s c rcu ar . arm e ssue ss ou e a
lite ra lt l ti
ra ns af wfi m b t E gli h w d
on o y it f , u no n s or can conv e s orce .
It is f th
o ne o di l i t B
e c ar
g ddh i t
na J i d B
v r ue s ah am on u s s, a ns, an r
V .
h p
T is i nscri ti on (No 7) is i n th e first . cav e on oin
g g pu th e hill f rom
Fm !m am i tem w i i fs m
’
e m
V m efi a
gm t
filfis gm ? fit ne s s !
at e s agave a tte s t
18 n i sr o a IC AL NA M ES A ND F ACTS [J U L Y
Trans la ti on .
P f t O Th ligi
To th e ig ti
er ec f d i t
ne . e re ous ass na on o a cav e an c s e rn
by h h l kill d i
Ri s i- dl i g
a a, s f G lin k f th
e i ty n sacre earn n , son o au a a, o e c
of K ly i n kill d i
a d l i g l g with h i tt d t t t
, s e n sacre e arn n , a on sa e n an s , o a one
th i p i A i h tibl t i h d p it d
’
f or t e r are n s s ns . n ne x aus e re as u re s e re e os e ,
an d th t th f th e bl p
oo g kill d
o i d i di
e v e ne ra e e rso na e s e n sac re sc e nce s
pl y it i fl e i th h ly fi ld d th p l
a s s n u e nc bli gn e o e un e r e o e -re se m n m onu
m en t Wh t th. 0 !y k wh k p th pp i t d i i
a e n, e m on s, o ee e a o n e se ss ons s
th di ti g i h d i th w k hi p
e re s n us e f K b i th n t e o r m ans e ve n o u e ra, or n e m os
religi t d t
ous s u e n wh h p f t k wl dg f th ti
, or one o as a er ec no e e o e m es .
li ne w e h
I pp I } f h d 31 m f
av e , su ose , I or y an or am ver
d btf l b t th tw w d h w
ou u a ou e se m o i th b gi i g f
or s, o e ve r . n e e nn n o
th thi d li
e r Itk t b ne a pti f a W i th
e o e a f
corru on o . n e se nse o
m 31 whi h f q tly i th i d th i i p ti
“
i th S
s e i t h ! (V
anscr hi i i ll d h ld araruc th . an s ou m ean e sam e as
its“ “
kill d i th V d b t i gi i Wil
one s e n e eDi as, u s ve n n so n s
’
c
ti onar
y t i t h
a se c ar an, no ti T h b a d b t e ref t h c .
”
e re can e no ou o e
t
corre c ness f g d o d so p l i uar e d t h f w i
anth t hex anat on, an , e re ore , e
ra di l i g f th w d it gg t th t t
ca m ean n o e or ti th
, w su es s a a one m e e re e re
Bé h r kill d i th V d
m am s e wh w n t i e th gh e as, th ti l o e re se c ar an, ou no e re ca .
Bt u i o ur i p ti t
nscr h h t th w B ddh i t th f t
o ns e ac us t a e se e re u s s e re o re a one
ti i th
m e, ny f t h e eth B a
e o h th w
e o h j i d th
er B ddh r i t m ans, ose o o ne e u s s
w t i w d
e re no h ti
v e e asth p e re wh wbcs, m ore G ai an e rsons o no e com e os ns
or Bi dgi b t wa r s, ly l k d
u e re m e re t i Th i pp itioo e on as se c ar an. s su os on,
l
a so, i f li
s use u pl i i g th i t n ex b tw th tw p ti
a n n e n e rcourse e ee n e o ar es
ex hibit d i th pl y f th T y t If th di g i th d f
e n e a o e o -car .
”
e re a n n e en o
th f e h li
ourt i t it i t b
ne s correc pl i d f V , h i ii 4 1
s o e ex a ne rom araruc .
, as
ly du se l ,
i th a so, i i p ti n It ig ifi
ese p p ly pit l
nsc r ons . s n es ro e r ca a
t k p p f th i ipti t N i ik N 6
”
s oc ,
d an m eans, as a ears rom e nsc r o ns a zs , os.
an d7 t h , ob ave f y t t b t h d I pp
e e n a su m o m one no o e ouc e su ose ,
ii 2. i. i i v i t ( f sl b , (
asT i T th q i: t d w i th
e com es . o ose ac ua n e
th S e it th
anscr th b tit ti
e o W fe r su s m & w ill
u d il
ons, as
y rom , c . re a
su gg t th
es l f th
e m se ve s romt n l ti O th l t w e d p
ra s a on. n e as or com are
I N Tn n K A NH ERI I NSC RI PTI O NS . 19
VI .
Th e inscri p ti on No 8 , w i c
. h hi s ov e r a ciste rn, ne x t follow s
Tra ns la ti on .
Notes .
b twe e en Saté rs an dP ll d K
una ca e l arm a a .
V II .
h
T is is No 9, . and of th e sam e nature as th e p re ce di ng
Tra ns la tion .
of S pa
o r . A re ligious assignati o n .
Th e d h
nam e of th e t td tonor Th ere m e ans cons an e vo e e . e re is a
cons id bl t w thi ty il b y d P n t th
e ra e o n r th t m es e on u a o e sou -eas
, calle d
S i p S p b t wh th thi b th t w i t d d
l s , or o a, u e t I er s e e o n n en e or no cannot
any y t, e
p b b l i d
no m oretifi ti gg t i t lf
ro a Th e en ca on su es s se . e re is a
R kh i ti
a s as n m en d th R y ll d wa
onen f
In wh e am a ana ca e t, rom om th e
nam e o f th ill g p b bly d i d I f
e v a e Is t N g ro a e r ve . n re e re nce o e am , th e
t ermh ppli d t B ddhi t f th B ah i i l t wh
e re a e o u s s o e r m n ca cas e o h ad
t di d th
s u V d
e I y f th be e th t i t i
as, q it k
m a ur er o se rve a s u e u n nown
am on
g th M i thi B dh e f th pam t d y r m ans o e rese n a .
20 m s ro nIoA L N A M ES
'
A N D F A TS C [J U LY
V III .
Th is is NO 1 0 of Mr . . B tt i re
’
s nsc r ip ti ons, and h as, from fracture
of th e stone, a goo d m an y bl k an s .
[ Fe st w
] ees in
1 s ne w
we J a nna am “ ( Fa n a s
( wm i m am s warm flfflflfi l ‘
vr
6m i n“
first ! e x te nt
1m m
s “ s i n a las i s [ wa r ]
i
( fit Fe m
wafn i ag as an a ngz [ Fa ]
’
fl
e nafim fim m rfq m c s i te a s [m m ]
g
i t s an“ Fags “ fm fi w at a s
ne w fi rs t“: ( a a e a t e m ( a: a! w
"
Tr a ns la ti on .
[To th e P e rfe ct O ne .
] Th e re li
gi ou s as si
gnati o n Of a cave and
bli h
asse m es e re is a h ll t bli h d
a es a s e for B ddh i t p i
u s r ests h e re , th e
B ddh t th
u a- oo -cav e
Th e nam e of th e d onor ph
in t is i nscri tion i s th e sa m e as th at
li ne I d
un e rstan d
pti f m g E l 9 93 1 d i as c orru ous o f or i , 1 33 an E m t.
th h
ou g q none o tly wi h hf th l em s uare e x ac t t e ru e s .
li gi i th J i b ti '
re w on s no f ligi
a com m o n nam e t t it or e a n re o n, u n our ex
m us t th B d dh i t t
m e an wh i h th ew d u b q lly ws ll o c e or ua e
y , m a e e
appli d Th id f d bt i th
e . e f i i f
ea od i th ld e n e se nse o s n s ou n n e O
M ath i li t t
ar di l p i i t d d by E p
e ra ure , an s no no v e ex re ss on n ro uce uro e ans .
I M athi 1 b
n ar dily 5?
i — fi a f h i th
e com e s as i K a i re a as or er s onc n
IN m s K A NH E II I I NS C R I PTI O Ns . 21
Maré th i to h
t is day . In ai m s we h av e th e S ansc rit i t c h ange d to
1 1 , as in th e ca se o f ti t .
( Vara ru c h i iv . Afte r e m for K W .
,
th e n i s p e c u liar, and h as a tu rn to th e ri
gh t i nste a d of th e ci rc u lar
te rm i na ti o n, w i c i t co m h h I h
m onl y h as i n th is i ns c ri p tion . Th is ave
t k
a e n as a w
a, w hi h if i
d w ld b
c , kd t thi g i e re u se , ou e m ar e som e n n
ht wy
t a a .
y P hp i
b h
er a s k f li i d
t th m a h e t e m ar o e s on, an en t e
D ag i i h ld b a n Wh i h I '
e van t r s ou w y i b e k . t c e ve r a t e ta e n, canno
i
co nc e v e f y th
o ani g p ob b l b i i d
e r m e an n
g d h t g i so ro a e e n nte n e as t a ve n
i h l i
n t e t rans at o n Ch i i f th y l A dh f ily i
. var ti d o e ro a
’
n ra am s m en o ne
p i l ly i N 1 2 f M B
a rt c u a r n o f . i il t th P é i t
o r . re tt s
’
a c -s m e s, o ur en r cr
i ip i
nsc r b t h
t o n, Ih tk h w d u e re
pp ll i (
av eS a en t e or es an a e at ve . ee
Wil S i Di ti y )
so n s
'
ansc r t c o nar .
IX .
Th i hi h i N
s, w 11 d h
c s t whi h i o .N 1 2 f ll , an h t e ne x , c s o .
, o ow e ac
ot h i h
e r, h
w t p i a s i g o rt s ll i ac e i h p h
nte rv e n n , ov e r a sm a c ste rn n t e o rc
o f l g
a ar ill h l f b k f th
e ca v e , st i l t
on d till f h
t e e t an o e r vu e , an s art er
to w ard h s t th h th
e so u i d b t an ose m e nt o ne a ove
Fe nwa s m s ] i n [ i ts e r ] m e ans
ga s as
we we s as s G Q IB Q fi i ] gum s 8 “ s a w s i t a r
‘
r m are [m u a tfam ] F ? ) a ne w i fs !“
q é vrm um i n
i m fi a t [ as ] i t fi rs t i s a s a re; fa i rfug u e
“
Fe 3 1 q a raq i : s i ze s e e FTG an“
( as? m fa i tw {at
‘
Tr a ns la ti on .
To th e P e rfe ct O ne . Th e re li
gi o us as si
gnatio n of a cave , a w ate r
c is te rn, a se at, a c u
p b oard, and a ro w o f c o uc h es fo r th e sic k . T h e se
h av e b ee n
[b e s tow e d
] fo r th e sa nc ti [fic atio n
] of re li
gio us
[de v o te e s
]
and w ise m e n, alon
g w i t h th e ir atte ndants, by Dh a rm
[ ana k] a sk ille d
K aly a
[ ]
n . C om e hi h t e r all
y e m on s k from th e fo ur q uarte rs
( of
Th e di ti
s n u is
g hi ng of a tow n from ot e rs h of th e sam e nam e by
m e nti oni n
g so m e h pl
ot e r ace ne ar i t, is ver y c om m o n at th is day
am on
g th e M arzi th as . Ne ar th e b gie nni ng of th e t hi d r line th e tran
p
scri t h as T a, w i c h h I h av e c o nve rte d into 111 1 , by th e sli
gh t est
22 H IS TO RI C AL N A M ES A ND F AC TS [J U LY
im agi na bl h e c pp t th wh k w th
ange , as will
i t a ear o ose o no e anc e n
c h tarac e rs f h b bi i I ld k th i g d th
o t e a ov e com nat on cou m a e no n , an e
id f
ea o ti fi ti
sanc f th pi h di ca i th
on M hor e r e s t oo s com m on n e a av anso .
i i !i M a hi i th
“
n ar ll i d
t th w d
s p l tf
e sm a ra se e ar en or oo en a o rm on
w h i h Sh fl d p i t h i y I h j t d th t it i
'
ki d f p b d f pl i g y ti l
n o cu oar ,ti i di t
or ac n an ar c es o n no n m m e a e use .
f ! i th
g ra t nt df f um i
e co n rac te i M é th i f orm o s s com m on n ar or a
t di
e h ig ik
ou s arass n Th M atha f q ly p fi
s c th
ne ss . e ar s re ue nt re x e
i w l a d t w d p i g with w l i di t i t
“
se m vo e s an 4 o or s o en n a vo e ; n som e s r c s
it i d
s lw y
one it I a id t
a sb G i ft ! i
. th
s e cons er o e s n e
se nse f h i g g d t f wh i h M éth i B ih
o
“
av n re ar o, or c ar ri m ans u se
“ an m f -
s I hi h ( t h .
i t d1
“ “
l t e r, i
“
e re ,
”
an e v e n,
” “
a so,
”
are
c o m m on M ahi w d arth w f t p i i l th l t l i l
or s e t o orm e r rov nc a , e as c ass ca .
X .
S fee h p i ti
or t f th i th l t
e osb on o s e as num er .
le nt p
a artm e nt . H tw
e re h it b l are o c ar a e e sta bli h
s m e nts ; th e s uare q
re fe ctor y c onne c e t d w i h th t t e ou te r c ou r s of th e m onaste r y and th e
pi td
a n e q
s uare l dgi g p l
o n d w d by D
- ace e n o e asakarni and C h i vari K arni .
m a ra
g of clot h , or su c h pl i g a t B ddhi t p i t
a n arm e n as a u s r es
m ay w e ar . In th e conclus on i it pp th t C hi
a i i th p p ears a v ar s e ro e r
nam e of one of th e An
’
dh ra ro a y l f ily wh am n w K ni b t, ose sur am e as ar u
m w e x a nn s ar I NS C RI P I I O NS ’ ‘
. 23
b ti K ah ap (S
o serv a o ns lfl lfl m ) h b
ag l
am dy pl i d. l
'
as e en a re a ex a ne .
Th w d fi ni a i M a hi i th
e or l g
s i i ar t h tt l ti n I e se nse ve n n e rans a on
fl
.
h gi
ave h J ive n i g f fi n
t e ( S
a n m ean n M ) t o w er am . o a ,
th gh wi h
ou t i d p d t B ddh i t
t ou fi
n e e n en i Th J i h u s con rm at on . e a ns av e
a re
g l u ar l f i
annua b t I h t h
c on e ss on, d h t d B ud av e no ear t a m o e rn u
dh i t h s s
y h
av e a nt Th y
s uc igh t h w
c us om h .h d i t i e m , o e v e r, av e a n
i t ti
anc e n b t i f th
m es
g i i
u t h t l t
ei b
se nse bj t d ve n n e rans a on e o ec e
to, som e h g l id
suc w i i g e ne ra ligi i t
e a as ti y b a tn on re ous ns ru c on m a e
b ti t d th gh th t d
su s tu e , t ou it th d i ti a f th w d
oe s no w ll su e e r va on o e or so e .
Th t e d pl t
re e an ti d i th t t b th highly t d by
an m e n o ne n e ex are o es e e m e
th B ah
e r f th p m ans o td y — th l tt e i th rese n l p i y ig t a e a er s e aac e aa an e a .
fli th s t y f t pl i t i f h
e sanc uar o a em I d t d e or n e r or o a o use . un e rs an
fi i m th as d t
e v e ran a or t Th di g m i p b bly
ou e r cour . e re a n s ro a
corru p t d Of h e . pti fim f
su c it corru d1 “ f Fa“ I
ons as or an or
can o n ly y th t th f sa w ld p
a i M athi w h
e orm e r a i f ou ass n ar e re s ra
q tl
ue ny p fi d t w re l dxeth t i t h
o vo l t t th
e s, K i p b
an b l y a n e a er e s ro a
o blit t d i th d G é ti f tw b i g th S it
e ra e . I s e m o e rn uze r or o, e n e ansc r
fi
'
p t
co rrud W h eh . th A e dh p
av ei D k
e re ano i er
’
n ra r nce , as a
'
arn , con
t d wi h th
nec e t Th i l g e cav e s t y till . t i s k
ar e m onas e r s re a ns som e m ar s
o f h i gb av n pl t d d p i t de en as ere an a n e .
XI .
of th e riv u le t, a high
little er u
p t h an th e p rec e di ng, and ne ar ly i n a
line wi t h th e G i h
o sa n s
’
ouse .
Th is i s No . 1 4 f Pl t o a e x li v . of Bi d r .
Fa un
m m an Fi fi : a w s“ ea
"
“ fa x a s i nfsnm a m “ fi n e am
al ae “ w a s a r e vft m
g m m 1
a fi vh v 3 m
fg m m a m a ft fzt m “
gu m W W I?
: sh a m “ a “ ( an
st 1
5m
( i an fiw m a firat 6 1 9
m m ! “ (w [ G ] i fi m m a vi v zfi m v fifi ‘
W a! w fivfi ( an m vnvvrr t e a m a ? ! ,
s i re ? an ?!c i r s e u m w a rm
‘ ’
"
m m wa s!v i i am in ( a
s w ( t! fi rs t
a i ? “ gs “ fit was: Fagi n “
24 m s ro m c a r.
'
na m e s A ND m or e [J U LY
Tra ns la ti on .
d f th l dy h i
son o e a s
Hijarag a alo n
g w it h Dh arm adrav
y a and also
h
t is cav e and scre e n, d e s ti ne d fo r w o rsh i p , w e re form e d and b e stowe d
as a gi ft i n th e anh a ill t K
o c o v e r th e de ficie nce s o f th e
( do h
no rs
)
’
gi ve n to e ac h d ily h d d g a H l i i t i i
a u n re roa ts . e re a so s ns ruc t o n n
d
m e ic ine , an d t th b tif l p t
a ll d Fi ld T w
e pply f
e au u s o ca e e o n a su o
ve
g e ta bl es . H i th d ligh t f th
e re s bl d p i t th tt d
e e o e asse m e r e s s, e m a e
h ai r asc e ti c s c oo n - er
’
li g h b f lt k t p ti l , u se u o m on s a ar cu ar se aso ns .
S aw , do u tle ss b ultim a e t ly f ro m
3 1 , i h M ahi w d
s t e ar t or fo r ne ph w e .
1 m m I d t dt b “ un li g t
e rs an
gu o e 11 19 ,
“
vm a case , as m m e ans
“
tra
lli g f pl th N i k i ip ti
”
ve n b tf
or e asu re it t ; u rom e as nsc r on m us m e an an
asce ti D b t tt h t
c . f h p p
ou i
s a
g d ac o som e o t e re e r nam e s v e n, an so m e
are o blit t d Th f S at K
e ra e i ph w i t k f
. e nam e o a am
’
s ne e s a en ro m th e
ip i wh b ig fv rm I w ld i p ‘
f th h dfii y ” ”
t fi Q ,
t fe i f fi n ue e n o e e ar . m s or , e c e nc , and
”
q ua for v r a,
g
“
a co ve ri ng . a w ?! is for w i fe, 11 s q is from
i
ar c re w, v fi ni i s fo r s f a i i , w
’
hi h c 1s th e a dj e ctiv e of um h vw m Wi lson s ’
v e ge ta bl es
g e ne ra lly , or th e arom atic le af c h w d with b t l
e e e e nu t, li m e,
fl
,
will stan d —
th us z a fi unk m
-
; FT
al t t 9 1 1 1 : “ fi n fi fl
3 at
’
fi
fim fi .
Di c ti onary wi ll co nfi rm wh at is sa i d , th o u
gh, resi di ng m ore th an a q uarte r of a
ce ntur y am ong th e p e op le , and spe aki ng th e ir language, I can sp eak from p e rsonal
e xp eri ence on thi s subj ec t .
in m s x a s n nnr m sc nrr rrons
'
. 25
h
not t e n ac kno wl dg d
e ei , e ve n n th p e artial way t h t th
a ey now are by
th e B ahr m ans h F i f”
ere . or se e Wilson s Sanscrit Dicti onary
’
. Th e
ch angin
g i t to an, or vic e m od, and kee ping n m i d
in Vararuch i
’
s rules.
X II .
p p d
We are now re are to exam ine No 4 of Mr fac-sim iles, . . B re tt
’
s
p p h
th at of th e i nsc ri ti on on th e le ft orc of th e great cave , as from th e
b py
last we sh all be a le to sup l e noug at least to lea us to its general h d
pur ort
p .
h
T is is No 1 1 . of Pl t a e x lii . in Bi d r .
m im h h w e wfv flw ]
m m
[m w
-
w w ]
i t m at h s 3 m m i n t]
m m i fiv n [m v m ]
m e i w w aa fii fi i w vv ]
M i fifi m m fi m i m ]
m fim m ww ] fl
h um m u aw m ]
N W
9
an n u i t vfir a r w rh
fi m
wh wmgn flm
m fa a i n m ww m t h ]
i wfit m fi am fain m
‘
it
nu m é t w w w m z:
w mg w fi m m f t fi m ]
m m w fim m fitv m a fl
W tfin m i a wt i vfitfi s
fi wfivfai w
‘
‘
m
Transla tion .
K i ng G te [ iputra s im ’
p e rial d escendant S ri Yadnya] Slit Kam i
‘
i
m
26 m s ro m c u
'
. N A M ES AN D m om s
'
[J U Lv
h ad [
a neph w e nam e dNgk a a anda, wh o in th e fore st] fre q u e nte d by
th e fea th d t ib
e re r e [ l i d
re c a m e lan d for a fie l d and g d
ar e n ] to o bt i
a n
G j i [t d di t d
a am ra e ca e as a re ligiou s assignation tw o] im age s B ddh to u a .
[H w e
eret b li h d as s a s e als o a re fe ctor y] fe nce di n an d d d wi h
a orne t
pu ttin
g a sto pto m y p t t ig ti O t f ll thare n
’
s ransm ra on . n accoun o a e
c hild [d d d f ] th l dy Aj y d y b th
re n e sc e n e rom d e a e
’
zt an m ro
’
e r s sons an
f ily
am
y f
, com e y q t t hi e romt i h d j y
e ve r u ar e r o t s m ou n a n ou se , an en o
a h ppy h a H i d th bd i g p i t f t bli h d i t
om e . e re n ne ea -su u n r es s o es a s e v r ue ,
( T h ) th
e ros, b l A h l th b
e v e ne ral G p l th bel V ij c a a, e v e ne ra e O a , e v e nera e a
y i
am t th ra, b l B th
e b l
v e ne ra d t D h pea l e, e v e ne ra e e v o ee arm a a
v e ne ra bl S h l (Si h l l g wi h b dy f th ight
e e a o n a a bl a on t a o o o er e v e ne ra e
p i t fill d with g t p i t d h w ld id i th
r e s s, e re a com as s on ow ar s t e or , res e n e
sacre d K gh hill wh i f a a g w t
,
h on o t i p pp ose c rcum e re nce ro s e m un a n e e r,
w hi h i c l d wi th i l f p i kly p
s e nc ose d fill d i id w i h a c rc e o r c e ar, an e ns e t
t i th d ligh t f g
u rm e r c, e e o sa e s .
Th e filling u
p of th e p p ro er nam e s at th e b gi i e nn ng is, I thi k n ,
pl d b y d d b t wh w f th l t i
ac e e on ou en e re e r to e as nscr i p ti on, an d id
cons er
th t th a l tt dd d
e e ly pl t th li It will b
e rs a e e x act com e e e ne . e b d
o se rv e ,
th t th f S it K ph w i t k f b l w li 1 8 ’
l
a so, a i
e nam e o a am s ne e s a en rom e o , ne ,
wh it i
e re i j d S h filli g p i q i d th t th
s u n n ure . o m uc n u s re u re , a e trans
l ti
a b y d th p p
on, e on i t e ht b dp ddre Y t
e r nam e s, s no m uc o e e en e on . e
I thi k it will b
n d d p b bl i e ti
conce w ith th e d as ro a e n c onne c on e w or
i nfi m : f r wfiw d i f! f
or z
i fi l T h pp ly i g f w t
an t or I . e su n o o at o
m a k t th w d f ill g i t ly w t bl i th
e ou e or or v a e s no sure un arran a e , as n e
f orm e r d i th Na ik i
an ip ti
n i t i p l i ly gi
e i f ll
s nscr ons s a n v en n u .
Infilfi h t I th i k b i t p t d
e pith t f B ddh wh
n n e r re e as an e
'
m us , , e e o u a, ose
f it
av o ur b d K p il t i t f t
e a o e, d th a lfil w h av as a, re e rs o ; an e ‘
E e av e
h d a ft f
so o th fi t l tt
en f th w d g l th t lit l d b t
or e rs e e rs o e or a , a t e ou can
b t t i d f h i b i g th w d i t d d
e e n e r a ne o t A g sth J e n th e or n en e . m on e a ms e
w d 3 : ppli f q tly t h ”
or 3 a es i
e ve n
g t tm o re re ue n o an m a e an o a
l dy Aj ya t h b Ap th d w ’
a e se e m s ob t A av e een are nu s m o e r, u as nan a as
h i M i téj
s h lf b th
c a, ly h a th b
- ro i d twi er
”
on , s e m us av e e e n m arr e ce .
“FR I d s t
un e r n
g t d fi n ! t b f n t K l e , an
i
o m ea o e or , as a ar e n
I N ru n K A N H ERI I NBC RI PTI O NB.
27
Ki ng Bh uti is
d Bh ti S di ffi lty h b f lt with th
calle e . om e cu as e en e e
l t tw li
as b to p i f th t
ne s, u ip t wi th th t
a com l ti ar son o e ransc r e rans a on
will b t bl S it h l t j dg h w f I h h it th
es e na e a ansc r sc o ar o u e o ar ave e
se nse Ih . t th gh t i t f fii
av e noi t i p t tou y y th i g o su c en m or a nce o sa an n
i it i di ti
n s v n B id ca pt i f! f i ifi by
on . es t i f
e s, e x ce or l an e x e ns on o
S t ii 4 3 t th w d th th
u ra . o o ti er d th h g or s an ose m e n one , e c an e s are
XIII .
h
T i s inscri pti i on s m ore b k pp
ro e n, a are ntl y , ev e n t h an th e last . It is
on th e r igh t p h f thorc o e l g t pl
p
ar e em e , and one cannot h lpe sus e cting
th t
a t th a ti f th
e m e o ti e B ddhi t p
b th w p p ly u s e rsecu on, o e re u r ose
i j
n ure d l g pi
, as f ar e th t h b wh lly d t h d
e ce s rom e s o ne av e e en o e ac e .
O wi g t th i i
n o t th i i i p ti
s c rcu m s ance h b gi i th iddl s nsc r on e re e ns n e m e .
M B tt di d t t k i t fi t wi h th
r . re no t
a eb t i t i
ta i p t t irs t e re s , u as s m or an n
conne c ti wi th th p
on di g I h ed t ip t d t
re ce n l ti , av e m a e a ranscr an rans a on,
as f ar asI f wh t can, o i d M B tt h a l i
re m a nst k an r . re as a so s nce a en a
f
ac-s mi il f it It i
e o b d 1 0 i Pl t lii f Bi d
. s nu m e re n a e x . o r
’
s .
Fa n 1 1 1 fi t t g e tm
’
m
‘
n v érFs m
‘
t j '
a
at W fi fi i
‘
[ J r n r m ne vm
[t ] i fls tra w n ew w e as:
[ a t ] t m m 2 fl m v vfir m fi fa v fl
[v l z gv v t fi flfifaw vt i fl fi e
' ‘
“
nfi a v [fi l m i vw i ti a- e i:
fa P fit
‘‘
rm u n
Tr ansla tion .
following reli
g iou s assign ations ( e long to t is loca lit b h y) .
de liv e ri ng from pi I
ra ne . n th p ep ity i g
ros e r t y f B li -e nsur n m onas e r o a
th e re is, conne c e t d wi th th e t pl th h ll f t ll
em e, O eh a or rave e rs . n t e
site b l ngi
e o n g t th od i i e v ne K i th i th h
am b t wi g
e re s e -
ea en e s o
v n cave
28 m sro ru c u . NAM ES A N D r ac rs [J
of th e K
di vine ante ra, w e re th e eo le wors i th e h p p hp ve ri ta bl e treasure
re li c, Dh uli K argi
’
s granar y and store -h ouse . Above all, t h e re are
d it b l t
th e fam e i g w h i
ver h t i w hi p ad i t e reasure m a es c su s a n ors an v r ue ,
b t wi g bl i g B l w th i f d b th
es o n ess n s jwl . e o e re s oo a ov e e re are e e s.
esta bli h d by
s e th e K gi f
ar am il y , and
noun. Th e wor d 3 1 11
‘
th ben dj ti d i d f th t
e an a ec ve I thi k it p b bl th t
er ve rom a nam e . n ro a e a
h i h
e s f dt
e re re erre y t p t f th~
p i
o th t di i e th
, e x ce or e e e v ne , e nam e
i t lf i t
se t fi
s oo com m on ythi g d p h p it will b f t t o x an n an , er a s, e sa e s a
p t
rese n t t l yno d w y
o th i g a t i o t h i n anh d i n as ce r a n on s ea , s nce
wi th y f t
an h P o i ig e T h l
uran c sov e redi g p t — th t wh i h ns . e conc u n ar a c
m en ti th i
ons g
— i th e t i
m a es p t t p t f sth i i i
e m os
p ti m or an ar o s nscr on.
m i f th sS or i t
w et h i f p
ansc r i g t ly i t F t b t e ass n no on n o , u
B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile late l y m a e, d th e f ll wi g diff
o o ppn e re nces a ear
b ut m ust be I or S om e slig ht h c an es
g in th e translati on y b e m a
nec
e ssary if th ese re adings in th e second and last lines are adap ted .
1a m a xm nxm 1 Nsc a1 r r1 0 Ns
'
. 29
h p
T is inscri tion and th e ne x t bl e ong to C h anakya . T hy
e
num b d by M B
ere r . re tt 14 and 15 .
em xv rla
Trans la ti on .
“ ( firm q rfi m w e m
[ i r l i tw m fii ri s w
‘
'
FE
Tra ns la tion .
To th e P Da
e rfe ct O ne . To m ila, inh a itant b of K alydn, fam e d
h
t rough ou t th w ld d p ifi d
e or , an ur e , th e re li
gi ous assignation of a cave
Note s .
Th e y q ti th t
onl ue si i g d t
on th tw i
a ip ti
can ar se n re ar o e se o nscr ons
i —d th y
s o f t th f
e re e r Di il t o b B ddhi t
e am ous m a, or o som e o scu re u s
p i t ? I pp th
r es su f dt t h b
ose e t
cav e t d re e rre o o av e e e n cons ru c e a
id b l ti ft C h a ky d th by ’
cons e ra e m e a er t t hi na a s ea , as a m onum e n o m
one f hi do d t d t C h a ky b i g p t d
s esce n an s ; an as o na a e n re re se n e as a
B ddhi t p i t th ll ti f t diti
u s r es , d by Wilf d p ti g
e co ec on o ra ons m a e or re s e c n
hi m i th A i ti R
, n e h l i h w th t h fi i h d h i lif
s a c e se arc e s , vo . x .
, s o s a e ns e s e as
a p it t t th l t Th d B ah
e n en a e eas f . w ld e m o e rn r m ans, o course , ou ne ve r
ll w th t
a o h h t b
a suc B ddhi t wh t th f t ight
a c arac er ecam e a u s , a ev e r e ac m
b e ; d an f hi d
one d t ight y t lly
o s l d
esce n an s m ve r na u ra conc u e or
course as hi w d h d l d hi t
s o d pt th y t f G t
n, an a e m o a o e s s em o au am a .
It i y lik ly h t h d di ti h ld h b
s ve r un e t a suc d a e ca on s ou ave e en m a e,
an d h p i
suc d i g dt
ex ress ons b p i t Th
use , n re ar o an o sc ure r es . e
form f th l tt
o the e f h S e rs, it d ti i rm
e use od 1 f wh i h t e anscr a ve na , an , or c
1 w ft w d
as a b tit t d ll p i t t
er ar s su s p ti ly ly d t u e , a on o a com ara ve ear a e.
X VI .
No 1 6 of Mr
. . B re tt s
’
fac-si m iles .
w fs i i m m fitm rh a
« m urm u E
rs F
30 m aro m e a n NA M ES A N D ra o rs
' '
[J U LY
Tra nsla ti on .
re li
gious assignation of a
g rotto by th High Ad i l U g P
e m ra ra. e ace .
I w ld w it i S
Th e last p art of th e first li ne ou r e n anscri t th us z —W
1
W 1 P h p th l tt .p i h t h ld b m
er a s
ju i th e a er e t e s ou e
'
, e
ch i h f th i f i d Th fig S tik i h
er s e rs o e r f d
r en s .
”
e ure vas a s e re so orm e ,
th t b th t th b gi
a o i g ad th d thepp p k h ld b t
e nn n an e en e u er ea s ou e o
th e le tte rs .
XVII .
Th is (No 1 7 . of Mr . B re tt s
’
fac-sim ile s) is foun d on th epp p t u er ar
M im e v um wm w
uv vtfa uw m v vu
«n ews m an
Tra ns la ti on .
To th e P e rfe ct O ne . Th e by th g ld
re ligious assignati on e o sm i th
Dh arm anaka of a fear- d t yi g ligi g tt with dag b
e s ro n re ous ro o, a o a, for
th e te ac h e rs of e sta bli h d p i ipl f ll f h ly d d p
s e r nc e s, u o o ee s, re se rve d
from fear and dis ease .
Th e u se of I for W in th e wor df or
g oldsm h
it i s re m ar a k bl e , and we
s h ldou now say it ch aracte rize d an in h bita ant of th e nor th p e rn arts of
c i all
y in th e onca n C . w as a pti corru on of m i . I n th e K lp a a
for
i n, th e corru pti on of S
th e ansc ri t
i n, a tum ulus, and h e re a ppli es
14 and alth ou
gh h i s Rule iii 1 2 giv e s for th e first
. yll bl
s a e
9 6 y et in
th is i nstance we m ust su pp ose a furt h er corru pti on : in Mari th i
i t is i v .
-
1 1! Ta x ru m m m I NSC RI PTI O NS . 31
III XV .
h p
T is inscri ti on h as no tb t k by
e en a en Mr . B re tt . It is No . 20 of
D Bi d w k
r. r
’
s or , and on th lfi h d e e : an of th e rivule t. It is m uc h
b k t th b gi
ro e n a e e nm ng, and one or two lines are e ntire l y gone .
fl m w fism e
fi fi i
’
m [ w ] m v v 1 ta
i rrfsa m m fs s t v fz s s v e a fl
M m fi m v m w rz
wm w ww fwfir
Transla ti on .
h is race fro m g d t (
reh ar o t e d onor s )
’
f th d ha e r an m ot e r, e v e n to th e
se ats for th ebly wh asse m o se e k p i it l
s ip ir ua e m anc at on. H e re is
tr ul y an i h tibl t
nex aus e re as ure .
one Th. ly w w d i F i na
e on ne t y or f th fi l
s ar a e rm v er com m o n or e na
t t
s a e of b li g th J i
ss am on d B d dh i t — e
g h fa ns an d u s s am on t e o rm e r, an
l
a so am o n g t h N p l B d d h
e i t e i g au t t f up k w s s, m ean n a s a e o su re m e no
l dg
e d b li
e an p b bly with p t
s s, ro a i g th l tt se ara e c onsc ou sness am on e a e r,
or B ddhi t p p
u s s ti f d i
ro e r, cessa d i wi h ion l rom e s re , an un on t un ve rsa
t
na u re f th fi t p i i pl f th B ddhi t lik th t f K pil
or e rs r nc e o d e u s s, e a o a a an
Th l i
a e s, i t ll t i b d
s an n e tt ec - m ue -m a er .
”
Th till
e re are sf w b k i ipti f i il f whi h
a e m ore ro e n nscr ons, -
ac s m es o c
will b f d i D Bi d w k Th y N 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 2 23
e oun n r . r
’
s or . e are os .
, , , , ,
25 2 6 f h i I
, o i p ti s f th K
nscr y C N
ons f th
rom h e e ne r av e s. one o e se av e
b t k by M B tt O
ee n a en i i g th
r . wi th
re . dg f n e x am n n em so m e e ree o
care, I fi d h w d e m fin w fai t fv fw “ m
n suc or s as , d
,
’
, . . an
so on, i g i thoc cu rr n p i g th t th i g l i p t i th
n em , rov n a e r e ne ra m or s e
sam e wi th th l dy t ose l t d N
a rea w p p h b
rans a e . o ne ro e r nam e s av e ee n
dt td
e ec e
y f , t li it
or an d b i d thac l dye pcl d b ef ,
th es e ose a rea ace e ore e
32 H I STO RI C A L NAn ns A ND m ore [J U LY
d
re a er ; and th ere fore an
y atte m pt at t hi e r restorati on d th woul , ough
Ih w itt
av e t D Bi d t h
r en o t i p
r. ir t k fo av e an e xac m re ss on a en or m e
from th pp pl t f d i th t p whi h if it i b f th
e co er- a e oun n e o s, c , arr v e e ore e
p bli ti f th i p p I h ll l t l t d dd
u ca on o s a e r, s a a so rans a e, an a as an
App di en x.
APPENDIX .
N th i g o d d i b t i i g p t th d f M y 1 8 53
av n succe e e n o a nn , u o e en o a ,
wh th i p p
en i p s i g th
a er g h t h s p as s n th py f th
rou e re ss, ano e r co o e
insc rip ti h pl t d g
on on t f th K anh i ( K
t e a e
y) u t p b
ou
y D o e er e ne r o e r.
Bi d I w gi
r , no t t ip t d t
ve as corre c l ti f it a I ranscr an rans a on o as
a bl f pl t l ii N 2 8 f h i w k th
e rom a e x v . o. Th i o ip s or on e cav es . e nscr
ti oni i S s it n d h g t p t f it i th
anscr , an ffi i tly
t e rea e r tly ar o s ere su c en correc
g i ven f t l i
or B t h
rans at on. f w p l i w h iu h i th f
t e re are a e ac e s n c , e e r rom
th f lt f h
e au pyi t th d y f h igi l th h t
o t e co s , or e e ca o t e or na , e c arac e rs are
so mi p f t th er ecthi g b d f th with t
at no n can j e m a e o em ou som e con ee
ti f 1 1 wh i h l k lik W ) th
on o 1 , c oo sf th d h
e f
. e nam e o e onor, t e nam es o
m os t f h bj t f w hip h f t f th d p i ti g th f
o t e o ec s o ors , t e ac o e e os n ere o a
su pp d t th f B ddh d h
ose oo o ti g u tt
a, an f hi t e e re c n a m onu m e n o one o s
e x cep i f th t on of th ig i g
e nam e o h ily d t
e re nn m onarc , are eas m a e ou
th ghou f th i som e o
g y d d i p tie p i th
m a ert p t, diman e scr ve e e s, re se n
w hi h I h d p
c i ly gi a ) h l t
re v ous v e n, m uc e ss o ac ui e sce in th e ge ne ral
q
p p t f th t i
ur o r o a v e rs on.
A th s l th
e re t p
are t Ki h se v e ra o er o es a n e ri, woul d it t b no e wort h
whil t p e f th d
o o e n m ore o wh t ti q em , an see a an u arian r c i h th y es e contain ?
[ 1 ] M im
i n rdsfi m vi w m m fit
W i m vfift uv fixfi
1 141 m s x ANnnru m sc aum ons . 33
m m m m wfi m é fi vfi u
5 w fi
171 fi w
1 11 611 61? fsfafm fi l m f wfi s fi m firdm i s an F“
film m ush S h im v
a ir m an: t w fvr m .
m flwm = €fi W e!
Trans la ti on .
A d orati on Bl d D i g th ig f th f t t
to th e Eve r e sse . ur n e re no e or una e
K i p K am
r a h pl ti f th y tw h d d d f y
a, on t e com e on o e ear o un re an ort
fi th
ve , w i th
ere g t
as t yni th Ke h hi l
re al ( ) m onas e r n e au a a son ,
f
av our e d by B ddh d d P hy
u a, fan d ght f nam e us avarm an, o a au er o a
lt d S é i K a f th
’ ’
ki nsm an o f th e ex a i t i
e A dh bh it
r m m a, o e v c o r ous n ra r a
f ily
am H . h p f pi y i
e m a ea d t o sbl l y cer , n a m anner ue o a no e a m an
o f h ligi
t e re f th ll bl
on o d p w f l h th p e a -
f t f ld
esse o er u e re , e osse ssor o en o
ight h l d th S i ky h d p f B ddh d
’
m , t e or
g t
, t e lt a sa e, l e rue an e r ec u a, an a so
i th
n id t f
e m l it d
s o f tt d t whil f
a m u t u i g t th e o a e n an s, e o rm n a e sam e
ti pt l f th p p i g d light t th f B ddh t b
m e a re ce ac e or e ros er n e som e ee o u a, es a
li h d
s e d
a sacre tf th m onu m
g h i f l y d iea i p l th or f e sa e s
’
c e a sc e, e so n o
th l dy S a d ti i th i d t f p li h d t y ytl
'
e a ra va , n e m s o o s e s one s, a ve r cr s a
While
D Y k h Siddh Vidy i dh G dh Ahi Bh d a
e v a, a s a, a, f ara, an arva, , a r
Pum a Bh d P d i K a y V j p i i Va h K é i
, a ra a m d th , v a, a ra zp , c , n na, an o ers
t d by hi ki
ve ne ra e j y th l i p di d i g h
t s nsm an, en o em se v e s n ara se , ur n t e
h
t ousan d l i i h f h C l ti l D lph i
re v o ut o ns l g h ll n e av e n o t e e es a o n, so on s a
thi f i lk
s sea o hi h t yi ld wh t
m i d i d B ddh
, t s cow t a e s a eve r s e s re ,
u a,
h j y
t e th
o w d f l h
o u s, hi f f g th p l ( d hi h
e on e r u , t e c e o sa e s, e o e rou n w c
th w ld
e or l ) d A d
rev o v es l g h liq i d t
, gi
en ure . n as on as t e u s re am s ve
bi h t th p w
rt o ed l gu rey f y d h
at e r casca e s, so on m a am e carr ow n t e
w
re no f th
n o b l t h ly b f t b f th b fit f
e e ne v o e n , o e ne ac or, orn or e e ne o
5
34 m s K A NH ERI I NS C RI PTI O NS .
[J U LY
Ta x Ta x .
'
otes .
re ason to b li
e e ve was th e great Sat K am i . Th e surnam e in our te x t
is e quivale nt to K arui ; and p hper a s a n, li k e th e sum !of th e Bhag avat,
rea di ng is d btf l
ou u , and th e le tte rs as t hy e stan d w ld gi W ou ve or
1 1 . Am on
g th e le ss com m on nam e s
gh
i ven o o
e re ec s o o rs t bj t f w hip ,
Alzi m ay m e an an
y of th e se r p e nt race , Va suki, Ananta, & c , or . a
p
se r e nt ge ne rall y I d fi t . re a rs a nvil, a f em a le
f ri e nd, and a ppli d e
h
t is te rm to th Ap e —h saras e nce an e rror h as cre pt i nto th e 8 th p g a e
of th e fore i
g g p
o n p th a er on e K éuh e ri cav e s ; th e D e vana ari
g was
am e n e dd , and th e translati on le ft as it stoo d at first : h
t is, t h e n,
q
re ui re s to b e corre c te d . m s is S arasv ati ; K dnlnh is m ost lik ly e
By M alcara I w ou ld h rat er un e rs an d t d th h ly S i a e e av e n
’ ’
s um ra
at th t p i d
a er o h h th
, or y h th e one un e rd w ic e ce re m on e re
h e re m e n ti dw p
f d (S Vi h P
one as B k ii i
e r orm e . ee s nu u rana, oo . 0 . x .
an d Pi p U f l T b
r nse l p t ii’
s p F
se u W l flfil f th a e s, ar . . or o e
origi l I h na b tit t d fi t t fi l d h t l t d if it w
, av e su s u e il , an av e rans a e as e re
fW tfflf l 1 h gh p h p it bl
1 igh t b d i d
t ou se nse m er ve
‘ '
rom , , a su
e r a s, s a e e
from at wi th F! p fi d
“
M i th f
re y xe . d , n e se nse o
“
carr ov er,
”
u se
ti ly whi h i th t t i d b tf l WN h ih “ ”
fig ura ve , c l
18 n e ex , s ou u . S I E, ov e , c er s ,
& w ld b f lly
c . ou the igi l l tt
e u b t th g l
neare r i or na e e rs, u e e ne ra se nse s
not t i lly di ff
m a er a t T th i di fii lti I d
e re n t f l it
. o o er m nor cu es o no ee
y p ti l ly t f
ne cessar ar cu ar o re e r.
AM . II . O n th e N és i k C a re I nscrip tions
- . By th e Re v .
J STE V EN S O N D D
.
, . .
O ns na v a r ro ns '
ON r m ; D ATE S FOU ND 1N r nn C Av n
I N s c a 1 P r1 0 N s ' '
Ar NAs 1 x .
Ta 5: diffi d with I di h l gy it h l g b
cu lti es connec te n an c rono o , as on een
see n, can on ly b l d by th id f i
e so ve i pti th w i tt e a o nscr ons, as e r en
ti i h
no c e s are e t e r t g t th t i l t i
oo v a ue or
g t h fi d foo eo re ca o an e con e nce o
th i q i
e n ft t th
u re r a It w i h h per ru f th wi g . ddias n t e 0 e o ro n som e a
b f th S i y
e o re be i oc e t th hi t i lso m e o se rvat ons on t i d e s or ca nam e s co n a ne
i th K inh i ( K
n e r
y) I i p t
eri I w e ne r t f l i d i
nsc r ons . as no succ e ss u n s
cov e r ni g th y d t lth gh t h
e re an i i p ti a e, a t h pp p
ou l t e nscr on on e co e r- a e
d g p
u t f th t p i 1 8 39 wi h
u ou o d t f S t 24 5
e o s n p d t a a e o am v a , corre s on
i gt
n 1 8 9 i w hi h
o A . D ti. i d f
, n b i g h t th t
c m en on s m a e o cav es e n t e re a a
p i d th w light th bj t Th i ipti
er o , ro s on th e su t
ec . e nsc r ons on e cav es a
Né ik w hi h I
s , tp tc
gg d i
am t a l ti g I fi
rese n d t i en a e n rans a n , n con a n
fi d t
ve Th fi t whi h i i I
a es . ip ti
e rs N , 1 i gi c t ths n nscr on o. , s ve n a e
b gi i g i w d d fig
e nn n n d t th or s an d gi ly i fig ures, an a e en a a n on n u re s .
I N 2 th
n o . tw d t b t b th
e re are ly i fig o I N 12
a e s, u o on n u res . n o .
th i
ere wh i h i gi
s one , ly i w d c d ths i ve n oni N 7 n or s, an e re s one n o. .
I l ki g f th
n oo nk f p i , or t th K d l
e sa e o i ip ti com Ifi d ar son, a e r e n nscr ons, n
d t i N 3 d 1 8 b th f th i w d d fig
a es n os . an , o d th o th em n o r s an ures, an e se e
sam e dt l t i a es, a m os N 12 d2 , p ti ly Th fig i
as n our os . an re s e c ve . e ure s n
a ll f th
o f th ese are o h t th gi by M P i p i e sam e c arac e r as ose ve n r. r nse n
vo l ii f th
. v J l f th A i ti S i t f B g l pl t
. o e ourna o e sa c oc e v o en a , a e xx .
,
th gh ou t ll q it th no a Owi g t h u e ll f th
e sam e . b n o t e sm a ness o e num e rs,
I w t fi f pi i th t th d t h d f
as a rst o o n on ly t th
a ese a es a re e re nce m e re o e
y f th ig f th p ti l
ears o e re ig
n o l b t d i th i
e ar ip
cu ar sov e re n ce e ra e n e nscr
ti on, an dh f li ttl l d th i i i d d th
e nce o e v a ue i f an s s, n ee , e case n re e re nc e
t th
o d t i N 1 2 d th
e a e n p d
o i .
g d t f,
N 3
an t e corres on n a e o o . a
Ka l d th t l in N
r cn, an 7 B t w
a h a soI f d p ti
o. l ly. u en oun , on ar cu ar
36 o nse nv a r ro ns on m a [J U LY
e xam ining No 1 , t . h t th
a e sov ere ign Gotam i p utra, t h ere e xtolle d as
e x cav ate dw , as a di fie re nt
'
p u tra, wh ose nam e is so ofte n m enti one in th e ins cri ti ons, w as oned p
th e A dh ra sov ere igns ; bu t in th e leas t like Pudum ayi,
’
of n no nam e
q ti th
ue s on wh t i th
e n arose , h f d t ? I ti g
a s e e ra ere re e rre o n cas n
b t f i f ti
a ou or thi bj t I f d th t th
n orm a on on f th s su ec , oun a e son o e
su pp d i tit t f th Bl bh i w
ose ns u or o d P d A di ty Ite a a e ra as nam e a m a
’
a .
th en d th t th
oc curre i q ti t b th Bl bh i
a e e ra Cl l n ues on m us e e a a . o one
Td o t i d f
as ce r a ne i ipti di d by h i i th g t
rom an nscr on scov e re m n e rea
w ll e i thas n S t d H ji
e com m on th t th i q
am v a ti an e ra eras, a e e ra n u es on
inscr ipti th 19 h y
on, th t
e t i d i it ip ti r
ea ,-N 1 will a con a ne n nscr on o.
f ll i
a 337
n A . C l l ti g by th d t il d y gi i th M t
D. . a cu a n e e a e ears ve n n e a
y
s a P a f
ur na th b gi i rom
g f t h A dh edy e t y t t
nn nh fi t o e
’
n ra nas o e rs
y f G t ip t w fi d th
ear o o am f th
u ra, ig t b 340 y e n ? e sum o e re ns o e ears
S bt ti g 1 8 y f th ti th dy ty l d b f
u rac n ears or e w m e e nas ru e e ore our e ra, e
o bt i an A 32 3 f . th
D .b gi i g f thi or ig e ig e H nn n o s sove re ns
’
re n . e
re ig d i ne ll w ty n ay wh i h will gi
t en -one 343 ears, c ve us A. D .
f th l t y
or e f hi
as ig b t ear o th i t f th s re ig f ll h tn, u as e em s o ese re ns a s or
by tw ty y en f th t t l w
ears o t pp th t the sum bo a , e m us su ose a e num er
o f th y e i ears f th ig h
n som e o b il d d th th
e re gh ns as ee n curta e , an us ou
i
nscr ipti it w ld b
on, ily t d f
ou d th gh with P i
e eas p accoun e or ; an ou r nse
w d t th i f th A dh dy ty h ll till ’
e a e e r se o 22 w e a ra nas , e s a s
no t d th li it f G t ip t
e x cee e igm A th s o f th d to am u ra s
’
re n . no er o e a es,
th t f N
a o 2 f th Nd i k i
o. ipti
o i tw ty f e
g
s i i g nscr ons, s en - our
, 1v n us A . D.
34 2 N 1 8 f Ke l
. o. th o G t ip t i
r e n 1a t i d d e sam e o am u ra s no , n ee ,
di ti tly
s nc ti d ig i g b t thi i t b i f d d th
m en one as re nn , u s s o e n e rre . an e era
i th
s e th t f th
sam e as f i ip ti w
a o till th e wi thi
orm e r nsc r on : e are s , e n, n
th li it f th P
e m s o i h l gy Th e ddt i N 2 i
uran c c rono o . e se con a e n o . s
on ly gi i fig v en b tI n pp th y t b 2 4 f th
ure s, u su ose e ears o e , rom e rese m
bl th fig b t th th
ance e ures l whi h h
ear o th t e l o er num era s c ave a va ue .
t Se e Wilson s V ish nu
’
Parana, p p 473, 47 4, note 63. .
m e n: c Av s 1 Nsc nrrr 1 0
- Ns . 37
Th e y ear, d t will b th
th e n, of th e latter th t f th
a e, e e sam e as a o e
I ll f th
n a o d t th ese f h y
a es th f t ight
e seaso n o d th t e e ar, e or n , an e
dy
a ly on g i are th t
ven t h t ti
so th aH i d a i t
t ah i p t f m e e n us n s ar o
I di di d t k by th Th we i
n a no re c on m on s. h f e re re s x se asons, eac o
h
t em t i i g i
con a n n f t igh t s x d h f t ight fift d y b t
or n s, an eac or n een a s ; u
i th S t p i
n e a ra ipti whi h w
nscr p b bly g d b f th t
ons, c e re ro a e n rav e e ore a
p i
er o d th, m on d t p
s are use t Al , thas a
g h t h P i
rese n i t w d
. ou e racr or s
P d u um i yi dP d an a whi h u um d i th igi l
v a, c are t y
us e n e or na , are no ve r
t f
re m o e P ro m th P é it
aum a d P d e th
r cr S it w d y t
, an a m a e anscr or s, e
are nam es ve r y g t h H
com m on am on i d k i g d b th e f n u n s, an are o am ous
i
nam es n connec on ti wi h th lg d f K i h
t e Va e t
en s i o r s na . sav a, oo, s a
nam e o f I d dV
n ra, an f th asu d it i p b bl th
a nam e o e su n an s ro a e, at
from f t
re e re nce th f th
o one or o d iti th er o w b twdese e es, e nam e as es o e
on th h i q ti Th
e m onarc n u es Vj y on. w hi h h b ie nam e 1 a a, c e e ars n
Td A l i i d tly ly i h i T h C
’
o s nna s, s ev en
p t t m e re g an e e , m e an n e on
queror H i
.
”
p p s p b b
ro e rly w nam eS i dh ro a f d i th as
’
r ara, as oun n e
co p p p l
e r-t i i
a ep i nsc r t ons .
B t wh t i
u a p i lly t b t d i th t i th Ayi Akb i
s es ec a o e no e s, a n e n ar ,
a pi r nc e d th nam e S d h
e re d bt tha rau-
s e na S idh , no ou e
'
r ara
f W th pp pl t i i d t h ig d t
’
S e na o a en s co e r- a es, s sa o av e re ne a
O j i
u e n, d t an h o d d t th th
av e succe e i e 20 1 o e rone n A . D . .
Th f h
e f hi p i
at e r o i t ll d by F i h t B a d
s r nce s ca ( V d
e er s a s eo au
d ) th
e va , y e ve r w i q
nam e t f th gh e are n d u es
g o , ou re m ov e one e ne ra
ti on f th ur b k F i h t k h i ig t C j Wilf d
er ac . er s a m a es m re n a anou or ,
hw fo ev e r, Hi d w k
rom a d th Vik
n u or U p dkh ya
nam e e ram a na, con
l d th t h
c u es ig d i G j at
a e re ne d th t h i p t i
n u ar i l p , an i a s a r m on a ossess ons
w e reth f Blh d
ose o Bl bh i Th k i g f th t
a ra, or a a . till e n s o a race are s
rem em b d i G j at th G d bh
e re n u ar as ig e d th iar a y a sov e re ns, an e r m one
ll d th G d/ i P i
ca e e a tc p * Li ttl
a s a, or asse s w igh t b di p
’
e nce d . e as e m e s ose
t t
o rus tt y o an f th t d
one oi ti th ie se ra ons, ly p li e r concurre nce se e m s on ex
ca bl th pp i i f t th lyi g t th b tt f th
e on e su os t on o ru Van a e o om o em . sava,
too, as a p t y i d i d f V i q i l t t A di ty
a ron m c e r ve rom asu , s e u va e n o
’
a .
T o account f th f or G j ét e nam e o ig pp i g w k
a u ar sov e re n a ear n on or s
t d i th D
e x e cu e n w e
y pp
e ccan, t h t th B
e m a l b h i ki su
g w ose t a e a a n s e re a
fi trs ly on th i, as i di t e r th
nam es
g l n f th d
ca e, p i e e ne ra s o e e ut es or
S t p f th P thi
a ra s o e h wh w y t d d
ar an m onarc s,
g t ose s a e x en e ov e r a re a
p t f W t I di d wh
ar o es e rn n i
a, an d h i g h bl d th
o are m e nt one as av n um e e
As . Re s . C al . e dn . i x p p 1 49 and 1 63
vol . . . I h ave not, h owe ver, be en .
able to o btai n a co
p y of th e work m enti oned i n th e te x t .
38 o ns na v u m Ns O N TH E [J U LY
’
A ndh ra K ni k i g i th
or set ar n s, n e Girnar i nscri tion de cyp h e re d p by
Mr . Pi r nse
p th t by h h lp f a t e e o th e ti t S K
am i m onarc s, a o u t th e h b
tim e i q n i h y d d th
u e st on, t e re n e re e m se ves l i d p d n e e n e n ; an t d th t th i a e r
alliance i h h A dh ki g w t d by i g th q f
’
w t t e n ra n s as c e m e n e m arr a e , e ue e n o
d ghau i t
te r f h Bl bh i
or s s e r o h wht e a a m onarc o es a t b li h d th w s e e ne e ra .
Th p b b ili y f th i
e ro a t pp i i i i
o d f h w it f th
s su os t on s ncre ase rom t e r er o e
i
nsc r ip ti p t ip i whi h h t th t h w t th
on s
’
o s scr t, n d f c e sta e s a e ro e e re cor o
G otam ip u tra s
p w
’
d gl roy t h e ss an d f P d th or f a t e c om m an o a m a, e son o
Va sav a, h G j i ki g Th
t e u ara t l th h w f h Id P
n . us, a so, e ov e rt ro o t e n o- ar
th i anki gd ill f ll b d t d t th
n om w a to t f h Bl b hi
e a e a e com m e nce m e n o t e aa
e ra, e s at b li h d i s e y f ht t i
n m e m or 3 1 9 th o i l t a e ve n , n A . D .
; e nom na
sov e re ig y t l nt t h i g b
, a e as i t i d i
, I di th q t
av n e e n m a n a ne n n a re e uar e rs
o f t y f
a ce n u r it ati te ri i P i
s ex nct on n e rs a .
Th l i w h i h th d
e num e ra s n i h i ipti c w i tt
e ate s n t e se nscr ons are r e n are
w orthy f i Th y o no t c e .
g i ed i g t y t
e ars are f t i v e n ac cor n o a s s em o no at on
no t y diff t f h i t
ver e re n rom l pl i d by M P i p
t e anc e n nu m e ra s e x a ne r . r nse
i pl t
n a e xx l i i f h Jl A S
. vo . v . fB gl
o tI ef t th
. s . oc . o en a . n re e re nce o e
d il i
em - unat o ns orf t igh ddy or n h d i f ll w d whi h i
ts, an a s, a m et o s o o e c n
th i p d with th t pl y d i W t I di d ll
e m a n co rre s on s a em o e n es e rn n a, an a
ov e r th t y
e cou n r f I k w f f ti f
, as ar as y d w ight no , or rac ons o m one an e s,
as will b f
e se e n th pp d d t bl I th S t p i ip i
ro m e a en e a e . n e a ra nscr t ons ,
h w th
o e v e r, l d t p th diff t
e num e ra s use f y o ex re ss e e re n su m s o m one
th e re m e n ti d p li At fi t I ld d t i
one are e cu ar hi g. rs cou e e rm ne no t n
b h i igi b t
a out t e r or n, f l
u i ti on If d a m ore care u e x am na on ou n a
t i ki g
s r n blre se m b tw th h t d ti g h d
ance e e en e c arac e r e no n a t ousan
( S h
a )
asra d th an B t i S e d T h i i
ac r an d d t ire v e rse . s n uce m e o e x am ne
th e res t f h o d I th i k i t
t em , an di gly p b bl h t th y n ll e x ce e n ro a e t a e are a
d i df h
er ve rom t Th B t i
at sou rce . T p d i S it J e ac r an e, ronounce n anscr
or D k will ec , p t w ll h fig whi h i fi t i 1 5 1 0
re re se n e t e ure , c s rs n or
( D h
as ) T
a h i g f 5 (
e sP h ) i th
n or P th ld I d i 1 ia nc t d a s e , or e o n an 1 nve r e .
Th B t ie d bl T l pp h y ly t th 8 f
ac r an ou e a so a roac e s ve r near o e o our
inscr ip ti if t d
ons, as t 7 It w ld pp
o e no e th th t h 3 3 . ou a ear, e n, a t e
B i l tt h d b i t d d i t th S t p I di i ipti
ac tr an e e rs a e en n ro u ce n o e a ra n an nscr ons
as i l
nu m e r ca yp h Th y t l i th i t R
c e rs . e d
s s em , a so, s e anc e n om an an
G k re e — th
one i wh i h th
at n diff t ig f th 1 i t c e re are ere n s ns or e n e ns,
h d d d th d
u n re s an p t d i l t ti b i g I h
ousan s our re se n ec m a no a on e n , as av e
no ti d l whce e se p i ly d i ti f th S i di
ere , a com arat ve m o e rn nv e n on o e c n an
m e rc h t f th i ddl g (S Jl K y ] A S B b y
an s o e m e a es . ee . e s s . oc . om a ,
Jl As Sec
. . . of Bengal, vol . v1 1 . p 34 1
. .
A
N SIK -
C A v a 1 N sc n1 p r1 0 N s.
'
39
vo l iv. .
) F u tu re re searc h will p b bly h w M ro a s o , as r . Prinse p h as d o ne
wit h a fe w of h
t em l dy th t th
a rea ld I di
, a e o n an num e rals are also
ancie nt le tte rs .
T h e re are th ree p i ip l
r nc a cav e s at Nasi k , e ac h of t h em containin
g
insc ri ti ons p of co ns id bl hi t
e ra e s ori cal im p ortance . Th e ot e rh ll sm a er
brate d A nd
’
h ra m onarch , m en ti d bf
one e ore in conne ction wi t h th e
Kagh e ri ( K e ne r
y ) i nscri ti ons p . W h e av e in I nscri tion p No 1 first .
an e u lo
gi um on h ki
t is ng, and ne x t one on h is q u ee n . I n th e form er
b d i whi h pi d
.
th e e x te nt of h is em re is
l f th E t escri e , n c se ve ra o e as e rn
an dW t p i
es e rn p ifi d ; w h il th P
rov nce s are s e c iy é t h S h y ad i e e e ar tra, e a r ,
th M l y
e th M h
a a a, d d Hi al y e a ti
e n ra, an id t b d m a a m oun a ns , are sa o oun
hi s em pi At th re . ti h i id t he sam e d d t bj ti thm e e s sa o av e re u ce o su ec on e
sov e re ig f C yl no dd i b k th S ythi G k d P i
e on, an r ve n ac e c ans, re e s, an e rs a ns ;
p b bly i i d p i lly f th Bl bh i
ro a n a es ec a ig wh t b li h d
o e a a sove re n o es a s e
th i d p
e d
n e fW t
e n e nce o I di by h ki g ff th y k f f ig
e s e rn n a s a n o e o e o o re n
g t
rea i ti t ti ns i d u t h b
ons are pp sa t d by h i o — av e e en su or e m one , a
h pit l f th i k d i fi
os a or e sc d h l f h y thi d
an n rm , a se con a sc oo or arc er , a r
an i ti t ti
ns f B ddh i t l
u on i g or d thu f ths B h i l
earn n , an e ou r a ra m an ca
co ll g e p ti g wi h
e rese n t i t n ti g pi t
us f h
t a m os n e res n c ure o a um ane ,
en ligh t d d lib l g
e ne , an t Thi i th i
e ra ip ti
ov e rnm e n bf . s s e nscr on, as e ore
m en ti d th t i d t d f th Bl bh i
one , a s a e d p ti l ly i t
rom te a a e ra, an ar c u ar n e re s
i g l
n , ht
a so, on t a t Th d i ipti i d d f l by
accoun . e se con nsc r on s a ee o sa e
th igi l p p i t t G t i p t i h i h h k ’
e or na ro r e or g t w o o am u ra s a e n , n c e m a e s ov e r
t hi
o i p p t ity i
m n l g l ty l th t w ld
er e u , n a di g W t
e a s e a ou not s race es
m i t H ll ll h i igh t i th fi ld i whi h th
ns er a , a s r in t d
e e n c e cav e s e x cav a e ,
f th
or id
e ti co nsf th h d d p
e ra on o Thi d re e ti un re ru ees. s ocum e n s
l bl
va ua d e, ast ti g th j t p i ip l f g
e m ons ra n ti e
g dus r nc es o ov e rnm e n n re ar
t p i t p p ty
o r va e t d by th
ro e r h dhw ht h
ac e on ose m onarc s ; an s o s t a t e
E gli h w
n s t th fi t wh
e re no i I di e p t d i di id l
rs o, n n a, com e nsa e n v ua s
wh p p ty w q i d f S t t p p
ose ro er as re u re or a e ur ose s .
Th i e ip ti k d 4 5 6 7 i ib d th t l
nsc r ons m ar e , , , are nscr e on e ce n ra cav e
o f th g ep nd h w
rou i t t ,h b
a s o t d by th o i l w
ave f ee n ex cava e e son- a - a o
40 OBS ER V AT I O NS ON r a n [J U LY
b
a out th e com m e nce m e nt o f th Ch e ris tian e ra, re igne d over Weste rn
I din Th e K sh atrapa s
a.
’
nam e is Nah ap dna, and th e sov e re ign s
’
i
s no t li k Ph h t
un e d yra t i p b
a e s, an b ly h i t d d f
m a t h no m ro a e n en e or e
22 Th
. i lw
e son- a - a d U h dé t f Di k w
nam e id tly
s ava a, son o na a, as e v en
for hi — f t w thy f
m a ac ti i or ti wi th tho i f th
no ce , n connec on e r se o e
Bl bh i
a a h Hi wif t
m onarc s. d D k h it a h d
s e, oo, nam e a s am r , a no
d b t I di
ou an nth wh an m oigh t t i p b bly ber, t d wi th
o m no m ro a e connec e
th y l S g f ily h tly b f th t ti
e ro a un a am , ig i g i M g dh
s or e ore a m e re nn n a a a,
an d wh w Mit
ose su rnam e It ight p h p as b d d ra df. m , er a s, e e uce rom
th I e ip ti
nsc r N IV th t U h
on O .dé t d d h i f th i l w
.
, a s av a a su ccee e s a e r-n- a
for a ft erti i g
m en p di i f h i i t M l b t id th
on n an e x e t on o s n o a a ar o a e
K h t iy (N i ) l g i t th b lli
s a r a a r ru e rs, a a ns ti f th p i e re e ous na ve s o e rov nce ,
id t h y f Abh i ék p f d t P h k ’
h ie s sa h d th
o av e a e ce re m on o s a e r orm e a us ur
( P k ho ) y ur t th ey i q ti
e ce rem on ig h t th n ue s on m m e an no m ore an a
ki d f p i l th k gi i g f
n o s ec a i t y
an s I N IV f
v n wh or v c or . n O . .
, rom e nce
th hi t i l f t d d d h i i d t h b
ese s or ca ac s are e t lib
uce l, e s sa o av e ee n m os e ra
i hi l g
n s t B h
ar e sse s t P bh a
o d th
ra m ans, f th i h ly a ra s, an o e rs o e r o
pl whil f th th i ip ti h pp t h b
ace s e, rom e o e r nsc r ons, e a ears o ave ee n e ve n
m ore p f i h i d ti t th B ddhi t p i th d Th l g
ro use n s ona ons o e u s r es oo . e ar e
sum f oilli a m f g ld h
on o q lt o illi m o d h lf f
urs, e ua o a m on an a a o
E gli h
n s y i id t h b d t d t th i pp t Th
m one , s sa o av e ee n e vo e o e r su or . e se
a pp h d f B t i l tt
re en , rom bf
ac r an ti d N IV le e rs, as e ore m e n one . o. . a so
q i t with th i p t t f t th t M l b w d p d y f
ac ua n s us e m or an ac a a a ar as a e e n e nc o
th I d P thi
e n O- ar E pi d th
an p b bly th H
m re ; i w
an us ro a e m m co n as
i t d
n ro uce d i t th p i l Th f th t di t t
n o e e n ns u a . f th e ar es s an cav e o e
wh l g o e p th t t t th igh t w
rou , a m os t d by o d f th e r , as e x cav a e or er o e
wif f th C d i Chi f f Y d y S i th d d t f ’
e o e om m an er n e o a n a r , e e sce n an o
G t ip t
o am wh u ra, i 42 8 f o, tn b y t Chi A O our e ra, se n an e m ass o na . s
b t d i
e e n e x cav a e 4 33 fn A t .h d d d tw ty y g
D .
, or our ee n un re an en ears a o .
It i h w s, o t be v e r, ll t d th t th
o e reco i di p y f 42 yec e , a e re s a scre anc o ears
b tw thi h l gy f d d th
e ee n s c rono o d f Ch i, o un e d th t on e recor s o na, an a
d i d f P i l l ti (p g
e r ve rom uran c ca cu a wh i h w ld gi ons 39 1 a e c ou ve A . D .
Th th e o h th
e r cav es th fp
ave on i i l h i f ( Ray ) em e nam e s o rov nc a c e s s
w e re execu e t d by th f Bddh i t p i t em or u s r es s. .
-
NAS I K c a v a m som p rro Ns
'
. 41
th e Sansc ri t d i w iti g d th P a it by th l tt
language was use n r n , an e r cr e a er ;
th tw l g g
e o p b bly h ldi g h
an ua e s, ro a pl t , oth th t n t e sam e ac e o one ano er a
th Se it d
an sc r l
an d t p t
v e rnacu ars Th P a it l h d dif
o a re se n . e r ct , a so, a
f t di l t
ere a dI i pti
a ec s ; an N V d VI
nscr t i onsb t ti lly os . . an . con a n su s an a
h
t e sam e thi g p t d i
n di ff
re t w d
ea e b i n p b b ly w i tte re n or s, e n ro a r e n,
,
g
f th
o i th l g g f G j at
em n e d th
an ua e o th i th t f th u ar , an e o er n a o e
D di l t whi h
e ccan, a ec s h h diff d th y d w
c see m e ve n t e n to av e e re , as e o no ,
th gh i
ou l dg
n a N
ess II l p t it t y i diff t
e re e . o . . a so re ea s s s or n e re n
w d p b bly f th
or s, ro a or e sam e reason.
[ N B — L t
.t pp d t b blit t d
e e rs su o se l d tho e o e ra e are e nc ose us
th b tit t d f l tt
ose su s u epp d or eth e rs su ose e rroneo us us
I N sc m m ON No . I . 1N DV E AN A GAR I .
W [ W U 1:l m inin “
g
t o: Fawn vi filth tzQ ffi e are u ( i !firs t!gas
‘
tu t t
fi wfi fir fiv
an m sm w m
-
m afi w w u w fi r
( " m i n i an m e Fl am
v m ft wm a s: m fitfi a w
W m ufi t
Gz firft wi u w? ) m vfirs m m firafn m
we ft n u « a rm
- -
: ( a 1) a n Fan s Pre v ( we ft!
m m “ wi n te rs wt f s firi m m
’
g t
ga m es w aw m u m 1m m a
ge
s wa m
wt fr e t“ m N W g fil fim fi
e at fit
n v
m 3 m m s u nfisfim ts ge l fi gi rfe fm s Fs fir m
M ar a st
g i fl e i ts ? “ 11 m m u ll um
fw r fim m m um
i n“
film s v t fi rfi fiu 1 i n «v i i i “ I n !
Transla tion .
q ) f h k i g f k i g G t ip t wh w y w i l
ue e n o t e n O n s o am u ra, ose s a 1m v e rsa
l d t d b y d h Hi fly t h M
or ex en s e on t e dM d
m a as t i
o t e e ru a n an ara m o un a ns
an d wh p o th l g
ossesse s p ed iar e
g l w i h i t i
re v e nue - ro uc n d rea m , t s un te
p i
ro v nce s f M o d k S ugé h t K
a a, k A p
’
aur st A p ra, u u ra, ara a, nu a,
V dh bh
i ar wh i lOd f ll th
a ; o si l f r o t i a f th V i dhy
e c rc e o m oun a ns, o e n a
th S hy h ill M h d S i t th ’
an d P iy a ar tra, dK h
e a a an au a s, anc u an r s a na, e
M ly M h d
a a a, a dS
e n ra, an h t gi i t i T wh
'
res a d
r m oun a ns . o ose com m an s
V dj
ar l d f h
a, or i l f L dk (C yl )
o t e c rc e o b i wh i a a t d
e on su m ts o s v e ne ra e
i th
n e regi f p on o l t w h
ure S i y w
o use s, t t h gg t i
e re fi r a en a t e su es on o
C h h i y ( U tt
l a K ) wh p p ity d b ty
ara uru , o se d i d
ros er
'
an e au are a m re
wi th i ll th
n a i l f th e c rc e oh fill d wi h th th e t liq i d
ree seas, d e t e ree u s, an
e ve n w i hi t h wh l l n t e bi i ti g b ty d h i h w
o e unar o r t, u n n eau an e ro sm , s o
i g hi
n lf h
m se b th i t ki g p d d f di g h i p i ti
s e ro o n a n u an e en n s os on
p i
osse ss n
g li k th
arm s b dy f th e
p e t o h o l e d
se r e n m onarc , m usc u ar an
roun d l g l g d b tif l wh d li h i p i f f
, ar e , on , an e au u o e v e rs s ca t ves rom e ar
by p i g h i h d th w t th t b t k
o ur n on t e r an s ei ty wh
a er a e o ens se cur ose
h i p tl
m ot e r s s d i t
o e ss, i p an h b l h i h
s s er
g ly f d
rre iroac a e a v o ure n
re s ec
p t f th oth bj
e t f h
re e o p ec s i t d O f y
u m an d u rsu , an o c o untr an
ti m e h i g h i f h d d d with ff
av n s ore ea d th
a o rne i p i l sa ro n an e m era
i
p g t
m en w h i t i hi
o m a n a ns q i ity i pl s d p i
e uan m n easure an a n ; a
K h t iy fl i g li k th g d f l
s a r a, am n bd i g S k (S y hi )
e e o o ov e , su u n
'
a a c t ans .
Y avana
( G k ) d
re e P h l
s , ian
( P i ) a p d i
avan g i h i ty t h
e rs ans s en n n c ar e
n h h d j tly
re ve ue e a q i d i li d t p th li f g d
us ac u re ; nc ne o s are e ve s o oo m e n,
Nas rx C AV -
E I NS C RI PI I O NS
‘
. 43
bf e ore h w om th e four m d
h l wh i
i xe castes p ros trate t e m se ves o s sur
roun e d d by p i t h da w i th r es i d bd
oo d , by lf d m y i n s su
g it ue se - en n r es
wh ose unsu bd d i t i ue ig b l d d
v c or ous e ns t d by n, l esse an conse c ra e so e m n
ce rem on e s, i i h ld p bys ei t u t d d b a w h
v r u ous h s an ar eare r o as a
num e ro us ro a cou nc yl il f f bl bi th i t o m en o d f ip
no e r , v r uous, an o r e
i t ll t wh
n e ec dh t l w d q ity d i th yl f g d
; oa e res o a an e u , an s e as um o oo m en
wh oh t bli h d i th
as es a f ts e t pit l (f ) i i t t
n e or una e ca f a our nst u e s, one or
th i k
e s c di fi an f n rm h , one f B ddh i ti l l i g d
or arc e rs, one or u s ca earn n , an
one f Bahor i l li t
r t
m an ea wh igh t i q l t th t f Ra
e ra ure ; ose m s e ua o a o m a.
K n Aj
ea v A, Bh i
r una, o r wh l b t f ti l p f
m ase na o ce e i ra e s es v a s, e r orm s sacr
fi ce s, o ff bl ti
e rs o d a k f t p ons, an d f gl y q l t
m a es e as s osse sse o a or e ua o
th t f N bh fig N h
a o a h J j y Vik adity Y yati B l
a, a us a, anm e a a, ram a, a , or e ar
a
r m a wh f ose d f p l t p l d wh p i i l
am e re sou n s rom o e o o e , an ose ra se s ce e
b t d by th
ra e b d d i d t ibl i p h ibl t i hi g
e u n o un e , n es ru ct e, ncom re e ns e , as on s n ,
fi l w d (G
v e -c a e d ) th R d Siddh Y k h R k h h Vid
aru a , e u ras, as , a s as, a s as as,
h yadh aras,Bh dt ,G dh as d Ch i p an l g wi th th
arvas, an q i m s, a on e e uan m ous,
a pp tit t i i g p i bd i g p y ( f Ri h i ) wh i h bit
e -
e res ra nn . ass on-s u u n com an o s s , o n a
f ily f S i S at K ni It w U akh lé h i hi f q d
’ ’
am o r a ar . as m e , s c e uee n, an
f th f ily lli d t G t dB l S i b d wi th t th
'
t
m a ro n o e am , a e o o am a an a a r em ue ru ,
b tyo un , y d p ti
m e rc , an k bl f a h
e nce t iti re m ar awh h d e or e r aus e r es o a
th wif
e f M
e o th t ann,d th i ligi a ig ti
cause t b s re d ous ass na on o e m a e . .
( C om e ) i t h di
n ti f e th ill re ct i p
on o k f th K e h h ill
us r ous t th ea o e au a s, o e
q uee n s
g
’
tt l ro d b ti
o, c ean, anf lly g ild d T hi eau h u j y th e . s cav e e r m a es t e
q ue e n, an d h h f hi
t e m ot e r o j ty d th g d th f h i s m a es , an e ran m o er o s m a
j y g
es t i
, t t
veh w o t h y f osep i dor ti o — th ra se d i t
an ve ne ra on e m en can
p i
r est h d oo H .t h l f
e re t h h ly
e re 1s a sow h i h b i t
or h e o m en o n a t e cave a
pl i g i bl b d f tt d t pp t d byh
eas n , am a e an o a e n an s, subl j ty or e er v e ne ra e m a es
th q e ue e n O th i w p t i gK h n s co t i f- as ur i g n li an a m oun a n, orm n a re
g i ons b i d g r f th e th
or h b d f
e m oon, R hi i d (
e ill t
us ant d by th
o o n , an us ra e e
B ddi g t th i t t d i th S th w t gi i
u n - oo , s ua e n e h i g th
ou - es re on, s a cav e av n e
p i f (B ddh ) f t pl d p ll l t h th
re ss o n o u a s
’
ee , ace d p ara e o eac o e r, an o en
to all classe s .
b
su sti tution of h
t ose in th e p re ce di ng inscri pti on wh ich I pp
su ose e rro
h
neous, w e n th e e rror was of im h t q i ti p ortance e nou
g o re u re no ce .
Aft th er h l gy whi h h b
e c rono o l dy di
, c d th as t ee n a re a scusse , e m os
i p t t thi g i
m or an hi i n i p ti i th g g phy
n t s nscr di thi on s e e o ra an n s
u p th bj t f w d t f d i th di ti y Th fi t
on e su ec , or or s no oun n e c onar . e rs
p i M nd k p b bly d ig t B g l It
rov nce , u e e, ro a M ud k
es na e s en a . oc c urs as a a a
in th R d dy
e g
m h E t
ana am on ti (V i h t eP i a p as e rn na ons . s nu ur n , .
1 93 , n . S ah t p b bly i l d d ll th S th
aurar s ra ro a nc u e a e ou ern
p t if t th wh l f G j dt d K k i th t it y f th
ar s , no e o e, o u ar an u ura s e e rr o r o e
Yad th t i
av as, ith tha s, t y b e t M th
er i th N th w t
e coun r a ou a ura, n e or - es ,
or th P i e l i
e n nsu a, th i ti diffs nce thi p i t
au Th w d
or es e r on s o n . e or
occu rs twi i th M h bh a
ce n li t e d th a a w t li k ly
rat ppli d
s , an us as m os e a e
t b th di t i t
o o ( V i h
s r c s. P i PP 1 8 7
s nu A p t w
ur na.p b , ara a as ro a
b ly th e t y f th
coun r Ap yt o ti d by H d t lyi g
e ar ae m en one ero o us, n
som e wh th b
e re k f th I d (Vi h P i p 1 8 9
on e an s o e n us s nu ur na, .
, n .
Th e A p it
nu av r as are ti d i th M h bh é t t t th m en one n e a a ra nex o e
M bh aru d f
aum as ; an th ti wi th Vi d bh
rom
(
e B conne cd on ar a e rar an
Kha d h) it lik ly f t th
n es , e t i re e rs th N b dd o It i
e coun r es on e er u a. s
ev i d t th
en th t
, ly di t t p
e n, a i on t f w hi h w s an p b rov nce s, m os o c e re ro a
bly l d by d p d t ki g
ru e e h
e n an ti d th n s, t l are e re m en one e ce n ra
M g dh i
a a pp d t b t w ll k w t q i ti
a s su ose o e oo e no n o re u re no ce .
It y b
m a b d th t t h
e o se rve i k i g tia d i th M
e re h s no n m en one n e a avan
ao wi th wh th om ig f C yl h
e so v e re ti d b i d tifi d
n o e on e re no ce can e en e .
Th i
e re hw s, o i t e v e r, V an f C yl
anc e n
g th
nam e , ara, o e on, am on e
g l
e ne ra t t C y l
e rm o i g e ( M h
one se sov e re l i p T h ns . a av anso, v o . . . e
fi trs t i
m oun a n ll d V ip hh ca t e t b th Vi dhy
rac d th
av a a m us e e n a, an e
ll d t th p
nam e a u e g of A g t i
e T h
assa e o t t i P i h fi t as . e ne x m oun a n, ar c a,
m us t l b th P y at
a so e W te p ti f th Vi dhy h i
ar ra, or e s e rn or on o e n a c a n.
Th S hy i th W t
e a a sGh t t th S th f B b y d th
e e s e rn au s o e ou o om a ; an e
K h w ld
ag a out b th hill b t Na ik d K y i th
see m o e e s a ou s an e ner n e
W t e s e rn Gh t d th p h t b h t f th t th
au s an e s urs t a ranc ou rom em o e
N th f B
or b y Th fi t pl wh th l g d b t P h d
o om a . e rs ace e re e e e n s a ou ars ur m
com m e nce t ff t th o a f pl ec i t P h é
e nam es o K h t t ac e s s a ars ur m s e ra, o
th S e th f B
ou b y i ty
o om h d d ila , n ne Chipl or a A un re m es, near oc a .
hill th Gh t l by i ti d th pl wh h d d
on e au s c ose s m en one as e ace e nce e or e re
b k th d th C h bit bl Si il l g d
’
ac d
e oce an, an m a e e oncan a a e . m ar e e n s are
re p t d f th t th S th d ppli d t th l liti b t
ea e ur er o e ou , an a e o o er oca es, u none
to th N th f
e or d it i f o hi
us ; th t th t
an S h yéd i i
s rom m a e e rm a r s
d i d Th M l y
e r ve . et in i Mlb
a a a m oun a d th M h d s i n a a ar, an e a e n ra n
N AB
IK C AV -
E I NSC RI PTI O NS . 45
Mancha and
’
S ristana y id tifi d P h p th w d
are not so e asil en e . er a s e or s
h ld b j i d t g th
s ou e o ne d th o e p d w d ppli d t th
e r, an e com ou n or a e o e
Nilgi i th r s, ly i p t t hill th t O
e on m b tw th S hy d
or an a c m es e ee n e a a an
M ly Th g l d i whi h th t i
'
a a t
a m oun am s . e e nera or er n c e m oun a ns are
nam e d l tf a m os t th i
orces us l i M h o t bl
s conc us on d . anc a m eans a a e , an
th b t f th g dd f p p ity d y wh h
’
S i t
r s ana e reas o e o ess o ros e r an an one o as
l k d t th t d t h d
oo e a a e ac f t i with i t p k
e m ass o t di t m ou n a ns s ea s a a s ance ,
an d d d t it
asce n e t i o t bl l d
s will h dly
ex e ns v e ida e - an s, ar cons er
In som e f th o th i ip ti
e o hw er th M
nscr h ons, w ll o e v e r, e anc a as e
as th K gh hill
e a a i d tifi d wi th th s are Gh t th t t i en e e au s a con a n
l
a so . Th th e hree p b bly th
seas ere f lt w t
are ro a e as as o sa a e r,
f h w t
res d th f
a er, an e t ph d by th Hi du i t
roze n ocean, m e am or ose e n s n o
th S e f Milk
ea o Th .th ly w hi h
ese are l y y e l i
on ones c can a an c am to
an ti q i ty th
u th f e o i tier f th p our are i ti g i t i
nve n ons o f e rur e n m a na ons o
th e m od P a i w it Th
e rn ur n c i t J i wh
r e rs. th K lp e anc e n s ns, en e a a
Sfit w w itt
ra as r 4 1 1 th
e n, 13 q t f . c . t y ft
, ree thi uar e rs o a ce n ur a er s
inscr ip ti w on
g d h d
as e n rav e ly tw t h t f , lt a d t h ont f f ho se as, a o sa an a o res
w t a e r, an d th ti t Th
ree con ne n s t t th p i d i .q ti e cas e s a t e er o n ue s on se e m o
h av e b b t ight f p
e en u e df , i d our Th wh
ure an h t
our m xe . ose o av e no
b i I di q i b i f d h h i fi k i d '
een n n y a m a t re t t
u ret t o b l
e n orm e a e m os nsu era e n
f b h i i h f h ’
o a use am on g t t t te na t
v es s i t a A o a m an s m o
g er or s s e r. m on
th d iti
e e ti
es m e n d i thi i ipti th i t V di g d pp
one n s nscr on, e anc e n e c o s a ear,
an d th g w
e sa es h i h b i t th o n a d t b t t h
e sun, m oon,i an s ars u e re s no
ti ly with wh t w
en re p i ly b d thi bj t Th
a as re v ous o se rve on s su ec . e
te rm G dh i i thi i ipti
ovar an s in th sppli d t th
nscr on, as n o e rs, a e o e
hill wh th
e nce e t d
cav e s b t I h are t l t d it
e x cav a e , u av e rans a e
h e re as an a pp ll ti Th l li t i th b
e a ve . e ast dI ne o m e s ra e r o sc ure , an am
no t q it u th t I h
e sure h it th i d
a Y t I thi k i t
av e t lik ly
e ea . e n no un e
th t a m ost f th di ti g i h d B ddhi t pl
o e s n u s e f pilg i g b u t d fs ac es o rm a e oas e o
a t th oo th
or o li Th
er re t ti c f th g t
. p t f thi
e c ons ruc on o e rea e r ar o s
inscr i p ti i t diffi lt
on s no dI tl it t th j dg
cu , an t f th
m us eav e o e u m en o o e rs
t d t
o e e rmi h wf I h
ne o
g i thar i g T h l
av e
g th ven f th e m ean n . e en o e se
K e ne r
y t d
ones i de p h p
ous, an i t ti g t ll f w h i t
e r a s u n n e res b n o a or om can e
goo d d lb k
ea ro en, follows Of t is . h Mr . B re tt h as take n a co py , bu t
not a fac-si m ile . I can on ly km a e out e nou g h of it to see h t it i
t a s an
ex pl anation of th e b
a ov e , or su c h a su ppl e m e nt to it as is com m on in
as o ne of th b d i f h fi ld ti d i t i ipti
e ou n ar e s o d t e e m en one n nex nscr on, an
th e f th
nam e i l t th t
o p t th
e r vu e t w d Nd ik a runs as e cav es o ar s s .
It i p i lly t b
s s ec a ti d h w o th t th w i t
e no Pd i
ce , o e ve r, a e r e r nam es a m a, n
wh 1 9th y
ose th i ip i e ari d t d th e ig by w h
nscr t on s a e , as e sov ere n ose
com m an d h t d Hi w d e ac e nam .
W Fe n
s
-
55 115or s are e I 11 1
3 m m Th i h w l ly th t th
. s s t h
o bs c ear f ily a e re m us av e e e n som e am
ti
conne c b tw th G j at ki g d th I di
on e ee n e h hu ar n an e n an m onarc , or e
No . II .
-
r ts t
i
a W
m us i c
inn i t m m fwm fi m t e m u at
w w wfi v ww fi w aw fn wt ( w 1 )
‘
W Q N EH W GN xi ii “
fa n sfi w n fi m m és s vfia fl
fir i fi w r fir uw fii w fv f fil i r m
FE fs wi nm c re ws s ta t e i n t ra ta m
m am
gu e v w m w [ w ] t fi w w af tt m m
g
-
m m fi m arl 1 m m
n w m fi m fir w a r- s wa m ww va m v m vs fil
u
u m fis w n w fr fi i U )
q ggm t s I
w m t n ufii u e fs m fic w fl t s m m u )
’
m
“ m m m m m fs v w m m wfi
“ s te r nu m ! t o . s w i m vfi m fi u s m i s wi '
we w m vw m fi i fi wm m W ( w)
firfiw m
w vfu tt fw wt m ui
a t i w fli fi x'
w m fi a ft fi u m vfa fii m i t t i m firm as !
i ge fim i fi ( ( m u s e .
N SI K A -
OA v n 1 Nsc a 1 p r1 o 1vs
'
. 47
I p p i t f G dh
, th e ro r e or o t th d f Gt i
ov ar an, a e com m an o o am
p t S i S at K gi h
u ra r
’
d ar th i
, fi ld
av e m a e th l t d ov e r s e on e e e va e
G dh whi h i i by l w d
ovar an, c s m d t by
ne a d it
, an secure o m e sac re r e s,
an di s d with wild fig t
cove re pi g pl t d th h b ree s, cre e n an s, an o er e r s,
to Ri h d tt
s av a a wh d i d t pa, o it h i g p i d
es re o th osse ss , av n a m e e
m
y fi ld f e th h
or d d 3 00
re e
( p ) f
un re th , w h h i g b
ru e e s , or ose o, av n a an
d d th w ld h
oue e or w d th , ave cro f it f i ti n e I h gi
e ocean o s asc na o s. av e ve n
u p th i fi l d w
s i th e ll i t pp t a w i th s t a
y b t f
ur enance s,g i ou an su e r u e, n
p p t
er e u i ty w i th t , y tti g ou fi an t cu t li
n b l t o i
'
by
or rem nan , no a e o se zure
G ov e rnm e n t by l , f t h
no c ass o y l i d
m e n, i t f o av e an c a m m a e on ; ree
with i t i p n i d th g
osse ss on t an i g it i f p p t i ty
e a ree m en conce rn n s or er e u ,
with t g il
ou d with d
u e, an id ti t ue by h p cons e ra on, cu out a s ar
i t
ns rum en t th h on f th e ligi ouse bl g Gi i th
or e re ous assem a e . ve n n e
d
m o e rn era 24 d i g th , d i l ti th d y by R h t
ur n e em - una on, e a , as ra,
th e tiasce P c. T th P f t O ea ce . Tho ig ti
e d d f
er e c ne . e ass na ou ee o
th high l d b l gi g t th
e an e onB ddhi t ti n o G dh e u d s asce c on ovar an, an
th h lth gi i g yl f B ddhi t ti
e ea - v n as um ord th g l u i s asce cs, an e or ous
f t y
re ec or t bli h d es a G dh
s e t th on ovar d f th i d an, a e com m an o e m n
su bd i g ti fi d wi th lif y l th f ki g G t ip S at
u n , sa s e e, ro a m o er o n o am utra
’
K gi wh
ar , b th l w
o o se rves f th S t t eH i thi
a s o lti t d e a e. e re n s u ncu va e
trac t f i o i m ligi
ne ig ti
s our re f f th
ous ass di t na on o a cav e or e m en can
p i t wh bid i thi pl
r es s, o a e ft h i g b d
n s d th w ld
ace , a er av n a an one e or .
It i th E t s e fi ld i th N th
as e rn e p t f th ill g th t i
, n e or e rn ar o e v a e, a s
g i v e n, an d t h i fi ld i i t d
s d e i d s f t
n en e h b li w
as a resh i h e nce or e asse m es c
m ee tf di i or d l f
scuss on, il t anti a so H l i h or s e n asce cs. e re a so s a ouse
m an s fi ld i
’
e h it bl i ti t ti f th
, s our c ar a e di t p i t
ns u on or e m en can r es s,
wh h o b d d th w ld d f th f t bli h d i t Th
av e a an one e or , an or ose o es a s e v r ue . e
fi ld I gi
e i f ll p
v e o ve r i n wi th u t y d i t
osse ss on, f N p t ou an e ce , or e v e r . o ar
o f it p d s t b
ro uce d by y th
o e consum e t b t k w y f an o e r, nor o e a en a a or
G ov ernm e n t p p d wi th it
ur oses, l anf y i t f no c ass o m en m a n e r e re .
With t y ou h d wb k I gi
an suc rath fi ld i p
ac s, i d
v e ov er e e n osse ss on an
i
se zure A d thi .
g n t i f
s a re e m e n t i t f p p t i t y
n re e re nce d o , or er e u an
t p
o t d
re ve n it e ce l ti g d d h b
, as an e ve r as w itt by R h t
n ee , as ee n r en m e as ra,
i th y
n e 2 4 i th
e ar 4 th d i l
, n ti e f p i g em th fifth (5 th )
- una on o s rn , on e
dy a Th. ll nt e e x ce bl l dy p p ity b i gi g it f th
e ve ne ra e a
’
s ros e r - rn n r es or e
48 OBS ERV ATIO NS O N ru n [J U LY
q uas i W , at th e h h I h
m eani n
g of w ic av e
g d th
ue sse gh th rou e
se nse c annot h t i h gi
m ate riall y di fi '
er from w a s e re v e n.
Th fi t p t f th fi t li
e rs ari w hi h h i
o ti e ight b rs ne, n c t e nvoca on m e
ex p t d i b k th t I
ec e , s so t k it t ti f t ily Th
ro e n, a canno m a e ou sa s ac o r . e
corru pti f S i nK ni th fi t i th l t w d f th t li
ons o ar ,
d e rs n e as or o a ne , an
th th
e o i th thi d w d f th
er n th li
e t h wh t w t
r or o e se ve n ne , eac us a e are o
ex p ti f ec t th w d
n re e re nce Th l d d will
o o f
er or s . e earne rea er see rom
th t e l ti wh t S
rans a it w d
on pp d t b a pt d i
anscr or s are su ose o e corru e n
thi d s t Ri h b d tt I
ocum e n . pp t h b h i p i l
s a a- a a su ose o av e ee n t e m er a
a en
g t f
'
hi ff i
or A ftt th th
s a h d ard I .h pp li d p
er e re e un re av e su e ru ee s,
as m os t p b bly d t d if y th i h d b
ro a u n e rs oo t it : an o er co n a ee n m e an ,
w ld
ou t li k ly h
m os b p d d th e av e w ti d
e e n ex re sse an e su m ne m en one
w ld h
ou p h d g d pi f g d i th t b
av e urc as e a l lity
oo e ce o roun n a arre n oca .
If I igh t i th
am rpl ti f th n l di ge ext wh i h h
ana on o e conc u n se n e nce , c as
no thi g n p di g t it i th fi t p t it t h b
corres on n o dd d n e rs ar , m us av e e en a e
at th d th f th E p
e ea dwg o e m re ss o a e r.
N III o . .
Thi i ip ti
s i fnscr d ll b tw th E p
on s oun d on a sm a cav e e ee n e m ress
’
an
S t p
’
a ra It i f ll w
s cav e . s as o o s
[ ] 1 fl
i fvv vr gw fim fiwue é w
[ ]
2 fi w ggfi vfiv m t s fi v i vfi t m
[ ]
3 v flfi fl W i fi ru w w m
fflj flf s s w w fi trw m
fl afl
’
[ ]
4 ‘ ’
Tr a nsla tion .
Ch d p an ra ura h d i p b bly Ch d h lf w y b tw
ere m enti one s ro a an ore , a a e ee n
in , and F1 31 1sby l d i bl f
a co m m on ru e
W Th fi t e r va e rom . e rs
from i t . Th e nam es of th p wh d th i
e t b
e rsons o cause s cave o e e x ca
rate d m a
y also b id d
e cons wh t d btf l
e re som e a ou u .
NO IV . .
h
Th e fou r first lines of t is inscri ti on are in anscrit, and th e rest in p S
h
Praicrit, as we ll as th e t re e following inscri tions All ave re lati on p . h
to th e lar ge sses of a aon-in-law and aug te r of one of th e atra rule rs d h S p
[ 1 ] P
ets E m = m w m m “!
“ tw i l l Fai nt! m
i l flt
'
i fi i i m wvb vw i
‘
m v t t
fl wm vfin t
W W W ?" t au m vwfi i
‘
n m rm
a re ? “ ( m u n{m
-
ea nt 11 )fit
w m t a rfs fii t ni r
fi rfi rw i m w rfir u nfi t m i n I
m a ht -
aw n I
Transla tion .
To th e P erfec t One . P U h
eace . s av adata, son of Dini ka, and son-in
villages to th e g d d
o s B i h an r m ans, and y lyear fe aste d a h d d
un re
th ousand B ah
r m ans At th h ly pl
. e o ace Prabh fisa h e was at th e
exp e nse of th e m arriage of Brfl
i m ans , accordin
g to th e rite of th e sa es ,
g
50 o nsnnv x n o s s O N m s [J U LY
b ildi
u ngs for h ouse s of s e lte r h he m ade gar e ns,d tan k s, and wate ring
p l aces h p l h e ace f y b d
t ct h ar a iit bl Ib e P d fid i e rr - oa s on e r v e rs a, r a,
D g
am a e , T i p i K ga a D 6 , d H k aarve d p l f ,
th h ,
i t b
anl anu , an ace s or e c ar a e
di t ib i
s r fw t
ut on o b th i d f th i At tha e r on o d Ka d s es o ese r ve rs . e rou n v a a,
kh S pa g d Rd ti th h g ’
G ov ardh S ana, ~
uvam
’
-m u a, t or ra a, an m a r a, e ave o
i
v ar ous com p i i th ill g f th an es bli f th p
n e v p
a e,i t l or e asse m es o e oor, a ca a
o f hi ty tw th
t r - d g ld h
o ousanf Na dig o y It w m o urs o n e ra curre nc . as
thi h it bl p
s c ar a wh e i th G e rson dh f th t i
o, w hi h
n e ov ar an o ese m ou n a ns, c
re fl t th y f th tti g
ec e ra s o d hi e se t b n d d su n, cause t s cav e o e m a e,
‘
an
th t k t b
ese an s t d o At th d f h i j ty I w t
e e x cava e . e com m an o s m a es en
di fl t d p i f M l y d li Hi dh th
’
t o th e sa ec e t rov nce o a a a, o e ve r ra a, e
e x ce ll t en d f t t
an [G ] T h
or una e M l y t h y
ov e rnor . e a a ans at e ve r
soun d f ot pt t k t fl
our igh t rum H i g th e oo o . av n en re co
v e re d ll th fl t f th
a e ll t f t
e
'
ec s o t K h iy I w t
e e x ce en or u na e s atr as, en
m y w y a d , tan P h k w h
cam e I p f o d th i
os t f ara, e re e r orm e e r e o
Abhi k w y th th d w d tw ill g
’
se dg a, a n av e a a ree ou san co s an o v a e s.
Th i p s l wh
e rson, f th w f
a so, th ity f S t k ose d
a er as rom e c o a a a, an
m o th f th p
er o i f U tt a h b t w d fi ld
e rov nce o th B ih ar r a, es o e a e on e r
I thi
n
y s m th h l l b
cav e t h i i
e re s a
g b d f th Be d e n a s n-re m ov n a o e or e u
dh i t p i th d f
s r es th f oo q t f th w ld rom e our uar e rs o e or .
Notes .
th tw e Th tho . l f fW
e ra wi h th I i t d
e r anam o ous orm o I t e ‘ nse r e ,
Ih t i d t b l g t th
av e asce r a ne igi l d thi i p b bly th o e on o e or na , an s s ro a e
case wi th th l i o t f er Th w d th
unusua d or ncorre c orm s . e or ou san ,
wh i h f q c tly re i p b b ly
u en ti t b t k t li t
occurs, s lly ro a som e m es o e a e n, no e ra ,
b t fig
u ti ly f g
ura t y I h
ve t b b l t
or a b t i re a m an . av e no een a e o o a n
any hi g ti f t y l ti th g g phy f
t n sa s ac or l f th pl re a ve to e eo ra o se ve ra o e ac es
ti
m en d i th t t Th t t f th M h bh é t i Wil
one n e ex . e e x rac rom e a a ra n son s
’
Vi h s P i ginu b f th i h
ur na ti d B y
v es a num er o e r v e rs e re m e n one . aru aso a
i p b bly th V g
s ro a P gd a w hi h fl w f e th P iyat
ar asa or ar s s, c o s rom e ar ra
t i
m oun a ns P bh i i w ll k .w pl f p ilg ira
g t has t s a e - no n ace o r m a e on e coas
f G j it
o u ariP tt S ath Bh k h h y b Bh ij th
near a an om n . aru ac a m a e i , e
pi l f C t h
ca ta ot w i th t pa c i Th th , t
or som e o n n a ro v nce . e ree ne x nam e s
occur b f i N I S up k g R
e ore i t
n
g i o. t .
’
r a ar a, a ve n s
’
s s e r, ves nam e o
Né ik nd S p h ll d S pd g If w j dg f d ’
s , a u a, th s e re ca e or ra a. e u e rom e oun ,
1m m : -
ca v e m sc m p n o x s .
'
51
Iba will e th e B b
ey a h or Vip as ti i n th e Punj1ib, and arade th e
’
P .
ei th b th
er e e pld i th ki gd f O d
ace so nam e pl f th t n e n om O u e, or a ' ace o a
nam e on t e h G dé i l by Na ik O th
o ver , i i g w d
c ose t s . n e re m a n n or s no
i d i N
not ce I I th w light Né dig
n o . . can t hro b no . n e ra se em s o ave ee n
th e nam e o f t w f whi h th
a o n yw rom d th w h c e curre nc as nam e ; us e av e
S t Ch d
ura , d F
an ore , k b d p & I pp it f
an urn a a ru ee s, c. su ose re e rs
i h
e t er t A o dp ll d by h
nan a ura, so ca Ji d ft w d by th e t e a ns, an a er ar s e
th ta th N th i d
nam e on f th G lf f C
e or b y t N dga
s e o e u o am a , or o an m ,
th e sea t f o ig ty i th N th
a sov e re C n i ly
n t y e or e rn oncan, n an ear ce n ur
f
o ou r e ra . ( S J] B B R A S
ee p 4 . T
. h i g
. i q t
. i . . . e co na e n u es on
w p b bly
as ro a l bl th m ore th w
v a ua Si p e d an o e rs, as ere our cca ru e e s, an
w as li k ly f w h t i
e oh t i a ip ti i ll d t
n t e nex y g ld All nscr on s ca e re asur o .
thi h w
s, o i b t e v e r,j t s
y iuq i i h b
con ec ure f l m n u r es av e e e n u nsucce ss u
i li iti g f
ne c n ti rom
y p i ti i f
na ves an ti th bj t T h os ve n orm a on on e su ec . e
Bh td k w p b bly h i f th i l w d th K h t iy th N i
a ra a as ro a s a er n- a -
, an e s a r as e a rs
a ag i n t w
s h th b omigi l M l b ie a orh d lt d th na k i g a a ar ans a re v o e ; us m a n
th P thi
e ar pi t d t C p C i With th fifth li
an e m re e x e n o a e om or n . e ne
th P a i b gi
e r cr tth e l di g p t w p b bly w itt
ns ; e conc u ft w d n ar as ro a r en a er ar s
by B ddhi t whil th fi t p t i th p d ti f B ah
a u s , e e rs ar s e ro uc on o a r m an.
No V . .
h
T is inscri ti on im p y f ll w th p di g
m e di ate l o o s e rece n , and enlarge s on
th e d onati ons
'
to th e B ddhi t p i th d It d ll
u s r es oo .
, an a th e rem ainin
g
ones on t ish cav e , are in Pré crit .
[ ] I m z fih m q vwm ww fw fi s m fi wm
fwfil m ww m n
[ 2 ] ( su m m i ts m a in i ftm i t é t m ) ; Pum a
am a m
’
vfn us arvt i tv tw fi m ar
’
1 ° n o
m a s
g
[ 4 ] wtfa u fnm wffi fir wfi w t ww r
wtfi t gi vm gm w wfi t t
[ 5 ] m u a rm i i c st e
.
"
m an ta
-
m ag n e ti s m{W
y n “w uss
c\
Transla ti on .
dw ll e G dh wh h b d d th w ld f
e rs on ov ar an o av e a an one e or , o
t y g ld
re asur w th
o , h h d d g t or eac a un re roa s,
and f th p o t g ld e ures o .
I th i
n y s m th i p
cave p ty f th e re di t
s a p i t ro e r or e m en can r es
h d wh h b d d th w ld t b di t ib t d
oo , o ave a an one e or , o e s r u e
am on
g th i di i d l B ddh
e i tnp i t v th t
ua k b i gu s r es s, e s oc e n
ath d illi
ousan h m th g t
ons l f ti l t
eac on e re a annua es va o
i
re ce ve ah d d g t (p p ly 30 hilli g
un re roa s, n ro e r s n s. or o e
g lod h ) d d
m o ur,i ily i an 8 d ) or nar s x. .
Th w ll i t t d
e e bly f B ddhi t B ah
ns ruc e asse m o u s r m ans conse
t d thi t
cra e sl ky d y i th 1 t y
reasure on a f th uc a n e s ear o e
d th b igh t f t ight f th
onor, on e r th K a tik or n o e m on r .
Th erew l gi as a sot B h g d d th g d
v en ov er th o a av n an e o s on e
1 5 th d y f th a i th l t y
o e f g ld h i th n e s ear, o o t ns ree
h d d d fifty th d
un re an w th h d d
ousan s or a un re
th d g ld h
ousan o m o urs.
Fe w ne w wor s d occur h
in t is i nscri tion p .
W for wi ll! is th e
annual o bl ti
a on to th e m anes of one s ancestors, o se rve
’
b d ove r all th e
h th
ea en worl d I . n li ne 4th th e m eani n of
g “ 51 !is d btf l ou u .
Hans, p b bly
ro a d d by th R y
originall d w th
intro uce e uns , an or
b t th
a ou e thi d f
r o w a
gold
th y wh th
m o hur i no as e e re e n, are e re n
t d
ro uce d Th i . i i w hi fly
s co n s no t t th S th i th M d c e cu rre n o e ou n e a ras
di t i t whi h w ld
s r c s, c t h w th t th I d S ythi l
ou se e m o s o a e n o- c an ru e e x
t d d
en e t th
e ven gi o d t h t
ose re th p di ti
ons, an ti d i a e ex e on m en one n
N IV w t
o. . as p o se cure at q t Th P dik t ki g th
e rm ane n con ues . e a a, a n e
go ld h t
m o ur aR 1 5 £ 1 l O
s .w ill , t to
or 3 a ? 2 ; s .
, am oun " or annas,
f-d .l th
ess g t
an a I t i w thy f
roa .k th t w hs h th
or o rem ar a e av e e re e
ru di t f th d i l y t
m en s o e f ll i
ec m a s s e m y t w ti l y
or sm a co ns, a s s e m no en re
l t
os g t
am onh H i du e n s.
No VI . .
th e w ife of th e b
a o v e m e ntione dC om m an e r of d th e Forces ; th e rest to
th e General im h self . P p ly th
ro e r ere are tw o inscri tions p h e re .
Nasrx -
cav e m sc a nm oxs . 53
{m fw w o o m m g fm e i i t n Ft n i fi wm ‘
m fir
“ ( n e w
a t ir in n
‘
o
,
m ar s m l ( m m m fi m
- ,
o u q ft i e w
we m m mi fv t w w w fi wfi i m v fi Hw fil
am t
, m w fi w c t tt wfv nfit
Trancla ti on .
l d d p p ty by th l dy D k h
an e ro e r it wif f e a a s am ra, e o
U h dat s av a f Di ik a, d d gh t
son of th n a, a n au er o e
S t p N h pa Vi y f Ki g K h h at
a ra a a na, ce ro o n s a ar ra .
3 and 4 T th P f t O
o e I th y
e r ec 1 ( ) i th
ne . th n e e ar I
, n e m on
V i akh th as w gi ft
, d f
e rell w by the re f e as o o s e son o
Di il i l w
n ta, f th Vi
son n- a
- y N h pa f o e ce ro a a na, o
Ki g K h h é t t h th d f th p i th d
n s a ar ra, ot e ousan s o e r es oo
wh f th f
o com e q t f th w ld thi
rom e our uar e rs o e or , s
l dy c ou th dt m on h B ddhi t di t i
s an o ea c u s m en can sx
g t d th
roa s, an g t f t i onl h d d ef hrea es va a un re , rom t e
p it l
ca f illi
a sum o a m on
A th d K h p (g ld h ) h d p it '
d w hi h
e , tt b c p d d df f d d
are no o e ex en e an or oo , an
t b p dd
o e ex di t tw th d
en e on m e n can s, o ousan ,
i f h d dg t t b p dd
n sum s o a un re roa s o e ex en e on
ph i
cam g l
or, d th ill
nc e nse , g d g y ar an s, e v a e , an ranar ,
igh t th
e d i
ousan l f th, y n v a ue o e curre nc
f NA dig
o Th b t w l f ll th
n e ra . w l e es o a o a e se as ce e
b t d by ra e l ligi a y
so e m n re ous cere m on , on a
l ky d y uc a .
Th e wor W i d t is p
d btf l f it i t p t ti
eculiar, and I am ou u o s n e r re a on .
fQ i
'
t w
I I s a s ran e
g d if i t i t p tior f “a I d t k w s no a co rru on o , o no no
wh t i t i
a Th 6th li
s . t e f t p f w ne h ip dsee m s o re e r o ex e nse s or ors , an
oth i i d t l it
er nc fen ap di Th
em s o di fl
i lti l i
ex h en ture . e re are cu e s a so n t e
num b dg
e rs anl i li 5th
e nera Th 1 i G j ath i
se nse w n ne . e s u ar e v e n no
f 2 nd th fig
or , a li k th e i tl Iure pp t b th yph f e e anc e n su ose o e e c er or
th e sam e .Th f“ I i h p li b t th i t
e sense o s ere e cu ar, u no o er su s .
54 o ns aav s rrous O N m
'
s [J U LY
No V I I. .
Th is is not hi h
ng m ore t an a re e ti tion of th e two p first lines of th e
fore going, on anot e r h p art of th e cav e , and th e d
re a e r is t h e re fore
d hi h f it t t Th l t l tt f th l t d 3 d
re fe rre t t er or s co n e n s . e as e e rs o e s an r
li nes,hw o i w ill pp
e ve r, are by p ing thi with
nco rre c t, as a e ar com ar s
th th
e o i ip ier nscr t ons .
Thi i th l t f th S t p i
s s e as ip io th l tt f whi h g
e a ra nsc r t ons, e e e rs o c a re e
no t ly on k bly wi h
re m ar a th b t l ith th t f h one ano e r, u a so w ose o t e
Gi rnar I ip i t l t d by M P i p d th f th l g d
nscr t on rans a e r. r nse , an ose o e e en s
o f th S t pe ia ra co ns.
N V III o . .
Thi i ip ti
s i
nscr f th i t di t ll
on s on one o e n e rm e a e sm a cav es .
fi n m i m t am
m fi g e w fi rm za w
i wm fi f t ww m vr na z
-
m a g n ifi e s n e w s we
Transla tion .
d
m a e ove r by h i t th di t p i th d d h h l dd d
m o e m en ca n r es oo , an e as a so a e
to th i h
e tibl
ne x pi l t k d gi
au s h d d g ld h
e ca ta s oc , an ve n a un re o m o u rs to
su pply th w t f th p i th d H i [th
e an s o bly] f h ly
e r es oo . e re s e as se m o o
m e n, w h k p th o i f th
ee i y d wh b i g b l i g
e se ss on o e ra n season, an o rn a e ss n
on [ R ] k th
am ana d a, e onor.
No . IX .
h
T is i nsc rip tion is on a sm all cav e still furt h e r on.
at m xflé w m fi fiv p m w w fi g m m e fi
A
N SI K c a v a-m sonrm o ns . 55
Trans la ti on .
g ift d et ll th
o f llaw f B dd h e o o e rs o u a, th e m e ndi cant p i th d
r es oo
from h f t e q t f
ourt h w ld uar e rs o e or , along wi t h e ve r y one wh o is
pur ifi d ed p an d by li i
re se rve
g re o n.
W W is p b bly m
ro a a r; Nea r th e e nd m m is su pp d t
ose o
of thi i p p i tt
s nsc ri ti o n t f B ah i th
o np o a conv er rom r m an sm as e e rson
wh d hi
o e x ca v ate P b bly h w d pt d by D t it k
t s cav e . ro a e as a o e a am ra a,
a p i i l j d by h i d Y éj i whi h
rov nc a ra a, an I d m m a e uv ar a, n c se nse un e r
t d Y
s an k If 5m m i f m th diffi lty will b g t i
ona e . s or , e cu e o ov e r n
th e w ysam e ly by d p ti
a , w h
nam e t b li a o on as e ave no re ason o e e ve
th t th
a d e t i ti
m o w tt d d t i th
e rn i t ti
res r c ons e re a en e o n ese anc e n m e s.
Dh k k ta wh
e nu a aw t ld w
, G ki omKa l i ipti e are o as a re e n one r en ns cr on,
h d H i du Ri h bh d tt
a a n ti d i th wh t d t h i
s a a a a, as m e n one n ano e r, o s oo o m
i th
n l ti f f th
e re a on o a er.
N X o . .
Thi i ip ti
s nscr t h b ont d t th see m sd f o ave e e n e x e cu e a e com m an o
m ne nt i n “ 3 1 6 m m “ “m
i
im a
m a “ ti n ga n “ fi fe e ff am t 33 1 m ti m e?
of warriors, wh hi ose a r d
stan s on e nd wi t h d light e , and wh o is ev er
forem ost in th e con fl
i t
c .
No . XI .
h p
T is i nscri tion is of th e sam e ge ne ral c arac te r as h th e last .
m nu m i im wfi a
m
firm wfir w fw
OBS ERV ATIO N8 O N THE
Trans la ti on .
th e b e ne fit of h is m ot e r, h in th e wi ld th
e rness t i ty f th near e e x re m o e
m ountains .
as e qi u vale nt to th e Vi l la,
”
w ich h in Marat i h d
woul be w ritte n
fi flifi l
‘
. If t is be h bj
o e cte dt o, th e wor d h ld b s ou e re n e re d d conse crate d .
No X I I . .
h
T is is ov e r th e cav e of th e wi fe of th e C om m an e r d C
in h i e f of th e
Em p e ror Yadnya S ri, ’
so ofte n bf e ore m e ntione d—th e last cave in
th e se rie s .
F i i
‘
[ ] 1 e w n r nm m m fie fi w m m m n
nm fi a fiw q
[ ] M
2 w i i ft c e m fiwm fim m am ft m m fim
m ai d e n
[ ]
3 i w fir ufi lm i éw “i n
Qw fit v gft e e v fnge i e fl
Trans la ti on .
To th e P e rfe ct OneChi f .
( h C
T is t d by om m an e r in d e
’
s cave ex cav a e
d ) f Bh g p Sé bh i wif f K i C
or e r o ava o a d i Chi f f
m ar , e o es
'
, om m an e r n e o
th E p S i Y d y Sat K gi d d t f ki g G t ip t
'
e m e ror r a n a ar , esc e n an o n o am u ra,
i th
n th y
e se v e n d i g th thi d (3 d) d i l ti f wi t
ear, ur n e r r em - una on o n e r, on
th fi t d y
e rs By Bp ki Y ti S j i S p ya d Sit l M i
a . o a a , a am un , a a , an a un s,
Bh ka i V ki ni by ll f th f
a u n — , a sa id d i i t th i a f t
o e a ore sa , a m ss on o s com or
a bl b d i g t d t th
e a o e s di t p i th d f th f
ran e o e m en can r es oo rom e our
q t f
u ar e rs oth w ld e or .
Th p p e f th p
ro e r nam es o ti d i th 3 d li f th i
e e rsons m e n one n e r ne o e n
b tw y I
es a ld Th p
cou . t h b f ki d f
ese e rsons see m o av e ee n o a n o
P anch ay t C i tt t w h th fi i f th
a , or om m w
ee , i t
o t om e a a rs o e cav e e re n rus
e d Th
. igi l f e or i il gi naii d t i
ac-s m
g d th e h g ves i an no , an e c an e
i d ly
s m a e on j t Th w d m fiv I
on con ec ure . d t dt b e or un e rs an o e a
p i t
ass v e, now i th t di g th t th t i t i
s an n pp d t ath i e e rm na on seem s o ose o s.
N XIII o. .
Th i n l di g in
s co c u ip ti i i th n scr nd in S it
on s n e sam e cave, a anscr .
“ W WW
s as rx c a v a—m sc arp rm ns '
. 57
Transla tion .
Notes .
withi h f th l d w ld I h
n reac o e earne ly th or t y . h t av e on , e n, o sa , t a e ve r
i
s nc e I t I di
cam e o n l bl d i t
a, an uncontro a i h igi l e e s re o e x am ne su c or na
d t
ocum e n s as f th f ormd ti f h hi t y d i tit i f th
e oun a on o t e s or an ns u t ons o e
coun rt y h i fl as d n ue nce d p i gm e ; an l l d ,
t g f osse ss n som e oca a van a es or
th dy f h i ipti I h
e stu o t e se nscr d t l y th f it f y
ons, av e v e ntu re o a e ru o m
li
e sure h b f h S i ty H w f f p i f il i
ou rs e ore t e oc e . o ar a te r re v ou s a ures, n a
g t
re a e r o r l d g essI h i
e h i
ree , t t p t av e d d n t b l ft
s a em succe e e , m ust e e
t h j dg
o t e u f th
m e nt o b t I h ll t l t h
o ers ; u di t d th s a t a e as av e re c e e at e n
ti on o fO i t l h l r en a t th i p t t h i t i l b
sc o ars o e i g f
m or an f s or ca ear n o som e o
th i e i p ti
nscr d
ons on ou r cave s, an
y t h i d l d O
m a i us n uce som e e arne r en
t li t t
a s
g i
o vep f t
us ia f t h
er ec T h t
v e rs on
g l d i g o em . e rea ea n
h S t p f th I d P thi E pi h A dh
’
f t
ac s re a l ti t ve o t e a ra s o e n o - ar an m re , t e n ra
to a md it I pp h d f h it y d bt d wh th
, a re en , o es anc i t or ou , an en e anc e n
hi t y f I di i w itt will py i i t pl it bl t th i i
s or o n a s r e n, occu n a ac e su a e o e r m
p t or ance .
I l k f w d t f t pp t ity f l yi g b f th
oo or ar o a u ure o or un o a n e ore e
S i ty i il t l ti
oc e s m ar f th i
rans a i p ti
ons f o d t Ka l d e nsc r ons ou n a r e n an
J i d I t t l t b bl t
un r, an rus a so p ll th p bli h d pi
o e a e o com are a e u s e co es
o f th f e i i l with h
ac-s m es i i p ti h l whi h i p t
t e nsc r ons t e m se v e s, c , n re s e c
o f th t Né i k I h
ose a sb , bl y t t d ave e en una tl tt g t e as e o o, so as a as o e
as p f t py f th
e r ec a co o .b bt i d i th p t t t
em as can e o a ne n e rese n s a e
o f th k A th f i il
e roc s. s h p p ty f G
e ac -s m e s are t dt e ro er o ov e rnm e n , an
e xecu et d by th g t
anol Ierh de n em an, t h i g t h t t h
av e one no n m ore an o e
b t f y bility th t th lith g ph
es o m a se e a t d h i t k f ithf lly
e o ra e r e x e cu e s as a u .
Ih av e t no i e ve n
y w D n m a g i t o inp t t d w
e v anh t I ar ranscr correc e a
conce vei t b o pt i f w gl i g i t
e e rrors, e xce n a i g th t e ar n ns ance s, re se rv n a
f th t
or e l ti d th
rans a o n an t i th l tt f wh i h I h
e no es, n g l ly e a er o c av e e ne ra
li it d y lf t w h t w
m e m se o yt fi d h wh wI d
a as necessar d o x an s o o un e rstoo
m y t t ex t, tt no p ti g a t em p l i w h t
n O i o t l h
ex l kan w a r en a sc o ars no
b tt tl I
e er an t h th
can
é
eac em .
Aur . ll I — Geology
. o f th e n p a r S ta te . By th e Re v S . .
H I S LO P .
h
s are o f atte ntion from geologists ; and w h e n am ong t h ese I m e ntion
l no w d t t o, l o rave h g
o ve r d t e M y sam ebj t h w i
rou n th . o ec , o e ve r, n e
f ll wi g p p
o o n i t
a e r, h t d ib th phy i l f t
s no so m u c o f th
escr e e s ca e a u re s o e
di t i t
s rc , as to t th
e num e ra e g i i w h i h w i
e or an c re m a th i th l t tw ns c n e as o
y h b f d i it Th fi t f th f il f d th
ears a ve een o un n . e rs o e se oss s orce em
l
se ve s o u m
y tt t i a i J en 1 8 5 1
on nw h wunel k i g i p y ,
w i th en a n n com an
m y f i
r en d d ll an
g h
co R B
e a ue H t
t e i t h i
e v. d i t . ig hun e r, n e m m e a e ne
b h d f
ou r oo o idour H d it
re s t b
e nce . f thi a l k d f no ee n or s un oo e or
l i
re ax at on, an d i i
on ou r m yt fb
ss onar i g q i t d with o urs, o e co m n ac ua n e
smi il ar re li i h l li ti
cs n ot e r oca d I y dd es h d i t t
an b ,
f thm a a , a no een or e
co n r t i b ti u f ili t y f i d
ons o m wh ar ki dly pl d th i l bl
r e n s, o n ace e r v a ua e
g l i
ean n s
g i h fi
n t e sam e ld t d i p e l t h a t hour p t
s osad , e no e s ere rese n e
w ou ld t h
no b p d av e een e nne .
A th t p i d wh
e er o fi t di en yw
our d th t t f
rs sc ove r as m a e , e s a e o
k wl dg i g d t th p l t l gy f th N gp t it y
no e e n re ar o e a ae on o o o e a ur e rr or
I b lie h b thi M M l l
e v e to av e — ee n s i h p g r. f hi
a co m son, n t e ro re ss o s
inv e st ig ti a i t th
ons fn o il f th e E t oss s p i f th g t o e as e rn o rt on o e re a
b l i di t i f I di h d i 1 8 33 t d f hw t d p it t
asa tc s r ct o n a, a n race a re s a er e os a
l h h h f N k d ’
i
v ar ou s i t n e rva s t rou g th t th i e i
nor
g i t oth e zam s n om n o e
th p t f th N gp R j d i i th gh h d ’
so u e rn ar o e a ur a a s t om n ons, ou e oe s no se e m
to h av e sus p d i t e ctei t i th i d
s e x s e ncei t i i i y n f th p i t
e m m e l * a e v c n t o e ca a .
Ag i Li
a n t M
e u te nan y f unro som e t wi h th i p
e ars a i f
te r m e t e m re ss ons o
pi e ce s o f f i h
e rn dt
n t e san s one K i p ti whi h nea rfig d d zm , c w e re ure an
d e scr ib d i e h J n t e l f th B ourna b y B h f th R y l A i ti
o e om a ranc o e o a s a c
S i y 1 Th
oc e t .
'
lt f th i
e re su i tio f th s f hw t e x am d
na on o e re s a er an
d t f ti withi th N gp t t w th t Ch ik i b t
san s one orm a o ns n e a ur s a e as a n, a ou
1 No v A pri l 1 8 43
. . .
G EO LO GY OF r na m o r o n ar m s . 59
qua dr i -li ne a ta an d i ng g
an a t, 1 6 m ile s neare r tH
h e ca ital, w as sai h p d
to b
a o un di n s ilici fie d woo d wh ile th e fragm e nts of fe rn di s cov e re d
near K é m p ti w e re su ose to a ro ac pp d
ne arest to th e Glossop terzlr pp h
Dana -aid e s o f Bo le
y F rom th e im e rfe ctne ss of th e latte r s e cim e ns,
.
p p
j
as fi ure d i n th e ou rnal, i t is di i cult to asce rtai n th e e x act c aracte r
g fl h
of th e fo ss il f d by Li t
ou n e u e nant M unro j dgi g f f il
bu t, u n rom oss s o f
th e s
p e c i fi c , as th e pl ant ca ll d Gl
e osso p t i D er sid by B y l am o es o e is
now a m d dt
i tte o be a Twa i op te n s
’
O ur firs t di
y f f il withi th t it y f N gp w f
scov e r o a oss n e e rr or o a ur as o
a Ph y i th f hw t d p it
sa , n e l d ire s t p hi ll b
a er te os il e nc ose n a ra a ou a m e
w t es f S i té b ldi
o th R i d a y d tw il i th
or e es di ti e nc , an o m es n e sam e re c on
from th ti ity
e I
n a ve cf w d y ft .t th pt w t
n a e a s a e r, a e sam e s o , e m e
wi th th fi tb e d t th
rs d f
ones an w k tw w bee , g h t ant a te r a ee or o e rou o
ligh t Té kli p l i
on b t 2 } il N W f N gp th fi t f it
a n, a ou m es . . o a ur, e rs - ru ,
an e n omt t Ab t th
os racon ti . f b i g th t
ou e sam e f m e, rom o se rv n e races o
i t
anc e n
g t ti ve th e aft l y y
on on d t d f w h
e so i t i g t
c a eh san s o ne u se or en n e
db d i
san - oar s h l w w l d t th di
n our sc oo s, y f Gl p t fi e e re e o e scov e r o oaco e s
an d P h y ll tl d o d
i e ca, an d l t Bh ké i il som e see s or se e -ve sse s, a o ra, s x m es
nor th f N gp o Sh tly ft M H t ll t d th fi t p i
a ur . or a e r, r
. un e r co ec e e rs S e c m en
o f l pt
co e o d b i g w j i d by C p t i W p h
e ra, an e n no A ti g J dg o ne a an a s are , c n u e
Ad t
v oca e of th N gp S b i di y F
e a y ur d i u s ti g ar orce , m an rare an nte re s n
f it w
ru s p dily dd d by h i l
e re s ee d l d ff t w hi l Li t
a e s ze a ous an v a ue e or s e eu e
nan t S k y f th M d E gi
an e , o w ith wh
e I i it d Sil w ida
a ras n ne e rs, om v s e e z ,
b t 1 2 il th f N gp whi h h yi ld d g t i y f
a ou m es nor o a ur, c as e e a re a v ar e t o
h
t e m os t b tif l p i e au f Gl u p t i h d h
s e c m e ns o i t f fi d i g osso e r s, a t e m er o n n
i th Ki p ti q
n e i m 9 il N E f N gp
uarr es, h fi t V t b m es i . . o a ur, t e rs er e ra r a ,
l g with tw fi
a on p i f Pfiy ll th
o d p f i
ne s e c e s o f ki d o e ca , an a ro us on o a n
o f d A K hfl
see . di 7 il t th f N gp
or ,M H m d y lf
e s nor o a ur, r . unte r an m se
di d i th
scov e re d h l th t
, n d li th d t t k f w
e re s a e a u n e r es e san s one , rac s o orm s,
t whi h h
o cb dd d av e ly f t
ee n a k d th i p i
e m ore re ce nt oo -m ar s, an e m ress on
f wh i p b bly Ph y ll th
o at s ro a di a i i t t th o w eca an n a m ss on our o e e st,
d t k th fi t ld
un er a e n e ft h
rs co t f
seaso n a er t e co m m e nce m e n o our
p l t l gi l l ti w t wi h b d
a aeon o o ca re ax a f fi h
o ns, l
e m e t an a un ance o s -sca es
i th f hw t
n e f re s ti t P h d i gh
a er orm a40 il WNW f
on a a a s n a, m es . . . o
N gp a S ur ti . ft om e t w m e a i d i
e r our re urnt e re ce v e an acce ss on o ou r
ll ti
co e c f h ll f
on o D J Mill th
s e s romf th l oth R gt M N I
r. . er, en o e e . . . .
,
wh h d fo ad th oun f hw t f e tisam e t M h h gh dé 1 00
re s a er orm a on a ac a o ,
60 G EO LO G Y o r TH E N AG PU R '
s ra rs
'
.
[J U LY
ge ntlem h
an, along wi t Dr J d b q tly i it d M h . e r on, su se ue n v s e ac
h g di w
ah h
o a, i d di ti
e nce , t t h l
na f il f t h
on t d i t i t
o w h i h
e coa oss s o a s r c , c
m an y ll p we d h ll d p i
- re se rv e s f w d i il
e s an t wh t s e c m e ns o oo s m ar o a
f hw t
re s k i whi h w d t t d p li f
a e r roc , n c f
as te ec e a ecu ar orm o e n om os
t racon D i g th fi t tw l
. ur n th e f b
rs ti w hi l di
e v e m on ti g s o o se rva on, e rec n
a tt ti en p i lly t th g i
on e s e c a f th
o dt
e d f hw t
or an sm s o e san s one an re s a er
form a ti w ons, ld t f il t
e c ou b no i lly th
a o o se rv e t occas ona e m ore re c e n
i
re m a ns o f q d p d ua ru d h ll th t w e s p tdt i
an s e s a e re re se n e o us n c om
p ti ly d d p it L t y whil t
ara ve m o e rn e os s . as lt e ar, e ou on ou r annua our
in a S E di . ti. f re c N gp on b id th di
rom a y f ur, t i es es e sc ov e r o an e x e ns v e
iron di t i t s rc d d by
, surrou n e t y b di g i l t i t a w i
coun r a oun n n a er e , e n
bi l f th d t
v a v es rom e san s one .
H i g d th av n m a e k by w y f h i t i l i t d ti I
e se re m ar s a o a s or ca n ro uc on,
m a
y w b
no i fly g l r e t th p fi i l
ance a t t d p p e sui ti f
er c a ex e n an su e r os on o
th k i hi h th f il
e roc s n w c O e p i ip l b ti h
oss s occur . ur r nc a o se rva ons av e
b e en m a ed withi whi h h i g th
n an are a i y f N gp c f , it av n e c t o a ur or s
SE . . i p
c orne r, d s s re a q with id f 1 0 il At th
ov e r a s uare a s e o m es . e
sam e ti w h m e h d f ili ti
e av e ith ap lly ac by h id f e s, e er e rsona or t e a o
f i d
r e n s, f b o i g e com l n q i t d with th
m ore or t y i ess ac ua n e e coun r n a
t i gh t li
s ra f neN gp t w d th
rom f
a ur di l p i t t th o ar s e our car na on s o e
di t s ance o f 80 il p w d Thi di t
m e s or u ly ar si . t s s ance near carr es us o
th li i t
e m f th N gp
s o ki gd e a ll i d b t th
ur n t i whi hom on a s es u e e as , n c
di ti
re c th on f ti e i h f th
ron er s d f th pit l If
m uc ur e r re m ov e rom e ca a .
w i
e c once ve i l d w a c rc e d N gp with di f 8 0 il
ra n arou n a ur a ra us o m es,
an d th f f th t i l di i d d i t f
e sur ace o a p t by
c rc e vf li e n o our ar s m eans o nes
p i
ass n g th g h th rou i t y d t h d
e c t h d t
ue nor d w t t h an sou , an e as an es , en
th q d t b tw th
e u a ran e th d w t w ld b
ee n e sou pi d an es ou e occu e ex
l i ly by bl k
c us v e il d t p
ac k th t b tw w t d th
so an ra roc s a e ee n es an nor
w ld b ou hi fly pi d by th
e c e o ccu th gh t w d th
e t
e sam e , f ou o ar s e ce n re o
i l di ifi d by p t h d t wi h dy l
.
th e c rc e v e rs f e a c es o it
san s one , t a san oam on s
f
su r ace wh il h i i g tw w ld b
e t e re m a n n h t i d f th fi t o ou e c arac er se or e rs
30 40
or il by ig m es t ifi d d i
ne ous s rat k wh i h i e anl m as s v e roc s, c n se v e ra
pl p t d f
ace s ro ru e d d p il f th rom un e r t p t bl k
a ee so , or e m os ar ac ,
t
s one i th a l w di t i t
e oa d er t ph i
s r c s, t t i th n m e am or c s ra a n e m ore
l
e e va e t d g i reb th ons,y f q tlyo d
ve r by d il nd l t i t
re ue n cove re a re so a a er e .
s ee m r oa m u xo ns . 61
I n taki ng bi d i w f th k wh i h
a c om ne v e with i o th e roc s c occur n e
i l j t d
c rc e us i b d th f ll wi g
e scr e , t b th e d di g d
o o n se e m s o e e e sce n n or e r
i wh i h th y
n c d h th I R t f ti
e su c ce e — eac o er i ti g . ece n o rm a ons, cons s n
o f bl ck a d il b th b i g
or re so i d with k k
, o d th l tt
e n m xe un ur, an e a er
f q
re ue n tly t i i g t t
c on a n n f d d g l with th s ra a o i san f an rave , e re m a ns o
h ll
s e s d q d p d li ttl if t ll di i g i h bl f
an u a ru e s, e i ti g
a a st n u s a e rom ex s n
w t a er d p it V V i l t p th t h b i
e os . es cu ar y ra i j , d a as e en n m an case s n e cte
i t th
no p di g d i b i ly f
e re ce n , an igi s b q t h
o v ous o an or n su se ue n to t e
ov er ly i g t p n VI S d tra f ti. i ti g f l t
an s one pp orm a on, cons s n o s , u er
bd ht
e s, t a ti are ft som e d f i bl m es d f whi t
so d an d r a e, an o a e an re
l
co ou r, th t or h d d g itty d p d d by i b d
a are ar an r , an e rva e ron an s ;
2 dn , i ddl t t
m f fi
e s ra a , o fi il t t a d g d lly b
ne ss e i g s ru c ure , an ra ua ecom n
coarse th y as pp h th 3 d i f i b d whi h h
e a roac e r ,bl n e r or e s, c m uc re se m e
th pp
e u t t
e r one s, e x ce
p h t th y t i i ad w h i he
( )
4 ti c on a n no ron un e r c t
occ ur g d d
ree n an h l V I Ire L i ts f a es ; ti w h i h w i
. th i m e s one orm a on, c n
our i
area y t lli s d
cr s a i d wi h ne, an g i d V mIII xe t t m a ne s a ; an . m e a
I R t
. F ti
e ce n — l t orm a Bl k il ons R g
.
( is M . a th i ac so , or e ur n ar
K M )h ou rayi ld d g i as e ei t i p f t
no or an c re m a ns o our m h bt er ec rese arc e s, u
I f l p d d th t th wh w ll ppli d with pp
ee e rsua e a ose o are will y t e su e a aratus e
h h pl
av e t e f d t ti g
easure o i p i i l i it I h
e ec n so m e m crosco c an m a s n . ave
nev e r b bl t q i i th w g lly i d th y th t
ee n a e o ac u e sce n e no e ne ra re ce ve e or a
accoun s t f i t by d p i ti
or i w t e It os f on p b bl th t
n a er . se e m s ar m ore ro a e a
it i th p d t f l
s e ro i t g t ti
uc o i
ux u r an i t t ph whi h
ve e a on n a m os a m os e re , c
h as g w ro d d y
n an d i th l li
eca e ti w h i t in f d e T h
ocai p es e re s oun . s su
p iti w ld h
os on ou i wi th ll th
arm on se pp f ifi ti a e a e arances o strat ca on
whi h i t
c d bt dly hi bit d t th
un ou e ex ti p s, an it i i , a e sam e m e, re se rv e s s m
f R i w hi h h l t ly b h w by
.
l ity t th T h
ar o i e c orao z em o uss a, c as a e ee n s o n
Eh b gt t i
re n e r lf
o con a n se ve ra f P lyg t i d Ph y t li th i
orm s o o as r ca an o ar a .
I th k k
n e whi h i
un ur, i d wi th th l w c s p ti f th g
m xe e o er or on o e re ur,
f rom h thi k
t e ti g f li c with w hi h h y
coa n o m e d th y d c t e are e ncruste , e o
no t pp a t diff f th b
ear o er f th rom d e d h p one s o e m o e rn ox an s ee .
B id I h
es e s, f d h
av e neve r i ounf f th
suc bd f re m a ns so ar rom e a o e o
m en as t f of th
ree m e pi i th t th y b l g d t i d
rom e sus c on a e e on e o an m s
i n a d ti t t om es c s a e.
2 d n Th . d il whi h g
e re solly t k ,th p l c f th e ne ra
g i a es e ace o e re ur n
dt
san s o ne an d t phi di t i t i
m e am or ti c th b k
s r c s, s som e m es see n on e an s
o f i r ve rst b f g t d p th
o e o It lt rea t et f q . tly wi th a e rna e s no un re ue n
lya ers o f l d nd g
oose san l wh i h a t in i ting fl i til h ll
rave , c con a ex s uv a e s e s
62 G EO LO GY o r r u n n e r v e su r e .
[J U LY
h hy
no c ange si nce t e we re aliv e , save t at t e av e h h yh b
een su ecte to bj d
a tt i ti
r on, and bl hi g by w eac n d th t ph ate r an I th di t i t e a m os ere . n e s r c
w t f N gp
es o a th iur, f p
e r ve rs o b d f d d g vl
te n ex ose a e o san an ra e cc
m en e t d by ll q
a sm a ti y f li uan d i it h d
t o d tt f ih
m e , an n s ar e ne s a e urn s
i g bl k tw
n oc s th o or f t th i k f ree ee dt g
c l ot t h
san s one or con om e ra e , as e
case m a
y b I t h
e.i t n t th
s s ra u m K lé i b
ne ar t 1 0 i l e th o r r v e r, a ou m es nor
o f N gp a thur, b d
e re occurs an a un ance o f P l di M l i d Cy a u na, e a n a, an re na .
Th e se , u n lik th fl i til e e h ll b f
uv a e ti sdh e sd g e ore m en one , av e un e r o ne a
d id d h g I
ec e c an e . i t n som e h i iti fill d wi th th
ns a nce s t e r cav ili e s are e e s
ccona an d l t f th
ca care ous m at e r o t i b t i t th h ll
e m a r x, u n m os case s e s e
h as c pl t ly di pp
om e e d l i g ly th i t l t O th
sa e are , e av n on e n e rna cas . n e
b k f th S p
an s o e i T d kh i i 1 4 il N W f N gp
e r an r v e r, ne ar on a e r , m es . . o a ur,
th e re i s an accum u a l ti f h ll i gl d wi th b
on o s e Ths m h ll n e ones . e s e s are
p tly f fl i til h t i l di g U
ar o a uv a e c arac e r, d Cy nc u b t th n
’
m o an rano, u on e
o th er h d th y p tan e i l p p d
re se n a num e r caf h re on e rance o suc as are
g e ne ra lly f d i ounl t i i t ti
n ac us r ne s ua ons, su ch B i th L i d as e m a,
’
m nara , an
Pl a norbi Th y w
s . ligh tly p i fi d
e e re s Th b f di e tr e . e one s ou n n connec
ti on wi th th h ll i t d f j w t b
e se s e s cons s e d th o p t f a s, v e r e rae, an o er ar s o
m am m a a li b I g t t y th y w
ut re re o sa id t lly d t y d b f e e re acc en a e s ro e e ore
th ye ld b
cou i d
e e x am Ri i g t th
ne . f f thi k k
s n o e su r ace o a n un urace ou s
g i
r t y
t d p i
e t i t
os h p l ni f T
e a k li w
a n o b d t h i ,f e re o se rve e re m a ns o a
l g
ar e an m a i l th b , f wh i h w
e one s o pl t ly p t ifi d b t ft
c e re co m e e e r e , u a er
p t
e r i fi i h
cat on, d b a h ff
e e n so t d by th
m uc w h t
a f ll t
ec e e e at e r as o a o
pi ece s on big e n d Th re m ov e ll th b
. th t h
e se b
are a e ones a av e ee n
f
ou n d th f ne ar l w h
e sur ace , un e ss i l d p t f f e 2 i h
e re nc u e ar o a e m ur nc e s,
an d ph l
a a anx i h b one d di nc d t J y apé i C h ki 5
roa , scove re a un n ou ,
m il es w t f N gp es o I h w i li d t pp th t th y
a ur. am , o e ve r, nc ne o su ose a e
h db
a w h d
ee n as t f th f
e ou hw t d p it l d i t p
o e re s a er e os e nc ose n ra .
II L t it (i
. a er M éet h i Mn id
ar ) — T h i f i ur m c
p d '
c s orm at on s rea s ov e r a
l g
ar e area t th o t f N gp
e e as oIt i w k w
a t
ur t t h with
. s no no n o s re c
se v e ra li t l f
n e rva s P w i t C h é da
rom a di t
an o th d n th , a s ance nor an sou
Bt i u n m any l li ti th o cab l k f l
es t i t e i i bl
oc s o ly th a er e are v s e on on e
i i g g
rsn d wh i h i
rou n , d with j gl whil i th lti t d
c s cov e re un e, e n e cu va e
h ll w th y di pp
o o s e d sa f il f d
ear un e r a sur ace so dy l y Th t o re san c a . a
th y e th
are hw e re , b
o t i d by i p ti g th b k
e ve r, can e asce r a ne f ns e c n e an s o
i
r ve rs n i l t i t di t i t wh
a er e th b w p
s r c s, k yb d t t d
e re e ro n orous roc m a e e ec e
t
a a d p th f 3 0 f t f th g l l l f th pl i L t i i
e o ee ro m e e ne ra eve o e a n. a er te s
t
s o ne an d g i Th th
ne ss y th f whi h pp it t b th
. e eor , e re ore , c su ose s o e e
p d t f h l tt k d p d i lt g th wi h t f d ti
ro uc o t e a e r roc e com ose , s a o e er t ou oun a on.
T p i t
o o n t oub tt d f a e ti g f
er m o e o it i t accouny Bt i n or s no so eas . u n
a l t t
a e th
ou r
g h t
rou ph i di t i t
a m e am orb d i g i i c s rc a o un n n ron ore ,
wh i h w c l as h t i d by th
a so c t t f it l
arac e r ze i ti f ti e ex en o s ate r c orm a on,
th i d
e ea o cc urred t th t th tw ight p ibly b o m e a e t d wi tho m oss e conne c e
h th d fl t th t i — h t th f gi ‘
c om i g p f
n u ro m
g th t ll
am onif t t i g h t
e m e a by t h g y
e rous s ra a m , e a e nc
o fw t a e r, h i p g t d y d yi g k h f whi h
av e m re na e e ve r e ca n roc on t e sur ace , c ,
with th b q t i filt ti f i w ld th p t th pp
e s u se ue n n ra on o ra n, ou en rese n e a ear .
ance f l t it
o a e r e, w w fi d itas I th e no k f thi f ti n . n e roc s o s orm a on
eas t f N gp
o a f il h
ur no y t b
oss s di aved b tas d i d e ee n scov e re ; u am on
i f
n erre d h id ti ty f th d t f C t l with th t f S th
t e en o e san s one o e n ra a o ou e rn
I di
n a , co m m on ly ll d h di d d t f th i t
ca e t e am on f san s one , rom e e x s e nce o
di d t W i é d
am o n s a w
e r za b t 8 0 il S E f N gp
, a to n a ou m es . . o a ur .
w as dt
no san s one wh t i th ighb a e ve rh d d th t th g n e ne our oo , an a e em s
h d b
a t
ee n t d f
e x rac e l t iti g it rom lyi g qa t
a er k c r ov e r n uar zoze roc .
I am t nofl i i tly su c en t wi h d i d di i t t k y
conv ersan t am on str c s o m a e an
i
un v e rsa l ti
asse r on onth tt b t I w ld e m a gg t i t
er bj u ou su es as a su e ct
w h y f i q i y wh th
ort o n ur th ,
diti f
e er bl f th di e con y f on avora e or e scov e r o
di d i th p
am on s s e t f rese nce ,
y bj t nok i th
o tan su ae e n roc , e e r m e am or
p h i c o r se d i t y b t
m e n ar f f g i , l uy i ot h g i t
e rru g l t
nous c a n e r or con om e ra e
whi h c ti t t
cons th di d t i Th i i th i p i l ft
u es e am on m a rx . s s e m re ss on e on
m
y im d by n w h t I h ad f th d i av e d i
rea tO l o p lli e am on m ne s a va am a
an d K d i p tt on z e C dd p
a, ne ard th di d w hi g i h
u a a, an e am on as n s n t e
M h di S b lp
'
a ana , near am a u r.
III IV d V — I h ll t h
. . an . l g s a th no ly i g d
e re e n ar e on e ov er n an
un erd lyi g t p wh i h th y p t bj t i t ti g hi fly t
n ra , c , as e re se n o ec s n e res n c e o
th e m i l i t
ne ra o
g d t s ,
w i h i
o no th m f
com e th i p p t n e m o o s a e r.
Th is J ournal, No . v. 1 8 43 .
64 G EO LO G Y OF TH E N AGPU R s ra rn ' '
.
[J U LY
w t a er f i th
orm at onli b tw th I y b p itt d t f
at es e een em , m a e e rm e o re e r
to som e pp d p ifi d f i t th t pi k d p t Gid d b t
su ose e tr e ru s a are c e u a a , a ou
40 il m h f N gp O th p f t p hill
es sou t o a ur . th i p ln e to o a ra ne ar s ace
is a b id t b th t f Sh k J id wh f i p d f
tom , sa o e a o e ar , ose am e s s rea ar
an d w id g t h
e M l
am o n é f I d i
e N w b
usa m ld t l l t
nsh t o n a . e o e s us a
ne ar Ma g l f w hi h h
n a ur, di pp d d w
a te r c e sa e are , an as ne v er m ore
h d f P hp h
e ar o . er t C
a s l I di e f
cam e if w o t e ntra n a or e are o
b li t diti h i t l i li b i d t Gid d d tt t
e e ve ra on, s m or a re m a ns e ur e a a , an a rac
th di f th
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o i t d wi h h i
e m arve s assoc a e it i i t i d by t s nam e , s m a n a ne
th f ll w
e se f th P ph
o o e rs o f th e th w t th t th F ki
ro et rom e nor - es , a e a r
li dve d di d an
g th e d th
am o n t h i t b t il
eml i
, t i an h t p t a s om s ex s s n t a ar
o f th y A g th w d f l t i l t d f h i whil
e countr . m on e on e r u s or e s re a e o m , e
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s sa d lt t Gid d it i p t d th t d y B y
o av e we a a , s re or e a one a a an an
p d h i i g pl with b ll k l d wi h t g b t l t
asse s re st n ace u oc s a en t nu m e s, e e nu s,
an d th o h di ti Th F ki i t y with hi l
e r s uc com m o e s. e a r, as s cus om ar s c ass,
d dd h f h
e m an e a s t t are of th g i b gt b t th
e c on e n s o B y e on - a s u e an an,
l t t
re u c an p t w i th h
toi p p ar t y d t th s ti rod er d i g , an , a e sam e m e rea n to
t
e nco un e r th di w th
e m en pli d th t th b ll k w
cant s
’
ra , re e a e u oc s e re
l d
a e n on ly wi h t St l t th b j i d h i it t d
t s one s . one s e em e, re o ne t e rr a e
i t
sa n d h B y
, an d
t e hi an an ttl B t by d by th b l
rov e on s ca e. u -an - e e u
l k b g
oc s t e hibi y p t f h t t di t
an o ex t s m O
om s o ft t e u m os s re ss . ne a er
h f ll d w d th w ight f i w p d b d Th
ano t e r e o n un e r e e o ts no on e rous ur e n . e
B y an an, se e n i g hi i t k t d t th F ki d t ti g h i
s m s a e , re urne o e a r, an , e n rea n s
f gi
or tly b
v e ne ss, e arne s
g h t h i t w i hd w h i
e sou d t
m o t ra s curse , an res ore
hi w s t th i
are s i gi l o di i e r or At h i na con d b pti d th t on . s com m an e em e e
wh i h f
c h h d d
, a te r d littl h i j y w f d t b
e a a v ance a e on s ourne , e re oun o e
a ll t d i t g ld
conve r e h n o d po Thm o ph i l d l
urs an ru e es . e s e r ca an ov a
stone s h tw wi th
at are no tt d m et d th p t th it bl sca e re aroun e s o are e v er a e
p ifi d f it th h B y l ft b hi d d t th i d y b wit
e tr e ru s at t e an an e e n , an o s a e ar ness
to h t h f th
e tru t i o Th i f bl
e h gh
transact i d by
on . s a e, t ou re ce ve
H i du wi th th i
n s ll f th e r u sua ll i id
ov e ly f or e m arv e o us, s ev e nt o a co m
m on o r igi wi h i il l g d
n t a s m t i P l ti ar e I t d f G id d
en curre n n a es ne . ns e a o a
II ill d M t C l f Sh k J id b ti t t th p ph t Elij h
re a o un arm e or e ar su s u e e ro e a ,
an d h t h t with h i t g d b t l t h g i t g
e m e rc an s nu m e s an e e nu s c an e n o a ar
d wi h l
one r t d th tw
m e ons t i i th i
an i f t e i d ti
o s or e s, n e r m a n e a ures, are en
ca l Aft thi I
. er d ly dd th t th
s ne e ll d p t ifi ti
scarce a th t a e so-ca e e r ca ons, a
a tt t hes lity f th
t e re a i l h ib i t t
o e m f h t
rac e e x
g b l t no race o t e ve e a e s ruc
F RES H W A TE R F O R MA TI O N . 65
py d
t ure of ge nu i ne frui ts, but are sim l no ule s of z e olite , thth a av e
d p h h hy
issue fro m th e tra cavi ti e s i n w i c t e we re form e d .
Th F hw t e F ti
r es hi h lly d yi ld f il f it d
a er o rm a on, w c re a oe s e oss ru s an
o th g i i
e r or an s m s, ly t i wi h h g st p i ne ar
g co-e x e ns v c t t e re a ou t our n
o f b lt th
asa w t f N gp on Wh h ite i d es o a ur . et er eve r e x ste
wh h i w
e re t ere t p t b i s q i whi h I
no no ra o e see n s a ue st on c
s h ll a t p di
no B t it i
sto k bl f t h t
to sc uss . u s a re m ar a e ac , t a
wh th i
e re v e r lyi g di i p
e re i t th
s h f hw t
ov e r n or te to re se rve , e re t e re s a er
d p it i
e l
os t b f d l it h b b t p by h
s a m os su re to e ou n , u n ess as ee n u rn u t e
i i
n trus on o f ygd l id W h amd i w ll igh wi th t i t p
a o . e av e trace t e n ou n e rru
ti on f 1 00 ilor t w d Eli h p d h m
gh t h
es w h l o ar s c u r, an t ro u ou t e o e
di t diff i g ft i l
s anc e d p iti i w d pp
er n O e n n co ou r an co m os o n, n o ut ar a e arance
I n o ne s op t it i f ll f f il i th s u d
o ighb oss s, i gl li y i i
n ano er an ne ou r n oc a t t s
u tt ly d
er i d f ll evo f i t li f
o a I k w t i i i
trace s o anc e n e . no no one ntr ns c
f t
ea u re th t i h t i ti f i I j dgi g f it id tity h ly
a s c arac e r s c o t . n u n o s en , t e on
sure
g i d t u
g by i
e i t p
o i ti b
o t w th s d l t
s p osb on e ee n e no u ar ra a ov e
an d th i l e p b l w Th gh it t b p d
v es c u ar tra e o . ou m us e s re a ov e r v as t
t bl l d
a e - f diff
an s o t l ti y i t i
e re n l l
e e va i ly h
o ns, et s a m ost e x c us v e on t e
p t f th th w
e sc ar m e n s o q i y k wl dg f it G
e se at e can ac u re an no e e o . e ne
ra lly th i b dd d t t
e m e t e di t s ra um f 15 20 f f
oc curs a a s a nce o to eet rom
th flt t p f th
e a o i o j t t th pl wh th w t i h
e em ne nce , us a e ace e re e a er n t e
m onsoo n, runn n i gd w h l p h g th o d t
n t e g th ffi i
s o t e, as a e re s re n su c e nt o
m a k i p i e an m i t i gb
re ss on on i d wh it p
n erve n n d arr e rs, an e nce rocee s to
pl gh p th ft d p it d th till f
ou u e so e bj t ygd l id
os , an e s so te r su ac e n am a o ,
ti ll i t h th b tt l i g i t l b tw
reac es e o om , h eav n l li k an n e rva e e e n e ac ru nne e a
roun e d d t l I ki g y w y p h a us . nm a t y
n t tiou r y
a b u t e as ce n , ou r at e n on m a e
a t t d by
trac e b f bl k t th f t whi h h f ll
a num er o oc b
s a e oo , c av e a e n, o r e en
w h d d w
as e f o h i n, f h d p it
ro m Th
t e i s te o h t e e os . e se nc re ase t e ne are r
y ou a
p p h h roac t p d
t if h y
e e x ac d d ly s ot
y an
y b t e su en ce ase , ou m a e
su re , w h th y h e b er d i ou h av e o h j
se rve t p d t or not, t at ou a ve us asse
y
by h t ti fi d
e stra k d e p th d l b l Th h i k
ro c , an co m e u on e no u ar asa t . e t c
ne ss o f th d p it i e y i e os I g f
s ve r 6 7 f t
v ar o us . t ran e s ro m or ee to an
i h
nc Th f. e h b it igi l d l p t i h i p
o rm e r m ust av e ee n s or na e ve o m en n t s a1 t
of I di n d wha ; an it h b d d th h g
e re as been i re uce , e c an e m u st e attr
b t d t h ygd l id l i t i f b th I h igh b
u e o t e am a o a n ru s on rom e ne a . n t e ne o ur
h d f N gp
oo o i d a t ur
g th
t i k f
oe s no h f
av e ra e a c ness o m o re t a n o ne oo t
Wh it i g
e re t th
s pp p ti i g lly i d t d d h
re a e r, e u er or on s e ne ra n ura e , an t e
9
66 G EO LO GY o r TH E N AG PU R S T TE A .
[J U LY
fou nd t ,
h gh wh ou e re th e latte r co nsis ts of a g re e n an d p plur e c la y , th e
lll a m m a li a dditi t h p t f f
or Rep ti li a d — In a on o t e ar o a e m u r an
th p h le b f ll d d t
a anx , h i g b f d t J yép a i
e ore a u e o, as av n een ou n a un n
C b ki hi h I i li d t f thi d p it th h b
on ,
w c am nc ne o re e r to s e os , e re av e e en
di d i it b t
sco v e re il w t f N gp
n , a ou p i f tb l two m es es o a u r, a ort on o e v er e ra
l
c o um n, i ti g pp ly f igh t
cons s t b n ,
d a tf f are nt th , o e v er e rae , an , no ar rom e
sam e p s b f i t b
ot, a nu m i dt hd d yf g
er o m nu e one s, n a e ac e an ver ra
t y
m e n ar t b l gi g ll p t f th
sta e , i
e on l t n Wh th
to a ar s o e an m a s ruc tu re . e er
th e se i f q d p d
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som e o f th y t l b em l im a I d t p
no ka so w l d g e m am m a an, o no ossess no e e
e nou
g h t w t y o p i i g p i
arran i i
m i t ex y th
re s t n an O n on nor s ne ce ssar a
I h ld i g th y t b
s ou , se e n i tt d L d e ared will o b e transm e to o n on, an soo n e
e x ami d by h ne wh p t t t th t k B t I y
t ose o are co m e en o e as . u m a
i
m e nt o n, th t th t h di d a
g th e i d i
ee tt th f scov e re am on em n ca e e orm e r
i t
e x s e nc e f i t th o l lity sau r ans t th b i g a ll d e o ca , one oo e n sm a an
obt ly i l with b b d p i t d th p i h i h i
use c on c a , a ar e o n , an ano er s e c e s, w c s
very b d b i g p i ly flt d l t h p d wi th th
a u n ant, e n c om arat v e a an ance -s a e , e
e nam e ll d i d f d ki h l
e s l e o T hi l a ar l y p
s s ate co ou r . o t s c ass a so m a , er
h p b f d l w h lf
a s, e re e rrei h l g b a g h t
c a li g h,t t a an nc on , rou to a
T l kh d
e an th ile w t i, f N gp ree w hil m th t t
es t es o a ur e e s ra um a
M h h gh d i h f i h d th i p
ac a o t i as pp ly f f h t
u rn s e e m re ss on, a are nt , o a re s wa e r
tortoise .
gh daob , ut c hi fl
y e at Pah adsingh a . T hy e consist for th e m os t p t ar
th e C y l idi
c o yp d h 12 f h
an sc ale s, are b e autifu ll re se rv e som e av e o e ac ,
an d h
ll
ot ers a sm a O p i w p i td tt
e r num b er . ne s e c m e n, as as o n e ou o m e
by th w ll k w t li t D J d h
at e - no i t d p t f h
n na u ra s r . e r on, as co nst tu e ar o t e
l t l li
a e ra d ti ll b th
ne , an b h gh whi h th s flwd e ars e tu e t rou c e m u cu s o e
th ta i t d th
ano n e f f th b dy B h i bj t
e sur ace o e o . ut t e m ost c ur ou s o ec
th t h
a b as wi h i thi d p t ti
ee n m e t pi f f d t
t n s e ar m e n s a e ce o a roe ou n a
Ti kli i th tw l b
a , n f whi h th e th t h d bo o es o t d c e ov a a a e e n m a u re are
l d i d w hil
ca ce on se tl i t g ,
l li i g h
e cou n e ss m nu e ranu es are se e n nn t e
i
ovar an m e mb rane .
r a s s n w a rs a '
no nu n i o n . 67
chi fly lyt f b l
e e f w hi h 9 p i h
ra o ee t e s, o b di d 7 c s e c es av e een scov e re ,
h i g w d d th i
av n re tig ti
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to th B p ti d
e u h i th pi i f it
res ze , anot e r, pli h d n e o n on o s ac com s e
di scov e re r, i t d wi th th
s (
co nne c eft b d i d ) H t w h il e so - o e e e ro m e ra, e
tw o t b l t d ly t
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e b l rag d m a th oss av e e on e to som e o er
f ily
am f th o t ib I
e sam e f th f it t br e . ti
n d one o e ru s, o e m e n one
b l w th w f d h ll w t b bi di g t g th
e o , e re as oun a o ol f h u e n n o e e r se v e ra o t e
surrou n di g d d bn bi g th j i f th i
se e s, an a sor l pi g p lp n e u ce o e r e nv e o n u
t hi w s p h p th w k f
as, er a s, f th Dip t
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av e ee n f th L pi d pte e 1
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s c ass no or e r occurs e x ce e n om os raca,
com p i i g th g C yp i with 6 p i ll w f I
r s n e e nus r s, s e c e s, a ne , so ar as am
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4 p is ec es o f V l t w f Li
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5 new p i f Ph y i dditi t th P fi p i i (S w ) 4 5
s ec e s ; o sa n a on o e m e o . or
ne w f th t
orm s,
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u e w a m an s ec e s o u m us ne
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. ne s e c es o a va a, t a re s r a e s re , m os
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e on li y f
o ca i t th
t I y t k w f with i h
or at as it y f e no o n t e te rr o r o
N gpa u r. Th p i e s f it th
e c m e ns th o f f g d at o cc u r e re are ar ro m oo ,
wh e n c om p d w i h th k i dly t f
are t ose h ighbn h d f sen m e rom t e ne ou r oo o
Eli h pc by D B dl y Th t bl d l g l gi t h l
ur r. ra e . a a e an ze a o us eo o s as a so
f i h d
urn s e wi h m e ll t p it e x ce f Ph y en th sf f wh i h
e c m e ns o sa , e o rm s o c
a re e w
g i th th i
ose com m on th i i i y f N g p n e v c n t o a ur .
W p e w t th
ass no g t bo l k i g d e ve t h p i e a f we h i h n om , e s e c m e ns o c
f rom h f hw
t e res f tiate r b th
orm a d on i d Th y
are y o ra re an v ar e . e m a
b l
e c asse d d h h d f f it d d l
un e r t e ea s o t ru d w d s an se e s, e av e s, roo s an oo .
F it ru d S
s an d — Of h a th
a b t 5 0 p i Th d
t ese e re are a ou s ec e s . e or e r
o f th E g e xo b ki gd
e nou s su th t h - n t p t ti i th
om , a as m os re rese n a v e s, s e
Ly e umi th
nosaz, b i g4 p i y b i
e re e n i tw H dy
s e c es v e r o v ous, v z . o e sarcce ,
an d h ot e r tw i l di g Co, nc u i f th n a g l fl w
ass a o d di i i e m ore re u ar o e re v s on
o f ht e or e rd U d th . n er h d yb e sam e g d w h t pp ea t b
m a e arran e a a ears o e
a F b id a o f Bw b k
ea o o d bl d d f it
e r an , abli g th ou e -see e ru re se m n e
X y li i
nos r on
p i t f th es o t h d th
e sam e au d d i
or, an g a ree -se e e one , occu rr n
i
so m e t m e s wi h w t d l d t th ti with th whi h
t o see -v e sse s, an a o er m es ree , c
m a
y h bav e H d
een a
y T eh t b
s are a d t d
. f E d e
g m os a un an or e r o n o e ns
i A id
s ro f wh i h th
cce , o tw g
c wi h
e re are p d f it o e ne ra, t com ou n ru s, one
wi th th d d i i i d tw d pp
ree -see e ov ar e s, n s ze big an ou ar a earance e n ex
ce e di gly lik
n ll pi
e a sm a ppl d h th g b i g di t t
ne -a e , an t e o er e nus ea r n a s an
re se m bl t ance lb
o a m uy h i g h w th d i e rr , av n h , l o e v e r, e se e s n e ac v esse
s y m m e tr cai lly di p di is Th i l tt g
o se n s xe s t i tw . p i s a er e nus con a ns o s e c es
o ne , h tt a h h d i h p pl p lp w pw d f i h i
m u st av e a a r c ur e u , as u ar s o an nc n
l gth
en d h lf
an i h i b
a an dh nc d th n h re ad d t 2i h t an e o t e r e x te n e o nc es
l g wi h b
on , t dh a re a di g g f
t i h
not e x cee N tt h A idu o an nc . ex o t e ro e ss
th e m os t i t i gE d g
n e re st n P l f wh i h th
n o e ns are t b tw a m s, o c e re se e m o e o
g e ne ra, one a N ip d i t ( B a) d th
e s, h ow
t p . t p
ani f e o t e r one a rans are n ece o
l d y h
ca ce on , p l
w ose i th d ace n t ly b i d F
e or e r ca nnot e x ac
g h e ass ne . or t e
l tt
a e r rare s p i ll f
e c m e n, as th l g we lb y li ksa e r id f i e ar e r m u e rr - e aro ru t,
an d m any h f it d d w i d bt d t C p i W p h
ot e r ru s an se e s, e are n e e o a ta n a s are ,
wh ose p i i hi fi ld h p d f th high t l t
-
co o e rat o n n t s e as rove o e es va ue o
I di p l l gy Th f it b p ifi d i
n an a ae onto o . e ru swi h a ov e s ec e , n co m m on t
th ose not m e n ti d l
one ,ll f d t Takli Th ly p
are a m ost a ou n a . e on e x ce
ti ons w thy f or ti o no f th H d
ce are one wh i h w o l id p e e vs arcce , c as a o en
i t
n a s one f M h h gh dé
rom ac p t i f th l g i d d
a o se ara e ov ar e s o e ar e r s -
x se e e
S A NDSTO NE FO RM ATI O N . 69
w ich h is m et wi t h th gh
, ou not ab d un antl y ,
Le a ce s .
— Of t h ese t h e re are ki d
12 n s, se v e n O f w hi h c are Ex oge nous .
or bi h p th y di f
cula r s a e e t l p i t li k
ra ateh l f f Hy d
rom a c e n ra o n e t e ea o ra
cot y l T
e. h E d g e l n o e nou sfi i b e av es f w hi h
are ve n nu m e r, som e o c
possess a cons id bl i il i ty th f d i th B b y t t
e ra e sm ar to ose oun n e om a s ra a,
an d fig d i Pl t
ure iii f thi J
n a e v l f J ly 1 8 5 2 . O All ths h
ou rna or u . e se av e
b bt i d t Takli l th t
e en O a ne a , as a so e roo s.
R t oo s — Th . t fiese i ll
am ou nt f w hi h o ve h b n a , none O c are m uc a ov e
Of h b th
suc tu e rs t b h diff i g i t i p t f
e re se e m o e t ree , er n n ce r a n re s e c s rom
eac h h ot d g i gi
e r, an b with th th
a re e n id p l t wi h
n num er e re e aro an s, t
whi h th yc f e d i i bly i j t p iti Th i il ity f
are oun nv ar a n ux a os on . e s m ar o one
roo t i ll b t th
n a i t th t gi
u e s ze i Pl t ii fig 1 f th o a bl p p
ven n a e v . . O e a e a er
j t f dt
us re e rre f il t pp
o cannot th ta y o a i i
ear on e m os c urso r e x am nat on,
an d m a
y t fi th
se rve p l of t h l x tt i t h
e
g t b l
ace O k i g d e a er n e ve e a e n om , as
w ll e t th h p
as cre a e f fi di g e B by
o e o ni d f i w hi h
n near om a so m e aro ru t c
it h asp d d ro u ce .
W d Th — oo . t b th ki d
e re se e m f E g o d tw
e re ef E d n s o x o e ns an o o n o
g e ns I. n h
som e f t i
cases th i b k
t e w h i l th l
orm e r re a ntt e r ar , e e a e r, as
h as b b d i th I di l liti
ee n O se rv e no i er lly d i p l y h i
n an oca e s, occas ona s a t e r
ae r ai l t Sp i
roo s . fw d e c m e ns O i l t ll f oo ilif are com m on n a m os a oss e rous
p t f th t i y
ar s o e e rr tor .
F ro m i w f h wh l f i l
a re v e O t t t f th i f
e o e tioss th con e n s O s orm a o n, e
i f
n ere nce t b d i d pp o e t be r ve th it a b ea rs o e,t at cannot e m ore re ce n
th an h E t e B w i h i I d h t it d w
oce ne e ra . ro n, n f h s n e x, as se o n as o t e
sam e a e g w i h t h C tit t l M e l b on t th f t
ne n at h t f
a acca th u e ac s, a ou t o e
m an y h ll it h s e b dd d t wi hi y k wl dg i p ifi lly
s as e m e e no o ne t n m no e e s s ec ca
h
t e sam e as y w i ti
an g th no t th i l
ex s t q
n , l ba f e re s a m os an e ua nu m er o
re se m bl t h f d i h L d l y f th I l f Sh pp y
anc e o t e se ou n n t e on on c a O e s e O e e
in m y h b l p iumi f ll
e oy w tn onh b li f t hu t i t i arranf h t e e e a s o ne o t e
O ld f t i i
est O O h t
e r t ar e s p i g th
. f it
n t e t th
em gtnh t em e O s e x te n ro u ou
I di I f b
n a t
or e a r to e n e r .
occ urri n
g i n th e Nag p ur te rritor yi s com p d
os e of bd e s Of d
sa n sto ne .
by l w b d whi h lik h p i
o er e s, c , e ll d K h p é
t e su Th e r o r strata, are ca e ar . e
av e ra e g d p h f the ppt t t
O
y b e u25 f t d f t h
e r s ra a m a i d d l 1 5 e ee , an O e m e
f t
ee . Th t f th i f i b d i
a o ek w Th gh h i g l
n e r or e s s u n no n . ou t e re s a e ne ra
f
con orm a bili y b tw th high t t t d h b h th h
t e ee n e es s ra a an t ose e nea t em , t e
l tt h
a er b b k p t Bh ka d th
av e een ro en u thi g
a th o ra, an e sam e n m us av e
h pp d i h ighb h d f Ka p i if w y j dg f th
a e ne n t e ne ou r oo O m t, e m a u e rom e
nu m b f g l w ll
er o an u ar as d d f g t h h b d p it e as ro u n e ra m en s t at av e e en e os
e d b t th p i d wh
a ou e th fer o ti f th en pp t b d w
e orm a on o e u e rm os e s as
te rm i ti g na I t i i th
n . b dd d bl k th t h
s n e se e m t l bl f e e oc s a t e m os v a ua e o
h Ka p i f
t e m il t di oss d L w d w i th high t t t
s are scove re . o er o n n e es s ra a,
j bf
us t e o re hi g th re ac lp i i n f h i e b d th fi t
u su a os t on O t e ron an , e rs
i i
o r an c re m a ns are m e
g t w i h i i t T h y pt d n st f u . e are c om re sse s em s O
t re e s, one O f wh i h p ti g i t thi
c , dg i th
re se n id nf q y t s n e e n e s e O a uarr a
S il w ada
e y b , t m ad f b te 2 0 f t
race B t i t i
or a ou d t h i ee . u s un er e ron
b d i th fi il l b f h iddl b d wh i h
an n e ss e s a s o t h df
e m e e s, c are m uc u se or
arc hit t l p p th t t f th f il li
e c u ra ur ose s, a m os O e oss s e .
I n h t e dt san s one ,
y t th h b as d i e d , i l
e re av e een s cov e re no an m a
re m a ns i b t th u f ose O
M l l o —
usc aTh . ly t M a g li 60 il
e se occu r on th f N gp a n a , m e s sou O a u r,
an d i t f tw
cons s p i f i t Cy
O o s ()i
ec es w Oh i h im th nu e rena , one , c s e
sm a ll b i g gl b l d th th fl t d
e r, e n o u ar, an l g t d e o er at e r an m ore e o n a e .
Th e g t b
vel ie a e d i ly
re m a ns
g b d t are d t b
e x ce e n a u n an , an a re o e
f ou n d i ll pl wh th iddl b d pp
n a ace s e re Th y h e m l e e s a e ar . e av e a so
b e e n re ce n tly di di i il p iti
s c ov e re Eli h p
n a s m by D ar os on near c ur, r .
B dl y A h y
ra e . s t wi h
t e t N gp are d th
m e di g
t a a ur an e surrou n n
co u n r t y th y i l d , e d l d t
nc u e se e s, e ave s, an s em s .
S d a — F
a p i Of h
ou r s e c e sh fi w d i . d w t f e se d t t e rst t o scov e re e re ou n a
Bh ka o raN twi th t di g th i b i g
. o s an ll th y
n i d tly
e r e n sm a e r, e are e v en
l t d t tw
re a e o f th f o f C p li th
o e fig d by Li dl y d
orm s O ar o es ure n e an
H tt i th i F i l F l
u on n e r l iii p 1 93
oss Th hi d k i d f d
or a , v o . . . . e t r n O see
w as fi t rs t wi h m e t K a p i by M t S k y wh I
a m t , d r . an e , to om am un e r
m an y blig i f thi
O at ons w ll th
or f s, Sh ly ft
as e as o er avou rs . ort a er
C pt i W p h
a a n adI f d it t T d kh i i 1 4 il N W f
s a re an ou n a on a e r , m es . . O
N gp a ur Af . h d w hi h ou rt t Sil w ida i l
se e , c l t d
occu rs a y e z , s anc e o a e , an ver
m i nute U d
. hi h d y p h p q i t b
n er t s ea m a p h dd , er a s, re u re o e com re en e a
i
c rcu ar l d p i e b li g i i d f th i p i l ft
ress on, re se m n n s z e an orm e m re ss on e on
w ax by p tty l g k y whi h w di
a re ar e d by C pt i W p h
e , c as scove re a a n a s are
at Bh oktira .
s a nns rons
'
F O RM ATI ON . 7l
Le a ves .
— Dic oty le donous 2 One
.
‘
b ee n a t g i fl
s ro n i b l l f n exd w i th i t e h p
ea p i t
, an
y h b s s ar o n m a ave een
ra th f er i d blorm A a ll p i e . f Z it f
sm a Ka pti t 5 i h
e ce O am es rom m , no nc
l g
on d y t i t gi
, an e ff f it ti y i d ib 2 0 p
ve s o ro m l s h ti i g
n m r e nnu e s, e ac c on a n n
6 or 7 i m p icrose O i T h c v e ns l. l b b l
e re are se v e ra i h t t e aves o se rva e n t e s ra a
a t Ka p ti m pp ly M ty l d
, a are nt O onoco ki dly t ib t d by e onous . ne n con r u e
M S k y i 17 i h l g d 2 i h b d B f
r. an e s nc es on an d p i i it nc roa . e ore e os t on
b th l fl t f l g Z
e e ea e o it a b ar eI di p d t id it th
am es ut am s ose o cons er ra er
a P it oa c wi th e s, y i t ver ti m Th nu e v e na on y b i d f . e sam e m a e sa o
m o th i
er bj t whi h h l f 4 2 p ll l li
cur ous O ec , c t t hi g
as e t ara e nes s re c n
wi th b dh fi f i h
a rea t o O an nc .
B t th u t e m os db tif l l
com m on wh i h th
an e au dt u eav e s c e san s one
f i
orm at on p d th f
ro d fF
uce s are eTh y i l d
ron s O e rns . e nc u e
P p t
e co i — O f th
er s i g . b t f w s p i e nus h b u f d e d s e c m e ns av e e en ou n , an
h
t ese Ka p ti ly Th y h w
at m on . f tw di ti t p i
e are , o e v e r, O o s nc s ec e s.
A pi b l gi g
nna e on f th
n p i i f ihd
to one o e se h id s ec es s urn s e on e ac s e
th 1 1 p i l d t t th b
nnu e s, e n a e a d wi th t le i ase , an hi g a ce n ra v e n, reac n
t o h t e p A p i a ex . f th th
s ec m e n o p i i yp f t d e o e r s ec e s s ve r e r ec , an
p t f bipi t f g t lyi g t g th i
rese n s our nna e ra m e n s, h n o e er n suc a m anne r
as t i di to n ipi
ca e a t f d pi with f 8 t 1 0 pi l
tr nna e ron , nnae rom o nnu es on
eac h id th
s e, ti e h b
v e na h d d with t
on m uc t l
ranc i e ,
an ou a ce n ra ve n
e x te ndi g t th p n o e a ex.
Gl p t
osso i — Th p i f thi g
e r s. e s ec es O y s t e nus are v e r nu m e rou s, am ou n
i g t 10
n o d ll i , an ll t p a n e x ceti With h i l g i
en re se rv a on . t e r ar e ron
l
co oure d f d d di ti t i ron s an di s nc l i tv e ns, with th ian n se v era ns ance s e r
p f t f tifi ti th y f
er ec ruc ca h
on, t i t
e ti g f
orm il t e f th m os n e re s n oss s O e
ve
g t b l
e a k i gd e th n t I h om a T h p av ei d iff
eve r f se e n. e s e c es er rom
e ac h th i i h p o er n s ze ,ti s d
a e, g t
v e na f th on, i an arran e m e n O e so r .
O ne f th o i p w em d f 2 0
s u i h ar s l g d
O 3 b d w h il
nc e s on an roa , e som e
lb
s a s are e nt re i ly d wi th p i lit l co v e re th 3 i h
a s i
e c es t e m ore an nc es n
l gth
en S h th
. om e ti av e e th v e na fi h it
on coarse , o e rs ne som e ave
t
s art n i gf th id ib t
rom e my r
g l a th
a ve r ly t i h
ac ute an
g t e, o e rs ne ar a r
an
g l es T h . i i lle so r d lik
n a b i
case s are th y ot l g e ut n so m e e are ar e
an d d i th h y
roun n o ll
e rs d l gt d
t e are sm a i th y an e on a e n som e e are
pl d hi fly l g th
ace c e i
a on
g i t h w
e m ar i th 4 5 n, w t
n o h y fi ll e rs or ro s : e
u
p l t
a m osth w h l f the f d Thi g i th
o e o e ron t wid ly
. s e nus s e m os e
diff d f y i th fo ti wi hi th N gp t t It h b
use o an n e rm a on t n e a ur s a e . as een
72 G EO LO G Y OF TH E N AG P U R su r e .
[J U LY
sp i i
e c es s Sil w é da w h
e , e nce Iw as fav ou re d wi h t a m agni fice nt sla b by
C pt i W p h
a a n a s are .
Cy clop te ris — O ne . p
s e cies of t hi s ge nus h as b een di scov e re d at
b d h 1 i h Th f d i
re a t nc . e ron s crow ne d wi h t fru ctifica tion in form li k e
h fl w
t e f lti t d
o ker o a cu va e coc scom b . Anot h er p
s e cie s m et wi t h at
Ka p i im hl g t s m uc a r e r.
along h th
wi t ose Of P e cop teris are m uc m utilateh; d b ut th e sm all
v e nati on.
T wa i O p tm i s —
'
Two s e ci e s, one
p . narrow , wi t h d y i
se con ar ve ns straig t h
and p p di
e r en cular to th e m e di an, th e ot h e r ve r y b d with roa , se con ar d y
d and o li
v e ins, c urv e bq ue .
wh i h I c fi d can n no h h Ih
trace s i n any F ossi l F lor a to w i c av e h ad
i ft
s o bli q ly t i t d d hibit th i t i f l
en o ue s ra e , wi th
an ex s e c ca r ces O ea v e s, a
b d u i lly l ft ft th f t t lk h d f ll
o ccas ona e flS a er f h e oo -s a a a en O
’
. om e O t e scars
are l git di l
on u th na t d o b ers id are bl ransv e rse , an em race a co ns e ra e
p t f th t
ar o Th y
e s em i g l p. ly d i t i b et d i are n e ne ra s arse s r u e , n one
l g t
ar e s e m 3f tl g d pw d f f t b
ee on d th b i g ly
, an u ar s O a oo roa , e re e n on a
i gl
s n pp t B i d th E g
e scar a are n t . f whi h th
es es ese x o e nous s e m s, o c e re
are f fi
our or diff t g ve th w di
e re n d t Ma g li e ne ra, e re as one scov ere a n a ,
l g wi th Cy
a on wh i h b di ti tly
re nre , f d th c if
can e s nc re e rre to e con e rs,
f rom h l ttit e li k di p i ti
a ce - f it Th w d f
e s os if on O s scars . e oo o a con e rous
t
s em , t d i t
conv e r e il b t ti i g t
n o s e x, f it b k w d g
u re a n n no race s O s ar , as u
ou tf h
rom d t e roaC h a da O th t p
near i g th w d b n . e r s e m s, rese rv n e oo , ut
so a lt d by i e re ht h t t ron t b d t t a i d f t e h s ru c u re ca nno e e e rm ne u rt e r
h
t an t h ti th b E ga tm us i b d
av e t Sil w é da
e en x o e nous, occ ur n a un ance a e .
O h
n t e o th h d t e b dd d i h k Ma g li hib it
er an a s em m e e n t e ro c at n a ex s
y k fh i gb E d g
e ve r m ar o Th p ti
av n b i d i lik
e en n o e nous . e or on O ta ne s e
a thi tt
n ra 14 i h an, l g with t y pp t
nc e s j i t U ond , ou an a are n o n . n er
th i b k i gd
s su - nt l b l om d m us a so e c asse
Eg i ti t u se d g B b y
i
es, or ac co r A t h
p y lli t — T h n p to un ur s ero cs . e e cu
li i y f th
ar t Op i f th i g
e s wh i h wec m en odi d by M s e nus c as scove re r .
H t Sil wé da
unte r a w ll e f Y k hi fig
, as di h F e as O a or s re one , u re n t e os
Fl or a( l iii p
vo . d . h f.E q i t l t l i t h t i t
un e r t e nam e O i u s e um a era s, s a s
s Aa TO Nn F O RMATION . 73
alwa s y found associate d with littl e roun d di h scs, aving lines ra di ting
a
thi k ph
,
bl e on e
g dt o th e ste m h h th y f d b t i th Sil wfida
, near w ic e are oun ; u n e e
w h ere h
t ey once h ad b e e n. A ve r y com m on pl ant at th e dp e osi ti on of
Ph y lloth e ca .
— In
giv in
g t is h nam e to th e ge nuh t h h ith
s t a as e rm
b e e n c alle dCl a am I f ll w th
i tes in n ia, Id o
g o e high th ity f B au or o ron
i t
n ar d M C y wh
an hc d ib d p i
o , o f av e A t li escr e s ec m e ns rom us ra a.
Th pp it l ti f
e o os e su ca I di g on o l ly ourp t it f n an enus c ear se ara e s rom
C l it
a am Wh t pl
es . it g h t
a t h ld i
ace l i fi t iou i o o n a c ass ca on re m a ns
d btf l GOpp t k it
ou u . er g M ran s tyl d i d i t
am on ly onoco e ons, m m e a e
a ft Eq i ti t
er u sehil M C y p it with th C i I h
es, w e c o co m ares e as uar na . ave
no t b bl i th
e en a e, p i
n w hi h I h
e num erous t with t
s e c m e ns c ave m e , o
ve r ify th pi i f th l tt i t g l gi t t h i g d t t d
e O n on o e a e r em nen eo o s , no av n e ec e
e ith b k er ph g
ar or a f i fi ti
ane ro am ous Th pp t b in ruct ca on. e re a e ar o e
i th
n b f l i wh i h g f 6 i th
e num er o su c , i i c f
ran e rom n e se m -c rcu m e rence
t 31
o Tw f
. Ka pti w o rom t t by M S k y d
m ere se n o m e r. an e , an one
V t b i —
er e rar a . Thi i th t g t g s s
g N
e s ran es
g p f il e nus am on our a ur oss
p l t
an s. H i th t i t h b d
er o i b d f as p i e en b t i
e scr d e rom s ec m e ns O a ne ex
l i ly f
e us ve th I di rom d A t lie n l h l
an an Th i h us ra an coa -
l dt s a e. s as e o
li it d i w f i t M C y g ppli ly
’
a m e t
v e o s na ure . i h t c o s e ne r c c arac e r a es m e re
t th
o di t d b dy whi h i f
e ra a e odi , ti c with th s i t
oun n connec on e m a n s em ,
an d wh i h h b li c t b e d p f
e e ve s l d
o e t m a e u dd O a s en e r s e m surroun e
by d ly gg g t d wh l f ti ill t
e nse a re a e if l
or s o h ig ve r c a e cune orm eave s, av n a
di h t Of th f th i d i pti f wh t
’
c ti
o om ous ve na on t . e correc ness O s e scr on o a
w as b f th
e ore th t th ti
e au Ih or a t d bt b t i t i
e m e, av e no reason o ou , u s
q it i pp p i t wh it
u e na ro r a e, t b p di t d en f th com e s dt o e re ca e o e san s one
p i
s e c m e ns Th h . l de se t d ly gg g t d wh l
av e no s e n e r s e m or e nse a re a e or s
ro w s of bl g O dd on g
, l
roun e l ti , d d
or an u ar
p i d e e va ons an e ress ons, an
g i v i n
g f b oh d t w i
rancg t d i fl
e s an t i t l d i s a ll d i t i e re n n e rva s, an n a rec ons .
M S k yf w d dt
r. an e orth fi t ar e d t p i f Ka p ti
o m e e rs san s one s e c m en rom m
d it t T flkh i i d
,
Chi da n .
S h uc th parein ip l fessils f t
r h cS n d t
a n p p
o ly o ll d e a s o e, ro e r so ca e .
l0
74 GaO LOGY or ru n N AGPU R sTATs .
[J U LY
Cha da n , and b tw
e ee n K ooh adi and B
h ok fira , wh th d h l
e re e re s a e
—
Rep tili a f A footm ark, of j of an inc hl b d wi th
ong, and as m uch roa ,
e ac h hibiti g
ex n onl y one pi r nt. Th h l whi h i
e s a e, y b ittl d c s ver r e, oe s
no t d it fa m o a su rfac e of m ore th f w q
an i h
a b i gp
e s uare nc es e n ro
cu re d O th . n e sam e p
s e ci m e ns as b th f t kear th e oo m ar s are see n e
tracks Of
b p h d f w d d th withd w th t b l h l by whi h
ee n us e or ar , an en ra n e u u ar o es c
th e
g d h
roun b p i asd d th i
ee n t ti h p d
e rce ,
ti an e n e s ne s a e e v acua ons
whi h h c b l ft h f
av e e en e W b ig h b f d
on t e sur ace . orm or n s ave een oun
i th g
n e h l f T dadi 70 il th f N gp
ree n s a e o a , m e s sou o a ur.
Th lye on g t bl g ve i w hi h
e a h b di
e or an sm d i th h l c as ee n scove re n e s a e
i 1c
s a s1 1 pl t wh i h t p b bly b l g t th g Phy ll th
an , c m os ro a e on s o e e nus o eca,
b t
u , ffi i t l gth f th
as a su c en t h en t b bt i d t di pl y
o e s em as no e en o a ne o s a
th ti l ti
e ar it p
cu a i on,h t s t b fi d
re c se c arac e r canno e xe .
VII 8 VIII .
— Li
5 t M t
.
p h i d G
m e s one, i ti R h —I e am or c an ran c oc a m p
m edi t ly b l w th R d Sh l li th M bl B d t K h adi
a e e o e e ae e e ar e e s a or ,
whi h h i g b
c av nd l iti d by th ti f h t t f y
ee n o om se e ac on o ea , no race o an
i
or an se
g d b i g b l e n k d f i
can th D i e tl y
oo eb t h th or b l n em . re c e nea e m ar e
occur i M t
v ar ous phi R k di t b d by G i t Q t
e am or c oc s, s ur e ran e. uar z
roc k i s k bl i th W i G gfi b i f th i h i
re m ar a e n e e n an as n or e rc ron o re
whi h i tc t i K d hw
con a ns. hill t f f W i g d i j t
an e s ar, a no ar rom e ra a , s us
in re fe re nce to d
ol e r rocks, we h av e j ust d
in icate d, th e re se m bl ance in
th e successi on b d b tw
of e s e ee n S th
ou e rn and C e ntral I di
n a is v er y
d
e vi ent. In b th th i th
o e re s e sam e series of san s tone d resti n u
g p on
h
s ale of various colou rs, d
b ut inclu ing gre en and re d, w ic again is h h
unde rlai d by li m estone and th e m e ta m or ic roc s T ou g M al ph k . h h
colm son was wrong in i nfe rring th e inde nti ty of th e dt
san s one of
C e ntral I di
n a wit h th t a Of th e P e ninsula, from th e Occurre nce of
ve r y w hi h w ld f
nea r , c ou th pp iti th t th w t i
av our e su os on a e a er n
whi h hc tt t w e s ra a d p it d w t th t f th
e re e os e as noAg i a o e ocean. a n,
tk
a en i ti
n connec on wi th th b f ll d i d d
e a se nce i h ll
o a ec e m ar ne s e s,
w ld l d
ou ea w d t th b li f th t th b dy f w t
us on ar o e e e ,
whi h a ld e o o a er c cou
h av e so y l d pl t fl ti g ll
m an an an s it w
oa n t lt b t f
a ov e r h as no sa u res .
Thi l i
s c o nc us on canno t i t pp , tas b ia li d t d by th
ears o m e, p e nva a e e su
p iti th t th f hw t h ll y h b
os on a e res a er s e i d d w i
s m a av e e e n carr e o n nto
an arm f th o f th y
e sea t
or b d t d ti t h b
e are oo a un an an en re o av e ee n
su bj t d t h p
ec e o suc aN thi g b t th i d th t th
rocess . o n f h u e ea a ese res
w ta er s h ll li d d di d th p t wh th i bi l
e s ve an e on e s o e re e r va ve s are en
tom b d i y pi i
e can, n m t th
o qi
n on, m ee t f th e re Thu re m e n s o e case . e
f hw t
re s igi
a e r or f th f n o ti e t
orm a b on fi d by th p
see m s o e con rm e e a
p earan ce s p t d b y th
re se n e lit t l d p iet f th h
ora l T eh g h
os th o e s a e. ou e re
h p d l
s ar an th
c ear on i t d t h
e anc en i h bit d th b k
m u o av ef n a e e an s o
t
an e x e ns v ei l k Th a e. ly bj ti e on f y w
o i gh t
ec th t on, o b an e , a can e
ur e
g d g i t
a a ns h i w h t e v e d t d i th
e re a v oca e f f ,
id
s i e occurrence o uco s n
th C l M
e oa f I di f ti whi h wh it i t d li
easures O — n a a orm a on c , e re e x s s, un e r es
th di
e d dt
am o n B t p h p it i fl
san s one . u ,i i tt
er a il b th
s, s su c en o reconc e o
i w t
v e s pp th t d i g th d p i ti f th t t th gh
o su ose a ur n e e os on o ese s ra a, ou
no t f th o th e oth lt w t
ers, w
e sa l t i - a er d wi th i t as e i n, an a m ar ne
ve e a
g t ti w h i
on, h w i c d w i th
as m t h l xe d p l t th t b e d i an th an s a a oun n e
coa l w ll
as i th
e as dt
n e Th
san s one . i bd i h i e h ll
m ar ne e s so r c n s e s
i C t h
n a c t b see m p i t th t t wh i h
o e su e r or o d
e s ra a b c com e un e r our o se r
ti
va on i C t l I di
n e n ra d th n f
a, an , t t be re ore, p d with are no o e com are
th em .
Bt thi b i g
u s i
r n s m e, l i t p i t
n conc us on, t th t whi h th
o o n ou e e ra a c e
N gp
a ur d t w p b bly f d I thi k th
san s one as ro a orm e g d . n e re are oo
g d
roun s f b li i
or g the t i
ev nt i t p
a w i
s con e mth th L w O li t
oraneous e o er o e.
Th di e y i it f thw whi h
scov e r n o ear f
orm s d i th t f ti c are ou n n a orm a on
o f d
see s lg t
ana a ous th wh i h o ose th f P pt i
c occ ur e re o e co e r s,
Cy l p t i
c o d Sp h
e r s , an p t i w h i
e no h e r s, t th c t C
are l com m on o e rue oa
M easures an d th L w O lit e o f Eq i ti t wi th it
er o e ; O di t d di u se es, s ra a e scs,
whi h i p
c sli t th l tt
e c u ar o d f Z it
e a e r, an d c ni p t i o q lly
am es an o er s, e ua
76 G EOLOG Y or r u n N GP A U R ST TE A .
[J U LY
th t th
a t
e m os i t di i i
anc e n f th O lit i th t t whi h
v s on o e d
o e s a o c our san
t
s one , and f
, O th l
cou rse , i t d with i t b l g
e coa d if
assoc a e
y , e on an m
i d ti fi ti
n en ca f th N gp
on o t t wi th th di
e a d d t f th
ur s ra a e am on san s one O e
p i l b
e n nsu a e t w
corre c y y t l
, k f
e m a w d t e oo ddi ti or ar o num e rous a ons
to our F il F l
oss dF ora a n wh th t
a una, i fi ld f th en th
e e x e ns v e e s O e sou
I t l
canno th i p p
c ose withs t t
a er i g y b t th k t D
ou re urn n m es an s o r.
L i th f
e th
or
g e i w h
ene rous m anne r i h h h pp li d n w i th c e as su e m e
b k b i g it bj t whi h I f d ll th
oo s ear n on s su ec c oun a e m ore
” ”
For X y liaosp rioni tes p . 68 , read X y li nop rioni m
ART IV .Tire A ncient I ra nia n My th ology
. a Le tter to th e
I se n dy p
ou a s eci m e n of th e ancie nt I rani an m y th o
I
Th e m ost anci ent ranian i eas of Ti m , and th e eings conne cte d b d
wit h hi b l m , e ong to th at categor y of m yth i c tales, whi h c h as for its
m ore im bj t N
m e diate th
su ec t l p w ATU a n, d ff t e na ura o e rs an e e c s,
m an d h i d ti y
an Thi s y l f ythi i d
es n . s
yc c e k w o m c eas, as ou no ,
is re p t d
re sen e d p i t d d an th f f
a n e p l p
un e r i fi ti e orm O cor orea e rson ca on, a
i
se r e s o f y b li l s m bl whi h y i th di ff t yth l gi l
o ca em e m s, c v ar n e e re n m o o ca
y t
s s em s ly d i
on g t th w y
accor f th i k in g d
o t t h
e t g a f o n n an o e s a e o
m en a t l lti ti cu f th va p ti on o ti Wh t
e re s e c i f th
ve na ons . a re m a ns O e
Z dfi t i
en v es ad bt p ti ly ll d i
s no ou com yi t
ara ve y sm a , an n m an ns ance s v e r
d f ti
e ec ved th f an th ,i h wh i h t i d k d
ere ore , e re s m uc c m us rem a n ar an
i t lli gibl
un n e M whil th e. yth l gy l ti g t F i i
ean e, e m g o o re a n o rm s am on
th l
e c eare st dp , anp li i t t i ossesses a
y k
ec u arw w n e res , s nce , as ou no , e
fi dh
n g t w i
e re an a ree m en th th d t i f t h V d w h i e h lik w i
oc r ne o e e as, c e se
fld '
a or s us an ns i ight i t th t lt g th t hi t i l ti
n o a a o e wh th e r an e - s or ca m e, en e
J ph ti ti f I di d I a i
a e c na ons O n i ty b g
a an t d r n l p n com m un e an o ev e o e
th i e r religi d i l i t
ous an T h
soc a ex s ence ti th bl
. O suc a m e e rese m ance
i th
n tb
e nam es m us ib d Yi b i g th I i
e, ascr e , dY ana m e n e ran an, an um a a
th I di
e n f f th
an, w d th
orm o igi l ig ifi ti
e sam e or f whi h , e or na s n ca on o c ,
h w i t q it l t
o eve r, s no Th
u e c ear oi i f
m e. di e sam e conne x on s oun n
th e nam e o f hi f h Vi s/ t n
s at er,d V i t w h i
oli nh i t b
ta d i a d om a , c s o e e r ve
78 A NC I ENT IR A NI A N M YTH O LO G Y .
[J U LY
from th e S k it t we t hi d t b
ans r roo d Vi
, o s t d
ne an o urn, an vm a , accor
i gly i
n d
s use pith t f as an e l l i di i p fi ti
e o se ve ra um nous v ne e rson ca ons,
e y. A .
g i U hn , d p
s i lly
a s, an t h S I th
es ec a Z d a t V i g h et un . n e eu ve s a, van a
h i lf i ly ti d i
m se s on m en p g ( Y c i 4 5) th fi t
one n one assa e a no x. , as e rs
m or at l wh t t d th
o e x rac e j i f th dS e u ceH pl t
o e sacre om a or aom a an ,
an dw w d d
as re i ar ei d wi th th gift f th
, as s sa Yi ,
wh th e O e son m a, o, e re
fore , i lp
n se v e ra g i t i
assa e s,d by th f V
s m eni g l one d e nam es o van a m a an
Vi l
va n
g th
m aa , f V i l
e son o
g t j t Y i I d i
oa n w ll
za d V,
i us as am a n n a as ca e a
t th
vasva a , f Vie son o t Wi th th vas va igi .d igi l i d f e com m on or n an or na eas o
th yth i t l (t whi h I h ll t ) wi h th
e m c a e, o c s f h a d th
re urn, t e com m on at e r an e
th id e w ea d l p d w diff t i I di d I a I th f
as eve o e as e re n n n a an r n . n e orm e r
t y Y
co u n r , w f
am a d t th th w ld— t pi it l i t l
as re e rre o e o er or oa s r ua , m m or a
i t
e x s e nce , an d th b d f th bl d whil t i I a Yi w
e a o es O e e sse , s n r n m a as c on
use et d wi th th p t lif e t i l
rese n i t d thi
e, th
m a er a d e x s e nce , an s ear , an
w th
as, f li k h i f th
e re ore , p td
e s a t lb i g
e r, re rese n e as a m or a e n .
Yi i g lly ll d K l d H tl w Th f '
m a s e ne ra t ca e u ae a, an uoa c a. e orm e r
e pith t d t e l th gl i
e no es a ru e r, or d i lly l e dd d
or ous one , an s usua a so a e
t th
o f th S
e nam e o H l lw té Th
e un, d (H tl w ) ig i
ua re c
’
ae . e se con a va c a s n
fi h i g g d fi p i g p g y Th igi d i g f
'
es av n oo O s rn or ro e n . e or n an m ean n o
fi t h lf f F g d ii f th V didad th
rs a O ar ar . o w i f e d th t
en e re e are n orm e a
O d (Ah
rm az dé ) ll d I i
ur a-m a z fi t ,g ll
ca e t l t
’
b m a, rs am on a m or a s, o e a
t h db
ea c e r an f h i h ly w d b t Yi
eare r o f li g hi
s o lf or q l ; u m a, ee n m se une ua
t th t k d li d th
o e as , ffi
ec ne O d th ll h i t f tili
e O ce . rm az e n ca s m o er ze
an d t d hi ex en ld t b th i k p
s w or s, p t t d l Thi
o e e r ee e r, ro e c or, an ru e r. s
O ffi Yi
ce d t k p yi g th t ld d h t wi d i k
m a un e r a es, ra n d a co an o n s, s c ness an
d thea , y bm a l d d f h i
e e xc u e ki g d H likrom w i k O s d n om . e e se as s rm az
t t
o h h i th y t i w d by whi h h ight bd th
eac m e m s e r ous or , c e m su ue e
h tf l d
ur u ( S
e m ons. h t l t I ucpp th , a i g eas b ,
f th su ose e m ean n to e o e
l i gw d
c os n f th p y
or s o whi h ei d tly h ra e r,b h ddd w c ev en ave ee n an e o n
t i
o us n a v e r y til t d d f g t y t t th gh t t ll
m u a e an ra m e n ar s a e, ou no a a on
th t a account p i i t p lt d) O
s ur ous ord th p t h i n er o a e . rm az en rese n s m
with g ald p lo g h en d g ld
ou f d ,g dan y b l a f go i lt- orm e oa , s m o s o a r cu u re
an d ttl b
ca di g Yi
e- ree w f tili
n . th th m a no di g t er zes e ear or, accor n o
th p i
e ex d i th V didad f i i i w
ress on use n e en w b d , rm s n om an s
’
om an
a ft 300 wi t
er ( i n e rst t
c a o, i ) h no l p d th th
z e m o, coun r e s,i av e e a se , e e ar s
th by fill d wi th li i g b i g l g d ll ttl
e re e v n e n s, dg d ar e an sm a ca e , m en, o s an
bi d r s
”
d li k wi wi h d hi i g fl
an e se t d thre ,
i s w nn , am es an e re s no no
room f th li i g t
or e v n At th o m ove .d f O d Yi i e com m an o rm az , m a r ses.
to use th igin l p
e or i n t w d th ligh t t i dd y
a ex ress o . pp it o ar s e , a m a , o os e
A NC I ENT A AN
I R NI M YTHOLO GY . 79
th ep th a Of th e sun conse
q ue ntl y wh , en th e day was s ini ng i n i ts h
b ight t
r es sp le n ou r. d He furro w d th
e e e art wi t h
h is loug and h p h
p ie rc e d i t w i t h th e goa d p y t h
and in answ e r h to h is ra e r o t e e art h , t e
l tta er e x
p an ed b dd l, an
g by t h i
e cam e d i t f ar e r i h tone - r s orm e r s z e , so t a
th w
e re w
as no f y t
room or e ve r di g t h i will d
one o m ov e ac cor n o s an
i li
nc na t on i Wh 600 wi t h d l p d th
. en n e rs th w g ai fi ll d
e a se , e e ar as a a n e ,
an d g i Yi a a n d it t m d t th t f tw thi d it
nua cause o a en o e e x e nt o o - r s s
f i
orm e r s z e , b t ft 900 wi
u a th er th g i w nte rs fill d d Yi e ear a a n as e , an m a
by h i p y s ra d d th th f th thi d ti
er e x te n e e ear th t i t b or e r m e , so a ec am e
l g by h
ar e r h i d it f
t re e-t i r s d g i th
s w
orm er s z e ; an f ll a a n e re as roo m or a
t o m ov e accor di g t th i will d i li ti Th t t t f h
n o e r an nc na on. e v as ex en O t e
e ar th w th as di g t th id f th I i
us, accor n o e i lly ea o e ran ans, e ssent a
a tt i b t d t th
r u e oti f Yie H f tili d th
ex er ons o t d d
m a . th e er se e ex en e e ar
by g i lt a r cu d tl b
ure an di g d fill d it wi h li i g t
ca t e - re e n , an e t v n crea u re s.
B t h li k wi
u e — e d thi w h i p
se an li dp
s as t th s — t k
e cu ar an e rm ane n o ee oo
e s ec a
p i l f th
care O t w l f d
e crea u re s h b ’
t i d by e h i p y
are , an e O a ne , s ra e rs,
f ro m O d d th di i b i g th p w
rm az an o er v ne y t th f lfil
e n s, e o e r nec essar o e u
m en t f thi O ffi Th g
s O ce l . i whi h th
e e ne ra ti ity f
m anner
y n c e ac v o m
th i l b i g i
ca p t d i th Y h t (th hi f
e n s s re rese n e n e f Z d y th
as s, ec e source O en m o
l gy ) i th f
o , s e f p y orm Th y O a p t d ki g diff t
ra e r. e are re rese n e as as n e re n
di i i ti f p w t d w h t i f i p t
v n es or o er o o f th a Th p y
s O m or ance or em . e ra e rs
O f th g d e ooth w
are d b t th f th b d j t d Th d i g
e n ans e re , u ose o e a re e c e . e o n s
o f Yi th
m a are , f th d ib d L t b t w f dity d
ere ore , us escr e e m e es o ec un an
p t
os e r it y l t ef i t
m e con e r li ty t h t
m m or a f M d a l on e c re a u res O az et m e
di r ve a w y f a th h g d thi t ld g d d th th ld
rom em u n e r an rs , O a e an ea , e co
an d th h t wi d f e o th n ,dy or a ( G h
ousan Y h t 9 d A h i
e ars . os aa , , an s
Y ht aa , L t bt i p p w
“
e m e o a n su ll p p l d re m e d o e r ov e r a eo e, e m ons an
t l
m or a s, m a
gi i d f i i
c ans an d th h til b i
a r es, an g th t d f e os e e n s a cause ea ne ss
th i fi p i g
e r O
'
s rn d f dity th i t t t d w
an e cu n , ( A
e r con e n m e nba an re no n .
”
n
Y ht as , Yi i th b ight t ( h ppi t) f th th t
ta o s e r es or a es O ose a are
b orn h i lik th e s e g t t l by
e sun am on s h i p w b b
m or a st i d s o er e O a ne
for m e n an d ttl f d ca f d th b p t d w t f b i g
e re e om rom ea e re v e n e a er rom e n
di d p
re u dt an f wi th i g th t th y ( h
ree s rom er n t , b i g) a e t e crea ure s, e n s
m igh t t f d ea t t b di i i h d By h i
oo no o e ight th
m ns e w i h. ld sm e re as ne t e r co
nor h t ith ld g d th
ea , ne er o a e nory t d by
ea t h d , nor e nv cre a e e e m ons .
Y
( g c i m R a x. Y h t m A l as
g th d i sg t th oni d , f th e n, accor n o e eas o e
y ears, ne i th h t er l d w
o i d d i d
nor co b l w i th h
n s t ld w o , ne er ea nor co as
p i d Th
ex e r e nce . e q tly
seasons, w t t ly
conse u e n il d d , e re cons an m an
p l easa n t n w
: m e p t f ll
ere e xemb d ily w t ; t
or a ff i g f o an s no su er n rom
80 s a c rum 13m m Y
M THO LO GY .
[J U LY
h unge r and th irst, b ecause th e foo d di i i h d th w t
ne v e r m ns e , as e a er
b t w f dity li i g t
es o ecun on v n crea u re s, an d bl th with p t i ty b t
ess em os e r , u
th y w
e lere pt f th
a so e xe m i g ff trom f ti — Yi
e consu m n e ec s o m e m a
h i g b ght i
av n rou t lity t th m m or a th t th y o
g w ld emb t , sO a e ne ve r re O , u
p p t l y th p il d d w d f th d b th
e r e ua ou re v a e , an , as e rea , a e r an so n o cam e
f w d y th f fift i g wth ( Y f i ) Th w th ”
or ar as ou s o een n ro . a na x . e re as e re
re ig f Yi n O At th t ti
m a. di gly a w bl d wi h ll
m e , accor n , m en e re e sse t a
th ki dly gift
e n f t d li d b i d
s O na ure , an i p dl wi th ll
ve , es es, n eace an ov e a
aroun d th emy dh t d e nv t d by th d
an a re th i g
, crea e e e m ons, no av n as
y et i i t d
ns nu a e th l i t th i h
em se v es t Y i n oh d e r ear s . m a a , m ore o v e r,
pw o th d
e r ove r d did d p i
e e m ons, an th f th p w f h ti g e r ve ese O e o er O ur n ,
as w ll e f thas Ot t t d h ppi
e con e n m e n whi h h d f ll an t th a ness c a a en o e
l t f
o o thly b i g
e ar e n s .
A Yi s w m ab f b ight d l i f th
as o rn O a r hi b d w an um nous a e r, sO s a o e as
li k wi e t d with ligh t
se conne c e Th t i H h i y .
( b t if l i e m ou n a n u a r a e au u n
s h p ) whi h i lik wi ll d th ll b i g h g ld w th
a e , c s e se ca e e a - e am n ,
t e o e n, as e
p l ace w h h i
e nceff t i b h lf f s e or sk i d pn d d
e I t
a w O th m an n roc ee e . as e
high t es it f th l fty
sum m o t i H e i ti
o H (
m oun a n t th ara or ar a, or, o use e
l t
a e r nam e , Alb th t ythi l um , t i a f th
m t w hi h f ca d
m ou n a n O e eas , c orm e
th b e d y b tw th t it y d th t l w ld d w
oun ar e ee n e rans or an e e e rna or , an as
w ldor d wh
, an th f ere ,ith ighte re ore , d k w t b ne er n nor ar ness as o e
foun d .
F th
rom ythi t l b t Y I thi k w y p i th id
e se m c a es a ou una , n , e m a e rce v e e ea
or igi lly na t d wi th h i
co nnec e dP f R R th t Tii bi g
m , an h ro esso r . o , a n e n, as
l dy f w y
a re a a eg i d d Y
ears a o cons t h y b li l
e re p t zm a as e s m o ca re re se n a
ti on o f th g ld e g w
oi th ll th
en a e ,b l i g f b d a d p e ess n s O a un ance an e ace .
T thi I h ll ly dd th t Yi
o s s a on at i ly i th
, y b li l p t
a m a ce r a n s e s m o ca re rese n a
ti on O f th g ld e g o( y
e n a e , or h h i g ld
as e ve r g h w m an as s o e n a e, o e ver
h t it y b ) th y b li l bl f th h ppi t ti f
s or m a e e s m o ca em em O e a es m e O m an,
t i l w ll b i g f
or m a e r a e i h d by th phy i l bl i g f
- e n , urn s e t e s ca ess n s o na ure ,
b e cause Y big w y
zm a , e n ,b as bl t b t w
e m a re m e m h e r, u na e o es o on m e n t e
h ly w d k wl dg f G d h
o or , or no e ld e t b
O th y b li l
o , e cou no e e s m o ca
ex p i f th t h ppi whi h i
re ss on O a a tt i bl with t th t
ne ss c s una a na e ou a
k wl dg Th
no e e . igi l i d w
e sam e or i y p i i na t d
ea by as, n m O n on, connec e
th I die n with h i Y
ans h t t e r li k wi am a w y b li l
e,
p oo , e se , as a s m o ca re re
scu a t ti f th g ld
on O g e o b l f th h
e n a e , an e m pp i t n d b ig h t t em O e a es a r es
t t
s a e o m af n B t th gh th Hind
. u , b d lif nd its bl ings
ou e u em race e a ess
A NC I ENT 1 11 a nu s MYTHO LO G Y . 81
h e so u
gh t f d hor, fi t
an h f d
t e re h i l
rs h T h
e k iou ng d s rea om e . e n om
o f th d d w e ea q tly i h i y
as, conse ue n t d y bd f pl
, n s e es, no a rear a o e O a e
an d gl y pi i d p i d f ll j y t d pl
oom s r ts, e r ve O a b t(en o m en an easure s u as
w l
as a so t h i th S e case di n i yth l gy) d w d d p id
e can nav an m o o en o e an rov
e d with ll th t w a f i a d as t gl i
a re st — pl t whi h
an m os o r ous a ac e a c
it w j y t as o i Th
o arr v e d th . ly h f
e re , an d h l g ld e re on , e oun t e rea o en
a e ; an
g d Y q tl y
a m a , cons e i g d i I d
ue ni i , tre l i h l
ne d f
n n a m m or a nt e an o
t h bl
e d Th I i
esse . th
e th id l k d
ran an, on t th p
e o er s t e, oo e m ore a e re se n
w ldor .Hi id f Yi
s d th g ld
e as o m a an
g b th e o lly en a e e cam e e n natu ra
conne c te d wi th hi th d th p t li f Thi Yi w th f
t s ear an e rese n e . s m a as, e re ore , a
m or at l b i g li i g e n ly i
,
v d f th
n on k f th t n, an it y w ld
or d
e sa e o e rans or or an ,
c onse q ly p i h bl wi h it Th gh i th y h l gy
ue nt , er s a e t . t d
ou n e m t o o co nne c e
wi h t p ti l i h w
a ar cu a r t m e ly th e y b li l
as no t on p t t i e s m o ca re re se n a on
o f i h d g ld
a v an s e
g o t b t l
e n a e , ne v e r to re urn, i g l ( h i t d u a so, n e ne ra , as n e
a t b a ove ) h y b l
ti l e s b l m f o yca em h pp i em t iO l e ve r m an s
’
a es m ate r a c on
di it on d wh an f i e n, th d y i or it b ight t pl d
nsta nce , e a n s r es s e n ou r te
l d ll th gl y f
ve a e a e t e or wh O g i l
na u r p
- d d b
en en a se aso ns ro uce an a un
d f ll th gi ft
ance o a d bl i g f
e s an th — wh ess n s O li d i h i f ll t e ar e n m an ve n s u es
v ig t p
ou r, a with hi eac e lf di l with
m se ll
, an d hi Yi — n o ve a aroun m nta
w as still b h ld ig i g
e e re th nn d p di g h i bl i g
on e ar , an d s re a n s e ss n s aroun
hi m d th
an f it i i d i th F
e re o re di Y ht
s sa n W e tw hi p
arvar n as e m us ors
th p t typ (f
e ro o hi f
e h ) f Yi th
r acas , ero f Vi
er, g h ot t h m a, e so n o va n a , e
true an d p w f l h i g g d ff p i g
o er u , av n oo t th il
O s rn d by to av e r e ev cause
d em ons, h d t g h te d t i
rou
y g th fi ld es ro d th n i e
g e s, an e consu m n
d ecay .
”
w as, h w p i d by th i I i t b f t it y
o e v er, erce v e e anc e nt ran ans o e o a rans or na
tu re . H gh t f
e sou th f
or t h i t p t
e re ason o i p i fe h in e rru on or sus e ns on O s
h p pi d f d it i hi lf— i Yi i ’
a ne ss, an oun n m an w t g m se n m a s o n rans ress on.
Th t diti
e ra
p t
oni g th i i
re s e c f d i n th ll
s s d Z y a d
oun Y h t n e ao-ca e em as ,
wh i h h i g t t d th d i g f Yi
c , av n s a e i th
e o n sO th th
m a n e sam e m a nne r as e o er
d d Yi b
te n e nsa h i ff ti e cause w f f
s a ec il onsd ti n d ere re e rom ev , an con ue
un til ly i g df l h d
n an t a sed h i i d Thi w th
oo e n e re sm ig d n . s as e reason ass ne
by th I e i f
ran ans h l f h ppi
or t e d lyi g w h ld i g
oss O a ness, an l n as e n ene ra
b i ti
a om t ly i th
na on, no on t i i N thn I i (B t i
ose coun r es n or e rn rxn ac r a,
ll
82 -
C
A N I ENT m a m as M YTH O LO G Y .
[J U LY
w ich hf urnis h d th
e e origin of th e Ze ndfiv esta, bu t to an e u all q yp re
know n, h
t at th e P e rsians taug t t h hi e r sons b ut t h re e t h —
i ngs to ri d e
f Hysta sp cs, in
son o one of h i s inscr i pti k
ons, as s O rm az dt p o ro te c t h is
d
king om from t ree h e vi ls—h ostile i nvasi o n, sterilit y or failu re of crop s ,
an d false h ood .
“
Wh en Yi m a,
”
conti nue s th e Ze nrytid Yas t, h h ad
a d m itte d lyi ng and false h dioo nto h is m i nd, b ight r h pp iness e parte d d
vis i bly f rom h im in th e shp a e of a bi d r , and Yi nra, not e rce i vi n
g p
a ny
m ore th e h a ppi ne ss to sh i ne , sorro w d e and stoo e p dd w o n to th e ea rt h .
”
b i g th p
e n e e rsonificatio n of h a p i ne ss wh ih t it e xi ts, h e m ust disa ea rp pp
wh d with th e fligh
'
h pp i
a ness and re turn i t to m an, h
ot e r p ow e rs, oth e r m y hi t c be i ngs
( M i th r a Th ra e ta ona, K ar e em
, ) are re ui re
q d .
is se ize d by h d b
M i th ra, w om O rm azd m a e th e righ te st and ap pie st h
am o n st
g h y p
ol s irits as Yi m a is am ongst m ortal be ings M i th
, r as is th e .
k d dy d
in and frie n l Lor O f Lig t h
h e is not m Tim e , a m o rtal e ing b , ,
b t u pi it l d i
a s r uat l b an th li gh t i t
m m or a fi d t one , e c au se e s no co n ne o
th i p i h bl w ld
s er s ly b t
a e di i g wi h t b gi ig i hi
or on , u , ra at n t ou e m , t s nes
l w ith O
a so d d i h i t l w ld Th fl i g h p pi
rm az , an n s e e rna or . e ee t n a ness
w hi h c di g t h ythi l i i d d t d by Mi th i
, accor n o t e m c ta e , s se ze an arres e ra , s ,
th f d bt dly th b ight pl d f d y h i ki gb f th
e re ore , un ou e e r s e n our o a , s rn n e ore e
g l y
oo m d k f ig h t
ar ness O B t M i th ligh t h
n ig h w i th.h i u ra e ns t e n t s
l
cou nt e ss h t f t h h th d k wi h h i light d
os O s ars e c ases e ar ness t s , an
t
res o re s t Yi od th th h b ight f li ity f d y
m a an e e ar t e r e c O a .
Th d ti h h ppi d p t f Y it i ght by
e secon m e t at a ne ss e ar s rom am a , s cau
Th t
ra e aona H b l g t h p w f l
. e f Ath wy
e on s big o t e o er u race O a, e n a so n
o f Ath wy hi lf Lik th f th
a m se f Yi . Ath wy w et l e a er O m a, a as a m or a
b i g b t ll h t w l
e n , u a p ti g h i f th Z di t i
t a e earn res ec n m rom e e n nv es a s,
th t h w
a th e d
as t l wh t
e seco n t d th j i f th m or ad o e x rac e e u ce O e sacre
H aom a pl t d w w d d f th i by th gift f th
an , an as re Th ar e or s e O e son, ra e
ta ona . Th f Ath wy
e whi h i thi f
nam e O tb pl i d a, c n s o rm canno e ex a ne ,
h l g g b
as on h w by B f ( l !t ly
a o e en s o d by
n ti ly urnou a as oo e ar re m ov e , un m e
d th f th i ) t b th S k it Ap ty ( rm ) wh it i
ea , or e sc e nces o e e ans r
’
a a e nce s
d i d by t h i f th tw iddl
e r ve m e at es s O t pt d th n q e t om e consonan s ,a n e co se ue n
ne c essary h g f tp t th B h f
c an e O i th l t P i
o an. ot orm s occ ur n e a er e rs an
d l p t f thi
e ve o m e n yth i t l i wh i h th f th f Th t
o sm c a e, n c e a er O ra e aona , or,
as h th e i ll d F id
e re i
s ca e ti d , ly d th er f
un, s m e n one com m on un e r e nam e o
am m m am a s n vm o noo r . 83
Indi an li k f Abti Th I di Ap ty d t
e orm n . e n p g f th
an
’
a e no e s one s r un rom e
w t a e rs, w h th fl wi g th th fl ti g i th fl
e er o n on e e ar Thi
or oa n n e rm am e nt. s
sa m e i pp li
s a d i the V d n t T i t e i
e asl d i i oi ty d
r th a, an ae r a v n , an e nam e
o f Th i t i li k wi f
r a s e d i th Z d i
se ou n t b t i th n e tt h d t
e n i v es a, u s e re a ac e o an
ti ly di fl t b i g b i g t wh I h ll t Th i
’
en re e re n e n or e n s. o om s a re urn. e re s,
h w o e v e r, such g an a t b w t h
re e m e n d i g f th
et I di
ee n T i t e on s o e n an r a
an d h I t e i Th
ran an t th t th
rae aoa a , igi a f th ythi t l
e com m on o r n o e m c a e
is ev i d t whil t it h
en , s b difl tly d l p d i th tw
as ee n
'
e re n t i e ve o e n e o coun r e s
on wh i h c t th p t
accoun ig d e th I di T i t h b
ar ass ne to e n an r a as e c om e a
m ore s u b di t or na e h th t f th
one t a n I i Th t a o Th e ra n an r a e a ona . e
l tt i
a er id t h
s sa b b i th f
o ave ee n orn d V n e our-corne re a n na , m en
ti one d i th li n f th V di dad (F g d i )
e st o e en th f t nth l d ar ar . as e ou r e e an
t d by O
c re a e d If th i b
rm az . thly l d whi h I d b t it
s e an ear t an , c ou , m us
b e so u
g h t f i t h
or n ig h b h e d nef th w t our oof I d i th t
o e es o n a, as a
c ou ntr y i t i
s m en d thone fi ft t h as i th e t l g e enM w h il n e ca a o ue . ean e
th l d f V
e an o ia re naly ti d i th
s on Z da t i
m en one i n e en ves a n co nne x on
wi h M t t th
aoaa h w b ere d th e hi p y
as orn, an d e nce s ra e rs asce n
to th h
e ly p w
e av e n Th V o ders. t th t wh i h d f d
e e re na e no e s a c e e n s,
bi d n e rs, or b d i d th pi h t f
o un s n an as d d bt ll d d
e e t e o ur-co rne re no ou a u e
t th f
o e o ur corne rs o f th w ld d Th et or i i , an li y h as r ae m a s n rea t no um an
ki g b t
n , u i l b i g V
an ae r a e n t d , t th
an aa t see m sd o e no e e e x re m e an
t
re m o e re g i f t h
ons o k y w h i h e s i t w d
, i i d h c , f as t h e re, v es eave n rom ear ,
an df o rm s h b t e d y f th oun ar i w Th Z d w d V
o e v e . e en or ar e na corres
p d
on s f t h ar i it er
y a l g y th
s et m o o i d t t h G
on k d p de one s e o e ree v a v r,
h d th th t th I di V th G d igi lly
“
eav e n, an on e o er o ‘ e n an an na, I ll , e o or na
p i di g th
re s n ov e r t t b d fh
e re m o e s
( w h ou n s o d k y i tea ve n, e re se a an s , as
w e re , m e lt t g th ) o e d wh ge r, lly i th V d i
an o p t d th
e nera n e e as s re re se n e as e
m y h i l l d f i g d ight b t i th l t yth l gy th
t ca or o e ve n n an n , u n e a er m o o as e
g d
o f o h t e l y
se a on T h I i. V e
y p i
ran anb ly t
an na m a oss , as a cou n e r
p t
ar t th o b d f
e a o e o Y i th t m a on t i f t h t p i
e e x rem e m oun a n o e eas , rn
c ip lly d
a t h
e no e t t e ex w t li it f th fi
re m e e s e rn t whi h m y s o e rm am e n , c e ve r
i g
e ve n n l h
co nc e a d th light whi h w ld
t e sun an e t f th, c ou acco un or e
a dj ti ec V
ve
y am f d
a, f V orm e b i g i
rom th Z d a t
ar ena, e n n e en ves a
on ly ppli d t
a e lig pi i t
o m a ns r s.
Th hi f pl it f Th t
e c e ex o o whi h i ft
r ae aoa a, l t d b t ly i c so e n re a e , u near n
t h e sa m e w d w h i figh wi h Ad d D M k th d t
or s, as s t t ti p t a a, e es ruc v e se r en .
Thi p i d ib d h i g th h d d q tly th
s se r e nt s e scr e as av n ree e a s, an conse ue n re e
m ont s h d i an y s x d p e i g
es, th an dpw h w f
ossess n a ousan o e rs e as o
l
m a e vo e nl t di p iti s osd by f th on, an t ig f ll il b i g
ar e m os v orous o a ev e n s,
t d by h il pi it Al th d t f th w ld f
,
f ti
'
c rea e t e ev s r m m n or e e s ruc on o e or so
Yas ts Abé nh and Brim as re q ue sting th e m y hi t cal bi e n s
g Ardvi sa ra
and Vayu for stre ngth to di p s e ople all th e countrie s of th e e art h .
His re
q uest h of co u rse re ec e j td , and on th e contrar yb oth h
t ese tw o
‘
and ot e r h good sp i rits confe r on Th r a e taoa a pw o er to su bd ue th e
p
se r e nt, toge t h er w i th its zealo us and m hy
i g t b roo d . Now, as Th ac
(
of th e sam e w or d) d t p t b t i th E t th p w
e no es a se r en ; u as n e as e se r e nt as
‘
th y b l f b th
e s m o o l d phy i l il th w d d
o m ora an ti g p t
s ca ev , e or eno n se r e n
w lik wi i I di
as e seppli d t th h g
n n a a f thi k
e o d h ey u e m asses o c an eav
l d wh i h d i g th
c ou s, c i ur n l h h d
e ra ns conce a t th t t e e av e n, an se em o re a e n
th th wi th d t
e e ar ti At h i I d h t d t th
e s ruc on . suc t m es n ra as e ne o e com
b h
at ; tt d th l d wi h h i light i g d h d th f
e sca e re e c ou s t s nn , an c ase em rom
h t e sky l yi g A l i
, s a th n l d zp t i wh i h b t h w
or e c ou -se r e n , n c com a e as
i t d by T i t
ass s e d th di i iti
r a f th w i d
an e Th v n phy i l
es o e n s . e sam e s ca
an d t l p
na ura re t i I fi d i th I i y h f th
rese n at on n b n e ran an m t os o e com at
b tw e Ti
ee n t d th
ara e aona p t A l i D l é l t i d bt
an e se r e n . z a t ca, oo, s no ou
t h e sam e li g l d m a p t d thi i th
n c ou -se r e n ; wh y h p
an s s e reaso n e es e
cai lly dd a hi q tt A d i
resse s s re d V y b i gi f t
ue s o r r sura an a s, e n n ac som e
wh t al t d t th
re a e b i g wh o
yeseb b i fly
e n s, i d t b p o i m a e re sa o e e rson
fl ti ca f w t
ons o d wi d (T
a e r an A d l I hn ll h . i o t r m sura s a ave occas on o
t
re urn ) I .d w d
n ra i I fi was all i I
eva d i b nt ir w ll
n as e as n n a, u , as s e
k w th ig ifi ti f hi w d d w q it pp i t i thw
no n, e s n ca on o t s or eva as u e o os e n e
tw t i
o coun r e s,th b ight d f I di b i g i I a
e r ean pp ll ti
o n a e n n r n an a e a on
o f il d ev
g w h i
e m ons, am on h I d i k d Th
c t t h
n ra s rec one f . r ae aona , e re ore ,
cou ld t li k th I di
no , T it b
e e n ili y f I d
an r b th p
a, e an aux ar o n ra u e er
f orm s hi lf th p t f I d i th
m se e ar b t wi h th l d p t
o n ra n e com a t e c ou -se r e n .
Th t i
ra e a ona q ly s conse i lb i g p u e nt g f anth w t
ae r a f e n , s ru n rom e a e rs o
th fi e t
rm am e n db i h
, an t i
o rn
g f h k y h
n t e e x re m e re
t i t ons o e s : e s no a
g d
o , I d
as t h l d f b ght h
n r a, i e or b t o t lb i gr — hild e av e ns, u a m or a e n , a c
o f t na u re d th t i l w ld
an — d th
e m a er a f p i h bl lik h i
or , an , e re ore , er s a e, e s
p t
are n s T h . b l b tw
e rese m I d d
ance Th t e i d i
e en ti g n r a an ra e aona, n ca n
th h lp f h I di
e e o yth l gy Th h g
t e n an m f l d p
o o . i e u e m asse s o c ou s, e rson
fi d d
e h h p f
un er t e s p t h li k wi ll d V i t ( n) h
a e o a se r e n , are e re e se ca e r ra i t e
h id i g h i d i g
n , n er n dI d l yi g Ad d V i t
one , an in ra s a
q ly n or f ra s conse ue nt
styl d (
We ) V i t l y1 T h r p i h
ra s a er t ( V t l .
j ) i p li
e sam e e
p d t e ere cra a n s a e
yi
v ctor , or p ow e r o f re si stance by thi
and th w dh s reason, e or as be com e
y y
s non m o us wit hV en th r ava t h th t i
, e d w d with p w
a s en o e o e r of re sist
d d phy
sical e v il i n ge ne ral, d by th w ich hi
t lp w f th
s cause i d ose na ura o e rs o e a r an
s ky b a ov e h f f h
t e sur ac e o th f h i ff t w t
t e ear fi dt ; or se or s e re no con ne o
h i p t typ i t b w
s ro o hi p p d t
e s o t i k
e ors d by e o ave r s c ne ss cause e x trem e
h t ea , t
to av e r i i di d ti
ex cess ve ra ns an w ll th i j y p nun a ons, as e as e n ur ro
inco rre c t d i p f t th gh p ti l i w f
an m e r ec t ou H i th oe ca v e o na ure . e s e
y b l i g f th b fi t p w f h i th ff t f
s m o or m a e o ose e ne ce n o e rs o t e a r, e e or s o
w hi h i t w c , i g i d was m a d i t d g i
ne t t h , i l e re f t h h t
rec eil a a ns e v o e nce o e os e
an d li g i fl
m a t hi d
n n ue nce , th i j y th to d by th l t t
n er e n ur re a e ne e a te r o
h
t e th ea r Wh .th f th b ight h ppi fli w y f
e n, e re ore , e r a ne ss es a a ro m
F i n a , on accoun t f h g ilt
i — wh th fo fh s u i d k , d d en e ace o e av e n s ar e ne , an
h
t e s ky d by bl k l ds — wh
cov e re i l ac t c ou with ll h i e n nc e m e n seasons, a t e r
t d t t
at e n a n bl i rou p ii i fl e , ex e rc se a th p hy i l w
e rn c ousl n ue nce on e s ca e
Th tr ae a onai ll d i t ti s ca d kt
e n o ac dy th il h h on, an se e s o rem e e ev e, t ere
f ore , i i i g th h ppi
s se z n flyi g w y f Yi e a ness With thi id n a a rom rna . s ea
o f Th t r ae ki dly i l b i g b fi ly di p d t w d
a ona as a n ae r a e n , e ne ce nt s ose o ar s
h
t e eart h h ythi t l
, anot e r m i g hi g c if I
a e ly
conce rn n m a ree s, corre ct
d t d it i p t Thi t l i f d i th Aba Y ht d it
u n e rs an s m or . s a e s ou n n e n as , an s
t t
con e n s are b i fly f ll w re Th fi t V f as N d
o o w h ipp d e rs a ra av za ors e
A d Wh p d high by Th t i th h p f h
'
bi d K l h i
r f th
al r d y d igh t h t i d t d d t w d
sa, or re e a s an n s e r e o esc e n o ar s
hi w h bit i
s o n b t
a ldat on, t g t y f u t h cou th p h
no e an ar er e re u on e
p yd t Ad
ra e o p i i g h th d ff i g t th w t
r
’
o f R g/l an if h w a, bl d t e h h i w h b it i d th
e re e na e o re ac s o n a at on an e
ear th h h pp d i h f
s e t en a f l
ea re ly id n t e d f lfill d o rm o a o ve m a e n an u e
hi s re
q t N
ues w A d. i t h po ifi i r f l
’
l
m aur at h s l e e rson cat on o a e natura
fl id h fl t f whi h
u s, t e e
’
ec s of hi g i i g cf i li i
areg
— g re re s n , an m at n , e rt z n e . .
th fl i d th t
e u s i th w t a f th
are nh di h i f h e a e rs o e eart , an n t e ra ns o t e
s ky i , h p lifi t
n t e gt h fro i t h
c s re n b f w o d
m an,h n e w om o o m an, an t e
m ilk i h b t t Th ig ifi ti f V j i t y t q it
n er re as s, e c . e s n ca on o a ra s no e u e
86 A NC I ENT m am a s M YTHO LO G Y .
[Jo Lr
c lear to m e , alt ou
g h h it see m s w it h high d g
a e re e O f p b bility t
ro a o be
th e P e rsian ba rf, ( t i f f) snow .
i
nox ous an di j i t h phy i l w lf
n ur ous f o Th t e
t k s ca e are o m an, r ae aona see s
t i it i h i d w lli g
to re a n n high Y t th w i i f t p t f
s e n on . e e sno s n ac a ar o
th l f A d d t lik th d t ti l d ’
se r e n
p t A d d ,lt g t h il , w i t
ah t
o e tili ty A er d i g ev it , ou u . ccor n to s
p y it i p itt d t
ra e r, s h th
e rm th w h e it o i t i
re ac e ear , e re s m o s ure n
t
re u rn i e xe rc ses wh t b fi i l i fl
a som e f light f ll f
a e ne c a n u e nce ; or a s a o
sno w ld tb
cou g d d
no p i t
ei il
re i t
ar e i li k I é
as a os ve e v n coun r e s, e r n,
w hi h h lw y ff d f d ght d w t f w t
c av e a a s su e re rom rou an an o a er .
by K é p H b l g t th f ily f ai f whi h b id h i
ere s s a . e e on s o e am o m , o c es es s
b th U a/l h y d th i f th Th i t
ro er re cu a a, an ti d Th e r a er r a , are m en one . e
nam e f th f o ily S é e d t th b i g f t th q i t
am , m a, e no e s e r n er o res , e u e e r,
l
ca m e r or soo th b i g lli d t th S k it t ut d hi i gl
e r, e n a e o e ans r roo t an t s s n e
w d i di t
or nh i
ca es f ll th t e am ff t f th f ily i
o th i
a e e or s o e am n e r
diff t di ti A th bj t f th ff t w
e re n re c ons . s t le o m — ec o ese e or s as m or a m a as
h y w
t e i t d d t
e re p t h i w ll b i g d th f t
n en e o rom o e s e - e n , an e re ore o
cease on h i d th — th wh l f
s ea i ly f Sd , th e t l li k
o e am o m a m us e m or a , e
m an with w h it i t d
om O f th i f ily th Y c ( h p i )
s connec e . s am , e a na c a . x .
t ll Tl t w th f l h w th thi d t l
'
e s us m t a as e m os tt
use u : e as e r m or a , ne x o
V{ gh tva n d Ath wy w h
a an t t d th j i f th a dH o e x rac e e u ce o e sac re am
pl t d w w d d by th gift f h i tw
an , an as re ar e A t th tility
e s o s o so ns . s o e u
f Ti t d th t d y f h i ff t w di tly i f d i
'
o m a , an e e n e nc o s e or s, e are re c n orm e n
th eV didsd (f g en ) th t h war th fi
. t xx f th . p ia g e as e rs o e e rse v e r n ,
b igh t ig
r v t l wh b gh t di
orous m or a s, t di d d th
o rou se ase o sease , an ea
t d th
o ea d t d b
, an i gf f
av e r e th b dy f
u rn n Th i t e ve r rom e o o m an . r a,
th us, so t p k d di it lf ill d k h b k it
o s ea , re n e rs se ase se an w ea ; e rea s s
pw o t th
e r, arre s s tt k f d th d
e a d h p i f th b dy
ac o ea , an re m ov e t e a ns o e o ,
f wh i h p p
or c h i p id d with
ur ose s di by O d hi lf
e s rov e re m e es rm az m se .
Th i r hw ta , i o t f e v e r, t b s no id d o t lhcourse o e cons e re as an ac ua u m an
phy i i b t s c an, y b li l bl
u as a s m p ifi ti f th h li g o ca em em or e rso n ca on o e ea n ,
t i g p w
re s or n f o t F
e rs thi o h
na urei id .d or s re ason e s cons e re as
b l gi g t th f
e on n ily f Sé
o e h am th d l o th p i d
m a , as e soo e s an ca m s e a ns an
di sease s o f th b dy h e l b i g li k th b dy wi h wh i h
o . e 1 8 a m or ta e n , e e o t c
h w
e as t d Bt h w l k d p
co nne c e . th u t e f l f th as oo e u on as e m os use u o e
wh l f o e ily am d bt b , no i hi i f
ou y d id f i tifi
e cause m an n s n anc , e vo o sc e n c
ex
p i f
e r ence,l t h i lf i th
ei p t i l
m se l t p b l t n d y
s ar cu ar e as ca a e o re n e r an se r
. a s c ts s T m a m a s M YTH O LO G Y . 87
d
en uring and i n e fati a
g d bl t e na ure , or, t th w d
o use f th ythi t l e or s o e m c a e,
on th h li g p w
e ea n f Th i t o er o r a. Hi i id ti l wi th th
s nam e b s en ca e a ov e
i
m e nt one d I di T i t (F1 7) n an r a 1 ; an d h S tk it t l ti f th Y c
e ans r rans a on o e a na
add th t h ws, a ll d b
e as so ca e ecause h w thi d
e (W m i ti
as a r son :
'
t
m ) d ; an th i m th s case e nam e m us t b d i df th e lTi e r ve ro m e num e ra r
f
( ) l w, asfi d t
e h V d
n m M M e d F l
e as, or l ( f F: d u ) an an m a rom an ,
ti
m e n o ne d i wi th T i t
i n conne x on Bt I i li d t
r a. k u am m ore nc ne o se e
th ty
e e l gy f th Z d Th i t i h
m o o o e t Tl i ( S
en k i it d )
r a n t e roo m ans r t an m ,
to sav e or p i whi h
re se rve , n th w ld b ig ifi ti
c case f hi
e nam e ou e s n ca ve o s
m H i th ly Ti t i d i th Z da t I '
o es . e s not e on m a m e nt one n e en v es a . n
th Abé Y ht ti i d f Ti t dA h f
'
e n as m en on s m a e d h o m a an s a vaz a , so ns o
S y ld
a uz c n b
'
t diti l hi y f I i th t it y h l gy Thi Ti t i l ’
ra o na stor o ri n an o s m t o o . s m a s a so
m en ti d i th F
one n di Y h e g
arvar h w i hn f asl T h i t
t, to e t e r t a em a e r a or
Ti fa- n g
, t
am on sh w h p t
t osetyp t ose b h l d ro o d b t es are o e e sacre ; u
thi i s l th s a so wi th e th p
case wh pp tly b l g t th
o er e rsons, o a are n e on o e
tra diti l hi t y ly ( g ll h K iy i ki g
o na s or on a . a t e i an an n s
Th fi t e rs f th so n yth i l Tl t w U il h h y wh
o e m ca m
'
a as rvr c s a a, ose
nam e d t th w id
e no es li g e wi d p t ti ge -ru n H i
or id i h
e- ro ec n one . e s sa n t e
Yc a nat b pi o ed t d
ou s, an f j ti an d i th Af i
e x en e r o us ce an n e r n
id B b fi t d p h t d lik U é kl h y ”
Z e rtush t it i s sa e e ne ce n an o e n- ear e e ro cs a a.
Th gh ou f h p ti l
no urt e r
g i ar t h i t
cu ars are th i i ffi i t
v e n as o s na u re , s s su c en
t p i t
o t th i d
o n ou et d with h i
e a connec e d w h ll I b li h dly m an e s a , e e ve , ar
i
err n re
g d i g U ar é l l l
n y th rv y bcn li l i
ta g f
a as t l
e s m o ca m a e o
’
m an s e e rna
pw o d h
e r, an b fi i l flt f i i
t e e ne c a hi g
e
'
ec s w o d t m e n soo t n sorro s an
l i g p
ca m n i — th
ass ons i g f th ki dly f li g
as e m a e o f th t e n ee n s o m an, a
i li
nc ne hi b j t m to db e l tt h
us an d h i Th t i h
e ne v o e n o t ose arou n m . a s t e
reason wh y U é kh fi y ni p td s a a i
s re f th re se n eth i g as a sc on o e soo n
f ily f S W
am o d , f th h li g Ti tt b
an a so n o
- h e li ea th n n o, e cause e re e ves e
di f th
sease s o i d h i f th th
e m n , f th b dy
as s a H i er t l ose o e o . e s m or a ,
y d
on e r w l d i th
or
g i fne p i
er i thre l
no r l i
ass on, ne j ti e r m a e vo e nce nor n us ce .
Bt h u th h i wi d
e re on ear li g e wi d p t ti g i
s e -ru n y or e - ro e c n , s nce e ve r m an
d hi
ne e s i t s ass s a nce I w d ti lik h i d th q i t p f l
. n ar ac on e s, an e u e , e ace u
lif wh i h i i t
e, c sq d
s conse t ff d ue nce , h tt f tw d o no a or m uc m a er or ou ar
re or
p t d h , an i t i q i
e ncet t l th t
s U é
u ek h h y i
na ura ld a rv a a a s so se om
m e nti n d o e B t ki dly d p
. u a f l h n t an i l p dt
eace u c arac er s a so ex ose o
tt k
a ac s an di j i f th
n ur es bi g fi rom w ith o t th p w
e rs, f
e n i t o en ou e o er o res s
i ng h
and th e wis of ave ngi ng t h em . To h t is re fe rs anot e r m h y th os , ( to
whi h I h ll p
c s a rese ntl y re turn ) , in w hi h c K e re shsp a, th e b th
ro er of
Un ri h h s h aga is m a e d to sa
y Le t m e p roce e dt o av e n e m
g y b th ro er
Ur vdh h sh aga ‘
le t m e sla y Hitd p s a .
”
m ee ti ng ange rs d
He is a warri or in all h is. h m i
g t and s tre ngt , an d h
h
t is also is i m pli d i
e n th e nam e K eres ép h h
a a, w i c signifie s one w ose h
h orses are le an, and th e re fore swifte r an d d m ore e n urin ,
g w ic h hi s still
q illity d th h ly p t typ f th g d p t t h i b dy th
u an e o ro o es o e oo ro e c s o , e
t
s re ngth f wh i h i q io d i f lfilli gch i lli gs reH t d
u re n u n s ca n . e m us , accor
i gly b
n ,
id d y b li l bl
e cons e re p ifi ti f th
as a s m o ca em em or erso n ca on o e
b d
rave cou ra e an
g b dily t gth f t tt k
o i g b t i lfs re n o m an, no a ac n u n se
d f th gh d d dy f th fight wh
e e nce , ou arm e d wh an rea or e e ne v e r an e re ve r
d g p t it lf Wi h thi g wh t i l id i th
an e r re se n s se . t s a re es a s a so sa n e
F di Y ht W w hi p hi p t typ t t h til i l
arvar n as e ors s ro o e o av e r os e v o e nce ;
an d th i di g h t t
e nva t th il
n d th i j y
os , d by
o ave r e ev m an, an e n ur ca use
t l b i g p t f th
”
th il
e ev K ép .i eres s ti t ti g a s a m or a e n , cons u n a ar o e
gre ate r stre ngt h th an th e conte sts of K eresésp a for m ortal life and
th i d tir i t fli m e Yi th i fligh t f h pp i
es a w y f
h ig
a rom m a s o a ne ss av n
ev id tly g en l f t
a ll h di t
e ne ra d ff i g w hi h
re e re nce o a t e s ress an su er n s c
h th i igi i
av e e r orhi lf d i th i j i f th li i g
n n m an d m se , an n e n ur es o e v n aroun
hi m d i d d t an dy thi th id d i t
, n ee , f th b th
o re m e s, e a an ass s ance o e ro er
an d f th i a h d d b t th i flt b i g
er s as suc i d nee e u e r e
’
or s, e n m ore n oor,
of a m ore ld t — di t d t th i t l t t f
concea e na ure , m ore re c e o e n e rna s a e o
m i d nd d
n , ti h
a ly lif — t
om es c, h tt f tw d
om e , e, are no so m uc m a er o ou ar
. a s c ras r m
'
am a s M YTH O LO G Y . 89
p
re ort and re now n as t h ose of K en shsp a, wh o, fig ting out of h d oors,
M y an d ani b i g th
v ar ous f th di t b
e n e f p
cause s o e s u r ance o eace,
m an y tl a es aref d i g K
oun ép
conce rn n Th ll l t t hi e re s a a . ese a re a e o s
w f ar are ; b tb i g i g u e n l y b i fly t ld d ft ly lightly
n e ne ra v e r re o , an O en on
touc h d p th i p t f th ythi t l i d k d l l
e u on, e m or o ese m c a es s ar e r an ess c e ar
th an m igh t th wi h o er b th se Th d
av e i pti
e en f t e case l . e e scr on o e x e rna
i t
c rcum s ances i th ythi t l
n e i w ll k w
m c i t k a e s, f as s e no n, s a en rom
t l lif
ac ua d e, y an th f m a y ,w ll t i f
e re ore , v e r t l e con a n a re e re nce o re a
f t (th gh
ac s w
ou k w t ) d b d d with l t it f
no un no n o us , an e a orne rea ra s o
h t
c arac e r, d an d id f ll yth l gi l ig ifi ti whi h
nam es ev o o a m o o ca s n ca on ; c
a ddi ti l
o na tt m a t e r m us ily fi t b ift d b f
ne cessar w i rs e s e e ore e can arr ve
a t th eigi l i d
or na d l ea an f th y hi t l Thi i p
rea esse nce o e m t c a e . s s ar
ti l ly li k ely t b th
cu ar o with th e ythi t l th bj t f
e case ose m c a es, e su ec o
whi h i c hi lf d h i d i g Alth gh th i th f
s m an m se an s o n s. ou e re s, e re ore ,
e ve r y p b b ili ty
ro a th t i th f a bd d by
n K h e
p w oes h su ue en s a a e av e
p e rsoni fi ti ca f th di
ons o fl t phy i e l d
'
l
e ren th t t d
s ca t an m ora cause s a en o
di t b
s ur t
our l pe x e rna d t q illity it i t y t l t
e ace an ran u , s no e c ear o
whi h f th
c o h p ti l t l ll d
e se causes eac p i lly wh thi i
ar cu ar a e a u es, e s ec a en s s
b t ly lightly t
u on s hd p ouc ly th
e f f i
u on, or m e re ti d e nam e o a oe s m e n one .
I h ll th f t th p t fi y lf t th ythi t l
s a , ere ore , a e re se n c on ne m se o ose m c a es
wh i h c t i
con a n som e wh t tt th a m ore m a er an a m e re nam e .
Th ehi f pl it f K é p b i g t l t th nly
c e ex o — o eres s a, e n a e as e o one m e n
ti one d i th Y q n e d th fi t
a na, an d d i th Z yé d Y h i e rs —
recor e n e em as t, s
h i figh t with th
s t dd
e v enom ous se r e n or a
p S ( i h i g h er raoara , . e. av n orns
or c a lw ) whi h d
s, c dh wh
e vours m e n an th g orses, on om e re e n ve nom
did fl w wi h th thi k
o t e f i c ness oTh i d f th anyth nc e ea o e m os se e m s
ev id t en d th
, an dd d bt dly ig ifi ll th wild b t d
e a er u n ou e s n es a e e as s, an
ft
o en o blig h i t t k p e m o d d f d hi
a e u lf Th
arm s an p t e en m se . e se r e n
seem s t b o p l
e exy d
ress ly b inam e
g b l onf ll il as d e n an e m em o a ev , an ,
th b e t f th fi ld
e as s o Bt t th p ti l
e e . f th i
u as ythi t l
o e ar cu ars o s m c a e,
I am till i
s th d k d I k w t wh t it ll d wh it i
n e ar , nor o no o a a u es en s
f th
ur id
er sa K ip l w th dd
ereu s o s e d w ki g it t f d e a e r, an as coo n o oo
i i
n an ron- o p t t i t ba g tnoonb d h i d le p t an t of t h urn, an sse , ea ou o e
p o t , d an t d th
ov e r urne w t t fl w w ey t d t
a erh lio t o a a urne e v a an
K -
eva d p f igh t
a t: d
r ene .
Ih av e ti d b
m e n one th t l b t Hi té p wh K d p
a ove e ae a ou s a, om en s s a
sel wt o g h i
av e n eb th U lshh h y ro N fer th p ro ti
u
l s a a . o ur er ar c ars are
given Hi ldap s
respe cti ng Th e very e tym ology of h is nam e is uncer
.
m ust a pp arentl y h e th e re p
bitt t f f pi
re se nta tion of th e e res oe o a ous
d p h h ”
an f l lif
ea ce u Hi e .
y h w i
s nam e m a t th p l m ean e e a e orses .
P h p th h igh t h b i t d d t p t p l y d
e r a s, e n, e m ave ee n n e n e o re re se n a e e nv an
c unn n i g li h t g i t th h ppi
m a ce , t a r e ve f th a d
e a ly nes s o o e rs, an are on
li i t
so c t di t b i t f
ous o th
s ur k f th i w p fit or e sa e o f e r o n ro , or e ve n or no
p p t ll b t th t f di t bi g it
ur ose a a u a o s ur n .
A th no q i h d f i Z ip é l
er v an u s e wh
oe s h f th with
ar s m a, o rus es or
t d dj w t d t y th t i l w ld f t th — p ity Th
”
e x en e a s o es ro e m a er a or o ru or ur . e
nam e d t b wi h g ld h l M y w t th f l k
e no e s e t o en ee s .
”
a e no , e re ore , oo
u p h i th p ifi ti f th
on m as e e rson i ca f
on o th i p e aur aacra am es,
’
e m ure
spi it f t g di whi h
r o cove ous re e t fi d uess, t t q illity i
c canno n res or ran u n
th p e i
osse ss on o f w h t it h b t lw y a t as,dd i u a
— a s cove s an es re s m ore e ve n
th t wh i h ly by f d d i l b bt i d H b l g ”
a c can o n rau an v o e nce e o a ne . e e on s
—whi h c wh il d
m ean t th w f the oe s no ligh t thro id f th
ur er on e ,
ea o e
m yth —t l f b i g ll d G d b whi h i I di
os o a c ass o e n s ca e an ar as, c n n a are con
s id d e re tt d t i
as a th h
e n an s f I d n b t i I a lik I d
e eav en o n ra, u n r n, e n ra
hi lf h b
m se , av e il b i g
e com e e v e n s.
A t
m on s
g t h f o bd er d by K
oes su é p b t
ue w h l y
eres a a, u ose nam e s m ere
are
g i w
v en, i th t y f t h
ou d i
an p t i w ur fi d i
er th Z e scr
y fi d on, e n n e em
Y htas S é id l
one n vwh t ik
a ca , wi th h i l w
o Th gh th
s r es s c a s.
”
ou e
e ty l gy f th
m o o o i t i h i
e nam e s unce r a n, l ly p i t d h ghty e s c ear an e as a au ,
th gh i p t t pi i t f
ou m o en i p id
s r d wild
, o vabiti with f
n r e an am on, ar roam
i g d i
n e s res,wh ly f o, th k
m e re f hi w
or e t sa e o s o n am use m e n or
g ti
ra fi ti ca w i
on,h ts est th w h
e ve n l oth p i d
u rn d w e o e e ar u s e o n .
Th us h i i t d
e s d p ki g I
n ro uce b t f bl
s ea n w I am u ee e e re
p w f l gh I w ld k th h
o er u enou , ou y h
m a i e d th e th eave n m c ar ot, an e ear
i t wh l I w ld b i g d w th h ly pi i t f
s ee ou rn o h i b igh t
n e i
o s r rom s r m ans on
on high d i p th il pi it f h i d k b d f i y
, an ra se u e ev s r rom s ar a o e o m se r .
Th y h ld th
e s ou b th t g th d w y h i t l K é p kill
en o o e er ra m c ar o , un ess cres a a s
m e . B t th yth dd h w l i by th
u , e m os a s, li t K e dp as s a n e v a an ercs c a.
K dp
ere s s l t h
a see m s a so b pl d i f i dly o av e ee n i ace n a r en connex on
wi th f h f i i
one o wh
t e a r es, l wh p t d il b i g W
o e se ere are re rese n e as e v e n s. e
re a d th i th V didad F g i )
us n e en i g th d ar t f D / k
. . conce rn n e e se r o a r ta er,
th e se v e n th p l t d by O
ace crea e d Th th il pi it p d d rm az e re e ev s r ro uce
a f i y wh
a r , h om h d wh f ll w d K w i p ( Y p gl j t
s e crus e , o o o e er s a.
”
a u an ca a
K é p
ercs a e m A di g t th w d f thi p g th bd
ccor n o e or s o s assa e , e su uer
o f th f i y e ar t h b
m us f i y hav e lf b t thi p
ee n a g
a r erse u s assa e m a
y ;
p ibly t i
oss con a n ly ll i
m e re t th an t f K
a us on ép t o e na ure o ere s s a, a
th t ti
a m e f o
g ll
coursey d t d e neraA t l t th l
u n ers oo i . eas e c ause s
m an ly coura e ,
g th in p b l e p i se f ara h e comd ly an on o a e ro, an sure as
m uc h q i d i th
re u re b t g i t th f i i d pi it f d k
n e com a a a ns e a r es an s r s o ar ne ss .
s um m er Hu m a n M v rno no o r
'
. 91
on e ar th , q tly h i ti l d d h i h
conse ue n , s na ve tb an g h t f an s om e m us e sou or .
Th f ere o re , as Yi p d d f th high t
sm rocee e it f th b ight
rom e es sum m o e r
t i
m oun a n o f th t Ti
e eas t w as b i th trae aoaa t g i as orn n e re m o e re ons
o f th ky
e s — K - cp iao t d with th
eres a e: s connec e f g t g lf th e sea o re a u s, e
ear th -s urroundi g (
n R g i )
oce an,f w h i h panl ngh li k t hro m c ace e, e e
Th t
ese na ura l f bl whi h I h a es, lly c i d th yth
—av e se v e ra e x am ne , e se m o
l gi l p
o ca re t ti rese n af th diti
ons o d e con t f t on d
an m ov e m e n s o na ure an
m an k d
i — n d i th
assum e ,f tin e course o ibl b dily d
m e , a m ore se ns e, o , an
h um an h p s d th
a e J an / id F id us G Mp
enn r , ly pp er un, ers s m e re a e ar as
p ly h
ure ki g d thly h
u m an n s an i th l t t di ti
ear l hi t y
e roes n e a er ra ona s or
o f P i e rs a I h ll t h w
. s a tno ,
thi d
o l p t f th
ever, e n e r on s ev e o m e n o ese
m yth i t l d id b t k t i t th i wh l f th
c a e s an eas, u see o un e em n a o e ; or ev
rea lly bi t
com nep id
o com b i g th
ose one l p t f ea, e n e se ve ra ar s o one
i g
m a e, un er d whi h th i t I i tw ty fi c e anc e n t i
ran ans, en - v e ce n ur es or m ore
g
a o, t i d t
re p t
o re th i i w
rese n f t h th l y
e r v e h pp i so d phy i l
e ea r a ness an s ca
w lfe f
are o f th
m an, o t di g p w e con e n f t nt ib ti o t e rs o na ure con r u ve o, or
d t ti f thi h ppi
es ruc ve o s d f th a bt
ness, an yt o it
e com a ne ce ssar o sec ure
it wh l t by
’
an d t
re s o re e n os w t g i
m an s o n rans re ss on .
Th b ight Yie r di p m a th ly h pp i
s e nses ear w hi h ig l g
a ness, c re ns, as on as
h i f
e s f re e g ilt
ro m b d u tly d
, d
a un ani t b d t han g t
un ll s ur e on e ar am on s a
t
cre a u re s, b t i h u hi t
v an s es
g i on h h si g p w
rans ress on, t e av n no o er o
t i
re a n or t it Th li ght f d y i h d by th gl
res ore . e o yd k
a s c ase e oom ar
N t a ure l it b ight
oses d h
s r f l pp an — c th f e er u f h a earance , e ace o eav e n
b e com es d wi h b k h
t
cov e re l t t i g l
ac d — , d k d i
re a e n n l t c ou s, ar an nc e m en
t ao a a i b s i th o rn n t g i f
e e x re m et h k y i t
reh y
ons o q t e s : n e ve r uar er
wh e nce th i f te m p d h
s or une b t d di ip t th
roce e s, e com a s an ss a es ese
i wdi
m tm en sf t o d th fi
na ure an t — th b t g i t th
e rm am e n e com a a a ns ese
b i g h i ffi d ti
e n s o ce an Hi d voca to h ppi
on . f th n e rance i a ne ss ur e r ar ses
86 ! m k t se e s Wh
o rem ove . i k tt k th h
en s c ness a b dy d ac s e um an o , an
e ars s ea n n u
e nces Wh
. w en pp sorro th h th d p i
o resses e
g i ear , an ass on ra e s n
th b t — wh th y p d gl
e re as en e th
s rea i d d dioo m b it ove r e m n , an stur s
p eace , th -l i g te ca m q illi in g U, é kl
ran u h y h t s n t i t rv i t rs a a as e ns o s ass s ance ,
an d h et th
res oresp f i de d li k h i f th
eace o m n bl
, an , e s a e r, e na es m an
a an
g i t j y
o en ot h b l i g f lif
e w i th p l
ess n s o d h e f l I e asure an c ee r u ness . n
th h e f d g
ou r o wh th
an e r, li en i e n i tym a ce , f th avar ce, or e m o o e rs
th t
rea e n t di t b th t o s ur p lp e f em d wild b t
ora d g
eace o m an, an eas s e n an e r
92 a nc ras r rm ra n m r rn o w o r .
'
[JU LY
h is y th K é p t p f th
safe t , en d d dy f th figh t
e res s a s e s or , arm e an rea or e
h li tly
e v a an bd th f g th
su ff ue s d y e oes, ave n es e o e nces , an re m ov es e ve r
d g I h t Yi difi
an e r . n s orthly h pp i d th
, th m a
’
use s e ar a ness ; an e o er
big e n s bt d com di g t th i
a an l ffi thre m ove , acco r n o e r se ve ra o ces, e
b t l whi h t d i th w y f h ppi
o s ac es c d wi th th
s an pti n e a o a ness an , e ex ce on
of M i th th l d f ligh t h y
ra, ll e t l th i
or ti i ty b i g
o , t e are a m or a e r ac v , e n
fi d t thi p i h bl w ld
con ne o ly stt i t wi th th t wi th
er s a e or on , m us e rm na e a :
whi h it i c t d wh
— th i
s conne c ei t i qi d hy en e r ass s ance s no m ore re u re , t e
can no m ore e xist.
H
th e Zem y ad Yas t closes its allegor of th e h a
e re h ppi f y ne ss o m an
h p
on eart , of its inte rru ti on and ce ssati on, and of th e com bt y a necessar
t t
o res ore it Bt th ll g y i t
. u pl t E w h
e a e or s no thly com e e. ve n en ear
h ppi b i ll it pl d
a ness e am s n a d b d ss wh
e n our an i a un ance e ve n e n m an, n
f ll i g
u v f b dy
our o dt oq illity f i d i bl with t di t
an ran u o m n , s a e ou s ur
b t j y th i h bl i g f lif
ance o en o e r c th h i h pp i
ess n s o i t
e : e ven en s a ness s no
com
p l t — e e th i i
so m e
g w ti g t ill
n d t
sh t th
an i n t i hs bi t t f
an a e anc en n a an s o
I a
r n d i d w ll p e i — th t
e rce v e , ly w h i h f i aw , bl t f
nam e , c rm as una e o con er
on m au, — k wl d no f G d d h i e oh ly w d T h H an Y h t
g e o s o or . e aom a as
( i l d
nc u e d i t h Y n g h ep i o ) p l
a, c a t th l l
s.
g y
x. x. T h i com e es e a e or . s
Y ht fi t
as rs ti Yi
m en th onsdi p fm a, th ly h ppi e th
s e nse r o e ar a ness ; en
h ppi
a ne ss d l tly i th f
an as th p l , it p k f Z
n e our t wh ace , s ea s o oroas e r, om
O rm az d h d gi t a pl t th h ppi
v en o com f e e by b i gi g t e a ness o m an, rn n o
h i th t k wl dg h w
m a no etill w ti g Z
e e as st i ti dl t
an n . oroas er s m e n one as ;
no t h w
, o b
e v e r, thi bj t pp d light
ecause s su i p t t t th
ec a eare or un m or an o e
i tI
anc e n i ran ans th t y it w l i th i ti ti th
on e con rar , as a so n e r es m a on e
h igh t es d an t i p t t f m os ll m d th or an f th y b li
o a d ; an e re ore e e e ve
Z t
oroas er t b th o t i t i
e e m os d ig f ll
v c or ous an t lb i g v orous o a m or a e n s,
an d th y b li e d it t h b th fi t d hi f d i f O d
e e ve o ave ee n e rs an c e es re o rm az ,
i hi l
n s t ov e t b t w p
o m an, h i thi k wl dg
o es o u d th h p
on m s no e e , an e a
p i t
ness u na a na t i b l by y t h e Ban t th Io i li k
e r m eans. w i u e ran ans e se
p i e d h t th w ldly
e rce v t a e b b dior m an, d by w ldly a so r e n or e nsnare or
j y t i b t t pt i h i h ppi
e n o m en , s u oo a f g t hi C
n s t a
( d ness to or e s re a or, an
thi i w i i di t d by Yi
s v e s n f li g hi
ca e lf i p bl t b th
m s ee n m se nca a e o e e
b e are r o f th f i th ) e d th y a w h w
. ft
an di t e d t sa bl o o en s ress an rou e
w e reth ly e on t f m e ansth t to hi
orce i d t G d e m an Thi o urn s m n o o . s
is no d bt th ou wh y Z
e reason t i ti dl t h i h w
oroas er s m en one as : e s, o e v e r,
o f diff t t f th th b i g I h
a ere n na ure rom ti
e od di
er e n s av e m e n one , an s
on ly t d with th
conne c e i f h em p
s as l t t h
ar as ll e se rves to com e e e a e
g or y I h b ave t i
y g t
e en p l i r n o ex a n.
Th i y t
e re s ythi t l
e one m i g Yi c wh i h d
a e t
concern n nto c oe s no
nt h w b l g t th ll g i l i d h f h ly b l
'
o , o e ve r, e on og n e a e or ca t m a e a as o ear m
-
a rrow s r m a m as um o aoo v . 93
p rese nt no t p p
re a re dt o trace out th e w hl o e e x te nt of th e i d eas wh ic h
a
pp are ntl y are d
in i cate d i thi ythi t l
n sm c a e. h p
T is occu ied th e latte r h lf
a
o f th e se co nd fargar d f th V didad
o e en , followi ng i m m e diate l y afte r
th e m
y th i c tale , m en ti d b
one a ov e, concerni ng th e d o in s
g of Yi m a, in
th e w ay o f e x te n di ng a nd fe rtilising th e eart h but th e intro d u cto r y
lines of th i s tale, form ing th e pi
o nt of conne x i on with th e p re c e di ng
one, are u nfortu nate l com e y d ow n to us in a ve r y d f ti d
e ec ve an conse
q u e ntl
y o b sc ure sta te , from wh ic hw e m ay m ean whil g th th t th
e a er a e
p e ri od o f th e tale w as th ough t to be b
su se que nt to th e m ille nnium of
m m wit h th h ly pi it
e o s r s, and h
Yiara wi t th e be st of th e m ortals b tho
v aagh a
y é o Dé i t a do
y y .
( Dei ty/a is th e nam e of a riv e r, I sup
pose th e O xu s
'
.
) O rm azd th e n rev eals to Yi m a tht a all cou ntries t h rou
gh
o ut th e w hl o e m aterial w orl d are to suffer from sev e re fre ezing wi nters,
and a fi e rwards from su dd en thw a s, inun d tia o ns, and h y eav rains . As
O rm a zd com m ands, f in e th e n pl ants a sq uare gar e nd
, e nclose d by a
fe nce he conv e
y
s hh
t it er ge rm s of livi ng bi e ngs, of sm all and lar e
g
catt le, m e n, dogs, a nd and of th e re d s hi ni ng fl am es ; he a a d pt s
d
th e gar en for an a o e for m an and bd p t f as ure or cattle , and causes th e
wate r to ow a undantl fl
h e conv e b y y thith
s er th e largest, be st, and
m ost e x ce llent gm of y ki d f t l
m en and wom e n, and of e v e r n o ca t e ,
th l g t
e ar e sd t f gi an tg m os f ll t ra d th b t fl
an e rm s o d a re es, an e es av oure
g e rm s f to th i w
m ea s d by p i d
s t t as p i h one l g a rs, an no o er s as on as
m an rem a ne i d i th g d Thn w e l d
ar e n. p h e re as no s an e r nor re roac , no
t if
s r e nor e nm i y i th g t , d ne i t w t h d
e r arro ance , i i d i ece , re c e ne ss, nor ns ous
n ess th w tt b f
ere d y d f ity f b dy
as no o e oun y f t
anh e orm o o , nor an o e
ev il k wi th whi h Ak
m ar s d c k th '
di t ib ti
s r f th h
u on o b i g whi h d ipti i y b
e um an e n s, d c escr on s ve r o scure , an
no t lt g th a i t lligibl t
o e er n eAlth gh th i e ythi l i gi
o m e. ou s m c ta e s ve n
a t g t l gth
re a d with d t il d d
en an ipti it i th l
e a e t escr on, s ne v e r e e ss no
l ly t t d wh
c e ar s ae th pl f th ere
g d e w pp ace d t o b e ar e n as su ose o e
fi t t d— ith
na e e th i h
e r on ear I th g d or n t b f d
e ave n . s e ar e n o e ou n
un eart h d th i p t t t f th th ? B t th lif i th
, an
'
ur s rese n s a e o e ear u e e n e
g d
ar e n s i f d if tar f th th ly
ere n T h
rom lig h t h i t
e e ar h one . e s nes e re
ti
c on nua lly— th d t pp i g t g th
e sun, m oon, an y h s ars a ear n o e er a e ar e re
i th
s b t
e re dy u ft f ty y
one a ( t a l er f ty w
or k ) ears no as e se or ee s one
p i
a r, son an d d gh t i b au f tw h e r, sb i g d
orn oth li k w i o um an e n s ; an us, e se,
am on s
g t ll ki d af i l n s o d li th
an m a s, t h h pp i t
m an oes ve ere e a es
lif e. B id it i es t Z
es. t wh t
s no h th th f ith f
oroas er o e ac es e re e a o
94 s u m m er m am as n v rno m o v
'
.
[J
s p ll
e i n
g f t h o iep t d i f f
m anuscr i th i th s ly p e rs g w h
n i t s e on assa e e re
occ urs h i t l
e t s a t i ly eas bi d t ll)
ce r a n B id Z t no r a a . es e s, oroas e r
g )
t b t l th
u
g h h a ou i li k w i t h
e e x e rc se s f ti i he g sed ese u nc ons n t e ar e n
o f Yi m a,h i t l e i th
s no ffi
a one b t ly
n d U tt
e o ce , u on secon to rva a
na ra, wh i th two n h p l wh h i
e o ot e r ti
ac e s d i th e re e s m en one n e
F arv ar di Y ht i ll d th l t b h Z
n as s ca e e ia er orn, f t e oroastr an, or son o
Z t
oroa s er . O w i t b li r d th t h g d w pl d i y d
e re e e ve a t e ar e n as ace n on e r
w ld d
or , i t gi
oes i g f
v e an t h f li i ty
m a e o f th j t i t
e h e li f c b o e us n e e e
y d d th B t th l f th j t
on ea u e sou s o y d l wh b y d e us are conv e e e se e re , e on
th l fty H
e o t th o ra, i ot l w ld wh e m m or a O d d h i h ly or , ere rm az an s o
s pi it dw ll ( V didad F g d i ) Th l f th j t th
r s e . en , ar ar x x. e sou s o e us em
l
se ve s com e thith d t th e r, b tg an wh
no e t i lb i g
es e rm s, ence m a e r a e n s
m a
y b d e l p d b
e ve o e i d t h y d
es b t e, y l e g w i
no th th ou t h carr a on em e
f i th by
a ,
f whi h th y g thith
m eans o c d th y d
e o ly i y d er, an e o scarce n on e r
w ldor qi re w p ph t
u re a ne
p i ll
ro y O e ,d h i
es e c a lf i th t ash rm az m se s e e ac er
an d t ( t ) f th wh l p i it l w ld ( V p d k ii ) E i h f t er o
m as e r
g o e o e s r ua or . es ere , . .
th ese tw pp iti
o su p ti g th i ti f h g d
os ons res ec n e s q l
tua on o t e ar e n see m s e ua
ly pp o d t wh t i l wh p ly t t d Bt t ki g th
o se o a s e se e re e x ress l
s a e . u a n e ac tua
w d or s o f th ythi t l th i p t f whi h i th t Yi
e m c a e, e m or oi d t c s a m a carr e o
th g de ar e n th b t g e f
es db
e rm s o t ( d t th
m e n an t eas s, an no e c rea u re s
th l
em se v es, ) d th t l i fan th i f
a th e t p t
e re f s t
orh l y te m os ar o an ear na ure ,
( f or li i v n
g b i g b e n s are th ) t h orn
g h i p ere , d p i
ou h p n a urer an su e r or s a e ,
it pp a t
e ars th t th th
o m e
g h t
a l d t e t h i dou fi l y d
ea s l p od i e ea, so ne e ve o e n
our S di i yth l gy f th
can nav an m w l f th
o o , o th i f b tt
e re ne a o e ear n a ar e er
an d bl f ft th d t ti f thi p t
no er orm a er e e s ruc d f th
on o s re se n one , an o e
anc e ni t di i iti v n A i il es . id pp t b th f d ti f
sm ar ea a ears o e e ou n a on o
thi s m ythi t l b t th g d f Yi it
c a e a ou e ar e n o t f t ti
m a see m s o re e r o a no on
o f f t
a u u re an d b tt t t fe th i whi h
er s a e o p f t b i g will
ear , n c m ore er ec e n s
s rou
p t p fu th b rom g ep est d t h i th
e rm s, f t h i t
re se rve t f t h e r rom ss a e o ear ,
an d i whi h Yi
n c will ig m a th p t th
re n, as on y bl f e rese n e ar , as a s m o o
t i l h pp i
m a er a a ( f hne ss i t or t h et b s no th b even f t h e re o e e eare r o e
f ith ) b t i whi h b i g
a , u n di t b d by thly i p di t h
c , e n un s ur e e ar m e m e n s, e
will t
no , p t q i th id d i t
as at re se n , re u re f th e a big an ass s ance o o er e n s
i il t Th
sm ar o t d th f ily f S i
r ae aona , an e am o lm e .
Thi i wh t I h
s s a d d f d i th i t l f th Z da
av e rea an ou n n e anc e nt a es o e en
t
ve s a dI an th t y
am sure tl t will a d thi k t h with t
ou a eas rea s s e c ou
b i g ti d d with th
e n re , an g d f li e g d
sam e b loo t w ee d n an e ne vo e nce o ar s
, y
to w h i ch atte nti on of late ears h ad be e n di rec te d are th e Z e nd i n w h ic h th e
,
books este em ed sac re d by th e Parsi s are fou nd and wh ich , by som e , th ough not
b y o ur be st Bri ti sh li nguists h ad long be e n h e ld to be th e, p are nt of th e m odern
Persi an th e language i n w h i c h th e Ach ze m e ni an i nsc ri pti ons at B esi tuu and
oth er l
p ace s are co m p sed,
o wh i c h i s now corre ctl y de no m inate d b y th e Ge rm an
p h i lo logi sts th e O ld P ersia n , and of wh i ch th e Z b y
end is undou tedl no t th e pare nt,
th o ugh i t is i n som e re spe cts cognate th e S asa nida n, i n wh ich th e i nscri p ti ons
at Haj i abm (
, w h i ch w o uld p re se ntl form th e s u ec t y bj of conversati on, ) and som e
si m i lar y
i nsc ri p ti ons of th e d nast of Susan, translated y by th e Baron do Sacy , are
th e Parsis to th e contrary are e x ceedingly re m ote and i nsi gni ficant and by no
, ,
m e ans of th e ch aracte r long allege d by som e of th e able and ze alous O ri e nta lists o f
p re sses , ye t th e re q uest o f one so m uch vene rate d i n Bom ba y as Mr . Rom sr, and
S oc ie t y e xp ress th e fi
h i gh grati cati on wi th wh i ch th e h ave re ce i ve d Mr Rom er s y .
’
com m uni cati on, and re solve to i nsert i t i n th e J ournal of th e Soci e t Dr Wi lson s
’
y .
m oti on h avi ng be en seconde d by A I . sle t, Esq . Vice-P resident , was unanim ously
,
adop te d. ]
t
m as e r s com m an
’
d t d t y ll th b k f d i P i th t in o e s ro a e oo s o un n e rs a, so a ,
l g ti
no on ft th m e
q t af th er t y by t
eh A b
con uesi th o e coun r e ra s n e
m i ddl f th e o th t y th wh l b dy f P
e se v e n i lit t
ce n u r , e o e o o e rs an e ra ure
h d di pp
a d d th
sa eare ti f th i b b i
; an d w e e x ecu on o s ar ar an or er as 80
com pl t th t th h d d y ft w d wh Fi d i w t h i
e e, a re e un re ea rs a er ar s, en r aus ro e s
im m or at lp tw w k oem ,ly l ti g t f
one or ti o w or s, on , re a n o orm e r m es, e re
foun d f whi h d f t di ti i d i d it i id h f th
, rom c , an rom ra on, s e r ve , s sa , m uc o e
hi t i l l
s or ca l i g i y
ore , b
re at i f lly wor gh t m at i th
nar , so eau u rou ou n e
Sh ah By th d Pa i h w wh ti f
e m o e rn rs s, o e v e r, ose no ons o
hi t y y b j dg d by th f t thi d t ti f th l i g
s or m a e u e e ac , s e vas a on o e e arn n
an d ligi re b k f th i ous t i tt ib t d t Al
oo s o d r
e r ances ors s a r u e o ex an e rs
B t l h gh b th ligi
u a t ou d pi f ll b f th q i g
o re on an em re e e ore e con ue r n
arm s f th M l
o ed l h gh usu m ans, p ti ly y ll an a t ou a com ara ve ve r sm a
num b f th p pl l i t ly i d t t th i t f ith th
er o e eo e u tm a e re m a ne rue o e anc e n a , e
or igi l t t f th P i
na s ruc ure o l g g w t th by ff t d i
e e rs an an ua e as no e re a ec e n
th e ll t d g
sm a es Fi d i w t in th i l g g
e re e . pl yi g
r aus ro e s an a e, em o n
i
occ as ona lly I w d f th A bi a whi h h d th
or b grom t b e ra c, c a en e un o e
i t d
n ro uce d i t P i with t i y w y lt i g th g
no e rs an, ti l
ou n an a a er n e ram m a ca
Persia and am ong th em q uotes th e story of Z oh ak and h i s two serpe nts —Boat
, .
Li t Trans
. ii p 1 59. vol. . . .
th e th i rd, iorty -
si x : uot q ui te five words to esch h uudre d vsrsss .
3 318 3 nor rc ns or PERS I A N a s n m n 97
'
th e old li terature P
of e rsi a survi v e, we cannot asce n d high th er an
to th e w or s k of Fi d
d ki Khaqa i d
r ausi, Ru a , n, an som e th f o e rs, or
a k wl dg f th w itt l g g f P i i
no e e o e r en an ua e o e rs a, n ne h d dy
un re ears
g
a o. Y t th e t t i w h i h
e s a e th i l g g n th ci t d d till
s an ua e i t en e x s e , an s e x s s,
re g l
u ar, c0 p i d t
ous, an d by M h d
es ee m e f i t t w t
u am m a or s ex re m e s ee
h i bi t q li ti whi h pp h p h
”
ness, ex s ua i t
es c a rox m a e , as near as um an s ee c
m u b pp d t
e su ose h f ti ll b t i d t tibl Th
o re ac , a orm a on a u n es ruc e. e re
or t h t dy ty ll th t i k w with t i ty i th t th P i
a nas a a s no n ce r a n s a e e rs an
l g g d t f
an ua e a es t tiq ity
rom d th t wi th th l g g
re m o e an u , an a , o er an ua es,
whi h h c ti i
e m e n ons, di g t K dy i s, accor ntly th o e nne , n e x ac e sam e
t t
s a e a t th p e t d y i t w th
res e n th a as dy g as ree ousan ears a o .
T i g t th
urn n pi i o f th
e o O i t li t w fi d K
n ons o o er dy r en a s s, e n e nne
’
s
p os i ti f
on, o P i b i g d i
e rs an t i t t g e n w i th a t ffi s i ti nc t byo n ue ou a n es, m e a
b li f th t th
e e a i t b tw e re S k it d P i th
ex s s e ee n ans r an e rs an e consan
g i
u n i ty f i t
o s s e rs,
”
p g i t
a com m onb i g i g i d d
ro e n t h t or e n m a ne ; an a
a lth gh t pou a t t pp t th w
re se n no a ti wh
are n P i
, e re as a m e en e rs an
l t f
s , th
rom b l t di i il ity f th tw l g g i g
e a so u e ss m ar o e o an u a e s n ram
j t i p d ibl t th ti wh
con e c ure s ro uc e as d o wh y th
e m e e n, an cause , e
th fi t e rs pi i th l g g f
o n on, e f th B hi t
an ua e o i ip ti
one o i e e s un nscr ons s
a dd d uce ,h wi g th t i d i pp i wh t i t i ly th
as s o n a n e x ons a ear n a s ce r a n e
anc e ni t p ti iw lf
or on e .
Bt t t bl K dy t t t th t t th ’
u ,i i g
re ce v n i as ncon e s a e e nne 8 s a e m en , a no e
s li gh t t i di ti
es n i t ca ith i t di ti
on ex s s, hi t y whi h h w
e er n ra on or s or , c s o s
th t p a i t th A bi
re v ous o q t y f ig i fl
e ra an con ue s p td an ore n n ue nc e O e ra e
light t h g th P I di thi g
”
th e s es c an e on i l g g e ers an an ua e , can scove r no n
i di
n i g
cat n th p b bility f th P i fi t p
eve n e ro a o i g d e e rs an rs o ssess n an
th en l i g it i fi i
os n s Th n ex ons g t t
. hi p i t w hi h
e ar um e n i g h t on s o n , c m
b fe dd
oun e i ti
on an f th e xam B hi t i ipti w ld
na on o e e s u n nscr ons, ou
d ese r ve a ll tt ti a ld w f l
en on, cou d th t th Z d th i ib d e ee assure a e en e re nscr e
w as i th n l d p k
e v e rnac u ar an l g g f P i i th ti s o en f
an ua e o e rs a n e m e o
D i ar us Hy t p Bt
s as es G ot f d b
. u , f
as th r if
e un o se rves, rom e cune orm
h t b i g di ti g i h d by h t t l b
c arac e rs e n s n u s e f it w ld
t e o a a se nce o curv es, ou
seem t b d ti d t b
o e e s ne t t o e cu li d t i l f
on s one , or som e so m a er a , or
On thi
s C olone l Rawli nson o se rve s It is ce rtain t at th e language b h
of th e inscri tions i s not a p
e ri vati on from th e Ze n d
th e two form s d
of s eec
p m a
y h ossi lp byh
av e e x iste d y h
s nc ronousl , one as a e y
m oti c, d
an d th eth o hi ti l l g g b t i th t
er as a e ra ca an ua e th di fi u n a case e s
g urem e n t f h i to i l s or ca d th t i i
nam es, an
g f t ti fi i l t
e s rv n
y l a e r ar ca e m o o
g i es, w h i h c i occur y p g f th
n e ve r Z d é ta e op i t we h i h
en ve s a, are on s c
will h dly d it f pl ti Th C l lj t b f
”
ar a m o ex ana on. h d t t d e o one us e ore a s a e
h i i bility t
s na b ib t th pi i f B f th t th Z d
o su scr e o e O n on o urnou , a e en
w asi di t ly g t with th V di S k it
m m e a e co na e th t i t w
e e c ans r ,
”
or a as
p k l g g (Jl A S P t i l
e ve r a s o e n an ua e . . s.t p ee. ar . vo . x . no e, .
At p g 1 3 f th
a e b C l l R wli
o e a ov e , k
o one It a t nson re m ar s m us
b e re m e m b d h t th P i f th t Al d i g h l g
e re t a e e rs an o e an e - e x an r na a e s as on
e
c ase d t b li i g l g g
o e a v n d t p g 50 h
an ua e
”
p k f th an a a e e s ea s o e
c h g th P i l g g w g d lly d g i g it
an e e e rs an an ua e as ra ua i t un e r o n as cam e n o
m ore g l
e ne ra d an l A th
v e rnacu ar t d yuse . i d d s f i t e e n e nc , n ee , o s
ppl o u ar pl y t t h
em o m en , m usily b tav e i p t it
ne ce ssar ee n o e m anc a e
from th t h i li ti
e ec f i g
n ca ti l p p i ty
es o n ce d whi h i t p
ram m a ca ro r e un e r c a
p i it li t f
ears a s e ar es df w hi h i t w
orm , an d b t i d bt d
or c as, no ou , n e e
to f l w itt
care u lti ti
r en I h ld b i li d t
cu va on, s ouig th e nc ne o ass n e
p i d f Al d
er o o q t th p b bl
e x an e r s
’
con ue s f as w hi h w e ro a e e ra rom c e
m a y d t i
a et b if s ti i t t
urcah tw d i t
on n oi t h l et h t i to w l d
s nc c anne s a ou
a pp t h ear o b q tly p d I w ld pp th t th
av e su se ue n ursu e . ou su ose , a on e
one h d an l di l t it l t it
as an o ra a ecp d d y f it os s com ou n s, an m an o s
di ti ti ti l ti it d d t l ti it i d i f
s nc v e ar cu a ons, s re un an re a v es, s n e x ons o case
an dg d en e r d th t i t th
an g d a lly b i d d usi t t h
ra ua l su s e n o e v e rnacu ar
con u e s
q t O . th t h n h d le o I w er ld anj t, t
a so, h t w h i l t i
out con e c ure , a s
w as still i h j y t f h f it igi l ig
n t e en o m en o m uc d fl i bili ty
o s or na v our an ex ,
it w t k as a en u p by th p i t h d e h i l
r es f li
oo
g i t
as a v e h i g c e or re ous e ac n
th t i t w
a di fi d
as m o d g t
e d byan f t h i t
au m e n e w i th i t ur er n e rcourse s
co na e
g t b h t
ranc t h tw
es d o d t h t
e eas g ar l d i
; anl t i t w a , as a e nera a ec , as
re fi d ne d y tan ti d by
s s em a d tl ze til i t b
sace r o a fi lly care , un ecam e na
em b di d i th highly tifi i l f
o e n e f lph b ti l p
ar c a orm s oi d a a e ca ex ress on, an
o fg ram m ati l t t
ca whi h w fi d i t t
s ru c ure , hibit t th p t
c e n o ex a e re se n
d y i th H gi g phi b k f th P a i Th pi i will ”
a n e a o ra c oo s o e rs s . e se O n ons
b e e xam i d i th ne q n l e se ue .
N th with t di g th
o s an nti d t ti n f a i t P i lit t
n e e re es ruc o o nc en e rs an era ure,
BR I EF N O TI ES o r m C e an s A ND s c a n . 99
for th e s ac e of
p two t ousan h d five h d d y — t th
un re pt f ears o e ca ure o
C onstanti no p —
le re m g aine d th e sam e langu age , a si n ular fact occu rs in
th e h i stor y
o f th e last, stron l
g co ntrasting i ts fate wi t th at of y h
P e rsian *
A late write r, in h is e xam ination of th e c aracter of anci e nt
. h
and m ode rn G k d ree , escri es b i n full th e p rocess of d g d ti
e ra a on h
w i ch
th e H ll e e ni c language h as d
u n e rgone i n i ts transform ati on into
Rom ai c . Now, on P ersian no suc h d g d ti e ra a on or transform ation h as
atte nde d it ti con nues, to th is day, as it h as alwa s y b ee n, in th e
coun r t y i whi h i w n c t as first spo k e n, th e livi ng tongue b d a ov e escri e bd ,
th e u nc h g d hi l an e ve c e of s ee c p h and t h ght
ou of successiv e pw o e rful
P roc ee di h
ng, t e n, to th e p i i p l bj t r nc a o ec of h pp
t is a e r,— e u exe m ia
ati on of th e asse r e t d th ti ity f th l g
au en c o e an ua e ca g ll d Z d e en ,
—
w e find a
write r in a late numb f th Edi b gh er o e n ur R i w p ki
ev e s ea ng of i t in
th ese te rm s Th e language of th e Z e ndé e e s ta, m ost i nti m ate l y con
t g
on ue Bt p i g
.
”
u th bl d
, ass n f ki g P d p
ov e r e un e r o m a n az e n ure
P i p k d th S i
e rs an
”
s o e n un e r
y t h d y e ty w h th
assan an or an o er nas , e n, as e
n i t lf i p li
am e se it i thi g
m th
e s, th l g g P i
s no n m ore an e an ua e , e rs an or
h w itt
Ot e r, pl t y f hi b l w th Z d t t it y b
r en m ex ana or as on e o e en ex , m a e
i q i d
n u re wh t h ity with wh t
on a au t or d th i w
, or a reason, oes e re v e er
p l t
ac e h Z da t e t t hen t p f h i b i
ves a a
g ph i l k t h
e f th o l o s o ra ca s e c o e an
g g ua e of P i I t w Si W
e rs a . illi J w h asfi t b d r th am ones o rs o se rv e e
num b f S k it w d f d i Z d d th g
er o ans r or s ti l
oun l n en , an e ram m a ca re a
ti ons su b i ti g b tw th s s n All e k wl dg f Z d i d i d
e en em . our no e e o en s e r ve
from d, fi d t th
an con ne t t f f o,fi b k p d d by
e con e n s o our o r ve oo s ro uce
th P e i
e d by th
rs a, an ili d t b th w i ti g em af th i p ph t
rm e o e e r n s o e r ro e
Z d ht
e r us Z t or Th oroas e r ip t . f tiq i ty ese m anuscr s are o no an u
p h
er a s
p p i som ey b f co d w i ttes m a b t w th d f e oun r en e ee n re e an our
h d dy
un re g 1 T h i
ears a o bj t i th .
'
h i b i ti t g th
e r su w i th ec s e ex on, o e er an
of th e V endi dad, h owever, sold by th e m to Pro fessor Rusk , and now i n th e Roy al
b d
a sur cosm ogon y f th d , o e octrine s, rule s, and O servanc e s Of a b p lyo
th i ti
e s cal wors h ip d i d f
, e vo O all worth or re gar d as of p re te n e d di nsti
tuti ons, di vi ne h
or um an, so am ply e x p ose d by D r. Wilson in h is work
on
“
Th e Pa rsi Re ligion .
”
Th e pi i f Si Willi J
o n ons O d Ri h d r d am t th ones an c ar son, a ve rse o e
k wl dg t f th Z d t pl
ac no e m en o g g e i l
en
g g o a ace am on e nu ne an ua e s, are
w ll k w
e dh
no t th f ll
n, an av e m e f th t d d ble u co ncu rre nce O a soun an a e
phil l gi t th l t G l V K dy wh t t
o o s , e a e e ne ra B t th ans e nne , o s a es u e
l
so e au th ity wh i h th
or Z d on d P h li i b k d p d i th
c e en an e v oo s e en s e
t diti
ra f th Pe i
ons O Bf hw e th rs a.t di ti b
e ore , o e v e r, ese ra ons can e
a d itt d t ti y it t b ti f t ily p d th t th
m e as es m on , m us e sa s ac or rove a e
Z déen t d it P h li i t
ves a an l ti s t lly e i t d t th ti
v rans a f th on ac ua ex s e a e m e o e
A bira q t d th t th y h b
an con ues , an f lly p a d til e ave ee n care u rese rve un
th e p t d y by h Pa i f P i d I di B t
re se n a t e rs s o h e rs a an n a . u no su c
p fhroo b dd d h it b y t t bli h d th t th
as e v e r een a uce , nor as ee n e es a s e , a e
Pa i f ith
rs s O t y pe er y w ll
coun r th t i t d t d i ti
ossess an e -au en ca e ra ons,
w hi h c d i t pt dly p t th t t O th
asce n u n n e rru e y h u o a e ve n . n e contrar , t e
il
s e nce O fT b i d Fi d i
a ar p ti g th i t g p
an r aus p ti res ec n em s a s ron re sum on
th t th y w t d t th wh li d
”
a e t i e re ti
no th
nv e n e w it a e m e en ese r e rs ve .
C l l R wli
o one hw i a nson, d w itt t B b y i
o e v e r, n a m e m oran um , r en a om a , n
t k t t lly pp i t
a es a i w f th Z d
o a od th os p e v e O e en , an us e x re sse s
hi pi i
s O It h b
n on t d by
“
f
as t di ti g i h d
e e n asse r e som e O our m os s n u s e
B iti h O i t li t th t th l g g i whi h th
r s r en a s s, a d w iti g f
e an ua e n c e sac re r n s o
th e Pe i i rs a
p d i sf b i
com ti f t h
ose Z tsi p
a i t a r ca on o e oroas r an r es s,
b q t t th i p t i ti f P i d th t th w i i g
su se u en o e r ex a ra on rom e rs a an a e se r t n s,
in conse u e nce , are , as
q f g d ti q i ty ti t l d t
ar as i re ar s an u , en e o no cons
d ti wh t
e ra on Ag i t th i a e v e r. ti I fi th
a ns f ll wi g s asse r on O
'
er e o o n
re m ark i i p t fP i : n v ar ous t b f d t th p t d y
ar s o e rs a are o e oun , a e re se n a ,
h i t i l d f th i th d fifth t i b f C h i t w itt
s or ca re cor s o e s x an ce n ur es e ore rs , r en
i th di fi t l g g T th ly i ”
f
'
n re e e re n an u a e s O e ana s s o
f thi l ng g I h d t d
.
th h t
e se c d th
arac e rs, ani ti e e x am na on O s a ua e , av e e vo e
m an yy f ears oh dI w
rese arc f ly t th t th P
; an i can no sa e asse r , a e e rs an
l g g f th
an ua e o
g f C y d D
e a es o i i q ti b ly th p
rus an t ar u s s u n ue s ona e are n
o th er Z e nd M8 8 at C op e nh age n Pari s
. London Ox ford and i n m y o wn col , , , ,
dates —J W ] . .
Researc h e s , & c p 1 68 . . .
f lly
u e lab ora e t d by C ti on nental stu e nts, d and by none wit h g t rea e r
skill and
p e rs pi ity th
cu an Mons . Burnou f i hi
, dn s a m ira bl C e om
m e nti o ne d , to recor d m
y convi ction tht a th e Pa i w iti g w
rs r n s e re
de rati on am o ng th e -
Pal si s Of th e p rese nt day whi h th y jyd
c e en o e
from hi
t e r d
tra itional re m inisce nce s Of th e anci e nt language s, coul d
h av e f b i
a r ca te d som e O f I h ll t p iti ly th e Z e n
t d w iti r ngs, s a no os ve asse r .
Th i
ere p ty f p i i
s a ove r f th o w i ti g p
ex i l ly
re ss on n som e O e se r n s, art c u ar
o f h t e mi li t gi l p i
nor wh i h h w th t h i
ur ca h hd ece s, c s o s a t e r au t ors a no
re ady d f th l g g i whi h th y w t Th i
co m m an O e an ua e n c e ro e . e re s an
a pp h t G j ati idi i
ro ac o i t
u ar dt G j ati om n som e ns ance s, an o
'
a u ar co r
ru p i f S k it whi h t ti w k d id b l pi i
t on o ans r , c a one m e a a e ne cons e ra e s us c o ns
i n my i d m V i w i
n g th . tt f th Z
e d l g g n h w i
e m a er o e en an u a e , o e v e r, n
i g ts l p t I h
e ne ra h it ti i d l i g th t
as e c , av e no f th es a on n e c ar n a none o e
ex il d e dd p an d Pa i p i t i I di
e re sse b pp d t h h d rs r es s n n a ca n e su ose o av e a
th b ility t i t th t l g g 1 with it t i g
e a o nv e n a i l a n ua e ,
'
s e x e ns v e ram m at ca
f orm s, an d wi h it b d t d gl t s l gi t th
a u n an S k it an re u ar ana o es o e ans r ,
P i L ti d G
e rs an, a i l g g
n, an di ti tly i d by
e rm an c an ua e s, as so s nc e v nce
B pp d B f
o an urnou .
It i t b s
g t
o d th t D
e re W i l re t e b i g K dy fiali r. son, re m e m er n e nne
’
s a
ti on of t i l g g f
ce r a n B byl i an ua esS k it t h l i rom a on an or ans r , o t e e x c us on
O fP i di d
e rs an, t b id by dw k no t hi li t i p
a ie t an or ou s e ar es m ress ons as o
wh e nceth f b i t e f Z d d w th
a r ca ors o t i l f th i w k Bt en re e m a er a s or e r or . u
as h h e li q i h d f i h i
as re th h ti i ty f P h li i will
n u s e a t n e aut e n c o e v , as
ncss Of Ze nd .
has h pl y t f
t e em h ti o m en O so m uc m e and i n us tr d y di scove re d C olo
Pfirsi Re li gi o n, p 400 . .
b tdt
u e o th e language s Of Pe rsia by A nque til du P e rron. This oint p
is not notice d by B pp o or Burnouf b ut i t wou ld h av e b e e n inform a
p pl by wh
eo e om , th e Ze n dw as pk
s o e n and wri tte n —f hk w or su c no
l dg w l k i
e e e oo n v ain.
th t l g a b y h
’
from g a an u e . In Anqu e til s Voca ular , furt e r, m a
y be
found th f ll wi g e o o n se v e n Z e nd wor d bl s, e on i
g gn to th e di la e ct O f Gj u a
r a it, B d
v z e e, e ux ; toum , tu z e ante j( anto ) , connaissant ; gus to
fl
a i x e d, as pp p d
i n th e (a ro riate ) Tur is k h w d p b or as e re no, O se rv e r.
( R h
e searc p es,C p . ti ph il l gy li k p t i
om ara ve o o , e c om ara ve ana
tom y y h ll th l l i d f i t p id d
, m a av e a b
e v a ue c a m et k or , rov e care e a en
th t i t p
a t o p l bj t
e ra e s ud t
on re a t f it Th
su ec s, an no on coun e r e s . ese
e sse nti l t tb t k
a s m us f g no t d Th f g i
e a f th w it
en or ran e . e or e r e s O e r er
i i Z ba
” ”
o f th A e
“
f th
sm nn D ati a d f th l g g
n, O f e as r, an O e an ua e o
by G S l i t . f wh t
a m anazor, are y b d by ns ances o a m a e one
p l d b ld
u ous an i ti B t M o lls F i h tti
nv e n ong h i y . u u ruz, s u n s e es
t th
o l y f g y fl t t b li th l g g f th A a i
e c um s or e r , a
'
ec s o e e ve e an u a e O e sm n
Z ba t b g
a n oi dp f
e t h
e nu ne , an h k wl dg f i t ro e sses o av e suc a no e e o as
e na bl d h i t
e t m i t k f th t
o correc ib dt
m pply i
s a es O e ransc r e r, an o su om s
i
s ons ni th t l ti e H y (D é ti l ii p 1 6)
rans a on . Wh e sa s as r, v o . . . e re
fore h i h bl F i
t s um di g t th b t f h i p
e ruz, d
acc or n o e es O s oor u n e r
t di g h
s an n d d th t l ti
, as re n e re f bl t th t t d e rans a on con orm a e o e ex , an
t d it b d M lls l th ght th t h py f
”
i
nse r e Th l a ov e . e e arne u , a so, ou a i s co O
th b k w
e oo th ly as t t I w
e on t O th
o ne pi w e x an . t as no . er co es e re
b q se tly di
ue n d f d t S tw
scov e re t t th B
: o ne by o un a ura as se n o e om a
Li t y S i ty
e rar oc e .
Si Willi
r J am w th D ati H
one s ne v e r sa l k w th b k e as r. e on v ne e oo
Histori cal and Geograp h i cal Descri ption of Form osa. London 1 704
w as NOTIC ES or p s as uuv A ND Z EN D . 1 03
th ese i t km i j dg
s a es t th n l t M E kiu m en t ly b e a e r . rs ne ru o se rv es
Th hi t y f l tt
e s or o t e ly t ff d
e rs se e m s i t f
o m e scarce o a or an ns ance O a
m ore p t d j
e rve r e d g t h i tu i l i
m en d B
on t th t
s or ca h ev e nce .
”
u , on e o er
h d h wM D
an , o wi th h i
r . t
uncan, l g ity d lti t d i t l s na ura sa ac an cu va e n e
t k
a e t a l ti
ran s a f it d on i t d o hi ,t an t E gl d t n en , on s re urn o n an , o
p t it t Hi M j ty th
rese n o s t
a es l b l t ib t whi h has e m os ld va ua e r u e c e cou
b i g f th E t (B Lit T pp 34 2
rn ro m e as ,
”
orn .h lw y . rans . .
, as a a s
a pp d t e are t i
o m e m os p h ibl ncom re e ns e .
P f Lro essor it i id i
um e n, gg d i p p
s sa i g , g s f
en a e n re ar n a ram m ar o
th Ze d w k h ld h d t k it f g t di ffi lty t
en a or , s ou e un e r a e , O no rea cu o a
S k it h l p f dly
ans r sc o ar so d i th l g g h i Th
ro oun v e rse n e an ua e as e s . e
aran o s
p p w h th Z d S k it w d wi ll dily b it t th
ur ose , en e e n o- ans r or s rea su m o e
th Ze d b
en , by i il p ti pplyi g th l f P i
e cause a s m ar o e ra on, a n e ru e s O e rs a n
g ram m ar, a g f t h
ram m ar t i ly fi tioi l e
g g f
no or ousth c t ous an ua e o e
Dw ati y b
r m a il y p d
e as eas d ro u ce .
Th i ti
e e x am f th
na on O l g g t i ti
ano t ly er t d w i th
an ua e m os n m a e conne c e
t h Z d
e en w tno lly f ll w na u ra th i i th P h li i o Th Z d t t f
o s : s s e e v . e en ex o
th e V d id ad en d it t , l ti
an it i ll d i t P h li i
s rans a o n, as s ca e , n o e v , are
in a ll p b b ili tyro a t p h t i th y w
co e m orane ous p d t a s, e e re com ose
( i t
nve n e d ) b t th a ou t i d h
e sam e ldi q l m e , an by h are e n e ua re v e re nce t e
Pe i H ith t h pi i f E gli h O i t li t d
rs a. er o t e O n ons o t th n s r en a s s a ve rse o e
h ti ity f thi l g g h
aut e n c O s t b d d lid by h
an ua e ave no ee n eem e va t e
O i t l h l
r en a sc f h C ti
o a rs O t P f t W t g d h w
e on ne n . h ro e ssor e s e r aar , o e ve r, as
l ly
a te se e n reasont t k diff t i w f th q ti
o a e a d pe re n v e o e ue s on, an ex re sse s
h i l t t pi i
s a es O th n on on bj t t D Wil e suf B b y t th
ec o r. son, o om a , o e
f ll wi g fl t Th t i ti l i ti f th ll d
'
o o n e ec a on a cr ca e xam na on O e -
ao ca e
P h li i w iti g h f
e v r n s,d th t t b i
e oun
y S i
em l no
g g o e n an assan an an u a e ,
b t u ly i
m e re di l t (p b bly th Ki i ) f h d P
n a a ec ro a e rm an an o t e m o e rn er
i
s an, di g i d by th
s u se f i p f t lph b t f e u se o an w im d er ec a a e , O te n no m s re a
by th Pa i th Sh i i w d i t d d i t it b i g
e
-
l s s, e em tc or s ly n ro uce n o e n m e re cor
ru t de A b i ra W i hc t h i p i i D W ilt t i l
s Oy g
*
n on r. son e n re a re e s
p . .
I w ld h ou i t d e re w d tw
n ro uce a g d i g f b fl or t d P horli i o re ar n un a ca e e v
and O b serve , h tb f
t a e ore assigning any p recise si nificati on
g to t h em , we
s h ldou asce r a n t i by w h om , in w ht a m anne r, and to w h t l g g th
a an ua e e
pli d e h yb
. T is m a d it i e e as ily d one an s nece ssar y f , di ti
or a s nc
ti on w hi h h c i t h bas d D
no e x s e nce as ee n assu m e . r. Spi g l i i d t
e e s sa o
cons i d th Pa i t b th l g g
er e f P i b tw
rs o th g e i e an ua e O e rs a e e en e e nu ne
P h li i f th S
e v O i d th P i
e f th Sh ah Na h
assan ans an O e e rs an o e - m a . n
e x am i ti thi pi i n will b f d q it i d i ibl L t
na on, s o n o e oun u e na m ss e. e us
asce n d t th li t th ity by wh th w d P h li i d
o e ear es au or om e or s e v
”
an
Pa i w rs
”
t i ly fi t d Fi d i d w di
e re , ce r a n t , rs use , r aus , an e scov e r a once
th i t
e r i g d
rue m ean n pt ti w b d by d th i
an acce a on, no o scure m o e rn eor es .
Hi t ti s es
y p l i ly
m on t b li h th f t t h
a n t i t d f di ti
es a ti s es e ac , a ns e a O s nc o ns
an d difi ti
m o i ti g b tw
ca S i P h li i d th P i
ons ex s n e ee n assan an e v an e e rs an
o f th Sh dh N i
e h th y -b l t ly id ti l d th l g g
lm a , e are a so u e en ca ; an e an ua e
e re n e v
”
an rs
”
s re c se
th t i wh i h h i p
a n i w ttci — f h s y oe m s r en or e sa s
O O O O
And t h u s, unless we d y th
en e au t or h th e p ow e r and rig ht t o i nform h is
re a d e rs in w h tla an u a e
g g h e wri te s, h is e vi d e nce is conclusi ve , and th e
q ue stion dt e e rm i ne d .
*
A b out th e tim e th e se ci rcum stance s b e cam e k nown to th e wri te r Of
th e se Noti ce s, an O pp ortu nit y of com m uni cati ng wi t hP rofessor Lasse n
oc c urre d . Th e learne dP rofe ssor h ad se nt to th e Asia tic y S oci e t a
p ti f th t t ( h fi t fi h pt ) f th V
or on o e ex t te rs ve c a e rs o e en didad th j , en us
p bli h d by h i Fi di g th t th P h li i t l ti w t gi
u s e m . n n a e e v rans a on as no ven
w i th th t t ti d i
e ex p yi g h t p f th w i
, or no ce n an accom an n s or re ace , e r te r
off df h
e re pt orf P f t eL accet t h p d
ance o ro e ssor as se n som e e x rac s e osse sse
of h b k wh i h
t e t i d with h Z d t t
oo , P h li i t
c l ti
con a ne , t e en ex , a e v rans a on
f w di g wi th th
or ar p p th l tt wh i h d th ig t
n e se a e rs re e e e rs, c un e r e s na ure
of Ka ga h d pp d i All I di M il H l i
m r, a a e are n en s
’
n an a . e a so, n
th l tt
e dd d t P f L
e er a th re ssei f d t th
o ro e sso r asse n on e occas on, re e rre o e
op i i f P
n on o f W t g d d t il d b
ro e ssor d i g f thi es e r aar , as e a e a ov e , se n n or s
p p th t i p t f f w li h h d w itt t D Wil
u r ose e ranscr O a e ne s e a r en o r. son on
th bj t
e su ec .
P f L i
ro e ssor t w p d hi g t t t
asse n, n a cou r e ous ans e r, e x re sse s re re a no
b i g bl t b ib t h w it i w f th Z d l g g
e n a e o su sc r e o t e r er s v e
’
s O e en a n ua e ,
wh i h h id
c t b gei cons h i fly tw g
e rs d o e a e nu ne o ne , c e on o roun s
first, t h t it g
a i i t ly i
a re es so nt m a e n its sy ste m
'
of consonants wi th th e
ancie n t P i th it
e rs a n, tb d dt h bat m us i t l e co nsi e re o av e ee n a s s e r- an
g g ua e , c hi fly di ti g i h d by it
e ws l y t
n u s e w h i h h i b it s vo e s s em , c ex s se v e
ra l di i t t st ncf d t t
races o A d th t i w ld i th
a m o e rn s a e d . n a t ou , n e se con
p l b
ace , y t pp
e ne cessar if t h Z d l g g o su w fi t i t
ose,i th t e en an ua e as c ous, a
th Pi e i p d k wl dg f p ti g
ra s oss e sse a no th
e Z d e o com ara ve ram m ar, e en
b i g i h i I d G
e n r c i n l gi n o- e rm an c ana o es .
”
d ti g t
a ve r n p g
o som e i t i th
com m on l ti hi p f i t
ro e n o r, n e re a ons o s s e rs,
w as ne w an d w thy f id ti or t k i o ti
cons wi h the ra on, a en n conne c on t e
h di ti t p i i
ot e r s thnc q ti h f A q til d P
O n ons on e ue s on, t ose o n ue u e rron,
o f C l l R wli
o one f Si W J nso n, od th E gli h O i t li t ones, an o er n r en a s s .
‘
a r . s
Th t i t w f f
a l as h w th ar g rom t f th
c ear Z d i o i e a re e m e n o e en n ts con
so nanta l y t wi h th t f th P
s s em i w t p f f th l i hip
a o e e rs a n as roo o e re at ons
h P f b th lph b t
”
t e i d th
e rs an an A a i Z bé e th
sm n a n, or o use e sam e a a e ,
an d h l tt t e h th e pw
e rs A d f th
av e it w
e sam e okd e rs . n ur er as re m ar e ,
th ld b
e re cou d bt th t f e no ti ou ft th
, A bi a or so m e m e a er e ra an con
q t h P i l g g ti d t b w itt i it i t i di
ue s t e ers an an ua e con nue o e r en n s anc e n n
g e nons ( t lly p d d by th d
e v e n ua A b i su e rse e e m o e rn ra c
alph b t i t lf a e fi h t f Sy i ) th
, se an o h t wh i h i w
-s oo o r ac, e sam e c arac e r c s no
em pl y d i w i i g Z d d i
o e n r ti
tn d f w iti g P i
en , an s som e m es u se or r n e rs an
at h p t d y B t b ll it w b d th t th w l
t e rese n a . u a ov e a , as o se rve , a as e vo e
y t f th i t P i h t w id ti l with th t f th
s s em o e anc e n e rs an c arac e r as en ca a o e
S k itd i t
ans r th l t it id i
m us ll d g
ave en t f ili t ts a , n no sm a e re e , o ac a e
th p e d p iti f th Z d ¢
resu m e co m os on o e en
I h b
t id th t
as l gy
ee n sa i t i g d t ath l
ana o f i fl i
e x s s, n re ar o e oss o n e x ons,
b tw h E gli h l g g d P i I h
e ee n t e n s an ua e tb bl t
an e rs an . av e no een a e o
A pe rfe ct y
s ste m of le tters ough t to contai n o ne sp e c i fic sy m b ol for e ve r y
so und use d i n p ronounci ng th e language to wh i ch th e be lo nge d In th is res e ct th e
p y .
i In re gard to a na logie s ,
i t m igh t h av e be e n added, th at th e atte m t to i de nti f
p y
th e B e n gali wo rd bah i m by
’
th e p e rm utati on and
ex ci si on of le tte rs
, sh ows h ow far a p h i lologi st m ay be m i sle d w h o m i sa li es
pp
h is rules , and p erm i ts fanc to su e rse de u d m e nt — E d
p g y
i nb urgh R e vi e w, O cto j
be r 1 85 1 .
[Th e Bengali y
boh i ni is ob vi ousl de ri v e d from th e Sansk ri t bh a i ni a si ste r
g , Th e .
y; ;
ou
p weater and English si ster .
1 06 e nte r nor l c as o r PE RS I AN A N D zs s o .
[J U LY
th e d A gl S
ru e d y d ppi g t f it i fl i
n o- ax on,
gra uall d ro n m os o s n e x ons, an
d pti g f ig w d t
a o n ore li it d t t h b
n or s i h p o an un m e ex en , as e com e nt e roc e ss
o f ti th
m e pi p i p li h d d fl ibl E gli h i
e co ous, e x re ss v e , o s e , an ex e n s n u se .
B t th p h f P i w
u e s ee c f th l t th
o dy
e rs a, h e are sure , or e as ousan e a rs, as
i d th
re m a ne p f tt g lt d i i t g
e sam e ti l t
e r ec t on u e , u na e re n s ram m a ca s ru c u re ,
w d i h Shah Na h A d j dgi g f p p
e re a n t e - f
m a d . n u n rom ro e r nam es ou n
d G k f i th hi t i f Al d
un e r re e orm s h P y ti
n e s or ans o e xan e r, suc as ar sa s
”
for P t w n f i yb
a r -s R a f ,
”
R h l
a r - orn li l o x ana
”
or am a na c, tt e
s p l d
e n our d h th pp
an t
ot e rs, d b t t h t th e re a ears no re ason o ou a e
P i f th t d y w th
e rs an o a t g i whi h Fi d
a as i w t e sam e o n ue n c r au s ro e .
f th di i ti I i
”
Th e use o R e h l m th l t
nu v e t wi h n aus ana r, as e sam e e te r, t
i il
s m ff t i
ar e pl y d i M d l
ec , s em i ki P o l e li t l n ar a r,
”
m an n . e sara c,
”
t e
b y i
o , d P i ff d p g t i t
n m o e rn f th i id
e rs an, a i ty or s a re nan ns ance o e r e nt .
I th n q lP f L
e se ue ti d th t h i g
, ro essor asse n m e n one , a , av n no accu rate
k wl dg f P h li i h d li d ff i g y pi i
no e e o e v , P f e ec ne o er n an O n on on ro e sso r
We ste rgaard s vi e ws ’
of it . Th is is unfortuna te , for M . Burnouf co n
si d e rs th e Pe h li vi translation to be an dp
i n is e nsa bl dj e a unct to th e
M B f (P f lY c p iii ) y ’
. urnou re ace a na, . xx . sa s, On p ea t done rega rde r
f
’
com m e a n a i t cer ta i n, i il m an u e d ce tte as se r ti on la p r e u ve la
quo qu q
’
us déci si ve , a di re la P e h lvi e lu i -m é m e
’
p l c es t com
p a r a i son da tes ts
a ce c la tr a ducti on S a ne /tri te , que la tr a va i l da Ne ri oseny h es t u ne
T is h th e n is th e countr y th, e re re m ai ns d b t wh
little ou , e re , in co m
m unicati on wi t h th i e r co-re li
gi onists o f Ki w i h wh
rm an, t om a m o st
i ntim ate y b
i nte rcou rse h as g w alwa s e e n m a n a ne i t i d b h l g , ot an ua e s e re
inve nte d by h Pa i f I di t e rs s o n a.
R i g
e sum p p d f th
n , as id ti
ro f C l
ose l R w , a ur er cons e ra on o o one a
li nson s op i i
’
w fi d tw hyp h
n on, b ght f w d l t h t
e — n o ot e se s rou or ar e , t a
i tP i
anc e n p d d f w d l t it i fl i
e rs an once I
ossesse , an a te r ar s os s n e x ons .
‘
re ply t g th d y th t
o e l
e r, an
p y th t th p gg
sad d p k at o re a e oor, ru e , an u ns o
en l g g h Z d f h V didad w
an ua e , t e d i d f th P i f
en o t e en , as e r ve rom e e rs an o
an y g d th
a e , an gh p f d
rou t l d fi a t rocess o sace r o a care an re ne m e n so
na m e NOTI C ES or p anam a AN D zann .
er n o o cae o
confess m y se lf at a loss h o w t d l wi h th
o ea pti t d t ese assum ons, an m us
be co nte nt q tto uo e in m
y d f e e nce aH i d ta i p b w h i h t
n ush n rove r c us
runs Bh fi i p th r a ar ch orne k hh
o c oro .
th e Z e n dw as not e v e r p k l g g M E ki th ght th
a s o e n a n ua e . r
. rs ne ou e
sam e b i g th
and th is e n e case , it y w hm a d i
, d d i g
e resoev e r er ve , accor n
to so m e ,by wh or om so e v e r i t d
nve n e di g t th wi h t , accor n o o e rs, t ou
di p t b t k by b th
s u e e a en hi ti l o d t as ad ti l g g era ca , an no a em o c an u a e .
W il ly i h pt f th ”
D
’
r . s on s ana f th tw ty tw ss o F g d e en - o ar ar s or c a e rs o e
V di dé d will ff d t
en a
y ord i o f qani i g i t one f ll k w
es rou s o ac u r n a u no
l dg
e f th
e o p d l f th
e sco e an ligi t d
v a ue o y f th t b k e re ous e n e nc
”
o a oo .
L g g on wh a o, idi g P
e n re s
g é i t B n h d S
am on t th rs s a roac an ura , e
q ti f th th ti i ty f th Z d g g d y tt ti I
ue s on o e au en c o e en en a e m a en on . n
thi y
s, m l bj t
so e o t th t i ec d , i a h b a th d
t m e an l p t s nce , as ee n e eve o m e n
o f t th ru t th i i d t
: ru ti b l
s b t it d
n es ru c t p df e, ut oes no e sca e e ace m e n .
Sh ld th q l h w th t I
ou e se ue i t k
s o i y a l i am th m s a en n m conc us ons , e
t i
r um ph f t h will b y fl
o rut i i t w d e m su c en re ar .
A I l s th i p p
c ose I th t ths a e r, f Z d lit t se e i a e cause o en e ra ure s
i i g p g
re ce v n i ro tt ti re ss v e D Spi g l P f
a en on f O i t l
. r . e e , ro e sso r o r en a
L g g
an ua e s a t E l g wi th th
r an e n, i th gg d T h
o l e rs, d s us en a e . e e arne
P f ro esso r h i h p as t Vi
n t e diti f th Z di t
re ss a e nna an e on o e e n i v es a,
cons si ti g f th n o l 8 ree d t i i g th
v o s. igi l t t th
vo .
, an con a n n e or na ex , e
P h li i
e vi pi li t f i
v e rs on, a co ous di g d G s o v ar o us rea n s, an a e rm an
trans a l ti f th wh l
on o
[P e f W o et g. d t C p h g
ro essor t es e r aar a o e n a e n, oo,
h asi h p
n t e i ti l di i
re ss a cr f th wh l f th Z d T t with
ca e t on o e o e o e en ex s,
an E gli h t n sl ti rans a
g f t h t
o n, w Z d di l
ram m ar o t a p i e o en a e c s, co ous
d
concor ance an d di ti y di t ti c onar th I i , ti q i ti
sse r a t ] ons on e ran an an u es, e c .
Nove m ber, 1 8 52 .
NOTE .
For, i f not, i t m us t nece ssari l y follow, th at, notwi th sta ndi ng th e num e
”
ro us Sanskri t words i t contai ns, Persi an was not de ri ve d from Sanskri t . Havi ng
p re vi o usl y (p . 1 90 ) sai d,
“
Th i s pe o p le speaki ng Sa nskri t could be no oth er th an
a num e ro us colon y w h i ch h ad m i gra te d fro m B abylon, on i ts conq uest by th e
or 4 9% q
s uare m ile s . Of t i s, h acre s, or 35 5 s q u are m ile s, we re
ac tuall y c o v e re d wi t h wate r at th e ti m e its outli ne was su rve y di e n
Fe b ruar y 1 8 24 .
h t it i h ll w
I n ge ne ral c ly di g 6 f t d
arac e r s s a o , rare ex ce e n ee , an
m dy h p t whi h f f w d b t q it l wh
ud in t ose ar s c are re e o ee s, u u e c ear e re
th eseb d thi k ly i p t bl
a oun f b l h d
c , ne ar m e ne ra e , m asses o u rus es an
high g d th w t th
rass su rroun d th h f h e e s e rn, sou ern, an nor e rn s ore s o t e
lk f
a e, id bl di t i l d th t h i g l
or a cons era e s ance n an e eas e rn s ore s e ne ra
ly p O d f e n, f h N p ptibl b k pp
an ree d o rus e s . o e rce e an a e ars, an
h
t e t y th t b d
coun r it i d y d l t fi t th gh i
a or e rs on s a rear , e so a e a , ou n
pl wi h g t ti f th
so m e ac e s k t d t wh l
t a ve e a on o e ran es an m os un o e som e
nature .
h hb
w ic t i il ity t th M
e ar a rem o e P s m ar o e or una, or san dy hill k oc s
h t ki t th
t a s rh b tw th T pti d N b dd i
e se a-s ore e ee n It e a an ur u a r v e rs .
i l w thy f
s a so or k th t th
o d l ti
re m ar p d f
a ose un u a ons are com ose , as ar as
Ih b bl t
av e ee n a i f d ift
e d th t th y t d t i
o e xam ne , o r -san
; a e ex e n a cons
d bl i t
era e l f th
n erva s t id
rom f th N ll i th w t ly
e eas ern s e o e u n a nor - es e r
an d th sou t ly di ti
-e as e r if th w p by
re c th ti
on, as f th ro n u e ac on o e
w f th
av e s o by th w t w ll
e sea S h d idg
a sou - t b
es s e . uc san r e s are o e
m et wi th th w t near d eth b f M t Ab
e s e rn an sou e rn ase o oun oo .
Fi nmth lb i g f th
e usua idg d i th p
e ar n t b
o f
e r es, an n e rese n a se nce o
th e sea,it y b i f m a d th t th
e tin erref th h w t w i
a d e ac on o e sout - es n s
h i t d th i f
ave ass s e ti e rth w ld h
orm a d f th
on, as e sea ou ave one , or e se
wi dn s m us t b l w d i g th o with g
ur n t i l h
e m onsoon rea v o e nce ov e r suc an
Oth w i
er l l
se t y th
ev e il b ing in
coun r t pl
,
l
e fi
so e m os aces a oose , ne ,
l lO ns sc a rp rro s '
or ru n s w w u s s LA K E
a -
[Jo n
B e twe e n th e ri dg e s are e x te ns v e i by h ig a t f
s, lt th
av n a crus o sa on em ,
alon
g th e coast w ich h are inun d t d by h fl d tid Th y t d
a e e ac oo e . e ex en
th is m anne r. Wh e re v e r th e yh b av e ee n cu t h tgh by h
rou h t e rus
of w ate r d urin
g th e m onsoon, h i pp
t e r a e arance i h s f t h igh b k
at o a an
stan ce , cornea s ,
It is p ibloss e som e of t h d
e se u n ulati ons m a
y h av e b e en form e d in
th e first ins tance by som e u ph e avi n
g force from blwe o , for we h av e
b p
a u ndant roo f in m an yp G t th t
arts of th e w este rn p ortions o f u ze ra a
hyh
t e av e t d
at re m o e p id b an h di t b d by l
re c e nt er o s e e n m uc s ur e vo
i
os n c a e nc
g y h f i i
t d ef f lt
o rm e r i th d t s ev k e nt ro m au s n e san s one roc s
ne ar Ah d ggm e 60 nu il th
u r, f Ah d b d d f th
m es nor o m e a a , an rom e
b l i dyk wh i h h b f d p h gh h i l b d f
asa tc es c av e een orce u t rou or zonta e s o
fi dt
ne san s one b h i K y w dC t h ot n yg d att a pl f ar an u c a ve r oo e x am e o
wh i h i t b
c s t h t w
o e see n af Th 38 il t th e t f Rj t
o no an, m es nor -e as o a co e .
Th f e i
orm at oni ddi h p t d t th t t f whi h p
s a re s com ac san s one , e s ra a o c a
p h i t l Th gh th t t dyk f l
e ar or zon a . rou b lt h e se s ra a, a e o co u m nar asa as
b f d h dyk i b t 8 f t wi d d pp t h b
e en orce t e e s a ou ee e , an a e ars o av e e en
force d ti lly th gh th l
v er ca , li h i
ou t l lik h t t
e f
co u m ns e or zon a , e t e s ra a o
d
san stone wh it l a t pp
e ca care ous t th di i i f th ce m e n a e ars a e v s ons o e
l
co um ns Th dy k
. p t t th f
e e c r0 d b t s ou d o e sur ace , an can e race a con
s i d bl di t
e ra e f i g h b d f th t k t Th
s ance as orm It t i k
n t e un o e an a an . s r es
nor th d an th Th p pl f Th
sou . h t d h dyk t g d
e eo e o an av e u rne t e e o oo
accou n ti f i g w ll by
n o rm t n ti g th eb lt whi h f it
s e x rac n e asa , c rom s
l
c o um nar f ti i orm aily d on d l i g th
s e as dt ith one , an eav n e san s one on e er
th dt
e san s one i p d Th w ll t
s roc ure l b .pp ife e s o a casua o se rve r a e ar as
t d f
e x cav a e th dt
rom k bt l e i ti
san s one roc h w th , u a c ose e xam na on s o s e
w y h y
a t e d are m a e .
O f th t ff t
e m ore rece n f l i g y th thq k i th
e ec s o v o can c a e nc e ea r ua e n e
y e ar1 8 1 9 i g d p
s a l f i
oot w f l th l
e x am
gth d b e,d th f
or as e t e en an re a o
th p e in
rov fG t
ce o dh l ft th
uze ra t l ti g
, an k f it as e e m os as n m ar s o s
rs r m : rs rnrm s or x s m
'
aw s a . 1 11
m ig hty p w b th o h d b d d i C th
er o at A m e a a an n u c . O ne of th e fine st
m os ues q t th f apl ll d th J
e M o rm e r ace , ca e e um m a us j id w , hi as m uc n
j d d it t
ure , an i t wh i h w
s s one m y nare s, c e re v e r re m ar a k bl f ib ti ge or v ra n
on an
y p d i g t th i
e rson asce n i t d k i n o e r sum m an roc n g h i lf f m se rom o ne
sid t th
e th o w h l d t th g d M
e o e r, e re ur e o e roun . an y th o q er m os ue s,
th gh b ilt
ou t b t ti lly f t w
u m os t su s an a o s one , e re re n an d k d i ll
crac e n a
T is h e arth q k ua e h ad an e x traor di y ff t th
nar e ec on e spri ngs of w ate r
in th e w e lls in m an yp arts of th Ah
e d b d C ll m e a a o e ctorate m th e
lan d s of th e v illa e s
g of Tajp oor C h angodur Sunath ul Te laow
, , , , and
o thers to th e y d f 6 t 1 0 il di t t
sou th -west of th e c it , an rom o m es s an ,
p i t
re v o usth th q k o b k i h w t
e e ar w f d f 60 t
ua e,7 0 rac s a er as oun rom o
f tf
ee th f
ro m b q t t th
e su r ace thq k w t su w se ue n o e ear ua e s ee w ate r as
found i th l d
n t f 1 5 t 30 f t f
e sam e th
an s a f Si i rom o ee rom e su r ac e . m
lar c h g th gh with
an e s, t y ff t w b d i th ll
ou a con rar e ec , e re o se rv e n e we s
o f y ill g
m an v 30 il
a es th f th i ty p ti l ly t
som e m es so u o e c , ar c u ar a
R p loo au d S th l i th Dh lk p g
an an w ll th t h ld w t
u , n e o a u r u nna e s a e s ee
w t b
a er lt d t t lly
ecam c sa fit f y p ,p an d i t
o a un or an u r oses, an re m a n so o
Th e bj t f th i dig i i t h w th t th N ll y h b
o ec o s re ss on s o s o a e u m a av e e en
whi h h c N ll
t e w u no by h i g p i d th l d it
cov ers, or av n u ra se e an o c cu
p i e s, d w h
ani h d i i d K
c ty w v f Ges t at Th i l att th
ar y rom uz e ra . s a er e or
I i li d ( ft
am nc ne f l i p ti
a e r a care u f th t yi ll di
ns e c ti ) on o e coun r na re c ons
t d t d will dd
o a v oc a e , an ak i pp t f it
uce som e re m ar s n su or o .
I di ly th f th N ll d b t 2 0 il di t t i th
m m e ate nor o e u , an a ou m es s an , s e
p t t th
rese n m os t
so u i y f th
e rn e x re m ll R Th t i h w
o e sm a e r unn . e re s, o
e ver, a ra n i w t h l t di g y il f thi p i t i h
a er c anne , ex en n m an m es rom s o n n t e
di recti f th N ll
on o d whi h t
e u ,
h an t l d i f thc ac s ast y t e na u ra ra n o e co u n r ,
by i
carr
y g ff t
nh w o t i t eth L i ttl
a er R F
n o th eth e u nn. rom e sou e rn
t
e x rem ity f th N ll th o e t y i u l w lt flt
e cou n r pl i y i i l s a o ; sa a or a n, v e r s m ar
ina pp t h R
e arance it lf
o t e whi h h u nn p fl w
se , ov e rf h c t e su e r uous ate rs o t e
N ll by p i g h
u , ass n i , i fy
av e t d th p
n a se r es o t i e ars e x cav a e e rese n r ve rs
ca ell d th Bg w e d D k
o a a wh i h an it th
on ar, ill g f c un e ne ar e v a e o
Dh u l 2 0 il
u a a, m th f es sou h th Bg w romflw i th
e nce e o a a o s n a sou
t ly di
e as e r ti til i t j i
re c on, u n th S b tti i o ns f w il e a urm u r v e r, a e m es
b it b h i t th G lf f C b y
a ov e s em ou c ure n o e u o am a .
Th t y
e cou n r ith id
on e f th l k ier s ll d by the o p pl h e a e s ca e e eo e t e
N ll K th
u an C th a, or d fi i i f whi h th f ll wi g t t
au a, a e n t on o c e o o n e x rac
f rom C l l T dd W t I di wi ll pl i
o one o
’
s es e rn C th n i t a ex a n an a s no
on ly th g e l d ig ti
e ne ra f es t na on or a
g i b t i t t hi d y
coas or m ar n, u s o s a
1 12 ne sc a re r ro s or m e sa w -w ar e s Lax s [J o n
b e e n re stricte d to th e fe nn yp ortion of th e h d f th g lf (C lp )
ea o e u o us
w ich h , u niting as it d oe s wi th h
'
I b li e e ve y d d th t b th th l g d ll
i t is ge ne rall a m itte a o e ar e r an sm a er
R unns w e re d h w t d th y th f
at o ne tim e cov e re wi t t se a a e r, an e e re ore m us
h b av e t d wi th th
e e n c onne c e by i h th G lf f C t h th e se a e t er e u o u c or e
L kp t C h
uc u l li k ly by b h
anne , It i
or, m ore l ly e , ot . s a so com m on
b li d th t h d pth f w t w
e ev e a t e h t bl b t t ply
e o a er as suc as o e na e oa s o
from p i ttone h By i p ti f th
o n o anot e r ty I . ld an ns ec on o e cou n r am e
t b li
o e th w
e ve f ly th i d di
e re tas i with th
orm e r by a r re c c o nne ct on e sea
th G lf f C
e u b y d l g h l w lt
o am a , t y l di g t th
an a on t e o sa coun r ea n o e
N ll u df
, an h t th Littl R rom t e nce If h w th o h e e u nn . suc as e case , t e
p t P i l f K ty w w ld th h b
re se n e n ns u a o at i l d lik
a ar ou en ave e e n an s an , e
C t h
u c .
o f g d a oo
p f K tty w
m a th t t k
o i g th a
g f b i lla J
ar,d a , a n e ran e o s ne ar as um
an d C h t yl o e t ll th i t
a as a ce n re , a y p i t f th e r v e rs run o ever o n o e com
p thas s th t i t th N ll
ose on d G lf f C
e cas by h tn o e u an u o am a t ose o
h th f lli g i t th Littl R th th h i h
t e nor a n n o e t e unn ; ose on e sout n o t e se a ;
an d h t ose th w t i t th G lf f C t h
on e es It will l bn o b d e u o u c . a so e o se rve
th t h a ly t
t e on h t i t th
s ream s t Dh lk id f th
t a ex s on e e as e rn or o a s e o e
N ll flw u th w t o hil th
to e h K tty w
es , i d flw
w t di
e ose o n t e a a ar s e o e as , s
ti nctly h wi g th dip f h s o n t y d th t th N ll i
e o w
t e coun r , an a e u s e ve n no
th l w t p t
e o es ar .
It i i s l t
cu r ous,b th t f a so, th w t oid f th
o se rve, a rom e es e rn s e o e
s id ef th o My h i i di t i di t li f b 8 0
e r v e r, a s ance n a rec ne o a ov e
m il th es, i i fl wi g f th w t t h
e re s no r v e r t o d ll n ro m e es o t e e as ; on e an a
flw f th
o rom th t d t t th w t
e nor d-eas th w t an e as o e es an sou - es .
Th h G lf f C
at t b y h d y diff t li t wh t it h
e u o am a a a ver e re n out ne o a as
a tp t
rese n d h t it ,t d d an hf h
t a th i pp t f
ex e n e m uc urt e r nor , s a are n rom
th fe ti orm af th t y f
on o lt w t b h e t
coun r bi g , rom sa - a er us es or re e s e n
con s t tly an y l g di t w i l d d f t t f
seen v e r on ys an s n an , an rom rac s o countr
h ig h b
av n d
t e li pp
arre n an k bl l g th sa ne a e arance so rem ar a e a on e
h
s ores o f th G lf d i th tw Re u b i d th w t i th
an n e o unus es es, e a er n e
w ll i
e h l liti b i g lly lt b ki h
s n suc oca es e n usua sa or rac s .
w 1 13
'
r a s rs rm aw a n
'
m s or s am .
res id d i e th i np in s rov t di y h g h t k
ce , som e e x raor nar c an e s av e a en
p l ace ,w h i h i t c y b i tm a ti g t e d i f
n e re s n ly f th k
o recor f , m e re or e sa e o
h wi g h w
s o n ily i
o e as i l lik th t whi h n a so i t i th l e liti Ia c ex s s n e oca es am
w iti g b
r n t a ou w i , ne h l
r ve rs f d d h w ily
or c anne s are orm e an o e as a
b dy f w t
o o h w y pp th R
a e r, su c as e m a h b su y
ose e unn to av e ee n, m a
h av e b d i d 3 d it f
ee n ra ne 0 , h l l d p
an s orm e r c anne s c ose u .
I th fi t i t
n e rs I y ti th Bh d i whi h lly
ns a nce , m a m en on e a u r r ve r, c us ua
flw d p t R p
o e as d D d k
an oor an df d th un oo a, k f th an orm e e cree o e
p ort f D ho ll I o th
e ra . y 1 8 1 7
n d be q t
e arl y i 1 8 3 3 3 4 , an su se uen n -
,
o wi g t n k w
o som e un no i t l f it h n cause , l b t 4 il w t f e t s c anne a ou m es es o
D d kun oo s , an d d i g th l tt ur n p i d t f it lf e a er ti ly er o w cu or se an e n re ne
h l di t
c anne , a f 1 5 il i
s ance o th t ly di
m es ti d it d
n a nor -e as e r rec on, an un e
it w t
s wi h th
a e rs tf th N ll whi h flw d w th D g w i
ose o e u c o o n e o a a r v e r,
th p i t f j
e o n ti
o b i g th i ll g f H dd l
unc on e n near e v a e o u a a.
I 1 8 2 4 it i
n ti d i th
s m e n one y p t th t th tid t d d
n e surve re or a e es e x e n e
as f ar H dd l
as I u J y 1 8 50 th y t d d y il
a a. n anu ar e ex e n e m an m es
f th
ur
p er u d d ,i gan h y flur n d t h w t eav f t h N
oo s ll d t h e a e rs rom e u an e
surroun di g n t y wh i h i f q
coun r , tly f c y il i t t
s re u en or m an m es n ex e n
d
un e r w t t b
a e r, m us ni t d f whi h
e u e th b ki h
; rom f c cause e rac s ness o
th w t e f th N ll
a er o
y e b t t i
u b t d t
m ah g h te
g a t r
y th
u e i , ou , s ran e o sa , s
b racki h s d u ess t h w i t lf
oes no il s o th ft th
se unt ti som e m on s a er e ce ssa on
o f th i d
e ra n, an id bl p ti f th w t h b
a cons e ra e or d d
on o e a e rs av e e e n re uc e
by p ti e v a o ra d by b i g b
on, an b d by h th e n a sor e t e ear .
Th ill g f V k
e v a e o i it ecd i i g g d th t
rea s s uate on r s n roun on e e as e rn
h f th N ll b t h lf il di t t Th
s ore o e u , a ou a a m
g de b s an . e re are a oo num er
o ft d th ill g Thi i i g g d ff d p
re e s aroun e v a e . s rs n
g d roun a or s a e rson a oo
i w f th l k
v e o eTh a e . t y withi i w l k bl k
e coun r dd l t n v e oo s ea an e so a e
th ere are f w t a e th t
re e s ne ar h d t e e as ern sld t i ore , an a one o ree s a
p l ace ll d H
ca e i l
g j A n ( f d a i
m g) H wor t h i or cross n i . o s nam e or
g i t
us ed I w b l as t b t
una i y e y o o ti f t y
a n i f anti v er sa s ac or n orm a on,
b y d th t f
e on a ly i t w orm e r i d th w as t pl ll d Hi gl j
sa e re as a em e ca e n a
M t a a
“ i l d i h N ll
on an s an d th t thi w
nt e u h f d , an i gt a s as t e or or cross n o
it . N i f thi t pl
o re m a ns o w t b
s em th h
e are no
g t h d i t i o e se e n, ou e re c on
i wh i h it w
n c pp d t h b it t d w p i t d t Thi
as su ose o av e e en s ua e as o n e ou . s
w as h ly t di i
t e on f th
ra ti q i ty
t on o f th N ll whi h I e an ld
u o e u c cou
I rre ular
g H orse . No th
o ki d f b t p p
er n o oa a ears to be use d hi : t s
th e s ot,
p from th e bl h u rus es h h w ic gro w t l x i tly
m os Th u ur an . e
b t p ight th p t k d ( ) i th id i w f th
,
t d
oa m an s an s u r on e ar m ar e e n e s e v e o e
t p
ra s ; th p t e k d ( ) i th
ar m ar e i w h c th wn id d e sam e v e as e t o s es an
th e f t p t
ron i d t p ar ra se t th w t , o i g b d h
re v e n e a er com n on oar e re
e i th p er g asse n e rs or
g d p l d f it
oo s are y ace or secur .
Th t ti
e cons ruc f thi p i iti on o b t di pl y s idr m bl kill ve oa s a s cons era e s ,
from th p i t ( ) th tw id pi
e on e ep t d t o s et igg e ce s se ara e an ac as ou r e rs
th t
e s e rn pi i t k f th
e ce or m a n i run i i t
o i d hi p e canoe ncre ases n s ze o m s s,
an dt p i t th f k t ( )
a e rs no e d by th b w pi
or a c All th p t
m a e e o eces. e ar s
are fi ly b rm d t g th with b l h
oun o e d th
er k p th u rus es, an e canoe ee s e
form , h w i th d wi g
as s o n n wh e lift d whi h tw
ra n , e ve n en e , c o m en can
e as ily d t ith
o, o ne a d e er e n .
M hl g t p
uc ar e r d d
ra as are pl y d i t ki g p pl
m a e an are em o e n a n eo e
f rom pl t
one th
ace w ll
o ano diff t ti l f f d l
e r, as e as e re n ar c e s o oo a so
sm u gg l d p i
e w h i
o h i t
um k , i l g q c t i t
si f a en th G i w n ar e uan es rom e u co ar
di t i t
s rc s th
across N ll i t K tty w
e d i g th ight I
u n o a a ar ur n e n . n
F b e y 1 8 5 1 th ti f y i i t th w t f th N ll w l
ruar , e m e o m v s , e a er o e u as c e ar
an d w t t th t t b t wh
s ee o e as e , p li t f g w b u e re v e r a ec u ar sor o rass as o se rv
e d g wi g th w t w
ro n , lw y
e l
a er th i th
as a p t w h it
a s c e are r an n ose ar s e re
w b t I i p t whi h I h d b ght f th p po f
as a se n . n an ron un , c a rou or e ur se o
e xam i i g th N ll it t k
nn e u h with tw
, oo t p
us one t t igh t our o m en o un s ra
ina s t igh t li ra t 3 4} il
ne a cos, m es .
Th f w fi h i th l k
e re are e s dI nly f ed th th a e, f an on oun e ree or our
ki d f h ll d
.
n s o ti
s e s m en one .
Th p pl l g th h
e eo e a on p li t f t f t hi g
e s ores use a ec u ar sor o ne or ca c n
ll d d k h
”
fih s , ca Ch
e p a It i am f i s. ti 3 f t 6 i s m a ei o sx s c s, ee nc es n
l gth
en ll , a d t th pp d th t i f t d t th l w
secure a e u e r en : e ne s as ene o e o er
en d f th ti k
o e sd it i p c d lik
s, an b ll wh
s s rea dy f e an um re a en rea or use ,
an d i l f 6 f t i di
co ve rs a c rc e o t Th ee pp d f th t n am e e r. e u er en o e ne
i h ld by l p
s e th fi g
a oo ond th ti e d by th p
n e r, an h e ne s use e e rson as e
w d a es th g h th w
rou t p t h i e w i t a er u t h l w by
o t tlsy as , or ra er o e r, cons an
i i g th
ra s n t dfe ne and h dram e ; an p hi g it d w th as e a v ance s us n o n on e
b tto om If . fih a wi thi s th i l
com e s it i di t ly t ik n e c rc e , m m e a e s r es
a a ns
g i t th t w h i h
e ne ti , i t n c m o i t d t
on s a th fi g by o ce com m un ca e o e n er
i n r u n re m ai ns o n x xm aw a a . 1 15
th e loo p h
w e n th e m an at once p f h i fi g d th d p ro s th e loo rom s n e r, an e
ne t f ll t th b tt
a s o e th o i k om , i i g p igh t h d
e st c s re m a n n df t u r : an s an ee are
th en e m pl y d g pi g f th fi h Wh
o e ro n or d th l p i g i
e s . e n sec ure , e oo s a an
a dj t dus e d th
, an d It i
e m an a v ance s . lf b f th t s u sua or a nu m er o em o
fi h t g th i
s o e er i i l
n a se m d th i d f fi hi g pp t h
-c rc e an
, e rm o e o s n a ears o ave
b e e n co pi d f th l g t k f q tly
e rom e ar e s nr i ll t k
so d
re uen se e n n a an s an
i
r v e rs i G n t uzeraIt i hw . di fli lt t d
s, o ib
ev e r, b y d th cu o e scr e, e on e re
b i g
e n an alt t ti
e rna e m o f th t on o it i lift d dp e ne d t th as s e an resse o e
b tt fi t
o om , rs i d th
on one s th th
e, d th
e n on i f t e o th er, an en n ron , as e
fih d
s e rm e n a v ance across a pi f w t ec e o a er .
Th e nam e o f th N ll it t ik e u , th s r igi t d f
es m e, it m us av e or na e rom s
h i g t
av n a ti one b th h l whi h ti w ld d ig t
m e ee n e c anne c na ve s ou es na e
ra il or nu ll l di g w t ea f n pl t th
a er rom onef th ace o ano e r, as rom e
B i t th G lf f C b y S h h
unu n o e u o am la t b
. uc i th c anne s are o e se e n n e
p resen t d y i t
ah pp
n de u f th G lf
er en f C t h
o d i
e b d i u
y o u c , as e scr e n m
pp a e r on th t l ali ty d if by
oca ,y ani d t th th h
an l w
acc en e ree c anne s no
i ti g i th G lf f C t h w
ex s n n e u o l d p w h ld h
u c e re c ose i il ; u , e s ou ave a s m ar
th ou
g h l g h t
a r e r, s eef w t t h o t h N ll
a er t t h h d an f t h G lf
e u a e ea o e u .
inv es ti g ti a th on I p bl f ff di gi th R
an am ca a e o w
a or p w hi h n s e unn or s am c
surrou n s d th p i e l di f t
e n nsu a, k it n i l d Th G lf f
an n ac m a es a s an . e u o
Cth p t t f
u c e ne ra es as P t ar as d Bjj i i Jh ll w
a ree an wh itu om a n a a ar, e re
i j i d by
s o ne i il w
a s m p whi h i
ar s am t d with th G lf f c s conne c e e u o
C byam a Dh ll
ne ar It w ld
o e ra q i di t ti t d j ti
. ou re u re a sse r a on o o us ce
t thi
o s t di
e x raor y pi f w t b t I y b
nar ece o a er ;th t i t i u m a o se rve , a s
t di ti
ra on w ll k w e - dg
no lly b li
n, an d th t th i f
e nera e ev e , a e v o ce o m an
cou ld b h e d f C t h t K tty w
ear rom u c d pp i t J i
o a a w ar ; an O os e oo ra, no a
sea p t th w
or , ere f t p th t l w w t
as a oo - a b t h i th
a o a er u suc s e
b
o sc ur ity i whi h t n ti
c f y t d y
ransac ons o l d g th
es e r a are i nv o v e am on e
na ti v es of th t y th t
e coun r thi l t i
, a t
ev e n w hi h i s tt ias c rcum s ance , c s a r
b td t
u e o p ti ly d d t
a com ara ve b t tw h d d y
m o e rn a e, or a ou o un re e ars
g
a o, i l
s m e rey l g d at h t
e t h en f w ,h i h i e t
ru b t ti
o t d by y c s no su s an a e an
f t
ac s o r recor s . d ‘
i
Th i
ere p s a li k
ecu ar ran
g d w h i h w
rass, or ree
g th hy , c ro s on e m ars
l d dj i i g th N ll whi h i
an s a o nn e u , f c ity ff d f d n seasons o d scarc a or s oo an
em pl y t t h d d f p p pl Th d h
o m en o un re s o oor ll
eo e . e ree as a sm a
b lb
u ous t f
roo ,d k l o a ard d with h i li k t
co ou r, an cov e re a r- e roo s or
fib ll
res a Th i i d g p
ov e r . d d i d i th
s s u u an th fib re n e sun e re s are
care u f lly d nd th t i th g d i t fl
rem ove , a e roo s Th b en drotm no our . e re a
1 16 m ax o n m a rsr n nws or x a r rv a w a a
' '
.
[J o ns
'
m a e d from t is h as h
h d by a swee tis pl t t t , an no m eans an un easan as e ,
th i e r bi th it i t iti
r g h b t
s nu ri t i ly
ous t i
enou y , u , ncau ous ea en n an
q tity by p
u an dt wh l
e rsons use f d it i p t t b i g
o m ore o esom e oo , s a o r n on
i l t dy
v o en t y di fl
se n e r ti f th b w l
, an ft p
n am m a on oi g f t l e o e s, o en rov n a a .
Th fib e pp d by th p pl t b d dly p i
res are su ose It i th i
e eo e o e a ea o son. s s
d l h t d th g d whi h it g w l bl d
re e a one t a re n e rs e roun on c ro s va u a e, an an
obj f t ti
ec t o con e n
g h i ll g on am on d th N ll T
t eh d v a e s aroun e u . e ree
or
g p
rasst fi d ar ll t th '
t h f
a or s an e x ce h en a c or ouses .
By h d f th t e en th f M o h th w t i th N ll h b
e m on o arc e a er n e u as e c om e
b ki h d th h t
rac s , an das be o d
season a vance s e com es m ore an m ore so,
un til i t i fit f s un
y p p I or an w h th
ur ose f ll .f n som e seasons, en e a o
d i g th ur n h b y ty th w t f th N ll
e m onsoon as ee n v e r scan , e a e rs o e u
di pp wh th g d t
sa e ar, en th
e t pp
roun n m usf th assum e e e xac a e ara ce o e
Runn .
Iw as m uc h sur rise p d at d
fin ing so fe w wil d fowl on th e Null, for
wh en all th e tanks aroun d w ere swarm ing wi t h wil dd ucks of all
ki dn s, scarcely w t b th w t
one f th N ll th gh
as o e see n on e a er o e u , ou
im m e nse fl k f t h g t d h lik w t b
oc s o corm oran s, s a s, coo es, an suc e, e re o e
i
se e n n all di ti F th i I h ld g th
rec th t lth gh th w t
ons . rom s s ou a er a a ou e a er
o f th N ll pp
e d w t t th t t th
u a eare t b s li ee o e as e, e re m us e som e sa ne
i g di t i it whi h
n re en s d it p l t bl t wild d k th gh
n , c re n e rs un a a a e o uc , ou
sn i p l g th
e a on hy dg w b d t e m ars e es e re a un an .
A f w fi ld f wh t
e the t s oh w i ig t d f th ea on e eas e rn s ore e re rr a e rom e
w t f th N ll wh
a e rs o I i it d it d th y pp d i fl i hi g
e u en v s e , an e a eare na our s n
p d f th l d
th e ch ie f th l k d ing th
ro uce rom e an s near e a e ur e m onsoon.
F th p l
or d th e i f ti b di d i thi
an, area, an som e o er n orm a on e m o e n s
p p I i d bt d t th
a e r, d f th R
am S y d in
n e e o e recor s o e e ve nue urve m a e
1 8 24 Th i f
. ti th d d i q lly ppli bl w
e n orm a on e n recor e s e ua a ca e no .
— Tem p les i n th e C i rcars of Ba i ta lbari
Buddlust Ca ve '
Arrr . V II .
a nd D ow la ta ba d, i n H H th e N iz am s D om i ni ons
’
By W . . . .
H B R A D LEY , Es , S ur e on, B
.
q g o m ba
y A rm
y, attach e d to
. H H . .
th e Niz a m s S e rvice
’
.
Wrr n d ipti
th e following f th C t pl f Bit lb i e scr ons o e av e - e m es o a a ar
d D wl t b d i H H th Ni D i i whi h w fi t ’
an o a a a , n . . e zam s om n ons, c e re rs
b gh t t h ti f th C t pl C itt by C pt i B
rou o t e no ce o e ave - e m e om m ee a a n o se ,
(see v o l i p t 2.p u
'
I h . th arp l , t f . w d l av e e e asure o or ar se v e ra
I ip ti i th C h t whi h I w
nsc r ons n e f t av e -c
t t arac e r, c as so or una e as o
o bt i f th Pip l Kh M
a n rom y d l f th l g
e a ora onaste r , an a so rom e
.
ar e
Vi h p th Bit lb i pl t
ara u on Th w h l
e a a h df d ar a e au . e o e are m uc e ac e ,
b t till I h p
u s g h i by w h i h t
o e e nouh g l b
re m a ns
y c e e ne ra se nse m a e
d
m a e ou t Ih l . l d l h t k by
av e a so e nc ose l t se v e ra o t e rs, a en m e on a a e
tou r Th th
. l g i th Blb dh h
e re e t
on w ones hd n e a o c arac e r e re u ne art e
by f th i f ld t pl t B gli i K di h h d i y
m e rom e ru ns o an o em e a a , n an s : t e e t
or igi lly w
na hipp d w M h d b t t p t it i
ors e p i d by
as a a e o, u a re se n s oc c u e
M gb an wh h oas, d t d it t K i h Th i ip ti w
o ave e vo e o rs na . e nscr ons e re
coa e t d with d
ove r d wh it w h Th gh th P di
m u t an e- as . ou e un ts o
wh omIh h d pp t ity f h wi g th i ip i
av e a an o or un o s o n ese nsc r t ons are
a bl t d th h t th y
e o re a t d th
e c arac e r, f it e canno re n e r e se nse o .
I w ld h f w d dou p l ave d d wi
or g f t h ar e I som e ans an ra n s o e cav e s
h d ib d b t h i g d th
ave escr e , l g
u l Iav n td f m a e em on a a r e sca e , m us e er
d i g thi f f w d y til I h d pt d pi f th t th
o n s or a e a s, un av e a a e co es o em o e
i
s ze o f th J l e ourna .
-
c n n u rs e s O P
a BA I TALBA BI .
fromth f lli g f th p df
e a n o e scar e t g h i gb i d
ron a e d it d b i
av n ur e un e r s e r s
th p th l di g t it
e a Th t bl ea n o . e a e -anl d y h b p
m a h p 8 00 f t e re e, e r a s. ee
1 18 nu nnnrs r c av e r e ne w s
- '
[J U LY
b
a ove th e lowlan d s of Kandish , l ing y at its fee t : th e cav es occur
b
a out -
two t hi d r s th e way own d .
i l
a s e s, i t wh i h n o d h b
c d ll p
re cesse d
c am t y e rs an ce s o en an a sanc uar ,
wi ht ti b l
v es d id h p l
u e , an s e c a e s.
Th et d h p ti lly f ll it l gth i 8 0 f t d
ou e r v e ran a as ar a a en ; s en s ee , an
b dth 1 7 f t Th t iti
rea ee . t i t d by h p l b i g
e e x re m es are e rm na e c a e s, e n
tw p il t
o i
as e rs ti Th t p
n an s th w t . id i a h hkd p u on e e s e rn s e s m uc c o e u
with d
m u d f , anth w t rom ll ti g i th t di e ti d i g th
a e r co ec n n a re c on ur n e
i
ra ns, th lpt
e scu h b ure d f d U p th t id th
as ecom e e ace . on e eas e rn s e, e
fl t d h ft d ph l pit l with l t i g l
u e s a s an am ora ca p nd t t a s c us e r n eav es e an a
e i th er g l anf th e b o B d ef tt
a acus h i w .k d an s o rose e s, c a n- or , an
d p y
ra e r i l th
e nc rc e h ft I ll
e s a f2 f t q
. t th
n a sm a recess o ee s uare a e
w t e s e rn s id th ie, i ip ti
e re i th
s ld C
an nscr h t Th on n e o av e -c arac e r . e
w d h
or s b av e t i th
ee n cu k d b q tly t d with fi n e roc , an su se ue n coa e ne
t
s u cco : th w lp i t i
e vo e y pl pp t h b p i t d
on s n m an aces a e ar o av e een an e .
U f t
n or una e t ly th i ipti f e itnscr p d it ti h b on, rom s ex ose s ua on, as e com e
m uc h d d l i gb t
e ro e , e av ny ll p ti th t u a ve r l ly b sm a or on a can c ear e
d t
m a e ou .
Th t
e d i pi d by fi d w y l di g i t th h ll
ou e r v e ran a s e rce ve oor a s, ea n no e a .
Th t
e ce n re one i th t s t d it j
e m os b d t d with
ornam e n e s am s are ecora e
d bl fig
ou e d ll d fl
ure s, an l d ig scro e with d bl f i b ora es ns, a ou e r eze a ov e ,
f ll f
u o p t t t i i g lpt t l bly
com ar m e n s, con a n n t d Th scu u re o e ra e x ecu e . e
su bj t i
e c s are v ar ous l p t B ddh i difi
se v e ra t p iti
re f rese n u a n
'
e re n os ons o
b t ti
a s rac d i
on, an hi tt d t
n one k h dd db
s a e n an s are sna e- oo e , an ear
v esse s ul p th i h ld
on O
e r s ou g p t k e rs . k b l ne rou s ruc m e as re m ar a e,
from h i g ti d f i il f it p th w ll i th h ll f th
av n no ce a acs m e o u on e a s n e a o e
I d S bbh t Ell
n ra u a, a It p t f
ora . l li i g in p rei rese n s a em a e rec nn e ns v e
m oo d p u h g d p
on a couc by , l fig aze f u b h i d Thon a m a e ure rom e n . e
o th erg p h
rou s th i av e
g p ti l no t t ll th in t l h ar cu ar o e e r a e orse m e n,
i g
carr a es d w by h ra n df t d with l ph t d
orse s, an oo m e n, occurre e e an s an
croco dil i d p i th d ti d ig f th f i
es m xe u n e ecora ve es ns o e r eze .
Th tw d e o t thoors ne xt l pl i b t th t t h
e ce n ra one are a n, u e ou e rm os av e
ornam e n e t d f i w k d
r ez e lp t d fig or th j
an b
scu Th h ure ures on e am s . e c a
t
ras e r o f th lp t e scu b h d i th i d p iti f B ddh
ure a ov e t e oor s e var e os ons o u a
i h ly
n o dit ti n
m e t d in t pl wi th
a o , sea e l h p dd em es o -
m e ns a e om es.
on BAI TALBA BI . 1 19
h
w i ch g i v es t e m h an Eg p tian air of soli dg d ran e ur. Th y h e av e
q
s uare
p e di m e nts, and oc tagonal hk s a e, wi th b kt rac e cap i tals . Th e
four ce n tral pill ars diff er s lightly f rom th t i h
e res , n av ing th e h
s aft
b reaki n
g from ei
gh t i nto six e e n s t id es. Th e aisles or . colounade s sur
are ali k e , and contain eac h a ce ntral rece sse d ch am b e r, wi t h tw pill o ars
th e ce ntre re cess .
f ron t b of its
t i t d B dd
ase m e nt h d con a ns a sea e u h a, ol ing u p in h is
h d h t pp t b th l
an s w a a f e ar llo E e pti g e eav es o a scro . x ce n a cross
l gg d
e t d B ddh
e sea et p f th p il t
u a cu t th u w t
on one o e as e rs a e e s e rn
sid lp t
e , no m ore scu i with i th h ll u re s seen n e a .
Th h i l t i th
e no rt e rn a s e ti b l d t y wi th id
con a ns e ve s u e an sanc uar , s e
ch p l Th p ill
a e s. d p il t e f th ars ib l an i d ig as e rs o e v est u e are n es n
i il t h
s m ar f th h ll
o d pl
t ose o d i ti With i tw gig ti
e a , an ace n an s . n, o an c
Bdi w t t d b i d th
o s a as s an t yd d k p th d
es e e sanc uar oor, as oo r ee e rs ; e oor
w y i w ll p p ti
a s d b i g 9 f t 6 i h h igh
e ro or one d4 f t3 i h
, e n ee nc e s an ee nc es
b d Th j b
roa . e t d wi th d bl fig
am s are i n
ornam e n e ou e ures n ca
atti t d u i t d wi th fl
es, assoc a e l i g p tt ora runn n a e rns .
Th t y t i B ddh t d th Si h
e sanc uar con a ns wi th th
u a sea e on e n asan, e
wh l i f ee t nd t l p b l w h i ttit d i th t i whi h th
ro n , an an e o e s e o : s a u e s a n c e
p i ton f th igh
o t t h b t
e r th pp p t f
um th l ft li ttl
m ee s fi g e u er ar o e e e n er .
Th h igh t f th i d l i
e e l ol i g 8 f t 6 i h
e o s co ossa i hi , m easur n ee nc e s n s
itti g p t
s n Tw gig ti Bdi w t
os ure . i il o t th an t di gc o s a as, s m ar o ose s an n
Th h p l ith i d f th
e c a e s on e t y ti er s e o lpt e sanc uar con a n no scu ure .
Th y e 9f t qare d pp t d by tw pill
ee s uare , an d tw p il tsu or e o ars an o as e rs.
I i li d t b li th t lpt f h i p t
am nc ne o e e ve a sc u ure o m uc m or a nce once
d t d th
ecora e t f thi e j dgi g f th
e n rance o i fs ca ve , u n ro m e re m a ns o a
yh d
ver l l fig lyi g h lf b i d l
an som e co ossa b id th t
ure n a ur e c ose es e e ou e r
d Th t f th S t di d B lli h l
veran a . e roo s o e d dercr a an om oe a av e oose ne an
dt h d l g
e ac e f th hill id p ipit ti g th i t th
ar e m asses o e -s e, rec a n em no e
1 20 no nnnrs r c a v e -r e n e w s
'
[J o ar
cav e s . Th is scu lp t i i il i
ure ty l d h
s s m t t ar n s e an c arac er o th e sna e k
h d d fig
oo e ure s o se rve b d ight d l ft f th p h d t
r an e o e orc e e n rance to K oi las
at Ellora . My j t t
con ec u re as th b i g hidd o o er cav es e n e n u nder th e
talus of th e hill arise s fro m th e circum stance of th e rains a fe w y ears
b k w hi g w y p ti f th l p
ac as n a a a thi ty y d
or o n o f e s o e som e r ar s nort h o
thi s d p i g th
cav e , an t ext ih
os n 21 f t q e e n rance
p o a v ara ee s uare , su
p t d by f pill
or e d tw p il t
our ars, an o as e rs .
I th h ill id
n ef th pp i t i I b d tw th p
-s e o e o os e rav ne o se rve o or ree O en
i g n s, asif f th y l k d
o cav e s di gly w ll t thi di t
e oo d e e x cee n e a s s ance , an
I p i d y lf g d t t p i lly I w
rom se m se a ran d by y rea , es e c a as as assu re m
g iud th te k i b
a l g / h d
no sa th o d htt th y w a f lle v e r se e n em , an t a e e re u
of id l M
o s . th d p h f th ore ov er, ti w e e th t t o e e x ca va on as so e norm ous, a
b dy h d y t g t t th d f it It q i d t i ly
no o a e o o e en h o re u re ce r a n som e suc
sti l t
m u us th t il
o surm ount d t li tl d g e t di g th
o , an no a t e a n e r, at e n n e
scram bl p th t p e u t My at s e etifi ti w p p ti t ly
asc e n . m or ca on as ro o r ona e
d b b k h I
\
g re at on fi i g ll y l n n h d a t m i i a d t
ou r a ee n a e n n va n ; an t a
m igh t g t l t y
co n ra u a elf if I g t d w g m i w i h t
se b k i g y o o n a a n t ou re a n m
ne c k th p i g p i g t b thi g b t th
, e O en n s rov n t f o e no n u e com m e nce m e n o
O cav e .
VH I AR A C AV E AT BA I TA L BA R I .
l ki g
oo n K di h i th
ov e r th f
an t l s d h w ll f n e nor e rn ron , c ose u n e r t e a s o
th e f t ih
or , i a v d 26 f t l g d 24 f t b d
ara cav e s e x cav ate ee on , an ee roa ,
su pp t d by f q pill
or e d f o ur pil t i tw w
s uare ars, an our as e rs, n o ro s.
Th i
e re d ti s no lp id l
e cora v e sc u ture nor o .
C V A H
E I N TH E GU N I S H A K B B O R A , N EA R TH E PO RT O F A I TA L ARI .
Thi i d g t th h d f
s cav e s y u ti l ki g gl
a tw
e ea o a ve r rom an c - oo n e n, o
m il t f Bi t lb i
e s eas o w t f ll t i k li g d w th
a a ar p ll th a a e r- a , rc n o n e scar a e
y d fl w i t
e ar ro un t
,
l i t o th t h
s b h ll w d t f
n o a na ura c s e rn a as e en o o e ou o
th e rock d id tly h b th i d
, an ev entf ki g h i p t as ee n e n uce m e n or m a n t s s o
th e it s f h e t o pl It i t f h ll di id d i tw
t e cav e - em e . cons s s o a a , v e nto o
ch b wi h p g
am e rs, t f wh i h
t ll l d S l ll
assa e s, ou o c ce s ea . e v e ra sm a
q i
s uare e x cav at ons outs id pp t h b h i f ki d
e a e ar o av e een s r ne s o som e n or
oth er .
Th ti
e na ll th th
v es cat pl f R d S R d t p
e cav e e em e o oo e ra oor . u e s e s
ou t i th n h t k l d by th dg f th i t t th t a
e s ee roc ea e e e o e c s e rn o e e n r nce ,
5 f t high
ee t th i t
, a A ll p e ight d l ft i t th
nne r e n rance . ce o e ns r an e n o e
in m s PI P AL s a una . 121
ve ran a, d h h tw ll d it i
in w ic are o ce s or orm or es .
Th h ll i di id d i t tw h
e a s b by b h whi h l n
v e n o o c am e rs ,
a e nc , c a so r u s
rou nd th i id th th
e r s h b i i d tw t p f th
es : e nor e rn c am e r s ra s e o s e s rom e
a ch b t l l with th b
a ou ra h d pl i g it th li g d th
e ve e e nc es, an ac n on e n a an e
b ll N d Th th h b
u un ee . t i l g fig
e sou f G e rn c am e r con a ns a ar e ure o un
p tt
u j i i i b il
e e , re o c n
g li t di p l y f d l d d
n ail pp t d hri an s a o re - ea an o , su or e on s
l ft by
e lp d p t ti f V B d pi i g th Dy t
a sc u tu re re rese n a on o eer u ra e rc n e o ,
d by N i gh h i ight d t yi g H i gh Ni h
ars n a on t s r , es ro n ars n a. c es are cu
i th
n k p th th id
e roc u on e re e s es .
B H C V
U DD I ST A ES N E A R TH E P O RT O F K U N N A I RA , IN TH E
P I PA L K H O RA .
B ddhi
u st cav e s are found . Th i it e r s uati on is so pl t ly ti d
com e e re re ,
th hat t e
g d w h ui h w d es h wo sy h d o e m e t e a a som e diffi lty i hitti g
cu n n
t
c on rac s t i id ts it i s thes t bl l d
as til i t t r se s i t i e a e - an , un e rm na e s n an
a b p t liff lik I p A th it i i w d f th pp i id
ru c - e s O e. s e s e s v e e ro m e O os te s e,
c h am b till i ti g i h f f h
e rs s ex s n k d wh i h wn t e ace o t e roc , an c ere
form e r ly i n i ti wi h th
com m un ca b l w by t i on t e cav e s e o s a r-cases
tunne ll d i eh k th h
n t e roc ll t bl d d w th f f th
e se av e a um e o n e ace o e
hill d h lf b i d th t
, an a ur e th b th th i i
e e n rance to e caves e ne a e r ru ns .
Th p i ip l e r nc i th ah it th f t f whi h h f ll with
cav e s e c a y a, e ron o c as a en
th e cav es b p i gi
a ove , pi
e x os n it lt dna f cons c uous m anne r s v au e roo .
It m eas u res 85 f t f th f ll ee p t it f th d d 36 f t
rom e a e n scar o s ur er e n , an ee
across f w ll t w ll
rom Tha o j dgi g f th
a . f h h d
e nav e , u n rom e roo , as a
thi ty fir p ill p ti g it f h id i l Th
- ve ars, se ara n w b t rom t e s e a s e s. e re a re no u
tw ty en i i bl v s f w hi h h
e, som e h lf f ll Th y
o t
c ave a a e n. e are oc a
g ons, w i th t lp t
ou b t scu d w i h t
ure , d p i ti g
u f f ll
c ov e re t s uccoe a n n s o u
l g h fig
en t f B ddhi t i t i l g wh it t i
ure s o u s d f ll
sa n s n on e un cs, an o a co m
p l i
ex ons, w h i t d b w e, d b
re l k ,
A ft ro i d b l
n, an h ac . e r cons e ra e se arc ,
Iw bl d t di
as e na e tw i o i p ti wh i h I
sc ove r p i d l
o nscry ons, c co e as accu rate
as I ld th p l l co u ,
f th w i ti g
e a e d i g th
co our y o e r n re n e r n em ver
ill gi b l
e e.
Th f
e h roo i d tly b p
as e v d by
en w d i b w h i hh
ee n s anne oo e n r s, c ave
di pp d b t l ft di l d k i th t th ili g h i g
sa e are , u e a sco ore m ar n e s ucco, e ce n av n
16
1 22 nu nnnrsr e n -
s r um p u s [J u m
im m e di t ly b
a e a ove th e pill ars . Mortices of large r di m e nsi ons are
vis b
i le at th e circular p art of th e nave to rece ive th e te none d m ac hi o
ne r y of th e degh opa .
d
I ts e structi on h as ee n evi de ntl th e w or b y k
li ce nti ous igotr of a b y .
Th e si d e aisles h av e a v aulte d
ce ili ng, and stone ri ings, th e w ole bb h
cov e re d
h t dp wit s u ccoe B ddh ai nti ngs of d u ist saints, se ate on lotus
th rone s, d t ipl b ll with l g whit f i g
un er r e um re as ,h on e r n es : so m e ave
b y wi th h d w k li g b f th
o s s av e cro ns Th d wi gnee n e ore em . e ra n s
g d
oo d
, pp an t h a b ear t do w i th fav eili ty T h w ll f
ee n e x e c u e ac . e a or
a b t 4 f t f th g d i b ilt p wi g t d f t i th
ou ee rom e roun s u u , o n o a e ec n e
t t
s ra a o f th k N i ipti w f d
e roc . o nsc r ons ere oun .
At th t id f th
e eas e rn s t th e o th ll wi th t
e e n rance e re are re e ce s, s one
b h A p t i th b k
e nc es . n a e r ure k h lf w y p th id h w
n e ro e n roc a a u e s e s o s
th t e ll d p
unne
g th et l d t h
assa e
g ll i d h a b e b o t e a er e c am e rs a ov e .
Up th w t f th
on eh ity thes o f ih
e c a d a pe re are our v aras , an one u on
th t
e e as Th fi t w tw d h
. e th f
rs t f ll es i ar d h hkd
as e ron a en n, an m uc c o e
i h h
n t e h i h d d d ti g
orse -s oe n c e, an b t diff i g i
ree e s r n co urse s, u er n n
h d t il Th h ll
ot e r e a s. 4 8 f t i l gth
e a d 23 i b
m e as ures dth ee n en , an n re a
ce ll p s o i t it en th no id O igi lly it w ld pp
on ree s e s. th t h r na ou a ear a t e
roo fh db a pp t d by 1 2 p ill
e e n su d
or e y pil t th ars, a n as m an as e rs : e re are
b t u w th
no i ff pill
e re m a ns o dt pil t our ars, an en as e rs .
Th th
e id h
nor e rn s ll h wi h d
e as se v e n ce d l tti th s, eac t a oor an a ce , e
l tt b i g
a er d t p
e n m a e l i g f p o re d O
rese nt ac n hd o r0 es, or ree s . v e r eac oor,
occu pyi g th wh l f t i h h i h d b tw
n e o e ron , s a h -
orse s oe n c e, an e e e n e ac
d w y t d pil t with q b
oo r a s an s a t
as e r, d t g h ft
s uare ase m e n , an oc a on s a ,
su rm ou n et d by hi h p d pi l f d it w
a c us on-s a e f ca ta , orm e , as e re , o
re ed b d g th by d th wh l yi ldi g pp tly t
s ou n to e er cor s, e o e e n , a are n , o
p ressure .
Th pi l pp t wi g d i l
e ca ta s su or
g d i n ep i b k t
an m a s, arran e n a rs ac o
b k 1 } f t high Th y
ac , oo i t f . d li e w l cons s o m ane ons, o v es, non
d ip t i l
e sc r d with l w d
an m a s arm e d b t h i g h d lik c a s an m ane , u av n ea s e
l h
cam e s, l ph t d
orse s, e e t Th an s, w i g d fig
an ce n aursi . e se n e ures are n
g d
oo t t d
as e , an t d wi h h pi it Th p li ty l whi h
e x e cu e t m uc s r . e e c u ar s e c
c h t i th lp i I
arac e r se s e scu i bj t f i i q i y
tu re s, conce ve , a su ec o c ur ous n ur
in u m u m . m on . 1 23
Insc ri tions p h t t p
in th e th w ll old C av e -c arac e r are cu u on e a ov e r
eac h
l ti b t
at h d f d by th
ce , u bli g t f th k
m uc e ace e crum n na ure o e roc .
Th ell h ce lt d
s f wi h tave ib li k th
v au h i ty
e ft roo s, t s one r s, e e c a a o en
p db
osse sse s, an h i g d h w ll th i di i
enc es runn n roun t e a s : e r m e ns ons are
8 f t l g
ee d7 f t b
on d Th t d w t id h th
, an ee ro a . e cas an es s es av e re e
ll li k th
ce s, t e b t th wh l
e ce n re h d t yd A one s, u e o e are m uc es ro e . n
p t i th t i d 6 f t q l d t th
a e r ure n e e as b
s d
e, ee s uare , e o e cav es a ov e , an
th ie rel th d k t l l di g t f th
s a so ano er ll f th
ar unne ea n ou o e corne r ce o e
nor th i d p st th e, u tl t Th p il t oby th d
e f th i
sam e ou e . e as e r e oo r o s
cell diff f th e rs t i th i l p
rom th pit l b i g with
e res n e an m a s u on e ca a e n o ut
wi g th y
n s b ll e are u s .
A d w y i oor th t f th w t
a n w ll p ei t l g
ce n re o e e s e rn a o e ns n o a ar e
h
c am b 34 f t l g
er d 22 f t b d C ll
ee on g d ll
, dan ee roa . e s are ran e a roun ,
b t th i f
u t h
e r f llron s d bl k d p th av e Th a t e n, an oc e u e cave . e e n rance
t w d th
o ar s Kh i q i t h k d p by f ll f g t f th
e ora s u e c o e u a en ra m e n s o e
Two m ore vi h
h di t b y d th y
aras are foun d som e s ort s ance e on ; e are
f i i
ac-s ml f h t h difi
es o i g g li h tl y i
e ac th i o te r, er n s n e r m e asu re m e n , one
b i g 39 f t l g d 33 f t b d th th 33 f t l g d 30
e n ee on , an ee roa , e o er ee on , an
f tb
ee d C ll
roa
g d. th ied — fi i th
s are ran et w ll on ree s es ve n e ce n re a ,
an df t ithour aid Th i di e i er s 8 f t 7 i h
e. by 7 e r m e ns ons are ee nc es
f t
ee Th y
. p id d with t b h
e are rovd h e ll s one e nc e s, an som e av e sm a
s uare recesse s
q in th e w alls . Th e sm alle st of th e two cave s h as h ad
m ost ca re ta e n in k th e ge neral d t il th t l e a s, e ce n ra ce ll i n th e nort e rn h
wall diff e ri ng from th e o t e r, h by b i g ibb d d e n r e an vaulte d h
wi t i n, li ke
th e ch ai ty a .
th e c h ait a, y and a pp
b d d ft h g l ears to h av e b e e n a an one a er t e e ne ra
p l an h d b a i d b ly d e en d p b b
cons ly f d f
e ra i th a v ance , ro a rom a e e ct n e
roc k f , t t f l t yt p
o r a s ra um d p d ph lit h o s a e ra , or ecom ose ono e, e re occu rs,
to h d p th f th
t e e f f t pli ti g i t f g
o re e t orth ou r ee , s t n n o ra m e n s on e
t
e x ruc ti Th l gth i 1 1 0 f t with d pth f b t 2 4 f t
o n. e en sTh ee , a e o u ee . e
ce ili g d w ll th
n an f th d
a s d fi i h d hus d th
ar are sm oo e an ns e : e re an e re
sid ll h
e ce b s d p bt
av e h bbi h p i ip lly
ee n com m e nce u on, u so m uc ru s , r nc a
l t y f g
sa e t f ph lit h
ra m e n s o f ll i th t it i diffi lt t ono y e, av e a e n n, a s cu o sa
wh t h a b it dd
as ee n n en e .
It i k bl th t
s re m ar a
g t th e, lp t d
a fi g f
am on s e se cave s no scu ure ure o
B ddh pp
u a a
y bl f
e ars, th f i th
norb y d than l g em em s o e a , e on e ar e
1 24 F O SS I L F o na m m r nna m S C I ND E .
[J U LY
stan di g b hi d
n e n a seate d m ale figure . But th e m ost re m ar a k bl e ci r
T h i d t il
e r e a s are ex p re sse d with life and s pi itr -unusua l wi t h th e
conv e ntu aliti cs of cav e -scu lp t i ure n ge ne ral. Th e form s of th e wings
are b ld o and grace ful, an d w h th e er th e t yp es be d e ri ve d from As s yi ra
I nterna l S tr ucture . . . .
g e o n,
Bo m ba
y E s tablish m e nt W i th 9 Plate . . .
ki d
TH R O U GH th e f l ffi f th B
n ne ss O by A y se ve ra O ce rs o e om a rm ,
t th S i ty M p i i Si d I
’
acce ss o e d y w oc e s use um , an m o n e x e r e nce n c n e,
h b
av e
q i t d wi th y
e com e ac ua n e if t t f th l g f f m an , no m os , o e ar e r orm s o
f ili d F
oss i if
ze f th t
oram t y d
n e ra o d ipti f th a cou n r an as e scr ons o em
m a
y p p t b l
rov e t t h gg
ac ce d i th
a te dy f o
g l gy i ose en a e n e s u o eo o n
S i d d l wh I h
c n e an h pl
e se i fi i g th
e re , f p b
ave m uc easure n O er n
'
em or u
li ti
ca i thon S i ty J l h ld th y b d d w thy
n e oc e
’
8 ou rna , s ou e e e em e or
of it .
I wi h i s ytp h ad
w t p ibt
een t th pin ti lm p t f o er o o n ou e ar cu ar ar s o
th N e liti i i whi h th y
um m u c Sf d b t w p f ly
e r es n c e are oun , u as e are e r e ct
ignorant f ll d t il f thi k i d
o a p ti g S i d it t b l ft f
e a o s n re s ec n c n e, m us e e or
f t
u ure opp t ity t d l p or un o eve o e .
I h dn t e ip ti f th F
e scr i if I h ll t fi y lf
on o e se oram n e ra, s a no con ne m se
t th i
o t l h t
e r e x e rna l f g c lly p k i g th
arac e rs a one ,i w l d b or, e ne ra s ea n , s ou e
l b t h i g t di d th
u se e ss, u by ti
av n h ll l ll d t th i
s u e em se c ons, s a a so a u e o e r
i t l t t
n e rna s ruc ure, whi h th gh l dy gi n t f i thf lly by D
c , ou a rea ve m os a u r.
C HA RACTERS o n m sc o m a n r o a m s . 1 25
b
o se rv ati ons wh i h c can on ly b d i t lli gibl wh th
e m a e n e e en e form s of
Op e r c u li na , Ase i li na, Num m uli ne , A lve oli na, Or bi toi des, and Or bi ta
h d d
d bd
li tes are consi e re toge t e r and e scri e succe ssi v e l y .
Th di ti e g h s t if
n u s
g hi h g nf i l c t l t i
arac e rs o t ese e ne ra, am ar, a e as , n
nam e , t ll w h o a q i t d with th l ifi ti f F i if
o are ac ua n e e c ass ca on O oram n e ra
f il d B
”
i D O big y i T i i
’
i if e d Vi
’
n F r n s o ram n re s oss es u ass n e rt a re e e nne ,
an d i hi nC élé s t i d P le t l gi
ours d G é l gi S
m e n a reti e a on o o e et e o o e tra
g p h
ra i q I h ll h
u e s, p i th ts h a d if i li
e re d t t d y
re m se a t e re a e r, nc ne o s u
th em y,h m a t b l i i di
av e no t ly f i g t h
rou e n m m e a e re e rr n o t e sam e source s
from w hi h I h d i d y g id
c av e e r ve m u e.
Fam . 1 . NAU TI LO I DE .
G e nus NU M M U L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.
w i th t pp
ou di t h a f en d f pi ce s ab i g wi th
t e b d or e r, orm e o a s r e em rac n ,
wh l y t g th
or s v e r d near th l t lw y o e kdi e r an num ero us ; e as a a s m ar e n
th y g i l b t ft i p ibl t b f d i th d lt
e ou n an m a , u O en m oss e o e oun n e a u .
Ch b
am ll h t t g h
e rs, sm a y , s h l t p j ti g
or , near o e t e r, v e r num e rous, t e as ro e c n
i th y
n
g
e i l b t i di
o unt i t i ld i
an m a d i i d l ,p i d
u by n s nc n O n v ua s e rce an
p ig
O en n li , g i t th t
transv erse , f t h p i ft l d
ne ar, a a ns e urn o e s re , o e n conce a e
i th
n dl e a u t .
”
D O rbigny
’
Ass rnm a, .
S h e ll, fre e ,
q d i i d l ye
p duilate ral, or bi cular or sco a , v er com re sse ,
f d f pi
orm e b i g ly i th y g i l Af w d
o a s re em rac n on n e ou n an m a . te r ar s
wh l or spp t d with pp di t th b d Ch b
a are n , an out a en ce s a e or e r . am e r s,
sm a ll h t , y s orth l t p j ti g i
, ver th y g i l
nu m e rou s, e as ro e c n n e ou n an m a ,
b t u t i th
no dl h pi d by p i g g i t h t f
so n e a u t, e ac e rce an o e n n a a ns t e urn o
th pi
e s re .
”
R l ti d dif
e a — Th A i li
ons lik th N
an li e re nce s . e ss na , e e um m u ne s,
h av e p j i g th wh y g b t th y di ti g i h d by
a ro e c t n m on en oun u e are s n u s e
a ll th f th
e pi b i g pp t i th d lt i t d f b i g
turns o e s re e n a are n n e a u s ns e a O e n
em b ig rac n .
O P E R C U L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.
conti uous ,
g and i ncreasin
g ve r y p idly Ch b ra . am e rs, num e rous, narrow,
'
126 ro ss rn r o na m m xr m I N S C I ND B.
[J U LY
Re la ti ons a nd dg
f ere nc es .
— It is e vi de nt, t h t by
a th e si tuatio n O f
i ts o p
g, t i
e ni n
s
ge nu s c o m h e s near to th e As sili ne s ; b ut i t is di ti s n
ALV E O L I N A, D O rbigny
’
.
Anim al co m p d f
ose o num e rous se m e nts
g pl d i ace n ci rc ular lines .
S h ll di i d l
e sco a , comp d ose o f conce ntri c c h b i pl
am ers, s m e or m ulti pl e
no s pi re .
”
Cy clq lina, D O rb
’
. 1 8 39 . Sh ll di id l
e sco a , eac h h b pic am er e rce d
by a num b e r of p ore s, m a king an e ntire circle roun d th e re st .
”
line s .Ch b am e rs num e rous in irre gular transve rse line s onl y v isi bl e at
th e b d or e r .
”
Or bi toli na , D O rb
’
h . T ese are Or bi toli tes wit h une q ual si d es ;
Or bi toide s, D O rb
’
. Sh ll di id l e b th idsco a , conv e x on o s e s, fo rm e d
of a single range of c h b am d th di k y thi k ly
e rs, ro un e s , ver c e ncruste d
b
a out th e m i ddl e, an d p ti g i th di ti g li
re se n n e e r ra a n ne s or granu
lati ons .
Alcide d orbi gn
’
y .
onss nv a rro ns
'
. 12 7
O bs e rva ti ons .
To t h h es e c aracte rs I h ll
s a add th e following b
O se rvations bf e ore
p rocee di g f th
n ur er
trem e h
t i nne ss, is d f N li th A i li
still furt h e r re m o ve rom um m u na an ss na,
i t will b de i fy
see n, u n e r
g i g p w t b f
a m a n d f l
n o e r, o e orm e o se v e ra
ly
a e rs, wh i h y b t d c f m a th t e t t
race h i f rom e ce n re o e c rcu m e re nce ,
s h wi g th t th t f th pi i p g i g th d p iti f
o n , a as e urn o e s re s ro re ss n , e e os on o
ne w t i l
m a era t ly t k pl t th no on g i b t
a es b th i d
ace a f e m ar n, u on o s es o
th e sh ll g lly i li f th l h b i p
e e ne ra , na ne fd
rom l p e as t c am er n rocess O e ve o
m en t p t th u t l fi tf
o d
e ce n ra If th or thi b
rs - orm e one .
, e n, s can e see n
D O b i g y g d di ti ti th b
’
f f th
’
r n s ran s
p i
nc t on, i g e re o re , o e s re no e n em
b i g i A i li w ld
rac n n ss t b na, pp t th
ou se e m l d
o e m ore a are n an re a , an
lh
a t ou
g h fii i t f sn p
c en p y t i f w
or com m on d d t i t th ur ose s, e , e a o e
b
a se nc e f h b b o c d b l w th
am e rs a o ve t l pl w h ll t
an e o e ce n ra ane , e s a no
on ly h l b t
av e a re a i d t di ti g i hi g ig f
, u a m ore A i li
ev en s n us n s n or ss na
th an th g i by
e one D O b ig y ve n
’
r n .
S d
e con g d th , di i i
as re f N ar s li i te bg v s on o um m u na n o su e ne ra.
It pp ta th t thi
e ars y b
o m e d t g a l y d by
s m a p ti g e a v an a e ous one se ara n
th i w hi h h
ose n pt t d f th i f c t e se t th
a ex e n t i rom e c rcum e re nce o e c e n re n
m ore l ti ess di li
co n ( Pl
nue 1 1 fi g 1 1
s nuous 8 f ne s
t h a te . s. s rom ose
i whi h th li
n c b e h d di lt t p
nes are so ranc e an noscu a e as o re se nt a
d e nsely ti l t d t re t ( g
fi
cu a e s ruc ure .
S h difiuc h l dy b ll d d t by D C p t
e re nces av e a re a ee n a u e o r. ar e n e r .
( Loo . ci t .
)
bg w ld th
In th e latte r N l i t 7
su e nus ou en com e um ar a cre a e
S w by wh i h b d
o er l , p O bi t id f p i g hi
c or e rs c ose u on r o e s, rom ossess n t s
reti l t d t
cu a et th f p ti ly l d l p t
s ruc ure on e sur ace , a com ara ve ess e ve o m e n
of th pi d h b e s t d yt
re an b pt p i ci th am e rs, a e n e nc o an a ru rom ne nce n e
t d
ce n re , an p d d thi gi an e x an e n m ar n .
F N romt w h ld th p . t Ly p h i di p
acu a e s ou en ass on o eo r s s a nsas,
S w by wh
o er th pi i till , i pl t d th t O bi
e re e s re s s m ore nc om e e, an en o r
t ido M t lli
es O bi t li t M t lli (f
an e w h ll h ft or r o es an e or e s a se e e re a er
th t w a t k thi O bit li ) wh th p i i ti ly
e m us m a e s an r o te , e re e s re s en re
lost .
t i lly
r ca d I hi k th t I h
, an b t n f l a d th av e e e n as succe ss u as, un e r e
i t
c rc um s ance s, w p tt b e can e x ec o e .
D O b ig y th th f h b d t i lly f
’
r n , w at e ro s o c am e rs com m e nce conce n r ca , or
h i g t k d lt p i
av n a en a u f Ly p h i di p s ec m e nsd O bi t i d O eo r s s e ns us an r o es
M t lli f
an e ti I f d th
or se c t i
ons, h p i i i bly
o un e ce n re n eac s ec es nvar a
fill d i h
e w t l p wh i h
ca c-sp p tly w ar, d dc by ,i l a f are n , as surro un e c rc es O
c h bam it i
e rs at f h t i wh th l tt b g t pp
s c rcu m e re nce , t a s, e re e a er e an o a ear.
H e nce I h d gi p l a ll h p ve n uf b i g bl t d t a m ost a i hi o e o e n a e o e e rm ne t s
i f t ily wh
sat s ac or I i d th
,
th
en igi f hi
conce v e t t l at e or n o t s s ru c ure e ss
t
ce n re m igh b wi g t t d y f h t l h b i th d lt
e o n o a e ca o t e ce n ra c am e rs n e a u
i l
an m a s o n ly d it b q t filli g with l p d i g f ili
, an s su se ue n n -
ca c s ar ur n oss za
ti on d h t if I t k
an , t y y g i di id l I igh t bt i wh t
a , oo ver ou n n v ua s, m O a n a
I w t d A di gly I d i f p i
an e . cc or n , l g th m a e se c t ons o s e c m e ns no t ar e r an
th 2 4th p t f
e i h i
ar di o t an d f d j wh t I h d
nc n am e e r, an oun u st a a
ex p d i th t i it t l t t th t i fill d with h b
e c te , v z . e ce n re n s na ura s a e , a s, e c am e rs
t th
o t lp i t
e c e n ra o n .
I will w h tly d ib h t l pl i b th th p i
no s or e sc r e t e c e n ra ane s n o e se s e c e s,
re se rv ni g p ti l
a m ore t f th ar il w t th d
cu ar ac co un o em unt e co m e o e es
cr ip ti f h
ons o p i th l t e s e c es e m se v e s .
I Ly p h i di p
n co h r s t l pl s i t ly th gh
e ns as t i
e ce n ra ane s e x re m e , ou un
f orm ly hi ,h gh t d ly
t n t rou h b d p Th h b ou , an on o ne c am er ee . e c am e rs
no t h l g h th h b th l g lly A d
m uc ar e r t an e c am e rs e m se v e s e ne ra . roun
th i ll
s ce f w h
are a b hi h h — e c il
am e rs d tw w c av e one a se m unar, an o or
th re e h p t eh p df e a r-sf th h b a e i g th
orm s O pi i e c am e rs com m e nc n e s re n
th e il i d f
nau t o f F i if (
orm s p fi g o 2 6 P l II w
o ram i th n e ra com are . . . .
fig 8 Pl .
, i ii .l i ) xv h . vo l.
pv. ly g l
t Fe re st are m ore or e ss o ona . ro m
th e se h b (b t
c am i
e rs b ) a ou y w f th fly se v e n n num er as m an ro s o o e rs
o ff f ro mth t i wh l i il
e ce n re t th p k f tt yfi
n or s s m ar o e s ar s o a ro a or re
w k b t th
or , u w di i i h i b dth d d
e se ro s soon l m ns n re a , an en m ore or e ss
a b ptly p th b k f h th wh
ru u on e thac t i o f e ac o er ; e n ano er se r se s rom
th i i
e r c rc um f w hi h t k l g
e re nce , l ti t d d c a es a ar e r a u e an so on succe s
i ly
s ve , i f wh l
a se r e s o th f ll w p th b k f
or s o r w re a h th s o o u on e ac o e ac o e r,
an
th dippi g i w d
e re n dd ly t i ti g
n ar s, or su th p di g en e rm na n on e rec e n one s,
e ve n t th o i f Thi i h
e c rcum pp p t d by th
e re nce . s s t e a e aranc e re se n e e
t l pl
ce n ra b t th
ane ; l pi tb t
u d th
e re a s w i th re m us e race across e ro s n e
p iti h it w ld b i F i if wh i it i
os on t at ou e p f tly
n oram n e ra e re n s m ore e r ec
d l p d if i d d i t b t bl t ll
e ve o e ,
-
, n ee , e race a e a a .
c a s s a v a n o ns
'
. 1 29
h e re i t is no t unifo rm l y th in h
t roug out, h but t in i n th eh ce ntre
in th e fo rm er th at t hy
e are i n th e latte r hy
t e l ll ph
are a so a s e
e ach h i h i di i h
ot er n t h
s t l pl
re c t on i d fbi g e nce t e c e n ra ane , nste a o e n
com p d f ly l y f q d g l h b
ose O on one a er o i 0 M t lli ua ran u ar c am e rs, as n . an e ,
i
s co m p d f p l li y f l y f ph id l
ose o a ura t o hi g h a e rs o s e ro a o nes t s, to et er
wi h h
t ll f h
t e sm a ness O l ll h i g i il i y d th
t e c e ntra ce s, t e r reat s m ar t , an e
wh l p lo e whi h th y
ane p big c e l co m y d it ose e n m ore or e ss w av , re n e rs
l
a m os t i p ibl i th
m ossi e d n th l ll i
e se c t on lf to e te c t e ce ntra ce ts e , or to
d i
e te rm wh h ne h th et er g d
t e o d i t i e rs t i
are arran e aro un n conc e n r c
i l
c rc es wh il i t l e t q lly i p i bl
se e m s a m os t h i i l e ua m oss e to rac e t em n c rc e s
t w d h
o ar s i f t e c t d rc um i h i wh
e re nce , hi og e term ne t s, e re t e r arran e m e nt
i di i
e v e n s m os t s t nct.
H i t w ld pp th t D O big y i t w
e nce ou a e ar d i gi i g
a
’
r n s no arrante n v n
t h di i g i hi g h
e st n ust f n i i y t h
c w
arac e r o f h b i c o nce ntr c t o t e ro s O c am e rs n
hi d Cy l tey f i h i h fi t g
s or e r c os a es, wh i h
or nll li k s t re e rs e ne ra, c are a a e
i th i
n p w h
s re s e c t, th t i i
e l i p
av e see ni b l d ia t s a m ost m oss e to e te rm ne
thi s d i han l t g n i
t e O bi t id as f hi h Ly p h i
e nus , v z. r o es, O w c co r s
di ps i yp i i id th t it i
a ns us s a t e, h
t s b t h
ev h e nth a s not t e case , u t at t e c am
b d
e rs are arran e
g b p i lly su s ra .
Th t O bi t id M t lli h ld b i l d d
a r o es an e
g t h O bi
s t li t ou e nc u e am on e r o e s,
b igh h
ea r n t b ti d I yb b d h h
t e c arac e rs a o ve m en one . t m a e o se rve , t at t e
ce ll f hsO l pl
t i 0 M t lli
e ce ntra l g d d t ph
ane id
n . an e are e on ate , an no s e ro
al b, h t b
ut t e one see m s th th d h l g ti
o e as co nsta nt as e o e r, an t e e on a on
b l w f h w ll f h ll f i g h t l pl whi h d
e o o t e a s o t e ce s o rm n t e ce n ra a ne , c re n e rs
th p i p f t i p p tibl i th i l ti
ose arts m e r ec or d k m e rce e n e v e rt ca se c on, an m a es
th ll p p
e ce t s a i t earth w hil h
o run
p q t i l
n o one ano er e t e o a ue m a e r a or
i t
n e rce ll l bt h wi g t t h i i d gi h th t pt l
u a r su s ance s o n ou a t e r s es ves t em a se a ,
an d t th a ti q d gl f
e sam e whi h pp m e i h
ua ran u ar orm , c a rox m ates t e
wh l t l pl
o e ce n ra i pp t th t ane i th ti l
na ti f e arance o a see n n e ve r ca se c on o
t t
s ruc ure f th tw g o b t th y will b b tt
ese o d t die nera, u e e e e r un e rs oo n
conne c ti with th i on p i wh p i ly d ib d
e r s ec es e n re s e ct v e e s cr e .
A th sli t f y e y f th di id l F i if l dy
s o s non m s o e sc o a oram n era a re a
d ib d i y g t f h h t ti h y h b
esc r e s v er rea ,
i t or ti g
t
*e s or m e t e av e ecom e n e res n ,
at th e ti th
sam e h i d ipti m e y f w d t withi
at t e r e sc r ons are ve r e , an no n
m y h I
reac h ll i d ,
h s p iabl i t
avo d i g w as m uc as oss e n ro uc n ne nam es
h i h p th t th
e re , n wh
O e fa o bly it t d y b
e rs o are m ore av oura s ua e m a e
a bl t d thi f
e o yo d i p i s d firom
g if qm i d th t
escrI t ons an u res, re u re , or a
m a
y b b l t de ai t y lf t
e of t op i d w h m I h seb tt a som e u ure er o , en ave e er
m eans O f p ig h p i com f di ff
ar n t l liti th I t
t e s ec m e ns o e re n oca es an a
p tprese n M wh il
osse ss . littl h b d i th bj t
ean e , as so e as ee n one n e su ec ,
I am t wi h t h p
no h t th whi h I h
t ou w t
o efi t a y b at c av e no o o
‘
er m a e
In d
or e r of descri pti I h ll
on s a not e x actl y follow D O rb igny
’ ’
s ar
ran e m e nt,
g h I
t at m ay b e th e be tte r abl e h
to s ow th e transi ti on from
th e si mpl t th epli d o e m ore co m cate form s o f di id l sco a Foram i nife ra .
Th us I h ll pl Op li b f
, s a ace e rc u na e ore Num m uli na, &c .
, Alveoli na afte r
N . o bt S w by d b f N
us a, o er , an e ore . a ea ta, id . and t enh p ass on to
Orbi toi de s and Or bi toli tes .
m e ns of h p i t wi h
t e s ec es p ti ly d wh h h Ih av e m e t re s e c ve an e re t e c a
t i ti
rac e r s t t lly h b t i t b
c struc ure e x e rna by th as e en oo m nu e to e se e n e
kd y
na e ll p ti
e h b
e, a sm a g i fi d i th t or I don d as ee n m a n e n e ce n re . n ee ,
i l t ll th li
n a m os d ki ga , l g th e th y
nes an t lly m a n s are ar e r an e are na ura ,
an d th f are p td d
e re ore re
g i fyi g gl
rese n ef l w as se e n un e r a m a n n ass O o
pw f i
o e r,th w y ld h
or n no o h t b gi er a c ou t e se c arac e rs e ve n.
A typi l d
s a i pti f Op li
ca d th tesc r t ff i i
on o e rc u na an e s ruc ure o oram n
f h ll g lly I
e rous s e t f th
s d t y b
e ne ra , i m us re e r e re a er o m o se rv at ons on
0 A bi . p bli h d i l i N ii f hi J l by p l
ra ca, u s e n vo . v. o. x v . o t s ourna , a e rusa
o f whi h d t di g f wh t f ll w will b
c an un e rs an h f ili t t d n o a o o s e m uc ac a e .
O r nnc u nm D O rbigny
’
a, .
d
d h h
iscoi al, t i n, orizontal or wav ; y t p ce n re rom i nent, m ar
gin t i h
cke ne d,
d d d lik Spi
roun e , co r - e. re m ore or less irre gular, m ore app are nt on
i d th
one s th th e an e o e r, consistin
g of th ree w h orls, concave on one si d e,
flt th th i
a i
on e o er, ncreas ng ra pdy i l from a ce ntral ce ll. Ch am be rs
vol. v. p .
O PERC U LI NA A ND A S BI LI NA . 1 31
on o ne si de th an th e o th Di t f l g t p i
e r. am e e r o ar es s e c m e ns —
5 2 4th s of
an inch ( P l t II a e .figs 1 , .
Le e . M k t i us a , n Ara ia b .
D b y ’ ’
b
fl
i neq nilate ral, bu t th e di e re nce e twee n th e tw o si es is so slig t th at
'
b d h
it ca nno t be re fe rre to any ot e r ge nus d
Th e intercam e ral com m u h .
ni ca ti o n Ih av e no t b
bl t k t d lth gh D O big y
ee n a e o m a e ou , an a ou
’
r n
l
a m os t i i b ly gin v ar a it h p d p i ti
ve s i th s s il id F
a e an i os on n e naut o oram
if
n e ra as a di i g i hi g h t y t I h h dly b bl t
st n u s n c arac e r, e ave ar e ve r e en a e o
see i i f t ily i
t sa t s ac or
y f h p i n ant h t I h o i
t e s d e c es a av e e x am ne .
0 i .
q il t
nee a li ha era t i ti f
s 18 a c il f th i k p i k
arac er s l d c oss o a c , n -co oure ,
sili l
c o -c a care ous, san dy t t t R Gh i th fi t lit l
s ra u m p th a as ssa, e rs t e ca e sou
O f M k t w hi h i us a , p t th c s th a t ort f A bi on e nor -e as e rn coas o ra a
O pp i
ost S i d e I h i
c n e t . d i d i p ti
av e h h i fly
nse r e f t h ts escr on e re c e or e
p p u r ose o f i g w i h th
com m e nc n i p l t f f t
t il i d F e s m i i es orm o nau o oram n
fe ra, an d l f it p a so i ity i l
rom lity t S i d
s ro x m n oca o c n e.
2 0. Eq i l t l di
. id l p l u ligh tly w y thi
a e ra , sco a , ane or s av , n .
C t p
e n re i t romdp ne nti g g , an l ti rese n ll t b l n p ranu a ons or sm a u e rc es, ro
j t
ec i g n i h y
m ore
g h i
n t e th d ounlt t t t bt an n l i t t d e a u s a e ; u e rc es, s ua e
ov e r h tpt t
e se h a , one
g i li h
o eac
g tly th i k d ; m ar d d d
n s c e ne , roun e , cor
lik e Spi
. lre m o re or
g l q lly i
ess re d t b th i
u ar, ed ua ev en on o s es con
i ti g f i wh l g d lly i
s s n o s x or s, i gt ra uah l t wh i h i l 2 4 th nc reas n o t e as , c s -
i h b
nc d h wh l l ppi g
roa ; e ac or b i g with it i t l
o v e r- a n or em rac n , s n e rna
b d th
or e r l i
e ex te rna
g f h p d
m ar i g w hi
n O h i dt ed d re ce n one , c s roun e an
cor -d lik Ch b e . am fl t d pt fl t d pp t
e rs num e rous, re ec e ; se a re ec e , a are n
on b th id Di t f l g t p i
o s es . am e e r 5 l 2 th o f i h
ar e s s e c m e ns - s o an nc
thi k t p t wh i h i
c es ar h , gi l
c 3 6 th
s t e f i h fi
( g
m ar 3 n, - o an nc s .
,
L Sid i
ee . p y with Al li
c n e n com anth t w f T tt ve o na , ne ar e o n o a a.
g e ne rally h i t l th wh l
m ore or zo n a , e d th p ior s are m o re nu m erous, an e s re
ASS I L I N A, D Orbigny
’
.
1 .
(
A H J . C ) E q il
i rrey ularis
t l di i d l . l . . . u a e ra , sco a , m ore or ess
w y av p d thi C d p d gi thi k d
, co m re sse , n dd . e ntre e re sse , m ar n c e ne , roun e ,
d li k Spi
cor - l e . i g l p j ti
re g b t
m oreh i d or e ss rre u ar, ro e c n on o s e s,
exce
p ti g i th t w h
n i t i lny b d i
e ce n re ,ti g f i e re s near o scure cons s n o n ne
wh l i or s,i g g d lly t w d th p
nc reas n lti t whi h i 1 1 2 th
ra ua o ar s e e nu m a e, c s -
i h wid
nc h wh l l ppi g
e ; b i g with it i t l
eac or ov e r a n or em rac n , s n e rna
1 32 F O S S I L r o nu m m rnna I N sc ru b s .
[J u n r
b d
or e r th e gdi g whi h i thi k d
e x te rnal m ar in of th e p re ce n one , c s c e ne ,
roun e d d d d lik th gh t th pi Ch b
, an cor - e bq d rou ou e s re . am e rs su ua ran
g l b
u ar, O l g i g l i oni p , ti
rre g b f i t
u ar n s z e , g re se n n a num er o m nu e raun
l i
a t ons ov e r th i f t lly S pt t ight di ti g d
e r su r ace e x e rna . e a s ra , ra a n , an a
li ttl fl t d id t b th id
e re ec e , ev pt i then t Di t
on o s e s, e x ce n e ce n re . am e e r
o f l g t p i
ar es l l l2 h f
s e c m e ns i h thi k t p t whi h i th - t s o an nc ; c es ar , c s e
m ar gi l — 2 4
n,th f i h fi
( g 5 o an nc s .
,
L Si d
oc . c n e.
Ob Th i s .lth gh wh t
s, a bli g th l t d ib d p i
ou som e a resem n e as - escr e s e c es
f Op difl f it i b i g hl g d i f
'
i th
n t i
e e x re m e
g l i ty f i t p i rre d d l p tg
u ar lly th o s s re an e ve o m e n e ne ra , e
d p i i th t th b ity f th th fi t wh l ; d
e re ss on n e ce n re , e o scur o e re e rs or s an
th e p lti t wh l b i g th b d t I ld t di
e nu m a e or th
e n e roa es . cou no scov e r e
2 . A . E q uilate ral, di id l
sco a , slig htly wav y , th ic k , sm oot h ,
m a
y b e counte d wi t i n h h lf i a an nc h f th t
o N e ce n re . o ch am b e rs
b
a ov e b l w th or e o e t l pl
ce n ra ane . Di t fl g t p
am e e r o ar e s s ecim e ns 1}
i h th i k t p t
nc ; c es ar , whi h i b tw
c s e e en th e ce ntre and th e m argin.
3 1 2 th
- f i h (fig 7 s o an nc s .
,
L Sid
ee . c n e.
Ob Thi l ly pp
s . s c ose a roach e s Num m uli ne from i ts si ze and h k
t ic
ne ss th p i d p t h e s re an se a, owe v e r, are still m ore o r le ss vi si bl e e x te r
ally b t th i, d hi k
u e h
ncre ase t c ne ss of th e sh e ll o scures t e i r b p rom ine nce ,
an d gi h f ve sth d if ity
t e sur ace m ore sm oo ne ss an u n orm . Th e e dg e is
th i k dc g l i d
an f b i g d d an d lik u ar, nste a o e n rou n an cor - e , as i n th e forgo
i g p i
n d th wh l
s w l
e c e s, anly pp i t N e o e no c ose a rox m a e s a u m m uli te .
NU M M U L I N A D O rbigny
’
.
,
l . N .
7
. q il t l di
E u a e ra , scoi dal, m ore or e ss l wav y thi
, n, gra d lly
ua
di m h
i ni s ing in t c ne ss hi k f th rom e c e ntre tow ar d s th e m ar i n,
g p rese ntin
g
on th e su rface num e rous sm all a
p p i llae o r
g ranulations , b e twee n si nuou s
line s runni n
g m ore or le ss i rre gularl from th e y ce ntre to th e circu m fe r
e nce , th e latte r bi e n
g th e m ost e v id t en of th e two i n th e y ou ng sh e ll.
th e ce ntre . Co m p d h b b
re sse c am e rs a o ve and b l w th e o e ce ntral p la ne .
Diam e te r o f th e l g t p i
a r es s ec m e ns inc h thi k c ne ss i n th e ce ntre
Lo c S c i n. d e .
b h and th e last
p
descri be d s e cies of Ass i li na is th e re se nce o f th e c om p p re ssed h c am
2 . N . m i llec ap u t 7
. E q u ilate ral, di i d l
sc o a , m ore or le ss wav y thi k
, c ,
th e circ u m fe re nce l -4 8 th of an i h b d b
nc roa ; a out h h
forty -e ig t w orls
m a
y b e c o unte d wi hi h lf t n a an i h f h
nc t o t e ce n re co m p d h
re sse c am
b e rs b
a ov e an d b l w h e o t e c e n rat l pl Di ane . am e te r Of th e large st
p
s e ci m e ns i hnc hi k ; t c ne ss in th e ce ntre 3-1 2 th s of an i nc h (fig s.
1 1,
Loc . Egy t p .
Obs . h fl
T is di
'
th e nu m b d pp
e r an a ro x i m atio n of i ts sinuous li ne s, th e b
a se nc e of th e
sm all granulations or p pill b
a ae e twee n h
t em , and th e
g reate r nu m b e r and
h p
T i s s e cim e n w as b gh f Egyp t It pp t b N ro u t rom . a ears o e .
na i l/ p
e ea t T h t fi gu d by .M M J ly d a L y i i 1 4+ i
ure h i . o an e m er e s nc n
di am e te r G lly h N . li t f hi ki d f
e ne ra Egyp t wh i h I
t e um m u es o t s n rom c
have ( h
se e n f th Py i d t wi ) h
t ose o b b i h i
e ram s o t av e ee n a ou t an nc n
di t d b 2 l2 h i h hi k I h i t d it d i pti
am e e r, an a out - t s nc t c . ave nse r e s esc r on
with f one o ly h ki d i S i d
e x ac t t e sa m e n n c n e .
3 N . bt S w by Eq il t l
. o us a , lo gl b ler . u a e ra , m ore or ess o u ar, co m
p d i th
resse bt t th
n e
gi S
ce ntre ,f p ti g o use a e m ar n. ur ace re se n n
i
s nu o us li i l pp i ti
nes d i
n c ose f d wh l i th a rox m a on, an n con use or s n e
1 34 r o as u . no na m m r s na m sc rx ns .
[J U LY
from th e se pt a at p i
th e circum h fe re nce to th e ce ntral rom ne nce on e ac
sid e I t lly wh l
. n e rna th b d b tw th or s t num e rous, e roa est e een e ce n re
an d th i f e li
c rcum f h pi ly wi d ly
e re nce ; p td ne s o t e s re ne ar as e se ara e
b
a ov e an d b l w th t l pl e oth y i h l pl
e ce n ra i t lf ane as e are n t e ce ntra ane
'
se .
Ch b am e rsfl d pt fl t d Di t f h
num e ro us, re e cte se a re ec e . am e e r o t e
l g t p i
ar e s 1 1 1 2 th
s f i h th i k
e c m e ns 2 1 0th - b f s o an nc c ne ss - s; num er o
wh l th i ty h
or s
( g
fi 1 r3 -t re e s .
,
ALV E O L I N A, D O rb igny
’
.
e q il t l p ti g l git di l li whi h
u a e ra , re se n d i ig i d
n on u na ne s, c e x te n n a s m o
f
orm f p t p rom d i t t a ex p ll l idg b tw
o a e x, an m nu e ransv e rse ara e r es e een
th em ki g,
p d i
m ar
g i t nl d i i i f th
corre s on h b n n e rna v s o ns O e c am e rs .
I t lly h b f if
n e rna ig i d di i d d i t h i lik
c am e rs us p by orm , s m o , v e n o a r- e s ace s
t t w
ransv e rse se
p h i h h ti ti a, f th i dg c ti d are t e con nu a ons o e r e s m en one
th wh l
e
g d i p i
o e l f D
arran e i t 5 2 4 th f
n a s i h ra orm . am e e r - s o an nc
( g
fi .
Loc . Si
c nde , Ara ia b .
Loc . Sid
c n e, Ara ia b .
d i t t i g f b d f Hi d pilg i
m a e n o s rn s o d th f th H i d
ea s or n u r m s, an o e rs o e n u
f i h
a t Th y
. id t b p p e d f th i p p
are sa by b i g p t
o e re are or s ur ose e n re ea
e dly t k with h
s ruc til th t ll ya p li g fll
am m e r, un e e x e rna a e rs, ee n o
‘
, eav e a
sm oo th f su r ace .
3 F
. i li t llip ti P ki (fig
a sc co es e ca, ar nson .
L Sid
oc . c n e .
O b Thi l h
s . th h t
s a so th f i
g g
as p i b t
e sam e c arac e rs as e ore o n s ec e s, u
i
s m uc h l g t d l t yli d i l L gth 7 2 4th f i h
e on a e , a m os c n r ca . en - s o an nc ;
b dth 3 2 4 h It b d b Hyd b d d
re a - t s . th B
a ou n s a ou t ra a , an near e uran
i
r ver, i p y wi th di l O bit li
n co m an b h ft d ib da sca r o te , to e e rea er e sc r e .
Th i th i g t di ti g i h th
e re s no p i n f o th b t s n u s e se s e c es one rom ano er u
th i ph i l ph id l d llip ti l f
e r s er ca , s p ti ly Th tw
e ro a , an e ca o rm s re s ec ve . e o
l tt
a pp t h th i p li l li i i S i d d t b p
er a e ar o av e e r e cu ar oca t es n c n e, an o e s ar
i gly i d g th
n m O th
xe th
to e t t f A bi
er . wh th y n e sou -e as coas o ra a, e re e
l f
are a so di p y with di l O bi t li t th ph i d l f
ou n n com an sca r o es, e s e ro a orm
i
s m os t D O b ig y h
com m on. d h th l t g ’
f hi
r n as m a e t em e as e nus o s
A LY s o u NA . 1 36
NU M M U LI N A, D O rbigny
’
.
( S bu
g e nus .
)
4 . Num m ulari a a e uta S owe r by . E q uilate ral, di i d lsco a , wav y ;
ce ntre ra t e r a ru p tly h b p ro m
g ine nt,
in th i n, acu te ; surfac e re
m ar se nt p
i ng a subgranular, re tic ulate d structure, th e inte rsti ce s of w ic te nd h h
to a s pi ral arrange m e nt towar s th e d ci rcu m fe re nce . I nte rna lly con
C h am be rs h
t re e ti m e s as long as th e wh orl 1 8 broa d Sp. e ta straig t, or h
fl
bu t slightly re e c ted ; eac h ch am be r i vide d i nto th re e or m o re re ticu d
late di vi si ons by su b-se ta, w h i c structure , e x te ndi n
g f p
ro m t h e h
ci rcum fe re nce to th e ce ntral rom i ne nce ,
gi v e s th e su rface th e re ti c up
late d pp a e arance m e nti one d ; e ac h i nte rstice corres p ondi n
g to a com
largest p
s e cim e ns 7 -1 2 t s oh f an i nc h hi k t c ne ss i n th e ce ntre 3-1 0 th s
( g
fi s 2 1 , .
Loc . Sid c n e .
loc . ci t.
) from its su bg ranular su rface , siz e an d h p s a e. Id o not k now
any ot h p er s e c ie s li k i e t in Si d c n e, i f th is be no t th e one . T h e re is
p h
anot e r s e ci e s fi
( g s 1 9.
, 2 0 ) o f t i s c h arac te r w i c a ou n h
s i n th e h h b d
num m uli ti c roc k s at th e i sland o f Mas ira, o n th e so u t -e as t c oas t of h
Arabia, but thi pp s a ears to be N . Ga ra nsi a na .
( J ly Loy et e m e ri e ,
sub e nus O f
g N um m uli na , also allies it stron
gl y
to O r bi toides . A no th er
h
c arac te r h h di
w ic stin ui s
g h es N . a cu ta from th e fore going p
s e ci es is
the greate r l ngth
e of th e c am h b bi er e ng in th e di rection of th e sp ire,
1 36 r oas t s s o na m m ns na m S C I ND E .
[Jo ni
b ptly p
a ru ro m i ne nt i n th e c e ntre , and t i nne r and m ore e x pan h d di
e n
th e m argin . h
All t is, w ile it se h p arate s N . a cu ta from th e Num m u li te s
li ne s, too, w ic h h are se e n d e sc e n di g i
n , n th i w ll i th di id l
s as e as no er sco a
O R nrro rnns, D O rb
’
'
.
su bg ranular o r t b l t d p i lly
u e rc u a e , es ec a ov e r th e c e ntral
p rom ine nce s
tu b e rcle s ro un d , irre gular in size h by t ll t and s h p it d
a e , un e toge t er s e a e
li ne s I t lly p
. i g
n e rna t re se nt n f q d l
an e x re m e
g ly thi p l n ane o ua ran u ar
c h bam p d i lly bl g d
e rs, c om re sse
g d b
v e rt ca p i l ly , o on , an arran e su s ra ,
with h i l g t i i h di
e r on i f h h i
ax s t l di
nt e f th h ll
re ct on o t e or zon a am e te r o e s e .
C om p d h b b re sse c d b l w th
am t l pl
e rs a ov e an
g d i e o e ce n ra ane , arran e n
i
suc cess v e ly li k th fN
a e rs, li t d e l
ose o h um m u e s, an m o re or e ss o v e r e ac
h
o t e r, so as f l to h i h di t
orm l
co um ns,
g l ly f w c ra a e m ore o r e ss re u ar ro m
th t l pl
e ce n ra t h p i ph y ane d d i
o h t eb l bf er er , an en n t e tu e rc es e o re
m en ti d Di t f l g p i
one . am e e r oh lf i h (fig 23 ar e st s e c m e ns a an nc s.
L ac .S i d C t h d A bi
c n e, u c , an ra a.
Ob I h l dy t t d th t th h b f th t l pl
s . av e a re a s a e a e c am e rs o e ce n ra ane
( g
fi 2.4 ) f thi g o sf t l l
e nus com m e ncel T h i l l i ro m a ce n ra ce . s ce s
o f h t ose w hi h d i th c t f
succe e d i il t d th e ne x orm e s se m unar, an en
in con ac t t wi h th t l ll
t e l p lyg l F
ce n ra ce , are m ore or e ss o o na . rom
e ac h f th h b o e se ff c li amf th i
e rs pi l f
com e s o a ne o o e rs n a s ra orm ,
wh i h di i i hi g b p tly i
c , m ns b dth t i t p th b k f
n a ru n rea , e rm na es u on e ac o
th p e di g th fi t b i g h h t t t thi
re ce n one , e rs d th e n t e s or es ; o s succe e s ano er
i
se r es o f li w t i ti g i li k
ne s o r ro s, b t f w id
e rm na t n n e m anne r, u o e r ex e n
s i on n d
; a i ly t il th pl n
so on success ve b f t t d pp
, un e a e , as e ore s a e , a e ars
o anrro xnns . 137
lac . c it .
) h
I t i nk, h as b e en m isle di n consi e ring th e d pill ars of S o we r by
no th i ng m ore t an th e o a ue m atte r h pq filli ng th e p e rforations si nce
by a
p ro
p e r se cti on h
t ese colum ns are b f t t d t b th
se e n, as e ore s a e , o e e
su rrou n d d by h e pq tt t e O a ue m a er
”
t
o th p iph y It i i hi
e er er . s n t s
O
p q a tt
ue m a th t D C p er t
”
a r. ar e n e r s
’
p f ti e r ora i t t d th t
”
ons are s ua e , a
i i th i t
s, n pt l i t ll l
e n e rse a or n e rce u a r s aces, p whi h i t p ti lly fill hi
c ar a s s
p f t
e r o rai b i g th ons i fi f t
e n h e or ce s o e i t
n e rse pt l l d ib d i th
a v esse s e scr e n e
t t
s ru c u re o f th h ll f Op li A bi (L i t )
e s e o ercu na ra ca . ac. c .
I th i p i f O bi t id w h
”
n s s e c es o th t ll
r li o iti ges e av e e s e ate nes un n , or
as it w pp ti g th l
e re su or f th n ll Th y i t fb
e co um ns o e ce s. e cons s o ars or
v er ti l pt f p q
ca se tt
a o t di g f
o a ue m a l t th er ex en n rom one co um n o ano e r,
i t i gh t li
n s ra b t di i i hi g i thi k
nes, u t w d h m ns l pl n n c ness o ar s t e ce ntra ane ,
wh th y b
e re f i t
e d t l t di pp
e com e lt g th
an an Th y f a as sa e ar a o e e r. e orm
th e ly di ti g i hi g h
on s t n usb w th i p i d O bit id
n c arac e r et een s s e c es an r o es
P ttii ( ill t ti t D C p t p p l it ) y t I ’
ra see us ra ons o r. ar e n e r s a e r, oc . c . e am
p retty t h t I h
sure th a i ti f
av e se e n th l tt th em n a se c on o e a e r, near e
cen rat l pl (w h f
ane th y w
e re o t p t t
course h f ) e e re no re se n on e su r ace,
j ust as th y p e t d i fi
are re
g 1 4 b f D C
re se n ep t ill t ti n . o r . ar e n e r s
’
us ra ons,
wh i h thi c th g d
s au f t or re f d i
ar s as ab d p i H e a ure o an u n e sc r e s e c es . e nce
I i li d t th pi i th t Ly p h i dfip
am nc ne o e O n on d O bi t id a co r s ansus an r o es
Obs . h
O f t is fossil Mr . S w by o er states h tw f il [Ly T ese o oss s so
ere n s a es of
3 Or bi toides Prattii
. .
18
F O S S IL F O R M I NI F ER A A I N S C I ND E .
- D O rbigny
’
O a nrro nr r l zs, '
.
l .
( H J
Orbi toli tes M a nte lli C ) N li t M t ll
.i M t . . . um m u es an e ,
or on.
(Q t
uar J . G l S
ourn l . i p eo . O bi t i doc M . t ll
voi . v . . r o es an e ,
D O big y (I b ) Di id l w y q il t l i q il t l
’
r n . . s co a ,
t av , e u a e ra or n u a e ra ; ce n re
b ptly p i t
a ru rom b th id
ne n i
on one or
g l p d do s e s, m ar n m ore or e ss e x an e ,
sm oo th bg l , su t b l t d
ranu ar o r p i lly th p i t
u e rcu a e , es ec a ov e r e ro m ne n
p ti f th t t b l i t
or ons o e ce n re d i gl i i d u e rc e s m nu e , roun , rre u ar n s ze an
a t th i f
e c rcu m p d f ph id l l g t d ll
e re nce , com ose llo s e ro a or e on a e ce s, sm a
i th
n t l g t th
e ce n re, i f
ar e a pl d i w whi h pp e c rc um e re nce , ace n ro s c a e ar
t h
o ave ti a conce n r c t b t th i i i d t
arran e m e n i b l ll u s s n e e rm na e ce s
g ,
a lt t i
e rna e dj i i g w C p d h b b
n a o n n ro s . db l w om re sse c am e rs a ov e an e o
th t l pl
e ce n ra
g d i ane , arran e i l y li k th f O b i t id
n su c ce ss ve a e rs e ose o r o es
an dN li t um m u l e s, h th
m ore or t f l
e ss ov e r e ac o e r, so as o orm co u m ns
i th g
n e l ti t b
ranu a l ti
ons or d Di t f l g t p i u e rc e s m e n one . am e e r o ar es s ec
m e ns h lf i h ( fig 30 a an nc s. ,
F ig 32 33 34 pps. , t b , ly i ti i f
a e ar f th o e m e re v ar e es n orm o e sam e
s p ie c e s.
L S i d A bi
oc . c n e, ra a .
0 6 Thi f il th gh t fi t ight l
8 . s oss , t id ti l with O bi t i d
ou a rs s a m os en ca r o e s,
f or h t p t i q il t
t e m os l hi h t l t i th pp it with
ar ne u a e ra , w c a e as s e o os e
Ly p h i di p
co r s it sf l i
a nsus th f th g
s sur ace a so l ti s sm o o er rom e ranu a ons
th i k t th
c ai f i O bi t i d it i
e c rcum e re nce t ly d if n ly r o es s e x re m e an u n orm
th i th
n
gh t 3 d
rou I t i ou p . d f r p l l.i y f l y s f
c om ose o a u ra t o a e rs o
s ph id l l g t d ll (fig 36 37) i O bi t id it i t f
e ro a on e on a e ce s s .
, ; n r o es cons s s o a
i gl l y
s n e f q d a er o g l ll ( g
fi u a ran u ar ce 4 th T h ll y s . . e ce s are ve r
m i t nu e and f dly d
con u se
g i th t i O b i t
arran e i d h y n e ce n re ; n r o es t e are
as l g i th ar e t n t y
e t h
ce n rep t d di ti as l y a
g d
an o er ar , an s nct arran e .
Ly p l i di p
co zr a wh i h i s typ
a ns us, f th g O bi t i d c pp s a i e o e e nus r o e s, a rox
t
m a es it j t h us t as O bi t li t
m uc h y
m ore f o r o es e nce m reasons or
c h gi g it
an n s nam e .
Th bg l t b l t d f whi h thi p i
e su ranu ar or u e rcu a e w ll orm c s s e c es, as e as
Dy p l i di p
co tr s p t t lly i f th t iti f
s a nm , re se n s ex e rna , ar se s rom e ex re m es o
th l
e co um ns o f p d ll p j ti g b th f i com re sse ce s d ro e c n a ov e e sur ace , ncrease
som e ti p b bly h y th i t ll l b t h i g b w
m e s, ro a ,
'
p
O a ue m atte r,
q h h w ic su rrou n s d th e colum ns, and as th e latte r e nd m ore
or less in pi td t
o n e e x re m i ti e s u p on an im aginar y t l pl w ft ce n ra ane , e o en
som e ti m e s t e hy
q d gl are p
ua ran u ar, thand th e se ta continuous across e
pl (fig 38 ) t th th y
ane . a bl g ti lly d
o e rs e d
are O on ve r ca , an curve a
littl e outw d li k th ar s, pt ie ti l
e se ti f th
a see n t l n a v e r ca sec on O e ce n ra
pl f N
ane O li tum m uwhi h i th i es , f t w d th
c s i e r com m on orm o ar s e c rcum
f e re nce fi
( g 3 6 ) w .h il j t ft th e, t l p l
us i as O p d f
e n, e cen ra ane s com o se O
tw o or th l y re e f ph id l ll
a e rs O ti s ( g
fi 3 7
e ro f w ah i h I
ce s en re . rom c am
i li d
nc ne i f th t wh
to n e r, th th a f pp it i
e re e ly f
o er orm s a e ar, s m e re rom
th e llce i gi t
s runn n h th ti lly
n o e ac d th i p i t o i th i
er ver ca , an e r ar e e s n s
di ti di pp i g p ti lly lt g th I e i i g
re c on sa e ar n ar a or a ti l o e e r. n x am nn a ve r ca
se c ti f th i pl
on O w s f q tly
ane , b th t
e re y th p ue n o se rv e a e ve r o e r s ac e
i
s a se pt dum ,t an ll th i ino wi g t th
a ce ll b i g s g d
s o n o e ce s e n arran e
l
a te rna e t ly i dj i i g w n a o n n ro s.
2 O bi t li t
. r o Eq il t l
e: i q il t l di
7
. u id l p t
a e ra or ne u a e ra , sc o a , a u
t
ce n re , whi h p j t c littl b
ro e c s a th g l f t th
e a o ve g i e e ne ra sur ace , o e m ar n,
w hi h i th i
c s th g h
n, l
ou b t t th
m ore o r d g I t he ss o use a e e e. n o e r re s
p t th t t f thi i th
ee s e s ruc ure o th t f th l t p i
s s e sam ed as a o e as s ec es e
scr ib d e Di t f l g t p i
. am e e r O 2 i h ar es hi k 3 24th fs e c m e ns nc e s ; t c ne ss - s O
an nc i h (fig 40 s .
,
L oc .Si d c n e .
are , th t i t ia t b p tly p
s no i t i th
a ru t d di i i h
rom ne n n e cen re , an m n s es
g d
ra ua ll y t th o g i I t l
e m ar t t i n f . l g i a so ad D a ns a ar ar e r s ze ; an , as r.
C p t h
ar e n e r k d l
as re m ar e it ti , ac i t d f b i g
. c .
, som e m es se e m s, ns e a o e n
i b d di k t h p d it lf i g l ly i y di
”
i
a c rc um sc r e s , o ave s rea se rre u ar n eve r re c
ti on . Th l tt e h t i t
a er c p li t it h w th t
arac e r s no m ore e c u ar o , o e ve r, an o
th f e
g g
orei p o ni s e c es .
F rom it f q s td p p t l
re ue n dw y f
ee ,
t th h i
a u ous an t l av orm , oo, e or z on a
o ft i di t
en n t ll t
ca e a s e th pl fig whi h h w i t
a e , or o e r com ex u re , c , o e v e r, s no
h i t l th n
or zon a a p a th f
v erti cal ly de ve lo m e nt, a nd ere ore m ore near
d with t y i ou t ti an ith id b i g p t ti ly
ncrus a on on e er s e, e n re rese n a ve on
of th t l pl
e ce n ra f thi d th l t p i ane o s an e as s e c es.
D O b ig y g i wh i h th i i t ti
’
O bi t li
’
r n s e nus r o na, n c e re s an ncrus a on on
o ne sid ly I h e on ty t , l fig 33 b
ave no id d p i e see n, un ess . e cons e re a s e c es,
wh e re id i p lone d th
s e th s b t thi
ane I th i k
an e o e r conve x ; u s, n ,
m a y b i
e ty i f
a var e f ith f th f ni
g g p i
orm f lt O e er O e ore o n s e c es, or, a er
all i t h
, i ast ti an f p d ll th
ncrus a on o pl i d com re sse ce s on e ane s e,
l h gh
a t ou tp i no t Th t p i ro mI id t h ne n . i a s e c es cons er o av e no ncrus
t ti
a wh
on th ll d
ere t l pl e ao-ca et th f ce n ra ane com es o e sur ace .
D O rbigny
’
C v cm u wa, .
sm h h
oot , t i n i n th e ce ntre , wit h ll p pill y
a i sm a a ar em ne nce on one
sid th i k t th
e ;
gi p
c ti g a e m ar n rese n n conce ntric circles on th e surface ,
alt t ly
e rna e i d dd p d with ra se an e re sse , ce lls arrange d circ ularl y , whi ch
are h dly i ibl t th k d y (fig
ar v s e o e na e e e . C ll
e s sm all in th e ce ntre,
e nlargi n
g towards th e fe re nce , sp e roi al i nte riorl , e longate at
ci rcum h d y d
th e surface ( g
fi . arran e
g i n c i d
rcular rows alternate i n e ach row .
Loc . Sid c n e.
0 63 . Thi s is, as hi g b th
it were, t l pl
not f th {b n ut e ce n ra ane o e re
oin
g g ps e cie s th t i it da l p
s, t t h
s th big i
ev e o m e n res s e re , ere e n no a
crustation on e ith id d
er s p d ll b
e , an b l w th
no com re sse ce s a ov e or e o e
di sc . Ih ave ca ll d it p d
e l t f th e li t l p pill y
uncu a a i rom e te a ar em nence
p ossess.
T h us we h
d i d ipti f th i pl til id f
av e p asse , n e scr on, rom e s m e nau o orm
i whi h th pi d pt ll i ibl ly t
'
of Op li e rcu na , n t c e s re an se a are a v s e e x e n or , o
A i li
ss wh th y
na, l b d i th t th t
e re e are m ore o r ess o scure n e ce n re ; e nce o
N li
um m u wh th ina , dditi f p d h b ere e re s an a on O com re sse c am e rs on
h i d th t l pl
e ac s e p di g b d b l w i t th gl b l
e ce n ra ane , e x an n a ove an e o n o e o u ar
spi rO -ce ntral pl ane of th e nautiloi df orm s of Foram inife ra is b gie nni ng
c re m ai ns . 14 1
EX PLAN TIO N O F PL TE I I A A .
Op t-
re a li ses i ne qni latcra h s ( Na 2 Va tical se ction of di tto
'
1 . . . .
. . . rm . 12 . di tto .
16 . M an il a -
sp am ice , Lam arck ( NO 1 6 M sp h e roi de a , i d ( NO . . . . .
Fig 2 1
. . N um m u la r ia a cu te , S o we rb y( NO . a , m agni fie d v ie w of re ti culate d
F ig 23
. . Ly m p h ri s disp e ns e s , S o we r by NO 1 ) . a , m agni fi ed v ie w Of re ti c ulated
m a ni
g fied .
F i g 30
. . O r bi toli tes M a nte lli N
( o . a , m agni fie d vi e w of re ti c ulate d struc ture
F i g 35
. . C e ntral p lane of O rbi toli tes M a ntelli , m agni fi ed . 36 . V erti cal secti on
e nti re , and h ave not r un into eac h o th er. 38 . V erti cal se cti on of ce ntral
F ig 42
. . C y clolina p edunc ula ta ( NO . 43 V e rti cal se cti on of di tto
. . 44 . Ar
range m e nt and form of ce li s i n ve rti cal se cti on of di tto. 46 . Di tto on th e
surface .
Aa r '
. IX — Descrip tion of
. O rbitolite s M alabaric a, i llus tra ti ve
of th e C Sp i ra l
o nce ntr i c A rra nga nd not
em e nt of C h a m bers
a Plate .
O a nrrO e r-
zs M am a s a rc s .
( H J . C ) . .
d
si e , c onve x on th e o t e r, h th p sm oo re se n ti g pi l li
n s ra nes on th e
su rface e x te n di ng from th e ce ntre to th e ci rcum fe rence . M argin
h k
t ic , rou n d , ru
goso re t c u ate
- i l lo ngi tudi nall y , wi t h one or m ore p o res
ch b am b e se e n
e rs m a
y a m a n wi th
ng glass o f low o erg i fy i
am p w Ch .
be rs arran e
g i n c d
onti nuo us s i ral rows, e x te ndi n
p g fro m th e c e ntre to
dj
nate i n a oini ng rows, sm all i n th e c e ntre , largest towar s th e circum d
fe re nce , and in th e su p e rfici al la y e r on b th ido s e s, w h e re th e y are
O bl on
g or ov oi d i
v e rt ca y
ll ( g )
fi 4 . e ac h p ti re se n ng two rou n d p a er
tu re s com m uni ca ti n
g wit h th e ne x t ou te r and i nne r c h b am e rs ; th e
o ute r p
a e rture of th e e x te rnal ro w O
p e ni ng on i
g ( g
n fi th e m ar .
S pte ht ( d b i g p
a straig , an e n e rp e n di c ular to th e , and alte rnate in a oin dj
i g
n w, f h
ro b ) f s O c am e rs, orm i ng broke n pi
s ral li ne s ru nni n
g i n th e
O
p p i t d
osi ti t e h re c on o t em , so as to p re se nt th e linear pp a e arance se e n
th at in th e f th
orm e r li i e i bne s nc re as e n nu m e r ou tw d by th ddi
ar s e a
tion O f m ore ro w f h s o b c th h d d
am e rs on e one an , an m ore se ta on
p th e
h j
o t e r, ust as i O bi t i d
n r D O b ig y
o esp h i .
’
r n
’
s
“
co u e or zontale ,
”
t h e re
fore , Of th e l tt ( C
a er ele t d P lé t
ours t Gé l m en . e a on . e o . v ol. ii . p . 1 93)
n asc m r n o n o r o a nrrom ras n s ns ns nrc s
' '
. 1 43
en
gi ne -tu rne w atch d .
a l
Loc i ty — A oun i ng i n an i m u re ,
. b d p b hglui s - re e n ar
g i llac eo us li m e
stone (of th e P ?
le i oce ne O f form ations ) a b t 30 f b h ou eet e ne at th e su rface
at C hi oc n o n th e Mala b ar coas t th
, h ll f wh i h th gh d p i d
e s e s o c , ou e r ve
y t lli
cr s a ne .
D O rb igny is
’
not w arrante d i n gi vi n
g th e di ti g i hi
s n u s ng c h arac te r of
h p b d t i i d i hi l t
t at it is alm ost i m o ssi le to f wh i h e e rm ne t an n s as o ne , o c
Ly p l i di p
co zr s i ty p eit i id t th t th i i
a ns us s a t h b t e, s ev en a s s no t e c ase , u
th t h
a h b
t e c am
g d b p i lly
e rs are arran e su s ra .
”
I h d lw y b i p d wi h h i d th t pi l g t
a a a s een m resse t t e ea a a s ra arran e m e n
o f th h b e c th
am p i ti g h t i th di id l
e rs w as e m ost e rs s n c a rac e r n e sco a
F oram i if d lth gh I h d
n e ra , an d di d a t ti g h i i
ou a s ucce e e n e m ons ra n t s n
O bi i d ( I
r to es I ld t d i h th g
oc . f D O big
cou no o so n t e o er e ne ra o
’
r
n y
’
Cys l t ég f
c os th ll
u cs, f th ll
rom d t h i f i e sm a ne ss o e ce s an e r con u s on
i th
n t
e f th p i Ip
c e n re o d I th e j t d ib d
s ec es osse sse . n e one us e scr e ,
hw o th
e v e r,i d bt f it e re Th li
s no f h b ou th w o . e ne s o c am e rs are ro n
fi f ti l pi i th f f p k f w k
'
O rom a ver ca s t yfi
re , n e orm O s ar s rom a rota o r re - or ,
as I h b f t d f O bi t i d
ave e ore d if i t b th
s ate i o r o es an , e e case n one
p i f O bi t lit it i
s e c es o r t p b bly th
o e s, i ll di DO s m os ro a e case n a , an n
’
r
big y g whi h i b t t d d f
’
n sO bi t li
e nus l r o na, a so, f th c s u an e x e n e orm O e
t t
sam e s ruc u ra lf d ti ou n a on .
H if thi e nce i gb ll w d i t
s reaso n n f ll w th t D O big y e a o e , m us t o o , a
’
r n
’
s
te rm f hi d i i
or t s or e r f th h b s a m t g dsnom e r, or e c am e rs are no arran e
i t i i l
n conce n r c c rc e s as i t w ld i p ly b t p i lly i h di i ou m , u s ra , as n ot e r sco
Ih d thi p i O bi t li t M l b i f it l lity
av e nam e s s ec es r o es a a a r ca rom s oca ,
th p i fi difi
e s ec cb tw it d th th k w p i (with
'
e re nces e e en an e o er no n s ec es
th pti f th pi l li
e e x ce on O th f ) t b
e si g g i b l
ra nes on e sur ace no e n re co n z a e
by th i t d y
e u nass s e e e
I d ti ty of L
en k g O bi t li t d D O big y Cy l li
am arc
’
s enus r o es a n
’
r n
’
s c o na .
Th pp t
e re a t b ears y littl di ff
o m e b tw L k o e ve r e e re nce e ee n am arc
’
s
g O
e nus bi t li t r d D O b i
o
g y C y l li
e s an j d i
g g f th fi g
’
r n
’
s c o na , u n rom e ure s
E p i ti
’
of th f e i t b
orm e r, 73 fig 13 16 f L
n a . . s. -
, O am ouroux s x os on
Mé h di q d P lyp i
t o ue d f th l t
es i t b
o i fig 2 2 2 5 f
e rs,
’
an o e a te r, n a . xx . s .
-
, o
D O bi g y d B i T t d Vi B th
’ ’ ’
r F n F s oram e n . oss . u as s n er . e e nne . o are
m ar i
g p d
no orous, anb th w i h t p th f ( C op t t ou o re s on e sur ace se e ar e n e r,
1 44 nasc a rr rro u o r o anrro nrrm
'
u s u na m c s . [Jun
i n Lam arc k ’
s Or bi toli tcs concave . C yi arr ng ou t t hi s re asonin
g also , we
find it state d by D C p r . ar e nte r ( loc . ci t .
) p
re s e cti n
g t h e Australian
p
s e cies Of Q uoy and Gai m ard and Or bi to li tcs com p la na ta , t h at hy
t e
a ree close l
g yi n ev e r yp arti cular sav e th e form of th e p
su e rficial
”
ce lls and as th e fo rm e r and Or bi toli tes M a la ba r i ca will be see n to be
still m ore intim atel y allie d , it also follows, t h a t all h p
t e se s e cies s oul h d
com e u n e r th e d ge nus Or bi toli te s o f Lam arck . Th e c ham be rs I p a
p h d
re en g d p i lly
are arran e i ll th gh th p sfi i l
ra li n a , ou e su er c a nes on ly
app t b i 0 M l b i
e ar o e so n . a a a r ca .
It th f t (
e re ore se e m sth g h f I k th
o m e k ou o course m a e ese re m ar s
with hdf h D h d ’
l
’
m uc ) t t O b i
e erence
g y g C y l li a b r n s e nus c o na s ou e a
p i i L k O bi t li t h th l tt g w ld b h
s ec es n am arc
’
s r o es t en e a er e nus ou e c a
t i d by
rac e r z e thi ph i t ti a nth f
a m or th gh ous nc ru s a on on e sur ac e ro u
w hi h thc h b e c am l i i bl with
e rs are m ore or g i fy i gg l ess v s e a m a n n ass
d i D O big y O bi t li th i w ld b t i d
’
t ti h
’
an n r n s r o na, e ncrus a on ou e c arac e r ze
by it ll l t t
s ce i O bi t id
u ar s ruc ure , d i g th p i as n r o e s, re n er n e s e c es or
i ti
v ar e l
es m ore or ess conv ex on one or b th id I thi th o s es . n s case e
i
s e c es
p i th f ng gi p p e ll d o re
p ti lyo nO b i t li t d
a e r, ca e res e c ve r o es an
Cy l li
c o h ld b
no, s ou d O bi t li d O bi t li t e nam e * r o na an r o es .
EX PLAN TIO N o r PL TE A A A .
-
O rbi tolites M a la ba r ice natural si ze .
,
ch am be rs .
wi th sligh t and uni m p ortant alteration, be e n rep ri nte d fro m th e Annals and
B b y by
om a , p th e edge s of salt-wate r ools, m oving on th e m oist e art h or
k d t ki g h lt d t
roc s, an a It hi f p li ity i h i g
n s e er un e r s ones. s c e ecu ar s av n
p l t g th with tw y tipp d t t l
an o e rcu um , o e er o e e- e e n acu es.
Th A i l he b d h tf t h d p ddi t b d
nm a as a roa , s or oo , a ea ex an e n o a roa
and lightly
s gi t d lip d f
e m arf t ly tw t t l
na e , use as a ore - oo , on o e n acu es,
whi h c h t ly yli d i l
are s or t il db
, i g th
near y c n r ca , con ract e , an e ar n e e es on
th i
e r sum mit Th pi t y p i g is . d p f ti i th
e res ra or o en n s a roun e r ora on n e
m an tl b hi d th
e, igh t t t el n e r e n acu e .
Op l i h
ercu um y with b pi l li sn i g f orn l , su s ra nes, ru n n rom a nuc e us
use ,
li p s it d by
un e ll whi h h th ca us, c e ncroac es on, or ev e n cov e rs e
um bili cus .
B li i g th t thi g i w it i p p d t ll it O n
e ev n a s e nus s ne , s ro ose o ca r am
c s a os, with f t it tw y b i t t l
re e re nce
g o s o e e - e ar n en acu es .
Th p i h b f d f whi h th h ll y b th
ree s ec es ave een oun , o c e s e s m a e us
1 , Op tcdsceros
’
com d d wh l
m as —O vato-coni cal , wit h 6 roun e or s,
l git di lly t i t d
on u l
na g i h h y
s ra e l gth i h
; co our ree n s - orn
; en nc .
2 0 , b i.
—S b i l with 7
su coa cum 8 . wh t fl tt d
n con ca , or som e a a ene ,
sm oo th wh l l h y or s g l g th i h
co our oc re or oran e ; en nc .
3 O , g d.
— O t w i
m a r asnth p i t
’
d p i um 6 w h l k d
va e , o ne s re , or s, m ar e
wi th f i t t i a nf i lightly
s ra g i '
. d ob l w th
ncrease ; t s m ar ne e o e su ures ;
l h y l gth i h
co our oc re ; en nc .
Ob ti
serva—I h f th fi t tw p i th i l i g y
om . n eac o e rs o s e c es e an m a s re ,
an d it lip is b ti whil i th l t th
s su crescen c, l i lt d e n e as e co our s scar e , an
th lip i
e t g l In 0
s rtac an u sr.
g i n t p t ti n i l w th i . m r a um re a o s s o er an n
lg
1 46 F OS S I L m e n m on r a n D EC C AN .
[J U LY
th e ot e r h two p
s e cies . If pu t into salt wate r, t hy e all
qui c kly m ake
thi p f it by p
e r esca e d rom , cree ing up th e si es of th e v esse l, bu t if
pl d in f h w t h y l th i p l
ace re s a e r, t e c ose e r o e rc u a, and re m ain s u t u h p
until th y di e e .
M G EG ERTO N,
. . GS [ Ex tr acte d f rom . . th e Q ua r
GE N E R AL F RASE R, th e B iti h Mi i t
r s n s e r at th e C t f our o th e Nizam
atHyd b d e ra a , in a le tte r to m e d t d th a e e 3 l t J ly 1 8 50
s u , m e nti one d
hi h i gt
s av n ransm i tte d som e sp e cim e ns of fossil fish , wi th im p ressions
of le av es, in a m atrix h hD
w ic r. Walke r , w h om G e ne ral Frase r h ad
em pl y d i St ti ti l d N t l Hi t y
o e n a i th
s Ni ca an a u ra s or re searc h es n e zam
’
s
t it i id
e rr or e s, cons d pp t i i g t lf ti G l
e re as a er a n n o a co a - orm a on. e ne ra
F h dp
rase r i ly ad p i t b t t th A i i S
re v ous cause s e c m e ns o e se n o e s at c o
i ty f C l tt
c e o b t th p t p th
a cu t ti fyi g D W lk
a u e re or s u o n em no sa s n r. a e r,
a se cond i fh p i w se r es ot t by G l F t e s e c m e ns e re se n o m e e ne ra rase r,
wi th q t th t I w ld t i th i p ibl l ti with t
a re ue s a ou asce r a n e r oss e re a ons rue
coal -s trata .
q
s uare m ile s in th e D e c can, — th e granitic b asis of th e w hlo e
Malcolm son )
we re y
e it erfh fl i til
f i l uv a e or lacustrine ,
—
th e iscov e r d o oss
fih s th on
gi w
e m ar lty il
n oy f f th t p gi
g t e ra re on as a nov e ne cessar o rea
i t t
n e re s i di ti, f th
as f n b g d t t f th p i l
ca ve o e orm e r su m er e s a e o e e n nsu a
of I di n Th f ila. i d i O t b l ed gl hwd ht
oss s arr v e n c o er ast, an a anc e s o e t a
th e i w
re m a nsi b dd d i bit i hi t Th p i
e re m e e n um nous sc s . e s e c m e ns
w t wi th G
e re m e l F ti d , t th fl
e ne ra f rase r m e n o ne , near o e con ue nce o
W d dG d
ur e an
y i th f Hyd b d d
o av e r h f N g r ve rs, nor o e ra a , an sout o a
V ol . vi i. Part I p 2 7 2 . . .
ross u . m e n m ost TH E DEOC AN . 1 47
w as i t th G dn o
y G
e l F
o ave r p b b ly , t th
e ne ra fl rase r ro a m e an e con ue nce
o f th G d e
y d
o ave rth W i G an
g T h j e ti f t h
e n W d un a. e unc on o e ur e
an d W i G g i b t 1 70 il
e n un a th
s a ou t ly f Hyd b d i m es nor -eas e r rom e ra a , n
l ti t d 1 9 8 7 N
a u e
°
d l git d 7 9
'
.
, an d th j ti
on f thu e
°
an e unc on o e
W i G ge n d G d
un a an
y i b t 1 1 5 i
o av e rl th t lsy f a ou m es nor -e as e r rom
Hyd b d i l tit d 1 8 4 9 30 N
e ra a , n a u d l gi t d 79 56
e
° '
I
”
.
, an on u e
° ’
h av e reason t b li th o l liti t b f
e e ve 1 2 00 t
ese 1 400 f t
o ca es o e rom o ee
b th
a ove l l e sea - e ve .
Th C e t f th G l gi l S i ty i p t d th
ura or o e eo o p i ca f oc e ns e c e e s e c m e ns o
f il fi h
oss d hs , an id d th t th y b l g t
e cons g e re w h i h i a e e on o a e nus c n
E p l tit d i
uro ean a lly
u es i t d wi th th
s u sua O li ti f ti
assoc a e e o c orm a on.
Th O liti
e o k c roc tt th l lity f th
ne are s f il i i C t h
o e oca o e se oss s s n u c .
f lly
u il di t t m d wi th thi k
es s an f f , an t a c ness o rom o
f t ft p i t
ee o ra i gf n e rv en n pl f h d d i l or a cou th l e o u n re m es ne v e r e ess
m an y f th E p o e i t f lit
uro ean assoc a es o i t p th W d d oo e ex s u on e ur e an
Gd o av e r
y ly, b i t
nam e i h l , w d — p uml l p
nous s a e , h oo o a , ca careous s ar, r om
h id l q
o a t g t h
uar z, a a e s, l d y h t &c d
a ce t h kon i t lf, om s one , c . , an e roc se
m a y b l i d by
e ov e r a th p d ig i fl w f t p
e I t wro t t il
ous th o o ra . as no un e
i li t w
arr v a tly f
n o n re ce n
y f i d S i Ph ili p Eog t mw h r en r e r on, ose acu
m e n an d i ti l k wl dg f f il i h thy l gy
cr ca no e d h i pi i
e o oss c o o re n e r s o n on so
l bl th t I w
v a ua e, a bl d t g t th p i as e na ei d wi th d li
o e e s e c m e ns e x am ne e
a t ll ti
a i t
m es anx ous d h i k wl dg il bl t th i t t o re n e r s no e e av a a e o o e rs, ns an
ly p d d t y pp l d I
res on e o m p itt d by h i t k
a ea , an am e rm e m o m a e use
i h i w w d f th
n s o n l i
or s o t w hi h h i d ft
e conc us on a i c e arr v e a e r an e xam
ti
na on o f h f il t e H y
oss s. e sa s
Th p i e with
s e c m e ns pti hb k one d th e x ce on are m uc ro e n, an e
t i l
m a er a s tt d f dly
sca e re th hi t b t th i ffi i t
con use ov er e sc s u ere s su c en
ev id t
e nce h w th t th y ll f bl t th g W t“
o s o a e are a re erra e o e enus ?
an d , t p b bly
m os ll t
ro a d th , a p i th t b i g w
o one an e sam e s e c e s, a e n a ne
one . It i k bl f th l d p p ti f th t i p t
s re m ar a e or e s e n er ro or ons o e an e r or ar
o f th t e k d th thi k
run , an f th p t i e p t b tw th l
c ne ss o e o s er or ar e ee n e ana
fi n an d th t il Th e a l . p f tly th
e sca es are d th f p t er ec sm oo , an e re e os e
i
r or m ar
gi ti w i th
ns en re , t y t f ti A
ou anf th l wrac e o se rra on. ram us o e o er
ja w i p i
s se e n on one s e c m e n, s o h w i g th t th t b i l w i th n e ee o e con ca , ta
h l gtdb
t e r e on a e Th i li ttl d bt b t th t it i
ases . e re t O li ti
s e ou u a s a ru e o c
form ,d pp
an tly f th d t
a are n f th Li o Th hi t i wh i h th
e a e o e ne . e sc s n c e
fi h
s i b dd d
are m i d
e e t g ly
re m f t h b i i
n s m e s ron h l f th o e tum nous s a es o e
Li ne o f S f ld i th Ty l ee e It i n y d i bl th t
e ro . p f t s ve r es ra e a m ore er ec
1 48 F ossi l. m en s nou ru n BROC AR [J n
'
. a
In a secon d note p dd
Sir Ph ili
‘
from th e Line to th e Ch lk b th
a , o inclusive but y our sp e ci es b e ars
d
e vi e nce of e in one
g b of th e e arlie r m em b e rs of th e race . It was p ro
b bly
a an e stuar y or q h
in-sh ore fish , from its fre u e nt association wit
t ti l t b
e rre s r a v e e a
g l i i th Hyd b d p i
e rem a ns, as n e era a s ec m e ns .
”
Si Phili p lla
r h bly d pl t ly h t d th bj t
as so a an com e e ex aus e e su ec
as f th p i
ar as p itt d th t it ly i t t
e s e c m ens e rm e , a on rem a ns o m e o nam e
th w fi h
e ne d it w
s y h y p ti i y N t l
; an as as v e r m uc m rac ce n m a ura
Hi t y is or tig ti t
nv es i t w
a ons p i with th l litio assoc a e ne s ec e s e oca es or
p i w
rov nces h th y w t w i
ereth I w l
ed p p t ll th
e re m e
p , ou ro ose o ca e s e
Ih av e written to I di f n p ia b
or m ore s ec m ens, ut as th e di scov ere r,
Dr . Walker , h as l t ly
a e h ppily l t h i lif by
un a os s e a fall from his h orse,
Anr X II '
. .
-P ostscri
p t to th e Geology o
f the Nagp ur S tate .
. By th e Re v . S Hrsm
. p .
Ir h as di ypp b th G l gy f th N gp
ee n assum e n m a e r on e eo o o e a ur
St t th t th E
a e, d p it i
a t e i with th f
oce ne f th e os s cc-e x e ns ve e orm er o ese
th t th a y t p i W t I di d ib d f d
e re are m an -
ou cro s n es e rn n a escr e as o re
h l by N wb ld d h k p l l t li t
” ” ”
o e d e o , an re oc re ous roc , u ve ru e n m e s one,
p t
re se n p l f f h w t
e x amt t Th
es o t p th lyi
our g res a e r s ra a . e ra , e n, ov er n ,
as it d l ti f ti n t h
oes, a acus r ne b p d f th in orm a o , m us ave een oure or an
arom a s or ru n m or o n -
era rs . 1 49
”
C
North Am erican onti nent ; and, t ere fore , th e i ea of a su m arine h d b
sfiusi on is w olly groun le ss h
But h ow, t en, it m ay be as e , are d . h kd
we to account for th e atness of th e tra ills ? fl
Must t e not ave ph hy h
b een consoli ate un e r great d d
ressure l d
Th e vi cinity of Nag ur p p
supp li es th e answer Now e re are th e outlines of th e ill to s m ore
. h h p
h C
h orizontal t an in e ntral ndi a ; and y et, u ging from th e a un ance I jd b d
of p ulm onife rous m ollusca w ic h h are h
t e re foun d , th e fres hw t a er in
h h th y
w ic e li ve d , and i n whi ch igneous rock was afte rwar s
th e d
p d t
s rea ou , m ust h av e b
ee n so s h allow as to allow th e m olte n m ass to
b
Agai n, i t h as ee n take n for grante , t at th e d h pl ants figured on th e
p
last late o McC elland s
f l
’
urv e for 1 848 49
- S y are , as h
t e re state d ,
fuco id
s . T h gh I h
ou h t h i g
ave th th
ough t i t rig t, from no av n see n e
p i
s e c m e ns t th l thi
e m se ves, hyp th i y t I o reason on f s o es s, e am o
o pi i f th fig whi h h h gi th t h i
n on, rom e ure s ll d F id c e as v e n, a s so ca e a co es
venou s i thi g b t Gl
s no p t i
n d th t
u a q tly th
oss o er s an a , conse uen , e re
is no p f wh t roo f th B g l l
a e v er o h i g b d p it de en a coa m easures av n ee n e os e
i th
n ,eb t y
see lik lih d u f th i
eve r h i g b f d
e i f h oo o e r av n een orm e n re s
w t a er. Th y b i d f t h
e sam e m a h l t R té th b k
e sa f th o e s a e a o , on e an s o e
P i h i é wh
r n t th L p id t
, De re i w f
e d Thi g
e o us f eccane ns s as oun . s e nus o
fi h i i d d
s es s, f q tly
n ee t with i
, as ire i f hw t
ue n m e n m ar ne as n res a er
form a ti b tfons th i p ui f bi l
rom l ft e f g m t f re ss on o a va ve, e on a ra m en o
th h ll ki dly t with l f th L p id t by D T L B ll
e s e n se n m e sca es o e e o us r. . . e ,
wh h l dy h w h light th g l gy f th Ni ’
o as a re a t ro n m uc on e eo o o e zam 8
coun rt y I i li d t b li
, am th t th
nc ne h ll will h w th t t t
o e ev e a e s e s s o e s ra a o
b l e t i C bi i g thi
acus r ne . l i
om th with th
nn p i s conc us on, e n, o er rem se s
p i ly t bli h d th d d ti f th wh l
rev ous es a s e , t b
e th t
e uc on rom e o e se e m s o e, a
th e oc eanh t w pt th
as no D i
s th
e ov e r t f e e ccan s nce e com m encem e n o
th O li ti
e o i i I di c se r es n n a.
d by f gi difl d th d b i k '
of k wh th ig
roc , di t
e y 3
er d — Th O ly i g
neous or se m e n ar . r . e ve r n
T p f C t l
ra o d W t I di
e n ra t h b p d ti
an es e rn n a canno av e ee n oure ou n
h b d f th
t e e b t o t h b e pt d i l k
ocean, u m us av e e en e ru e n a a e or
h i
c an f lk od li d t d i g
a es, l d an g t th
conso a e n e ne ra un er no rea er an
an i lp
ae r a 4th —Th F h w t F
ressure . ti n d thi T p e res a er orm a o un er s ra ,
1 50 GEO LO G Y or r u n m o re s ar m s. [J a n 1 8 5 3 .
in so m an y localities of y f th
th e region j ust nam e d, is b
o viousl o e
Eocene p i d 5 th Th S d t f C t l I di whi h pp
—
er o . . e an s o ne o e n ra n a, c a e ars
t b i d ti l with th D i
o e en ca d S d t f S th I di b l g
e am on an s one o ou e rn n a, e on s,
wi th i t i t d Sh l
s assoc a e d th I di C l M a e, t th
an e n a oa easure s, o e
L w O li ti F
o er o ti c 6th — Th fi t
orm a ti
on.d f th k i f. e rs m e n one o ese roc s s o
f hw t
res igi d
a e r or th in, an t b li so, l th th
ere s reason o e e v e, are a so e o e rs.
7 th —.Th D e hibit id
e ccan e x fh i g b b g d by
s no ev e nce o av n e en su m er e
th n in
e oce a p i d t i t th O lit
s ce a er o an e r or o e o e.
Erra ta .
5 9, li nes 1 8 , 1 9, f or fi ”
rst, frui t, an read first-frui t and
62 , li ne 1 7 , f or B i th e nia ”
r d “
, ea Bi th i nia ”
,
”
33, f or K h anari rea d K h h nh nl "
2 4 , f or “ We i r
h zs d,
”
r ea d
“ We i ragad,
”
6 , f or S h e k J ari d, rea d Sh ek Parid,
“ th ” “ ”
1 3, f or ese re ad th e
8 , f or C h o uki r ea d C h ouki ,
30 , f or Bro wn , r ea d Bronn,”
”
4 , f or K ooh adi r ead K orh h di "
n n 38 , a n
Q fl
” «m m
»
JOU RNA L
OF TH E
BO M BAY BR AN C H
OF TH E
R OYA L A S I A TI C S OC I ETY .
J ANU ARY ,
1 854 .
D D , Pre si de nt
. . .
i p ti
sc r ons f ound t K é l d J i th Gh t d K d i th
a r e n an u n r, on e au s, an u en n e
C o ncan, I h ll s a re se rve an
y g l k
e ne ra dd i ti l t
rem ar s, a th I h ona o ose ave
l dy
a re a d d th h d f th K é h i d Né ik I ipti
m a e un e r e ea s o e n e r an s nsc r ons,
t th
o l i
e conc us on o f th i p p s I y b
a er . hw m a th t
o se rv e , l o e v e r, a se v e ra
of th e sei i pti
nscr h b b f t l t d by M P i p f
ons ave ee n e ore rans a e r. r nse rom
ce p i es f i h
u rn s d h ie by mC l l Syko one d th t i i w i
es ; an
g th a n re v e n ese ,
l g wi th th t if I difl wh t i lly f
’
a on e res , e r som e a y t
occas ona rom m m as e r
i I di
n n an P l g phy it t b
a e o ra , m us b d th t P i p h d b t
e rem e m e re a r nse a u a
sm a ll p ti or on o f th i ip ti
e nscr b f hi ons d the o re f h d
m , t
an , e re ore , a no
th d t g f p i g th
e a v an a e o com ar n wi th em th one h d h ano er ; nor a e an
o
pp t
or un i ty f o ti h
corre c
g i nfi t i sp i rs I hm b b l
re ss ons, asd ave e e n ena e
to d by
o, b q
su se t ue n hre se arc e s .
20
1 52 sa u v a nnr m sc a rrr xo s s .
[J a s .
I sa— Ta n ts c a rp rs m
'
Da v a n a o a a r , AN D Ta nne m r ro n s o r
K a u na s: I n s c nxr ri o n s '
.
No . I .
h
T is inscri pti on is e ngrave d on a pill ar outsi d e th e G re at Te m pl e
C av e .
as s e rt ?“ firfirw e fi
’
ai firfe e sm v m i t t ni a!
Tr ansla ti on .
Notes .
Ih av e alrea dy d
inscri ti on in p 3
m a e re m arks o n t hi s im p ortant p .
b
o f m y o se rv a ti ons o n th e K ii nh e ri C av e s, and s own t at t is M a d h h h h
rh a B
j h ti ti w as th e la st o f th e un a
g n as t I t! i s a com m o n M ara S dy y .
p
th i c orru ti o n o f I t!" as w e ll as ( i l
l
som e o v e rsi
g t, o r e fe c t . By h d
i n th e i nk of th e transc ri t, p M r Prinse p . re a d th e first le tte r a ,
i nste a hd of t d i D
a . Bi d w k th
T i s is co rre c e I n r . r
’
s or on e c av e s .
f ll w P i
o o p h ir nse k i g th ,i th ll b
ow e v e r,
y l i l i t d
n m a f n e s x s a e l ns e a o
i t I C l l Syk ip t d by h i h f d bt
’
. n t o one es i ranscr use m , t e orm e r s u n ou
o f th tw i t h ld b
e od I y g d py f hi i ip
s ou e m a e. n a ve r oo co o t s nsc r
ti on, p bli h d i th A i ti R h
u s e l n p 14 1 d f i h d
e s a c e searc e s, v o . v. .
, an urn s e
by Si C h l W M ll t w h
r ar e s y pl i ly i whi h i l
are a e , e av e v e r a n a r, c s a so
th di g f C pt i J b (Jl B g l A S
e re a n o a a n l i p 4 68
aco . d . en a s. oc . vo s . v . .
, an
i ii p . . Thi t i ti w s,
y w i p
oo, o n e xam i f h na o n, as m o n m re ss o n o t e
f
co n oun ed d i f b t by p i g N I II d III d N I f
s a ; u co m ar n os . .
, .
, an .
, an o . . o
Bh ajé k d di ff
, will b f
a m ar e d i th l g h f th e re nce di g e ou n n e en t o e as ce n n
lin b f e i b i
e ore l b t i thi
t di g ll g d w s
e co m e s c rc u ar : u n s rea n a are a re e . a
i th lg M i hi f If i d f !w h ld dW “
s e vu 1 3 ar arr t o 1 71 . nstea o I e s ou re a ,
th d nt l
e e l d th
a ,y ll b l h
as us ua t d , an e s a e s or e ne .
N II o . .
Th i i i p ti si gnsc rd on s th i g h t i
e n rav e d f t h on a recess on e r s e o e
p h o rc .
Tra nsla ti on .
Notes .
k i
ta en n th e se nse o f a p tia r arc h or di ti s ngu is e hd m an, and a ppli d e to
Bddhu a . h
Th e if i t w th
m e ntion of t is cav e , as e re e on ly ione n
J b d i p d di t d t B ddh
am u v a e t i ti t th t i t w
ca e th o u a, see m s o n m a e a as e
fi t rs ti
e x cava f th k i d i I di
on pp iti whi h f th
o e n n n a ; a su os on c , rom e
h i m F th p iti
. I pp th t th i i ip ti w dd d
ro m e os on, su ose a s nscr on as a e
by l
som e l B ddhi t ft th
oca ti f th
u s a er e e x cav a on o e cav e .
No . I II .
[]
1 l m e v
-
[]
2 m s and l ( are g i ne
w as fi rm m m i t?“ ye s
“ i t s y aw .
[]
3 [ )
1 8 “ ( fa i n 1 1 ?e
se e m a fi a m m
“
( m 1 !am an 1
m e a ns an m a } fit i
is { n.
Tra nsla ti on .
a vill g w i
a e
g t th d i
as ti g i h d
ve n f th i f o i t
ose i s n u s e or e r orm e r m er or ous
t
ac s, by M t d f K ik a a di ti g i h d
e va, son o g th d os a, s n us e am on e c om m an
e rs ofw h i d by S
ar c d th
ar o ts , an f th f h i t om a e v a, e son o e am ous c ar o e e r
V i i
'
A
zi s v l w
.
g i li
cav e a so
g i i g ti t t h
as p i t
v e n as a re ous ass na on o e r es
h d d th p f
oo , an to f ligi oset wh f ll f k w
e r orm e rs o re ous ac s o are u o no
l dg
e d wi d
e an s om .
'
otes .
h
T is is one of h
t ose i nte resting d tdi
a e d p
nsc ri tions, on w hi h c , un e r
I m a
y still h ave som e m o re o se rva b ti k t th d f th ons to m a e a e en o ese
a l lt fi . In th e transc r ip t by th R M Mi t h ll t i d
e ev . r. c e , co n a ne
1 54 A H YADB!
B m s c a i r ri o s s .
'
[J a s .
in Dr B d h
ir s work, t ese are ne arl re v erse . and we av e I N K ?!
.
’
y d h
for th e first, and M FG for th e second am warrante d, . I
h
t e n, I h k
t in , in consi e ri ng t e m th e sam e d h
O n th e escri ti ve d p .
p
te rm s a pli ed to th e u d i st rie st oo ot Bdh p h d b h
abov e and e low b
d k
I nee m a e no re m ar s, t oug , e x ce t fill, t e k h h p
are all ec uliar. hy p
as th e se nse in whi h I c d t d th will dily pp f
u n e rs an em rea a e ar rom
th e translati on, pt p h p m
e x ce , wh i h I pp t t d f
e r a s, , c su ose o s an or
C OM .
No . V .
Passin
g ove r No I V . . at p re se nt, I re m ark t h tNa o. V h as
. re fe re nce
to th e b
a ov e m e nti one d villa e ,
g b estowe d as a free gift u p on th e m onks
b
le gi le (m u m ) and at th e be ginning of th e secon d li ne i n Dr .
Bi d r
’
s work th e wor d
y l gi bl th p i ti g t f
51 “ is also easi l e e, us o n n ou or
wh th
om i ll g w i d d
e v Th a e hw as y bl k
nte n e . e re are , o e v e r, so m an an s
an d b k l tt i th
ro e n i i pti e th t I h
e rs t t
n pt d t e nscr on, a av e no a te m e o
t l t it
rans a e I wh t i th
. n f th d a d t pp
re m a ns, e na m es o e onors o no a e ar.
O f thi i i p ti s f i ilnscr wi th th i on a
g f B ddh ltac-s m e, e m a e o u a, a er a
d wi g by C l l Syk b w hi h i t i will b f d i th
ra n o one es, a ov e c s, e oun n e
11 A . S B g l l i pl iii It f ll w i di t ly N
s. oc . en a , vo . v . . v . o o s m m e a e o.
V II gi . blw ve n e o .
No . VI .
No . V II .
-
[]
1 1m in m u m s i i en e s a n a n s t ru m s
[]
2 “ fu m i ng -
am s 0 31 m m em i t“ ! a m t W i s er
m am
s
l
m et
[]
3 Sw i f t ? !m wm sw ' it fl
w v i i v vvtfv m w .
Tra ns la tion .
Th e h h li t th
villa e
g th f th d f th
Karanjaka, w i c es o e nor o e roa o e
h ouse h ld Mi i th bl k ith h b gi t th ll ti
o er m e ac sm , as ee n ve n o e co ec ve
bo dy f th p i th d f i iti t d k wh
o e r es f f oo o n a e m on s, o are . re e rom
p ass i
on, d h an di h t i d by i l
ave o ve rcom e se ase ; are c arac e r se u n v e rsa
com p i d ll th ing d p
ass on, co m m an y bj t f d i a s, an osse ss e v e r o ec o es re .
W g t th ill g K
e ranj k t b t k p
e v i f by th
a e s ran a a o e a en osse ss on o e
a La N ra sc a rr rro Ns
'
. 155
h
T i s inscri pti it will b on, h till p t t the se e n, bj t
as s re s e c o e sam e su ec .
It i i s y
n a ve r pi p ii
cons th l f
c uous f h os d wy f h
t on, on e e t o t e oor a o t e
t empl It i til t d t th t p b t t f it i Th l t
e . s m u a e a e o , u m os o re m a ns . e as
li ne ,w hi h i ki d f p ti ti
c s a n f th o f re p t i i t p t d by
e on o e o rm e r ar , s n e rru e
sm a ll p il t wh i h
as e rs, k i t pp c if h
m a w
es bl k i t w h i h
a e ar as t e re e re an s , c ,
h w i t th
o e v e r, s no A ill g e f th i
case . v h i th
a e o s nam e , o r rat e r n e
s h t df
or e ne f K orm j till i t
o aran a, s
g th Gh t f
ex s sw il am on e au s , a e m es
f rom Kll di w h ld i i
i r e n, an s no by th K fi f ily d d
e n na m e rv e n am , e sce n
t
an s o f th G ft eh l t
u ru o P h — eh a e i es i id w a, rat e r a c u r ous c o nc e nce .
Th gh I h ou f d av eid bl diffi l y i di i di g th l tt
oun cons e ra e cu t n v n e e e rs
i t w d
n o dt
o r s, an l i g th i i i p ti
rans a t n I d h dly p i t t t
s nscr on, ne e ar o n ou o
th S e i
ans c r h l th p p b ti t f th P i i t w d I
t sc o ar e ro e r su s tu e s or e ri c r o r s.
m a y tino h w ce , th to vi l ! i
e v e r, i a f th Sl i i t t l
s a u n on d o e ansc r Si l an
th e M é hi m ar t d th i th l an w d i at Q id n dt b e as t or s cons e re o e
b idg t f i n th P h it f fl
,
an a r em en o ,u Al e i i t b k p i
r cr o . so, t s o e e t n
m i d th t “ fil !
n , a i i ti t d
l ? ( S
m e ans n K é uh i I a e i p t i . p ee er nscr ons, .
I h d l t f g t t ti th t I id th f ti f th
a a m os or ot e n o no ce , a cons er e orm a on o e
im a e on
g t h w ll t ei d h a t p l
ou s we h i h
t thei i em i p i i e, ov e r c s nscr t on s
p l aced t g , h w i th
o e t ert h g i ft f t h i ll g e f d t t
o b l g e v a e re e rre o, o e on
p t i
os e r or th to ti ef th t
e x cav a pl it lf f w hi h th
on o e em e se , or c e re ason
will pp a i y f
e ar n m p p orm e r a e r.
N V III IX os . . AN D .
s t e ws Fags i sm s fags .
Transla ti on .
No . X .
W (e ) m fiw m xm u m .
Tr ansla ti on .
p atie nt and su bd d ue m in d s.
1 56 au tu m n rus c a rr rm N s '
.
[J A N .
h
pti I b li i
T is inscri t d wi th on, e eve , s connec e one of th e sm all cav e s.
Th l t w d i p
e as li g ! or pl s uzz n . it m e ans e asure , b ut p hper a s it m a
y
h b e re p ti f “ 3 ki d f di
e a corru on o , a n o m en cant, and th e m e ani n
g
b he a it d t hp
ou se su Th typ e o su c e rsons . e e of th e le tte rs i n h
t is
i i p ti
nsc r i y i t d b tif l it i
on s ve r anc e n an eau u , as s i n th e ot e rs h also of
No . XI .
i tsm -m w e se e firs i s m -
rm t ut .
Tr a nsla ti on .
Th e gi ft of a p ill by
ar th e C i e f h M itrade va, son of Dh e nukii kata,
( su rnam e d) Bi h s ab h ada tta .
N o te .
nam e , as i n th e te x t, p b bly
ro d wh b
a ass um e en e em b race d B ddhi u sm ,
e m or m at w e h av e m e t wi h l dy i N I
t a re a , n o. .
No . X II .
i nfi rm ee r e i we e s m urf s a s ( In .
Tr a nsla ti on .
No . XIII .
FE fi fi . P e ace . To th e P e rfe c t O ne .
N o te .
B ddh
u a is h e re no d bt
ou m e ant . T h e re s h ld p b bly
ou ro a
ove r W .
No X IV . .
Dh e nuk é kata .
use ? an w as Fe w “ Vi i 1 m v a
‘
.
Tr a nsla tion .
if
A g t of lion su
- pp orti ng pill ar, b y th e G re ek X e nocrate s ( Dh e nu
ké kata) .
I ABLBN I NS C BI PTIO NS .
'
otes .
We h av e h
t us no less th an t h re e insc ri ti ons at p Ka l r e n, and one at
s e
p ll d deifi t ly
‘
e re n y t i b t th
ev e ri i th i m e,
g th w
u h t i s s no n m ore an a s
u sua l i I di n I t k p l t ly M a h i w p p
n a. oo u a e d f a d ar t ne s a e r, an ou n a
p ti l w d th t
ar cu a r or ,d f ti a occ urre p ll d tly f difi t o ur m es, s e e e x ac o ur
'
e re n
w ya s on th p g Th th g ph y Dh kék t I pp t
e sam e a e. e or o ra e nu a a su ose o
b th
e e t m os t it i
correc p bl f b i g di id d i t tw I di
, as s ca a e o e n v e n o o n an
w do r s, th fi t f th
e rs th o f em Rak h e ti
nam e d i o a s as a, m en one n
th e P é ur ns, d th an d i g
e se con
g d p h
m e an n p an a e nt, an , e r a s, an
ar ti t s I t i th
. t s ywh i d p i g f ig w d t
e c us om e ve r e re , n a o tn ore n or s, o
m a e k th if p ibl ig i fi t i
em , oss e, s w l g g
n can d th n ou r o n an u a e an e
nea re s t G k ree t
nam e see m s t b X t o m e If h o t b e e nocra es . t e acc e n e
p u t onth ti p e an lt i t y ll
- e nu b l i
m a e s l ly d t h a t w i ll e, as s us u a o ne , a se e m
t d
o bl th l tt
ou e h G
e e k er c, By i il p
t e re e th E gli h
x. a s m ar roce ss, e n s
w d C ll t
or o i i B
ec o r b y t f d i t C al k tt B id i
s n om a rans o rm e n o a a ar . es e s, n
P é it th
r cr i e rlly it d
s usu a d th e omt t d
te p l ti l tt
, an ne x m a e a a a ne e e r.
By th i p s d th
roce ss, an b ti ti f D] f X whi h d e su s tu t
on o i t : or , c oe s no ex s
i P é it
n r cr d h , anh g f h t i ti t
t e c an e o I di
t e e rmth na on o an n an one , e
t f
rans o rm a ti i p l
on t d s I t h
comi k t h i G
e e k . p b n s re e nam e m ore ro a
bly th t th
e one m e an Th ik an
gg t d bye on D W i l os, su O f t h i es e r. so n . s
X e no c rate s, th it i id h w
e n, Ys sa w h i h ll g e as a t i av an, c a a re e m us , n
anc e ni t I di d n an t G k It i th H b w J
oc u m e n s, m e an a ree . s e e re av an, as
w w ie i t b t w hi h h ld b p
r te , u c d th J w till d
s ou e ronou nce as e e s s o,
a re e n
g i g i h t h w tI d i Y e nw h i h h
ans, i d t ly
avan, h d i l c as e v en t e sam e ra ca
lt
e te rs as th G k I H h d I di
e ree eRi h bh d t a an d n an nam e , s a a at a, an
a so n, wh i o ti d i N XI H w
s m en one n i t o . i dd. e as an art s , as s re co r e
i th K é h i i
n e n er ip i N X wh nsc r t h i
on ll d “ w
o. . l, H e re e s ca e ai . e
w as a conve r t t B ddh i o i th
u i
sm i p ti
, as h i n ll d e sam e nscr on e s ca e an
U pa k sa Th p a. e f h G k th
rese nc e o su c i a ld re e a t e se e x cav at o ns cou
on ly h bj t th t f p i t di g d di i g th w k
av e o ne o ec , a o su er n en n an re c t n e or
m en B id h
. es t h
e s, b e m us fi fl av e t bt i p i
e e n a m an o n ue nce o o a n e rm s
i
s on t i ib h i
o nsc r e th
s o wn nam e o n k d fp p y bl
e se ro c s, an o ro e rt to e na e
hi m t o t th
e xec u e w k h i e id t h or s d e t hi s w sa o av e one a s o n
ex p e nse .
No . XV .
m um 1 m m
an m fir Farm
“ i ts “ ( rut .
BAH YA D RI I NS C RI PTI O NS .
Tra ns la ti on .
Th e gi ft of an i m age sustaining
- pill by th
a r, e e x alte d Ch i f S i e s nti
'
Th e tw o last line s of h
t is i nsc ri p ti on are s h orte ne d by b e ing confine d
to one face of th e pill ar, w h ic h th e first is not . Th e first wor dI su p
cloth ing, t k
a i en n a figurativ e se nse . Th e S anscri t e q u i vale nts for
th e re st are a pp t are n .
b u t, on loo ki g t it
n a f lly I b li
m ore care u it t b I w gi it
, e e ve o e as no ve .
N X VI o s. XVII . AN D .
ca a ro a s
is to be re fix e p d , an d th i t will b l g t th
en i X XI
e on o e sam e se r e s as .
, .
,
and X IV .
No . XVIII .
h
T is i nsc ri pti on is e ngrave d on an e x cav ation a dj oi nin
g to th e Te m pl
e
fe w . t tl m m fi 31 W e rm i ne em wa i ter H i m vii
i
m Q t rfs
f t fiv at: “ te am “w
‘
m as m a r am n ew 01
3
m m : 1 m m ( H I n“ a n
wa n fi rs s h i m fi ts ?) W F:
W e? “ m afi a ! gm u s m w fv r a n“ : m e s fi i tfs m
fa tt en s t ru m SN
w h en a s “ at was “
W W m ( w
i n vm ar s t .
Tr a ns la ti on .
i gdn t S t Sph
evo e e C th t thi id
a va t
uran. t d om e en o s res e nce , cons ruc e
f rom t
re ve re nce
y p t y p y fol dm f l t d
are n s, e com an o earne m en o e e va e
m i d t—
n hi h f o t di t p i t f th f q t
s ou se or m e n ca n r e s s, rom e our uar e rs
( f
o th w ld
e ) Th i i
or i p ti l w
.
g d wi th s h i
nscr l i on a so as e n rav e a c se n
th tw e y f th ( 2 4) y
e nt - ou r y t by B dd h k h i t i h
e ar, on m
t accoun , u ara s a, n e
a nu s m sc a w r ro a s . 1 59
b o un d th on e arm s of d e votee s .
Note s .
It is not w ort h w h il e to p
S it h l th q i oint ou t to th e anscr sc o ar e e u
v ale nta in th i is ip i
nsc r th y i ll ll
t on, as dily f p ig
e w a re a occ ur rom co m ar n
t h e transcr i p t w i h th tt l i e l h gh i i t
rans at o n ; h a t ou n som e ns ance s t e re
is roo m for a di ff f pi i
e re nc e o i m whi h I i t p t h at
o n on, as n , c n e r re t
i t to m e an th t th i
a i ptie w nsc r t d l ky d y th t
—
on as e x e cu e on a uc a a on
w hi h c , ac c or di g t th
n t
o f lle t f Hi d
cus om h o a se c s o n us, c arm s are
b d
oun roun d th i w e r o d th
n arm s, k f th i t l Th i an e ne c s o e r ca t e . s
day i n ou r P id y i diff t i di ff t di t i t b t lw y
res e nc s e re n n e re n s r c s, u a a s
th e sam e in an
y gi p l P
ve n h p Q ft
ace ll .
y b lder a s QT T, a er a , m a e ou r o
frie n d d it
an
y b i t m a i th t i e d d s e x cav at o n a s re cor e .
No . IV .
h
T i s i nscri ti on p bl
e o ngs to th e S atra p se rie s, wh i c hi s so p rom i ne nt i n
th e Nasi k cav e s . It is i n Pracrit, '
as all at Ka l r e n are , and th e form of
th e le tte rs is ev i d tly
en of th e Gj u arat hi typ e. I t is too m uc h b k ro e n,
h owe v e r, to d
a m it o f a co nti nuous translati on .
Th e first li ne m e nti o s
n t a h
t t e so i law of
n- n- h Nah ap ana, th e St pa ra of
p i th
r es ood is m e nti one d .
B HA I JA NS C R I PTI O N S .
48 3, by M r. W t g d e s e r aar .
No . I.
— O ve r a sm all tan k .
i n“ R F“ in fant!us e
ri m i s“
’
s m i t
Tr ansla ti on .
21
sa nr a na r m sc nrm o ns .
[J a n .
Note .
h
Th oug th e th g phy f th l t yll bl i th K iki h
or o ra o e as s a e v ar es, e os e re
ti
m en d i p b b ly th K ik f N III f Ka l Th t
one s ro a e os a o o . . o r en . e cas of
th l tt
e i e tly th d l th f
e rs s e x ac f th i i i l fig e sam e , an a so e orm o e nta ure .
N II o . .
Th i i i p ti i s
g d nscr ll d ag b on s e n rav e on a sm a o a.
“
li
te tr
i m
1 1 3m m m itt “?
Tra ns la ti on .
Id o not h
find e re th e nam e of th e d onor, as usual . Th e inscri tion, p
h
t e n, was p b bly
ro a e ngrav e d by p i a r est, at som e p e ri o df u ture to th e
constru ction o f dag b th e o a.
N B — Th tw i
. i p ti
. tB d Bi h
e t b t k
o nsc r ons a e ee n or rsa av e no een a en
by M B tt C pi f th by M W t g d will b f d
r. re . o es o em r. es e r aar e ou n
li th g ph d i D Bi d w k d i l i f J l i ’
o ra e n r . r s or , an n vo . . o ou r ou rna , n
th pl t f
e ti g p 4 38
a e Th fi t f
ron li n t l b t th
. . e rs , o one ne , se e m s o ce e ra e e
t ti
cons ru c f th wh i h it i
on o d by i h bit t f e cav e ov e r c s c arv e an n a an o
N a ik Th
s d f th li
. ti
e h h i t bl gift f
se con , o ree ne s, m e n o ns t e c ar a e o a
w t i t by
a e r c s e rn, p th ti d wh I ta e rson e re m e n one , o se nam e canno ce r
t i ly
a n k t I f h lith g ph h
m a e ou t d . ti j i ea r t e o ra er as no one en re us t ce
t M W t g
o r . d py f th i i pti
e s e r aar
’
s co o ese nscr ons .
J um a Ix sc nrp '
rro n s .
A s Mr . B re tt s
’
pl an of th e locali t y of h t e se cav e s suffi cie ntly
ex pl i h
a ns h i ip ti i b fw e re e ac d t f t thi nscr on s to e ou n d I ,
ne e no re e r o s
pitfo n th th t d i
ur t h i erp t t i t V yan t f o re c t e ns e c or o . er c orre c ac
i il
s m f y f
es o th i i p t
m ani t k by C l ol Syk w ill b e se nscr o ns, a en o o ne e s, e
f d i
o un th JI R y l An S le h .
t f th o a s . oc . vo . iv .
, vn t an ac c ou n o e
D Bi d w k l b f d t d th Jl A S’
c av e s . r . r s or c an a so e re e rre o, an e . s . oc .
B g l l i p 1 0 45
en a vo v
I
. . .
,
N o . .
i n w h er e i n e m Eri n m un F
E
Trans la ti on .
P
.
t
I h e m ili tar y office r Dh any aka . A re ligi ous assignati on. e ace .
w a rn m s ca rp rxo x s .
'
161
Notes .
p
I nscri tions, pp . 8, 1 5, We h av e h e re ( 1 ! ins te ad of ( a, if
h
t e re is no m is ta k e i n th e transcri t p .
Trans la tion .
Th e S i t , li ke th e M aré th i i n , m
anscri t eans th e p k f
ea o a m oun
p rese nt nam e th ld t w
m eansI pp it t b th Th k p e o o n, su ose o e e a a ura
h ere m en ti d M i f F “ h h ld I thi k b d d
one . l , or i r , e re s ou ,
n , e re n e re
com m an e dd d d d t d Ih d
or or e re ,
”
an cons rue as av e one .
No . I II .
i n .
w ere 11
3 i te m w e Fl! s
i ffl
-
ivfi w i l fi gfir FE
'
6 11 m am ( s
Trans la ti on .
de vo te e .
Note .
H e re we h av e 311 at th e b gi
e nni ng, and ill at th e e nd of eac h li ne .
No . IV .
m m m t n v W m s m i rfi i v i wm
Tra ns la tion .
No . V .
fi fln m fii fm S a w
w w fe w m fitw m
i h ] fi fi m i n fl am e
Tra ns la ti on .
p
Th e i ni tial aus ici ous m ar i n t is i nsc ri tion is k h p p e culiar I pp . su ose
b e fit, and th e n fl fi
’
, b i gj
e n oine dt o th e ne x t word, will gi v e th e cav e
asce ti c
”
. If i t re m ai ns, th e ne x t le tte r, a , s h ld ou be d bl d
ou e , to
k m
m a e . We h ave h e re th e wor d Hlfi m ( S a ns cr i t W ) for a
B ddhi t
u s asce ti c . From th e S ansc ri t co m e s th e G k re e S ep p a m , and
i n: m “ m at
fu gitive i s a n i n
i fs fv m a“ fir
m
Tra nsla ti on .
Th e re li
g i ous ass igna ti o n of a cav e b
y S iv akri ti, d e vo tee
Som a, d e sti ne d
for th e te n er- e arte ri e st oo d h dp h d .
d
Re gar i ng th e initiator s m ol, h ave no i nform ati on to gi ve y y b I
It .
p b by
i s not i m ro a l a form of O m , th e t re e su e rior ranc es e signat h p b h d
y
i ng tri ni t , and th e i nfe rior ci rcle uni t Am ong th e ain luc y . J ky
figure s, th e ‘ ‘l’ or dowe r-p ot, ta i ng m e re l th e ge ne ral ou tline ,
l k y
p t y w ll with th i niti l
w ill agre e re t d p i b ly thi
e e a s y blh
m o e re , an , oss , s
m a
y b w h t i
e i t d d Th ai l th G l/
s a w h
n en e f . e re s a so e al t r, or co
’
s oo ,
w hi h c bl th pp p t f it P h p th w d t an ight
re se m es e u er ar o . er a s e or h m
i p ly th p f
m f
e y i il t th fi n i f h
e r orm ance o so m e ce re m on , sm ar o e o t e
B h d by wh i h th p p i t
ra m ns, ll p p ty i c th e ro r e or re nounce s a ro er n e
No . VI I .
Fagi n o f: 6 m fu t 3m m?
Tra nsla ti on .
Th e sam e re m ar s as k we re m a e d on th e i nitiator y y b
s m ol of th e
last insc ri ti on will a p pply t th i
h o bl th s, onl y th at t is m ore re se m es e
Ji fia n fi h
t , or s f th
es, wh i h f
igh t l ky fig
c orm Th one o e e uc ure s . e
w d ign i th
or S d f th n fi t li e en I io t b e pti f
rs ne c once ve o e a corru on o
m i
, i l t
s m w h i
ar h th o M al l th a , f th
c S i t m
e ara s use or e anscr .
Th e m arkf w t or pl i ly p d t b i t k d th
se e m s oo a n ex re sse o e a m s a e , an e re
f M Pi p
ore r .
gg ti
r nse f t
’
h s sud i g a es i i onpp li b lrom A ft e re a n s s na ca e. er
1 1 , l di g i pl i ly q d t a P b bly th p
a so, ou r re a n s a n ,i an no . ro a e e rson n
q t
uesi i f
on, t h d f th
no p li wea th o h i f f th e o t i l ce , as e c e o e m e rcan e
t
cas e , an dh d t i a th i ty d p ibility thi
a ce r a n au or t an re s ons on s accoun .
Th l di g f
e c onc u l i ni il i ip i
orm u a t Ki h i
n s m d Né i kar nscr t ons a ln er an s
h asb ee n & d
co m e , t b i g b tIf m m
”
c . , an no t rn
”
u e ar 1 canno
b d d
e so ren e re .
N V III o. .
F tq t e W m
‘ ‘
m fw re fi ft m v m t wh i m r a s
i vr iire m r [i ] «in a aw
fu l! a ll “ firfitfir
‘
s! am s am e
s ad i s m Fath er an s .
( i n a we fi wfw m am t uft s w
i t! [t ]
Tr a ns la ti on .
Th e re li i ous
g assi gnati on of a cav e and ciste rn by Sup rakh ariy ii ga,
son of d yi g t g
Vagi rinasa, fo r th e t i p y
se lf- e n n , s ron -as-a-m oun a n com an
of k Th i l
m on s . t d wi th th i
e re s d th i t
a so conne c e s ca ve an e se c s e rns
th p it l t k l ft by N k Gi i i th d t f th wh
e ca a s oc e a ara r n , e e vo e e, or ose o
ti ly d
are e n t d t
re li gi Th i
ev o e l i th i o re dw on . e re s a so n s ca ve an e n o
m ent f g i i
or
g y t v din t dm o nepp lyi g th wi h
o m en ki can s, an su n em t s ns
an d l thi g
c o n .
N otes .
T h e re are consi d bl
era e di fficulties in t is i nscri ti on, h p p
e s e ciall y in
1 64 au t u m n m sc a rr rro a s '
.
[Ja m
th e last line . Th e I th i k h w
m eani n
g of th e six las t le tte rs, n , o e ver,
wh t I h i h h d '
m us tb e ne ar gi a t t av e l t ve n i . r m eans su c c o e s as m e n
can s t w d ft fil
ear, an ki l th Th ki p b b ly w f
s n or ea e r.
”
e s n ro a as or
th e p p f u r ose
g t l
oi d wa ru f w hi h p p
o d d
e d o n on, or c ur o se resse ee r
an d ti g ki i till d by ti i t d f
er s n s s use t asce cs, ns e a o a m at ress.
N IX o. .
Th i i s ipti i i th
nsc r on th l t
s n d p b bly h
e sam e cav e as e as , an ro a as
re al ti t th
on o th i ge sam e f th w d g n b t
, ll th
as som e o e or s a re e u as a e
g i ve a sati f t y t l
s ac or ti f i t rans a on o .
N X o . .
i n i f“ a nti? 1 h
an ?
“
1 ! s t ars
Tra ns la tion .
h
teac e rs ( Th e ros ) , th e v e ne ra bl e Sulasa, and Ananta V ij y t th i
a a ; o e r
di i p l
sc e s, th e esta lis b h dt h e eac e rs, th e v e ne ra ble C h e tiy asa, and Anan
te vi .
N ote s .
h
T is im p f t i ip ti er ec t i th
nscr f b f th
on co n a ns e nam es o a num er o e
p i ip l p
r nc a e rsons t d wi h th
o nc e t y wh i h th y
co nne c e t e m onas e r ove r c e
are i ib d
nscr i il te wh t w
, s m f d i N IV f th Ké h i
ar o a e oun n o . . o e g er
insc rip i ( p
t ons T h t l. w h p d w i thath i,h l d
a so, e n c om are s, as e m e
t th
o igh t
e r d i g f “ wh i h I f
re n e r n ly o pp d t b “ R, c orm e r su ose o e 1 .
“ d li f f
e v e rs b t h
rom it i
ear, d f wi l d h th
u e re s use or l , an as e anus
i h 7th li
n t e th t th ine , so i p ti p b bly
a dd
e nscrd on ro a re cor e so m e ona
No . XI .
s firfir m fir m aw fiw Fe s t i v e faw n ! “ m t
h p p
T is im e rfec t inscri tion re cor s a onation from th e ouse ol d d h h d er
h
Si vadfisa son of th e ouse ol e r Saviti I t is w ort
, h d
of o se rvation t . hy b ht a
w a rn m sc m p r rou s. 1 65
w or d m a
y h av e re fe re nce t th di t i b
o e s r u ti on o f k dp ii b t
c oo e rov s ons, u
N XII o . .
a!m is f e
‘
z i
tm m i
r
gufm s -
u rf em s th an!i n i n
Tr a ns la ti on .
N otes .
p i f C t h I j t d b f p 5 0 f N i ik i ip ti
rov nce o u c , as con e c ure e o re , . o ts nsc r ons .
Th fi i i ti l i
e t n y f q tly i M a hi h g d t f d I p
a s ve r re ue n n ar t c an e o , an su
p th t t b th
ose a o h fi i th
e e case h gi will b
e re . lm n e se nse e re ve n e
f ound i th K a h i i ipti ( p
n e g er Att nscr t d by th h li o ns . rac e e o ne ss
o f th pl e th f
ace , ig d t
e se h i g
ore t nJ i hd h e v o e e s, av n com e o un r, a t e
v e ran ad h f th t pl ig d h f
o e em id
e ass d th i i
ne ip t em o r a re s e nce , an s nscr
ti on e n rav e
g d h ti tl d
as d t e e ee .
N XIII X IV XV
o s. .
, AN D .
w e re p b bly g d t l t p i d h i t
ro a e n rav e a ti a by i it
a er er o t an s e x cav a on v s
ors . I th 3 d li
n e f N X III w h
r ne o pl i ly tho . “ . e av e a n e nam e a re
g d
ar i g n th o j t i gh t b
e rs, con e c ure s mf d did th i ip i p i e orm e , e nsc r t on rom se
t ff
o o y thi g w th th wh il f l
e r an n or i ti e It i p ie o a c ose r e xam na on . s oss
bl l th t i t
e , a so , y b a f th m a t N
e o X d b th
e sam e na ure as o . .
, an e e nam e s
o f th h d e f th
ea s o i ty e soc e .
No . X VI .
Tra ns la ti on .
In th e v illa e of
g Vi tih fi, t h roug h th e in fl ue nce of S ris uka, th e king s
' ’ ’
thy e m u st b e gu e sse d t tw
a : o le tte rs of th e nam e of th e v illage m en
ti one d fall un er d t hi h d
s ea , and th e first le tte r of th e na m e of th e
d onor . Th e tw o last le tte rs y pl i d of th e nam e , h ow e ve r, are v e r a n an
w ll f
e d
- orm e d tly g ,
wi h h
an f h fi t
e x ac h fh
a re e t t ose o t e rs m onarc o t e
A dh dy y wh i th M t y P é i w i t Si k
' ‘ ’
n ra nas t , ose nam e n e a s a ur n s r t en s a s .
O fi t l tt
ur rs t b fit b t i t
e er
y b
canno i t) d p b bely h i i, u m a e , an ro a t s s
a m o re corre ct re a di g th th P a i I pp h w t th
n an e ur n c one . su ose e as a e
ti f h g t t ly p i i i t h
ran h i h
on ll d v d n s e r,
m e o e r m e m
g r e nce e s e re ca e ul a , an
i N X V III W wh i h i t hi P a i p th t
n o .
W . l i ’ I f h c s a m os s ur n c e e . e
h dba ig w
ee n sov e re h ld h p t d l i th
n, e s d li
ou av e ex ec e a so n e secon ne
s ui v t i d t i
, r
an
r a T h i no t i s pi f l d f f
e . e n var a na s a e ce o an o ou r
th ou sand q bi t th t th
s u are
g h I cuh d
s ; d i t by
so t h a , ou av e re n e re e
w d or i i
acre , t q l t E gli h
t s no I t will
e ua p d o an ly n s acre . corre s on , ne ar ,
t th
o bigh i i
e tp tit t p t
n u se a f thi P idre se ny di n m os ar s o s re s e nc , an s
th b t th f th f
u s a ou Ih
re e - o ur ly g s d t th
o an ac re . av e m e re u e sse a e
l t li
as p h p th i h t th t t d f h i thi g
ne er a s e cur ous c arac e r a s an s ourt s no n
m ore th Ft d th
an will th
l ; b an I th ill g
e se nse dw en e n e v a e an ate r
i g pl I thi ip i pl t
”
n - ace are th i acre s i i. n s case e nscr t on s ncom e e .
O th wh l i t
n e id t f
o e, i t th t l d t th
se e m s e v t t en rom , a an , o e ex e n m en
ti d w
one g i
, t thas y th ve n
g h th
o fi t h f
e m onaste r t h , rou e rs m onarc o e
A dh dy ty whil y t p i i i t
’
n ra nas , e e r m e m n s er .
No . XVII .
p
inscri tion, I fi d i t di fl
ni lt t cu o gi ve an b
inte lligi le translati on of it ;
an d th e re fore p it asst p ov e r a re se nt.
No . XV III .
“ ufir fm fvr wi t h fil m
‘
3m m m r
Tr a nsla ti on .
M enti on is d
m a e onl yi n a c yph e r of th e num b e r of bigh a f l s o and
a nd Dr . Bi d r
’
s fac -sim ile di fl '
e rs fro m ou rs b ut i n o ne le tte r, so th at
th e i nter p t ti
re a on m ay be re ce i v e d wi t h a goo dd e al of confi e nce d :
No . XIX .
-
m m m wfir v i e w Fa ts auns
t !“ fan am w e “w h i . t
“ a rts
'
se e .
Trans la ti on .
T h rou
gh th e in fl ue nce of th e A ndh rab h ri ty a,
'
born i n th e town of
M ah é v é ku , tw e nt yfi
- ve ac re s (w e re
gi ve n
) as a p p
e r e tual p ortion on
Id o not k now if t h e re be an
y tow n i n Te lingana h tb
t a e ars a nam e
to b e a c orru ti o n o f i t
p .
No . XX .
No . XXI .
sum m it fifv m
a s a i r e nfiffii ft
f ai r m a tfa c
i n: I
K u ta .
Th e m e ani n of
g th e nam e of t ish m i li tar y fl
i o ce r, in Maré th i, i s
22
1 68 s s nv a na r m sc a rp rroxs
'
.
[JA N .
Th e nam e s o f th e ve
ge ta bl h
es e re , e x ce p t th e first, are o u tful, as d b
i
se v e al o f
'
th e le tte rs are anom alo us .
No . XX II .
N o te s .
h
T is insc ri p tion contai ns th e re cor d of a re li gi ous assignation, by
Dh any ap dlaka, of a Sangh agri h a, or m onaste r y , to th e p i th d
r es oo ; b ut
so m an y of th e le tte rs are a no m alou s, th tI a cannot v e nture to translate
h gh I h i k th
i t, t ou t n e first li ne c ontai ns th e nam e of a v illage , and
p h p th w d f
er a s e or or acre s . If so, th e le tte rs are a goo d de al
p d
c orru te
XXIII
.
No . .
N ote s .
h
T is inscri tion p contai ns a re cor d o f no le ss t h an fiv e diff e re nt d ona
n um b er of ( w a s
ai l fm vrr w f ) ac re s, ac cor di ng to th e A
’
nd ra h
s tandard .
”
Th e w ord fo r i n th e v i llage ,
”
is also twi c e pl i ly
a n
b
le gi le ; b ut am id th e nu m b er of b k ro en and u nc e rta i n le tte rs, to
atte m pt t o m a k e ou t th e nam e s of m e n and v illage s, as hy
t e o ri
gi nally
No . XXI V .
m a il:Fe f t s e a m
“
i s f i rm a re su m m am a? e m w e
a [arfifl] m e a n : m a .
Tr a ns la ti on .
Th e re ligious assignati o n of e i
g ht ( )
8 acre s and fou r ( )
4 p ole s ,b y
th e m ili tar y fl
i o ce r Aji ty a, bie n
g a fie ld i n th e v illage of S ri Valav é , for
'
d
th e lo ge rs i n th e a o bd e of V i ras th ana .
'
o te s .
h
T i s is th e las t o f a se rie s insc ri bd e on th e w alls of th e last bu t one o f
and, h f it i
t e re ore , s w ith di fi c u lty t y h at an of t h em c an be translate d .
sp ifi lly
ec d i
ca f t ti h h hd
na m e , n re e re nce o a m e w en e a no t y e t asce nde d
th th e l di g b k t b t th y 2 0
ro ne ; ea n us ac o a ou e e ar n . c .
I y i th th i ill g h lf w y b w
m a no t c e , at e re s a v a e a a et ee n Ka l d r e n an
W dg a p t ll d V l
am W h th V i h
at rese n , ca e a van . e er ra ere m e ans B ddh u a,
p i
o r som e t f i p t j t
re v ous e x cav a or o a cav e , s o en o con e c u re .
No . X XV .
’
fe s e m e fe v gfam ( us e Eli s
Tr a ns la ti on .
S i vas am
' ’
a.
N o te .
Th e nam e s in t hi i ip ti p i t t
s nscr t y on o n o a v o ar of S i va h th w e er he
w as a co nv e rt to B ddhi u ly smd th , or m e re cause e tan k f dt re e rre o to
be e x cav ate d as a m a tt f h i ty i
er o t id c ar , s no sa .
N XXVI o . .
m e HI “ HQ Q I 'IH
um 3m m flflflfl
as fa n s 1 “I u se w i th
Tr ansla ti on .
I n th e y e ar o f th e I p i l N h p a thi bt
m er a a a na s su e rrane an a ode b
( w as e x ca v a te d) f or h t ose ac q i t d with h
ua n e dti di t e sacr e r a nv oc atio n,
Angi rasa
We h av e h e re m e nti on m a e of d th e P thi
p wh fig ar an S a tra o u re s so
K U D E N, o n K o a a n I n s c a nv rro x s .
B byom a , th e e x te nt o f th eB ddhi t i
u s re m a ns e x i sti ng h
t e re , and th e
ac co unt of h di t e ir sc ov e r y by Vi h Sha t i s nu s r , will b e foun di n v ol . iii .
o f o ur S i ty J
oc e
’
s ou rna l i D Wil
, n r y. son s v e r
’
com pl t e e and i nte re sti n
g
1 70 s anv a nar I NS C RI P I I O NS ’‘
.
[J a n .
No . I .
W h ig
; e m u sq : em 3 nth
a s : uni ts i f“ an i ne rt
Tr a nsla ti on .
N otes .
Th e last yll bl
s a e of th e nam e of h
t i s lay d e v ote e is a com m on no
b g lly f d d i h
ee n e ne ra o un u se n t e se ns e of a co nfe ctor yf or th e ch ari
t bl
a pply f p i i b t I
e su o ro v s o ns ; u consi d thi er s rat h er i nconsi ste nt wi t h
th i f t
e not o n o pl h h a em e ; e nc e t e translatio n gi v e n e ne m as Ih av e
d d if nt fl
.
re n e re v th
'
i t h th b t it y b f
n o e ac o er u m a e or “ T t
a I - N .
No . II .
«1 5s a re W e 3 7 m a w l ] ts
fe s fvf ts v ( us e e m .
Tr a nsla ti on .
from S ai v ism
'
.
No . III .
wa rti m e em w as
ua firm fi rst“: i s“ i n
q .
Transla ti on .
Th e h it bl ig
c ar a e ass nation of a cav e ( Le na) to th e v e ne ra bl e, vi e to
rio us b dy by S d
o , u ar sana,
’
in h b it
a ant of Sl a se tte ( Sash ti ), si tuate d on
th e oce an ( b i k ) rn .
a nna s , o n x o a a n m sc a rp rro ns
'
. 17 1
N ote s .
f ar as co ns truc ti o n g oe s . Th e c o nc lu di ng sy m b ol re se m b le s som e o f
fo rm of th e Gop adm a, or co w s
’
h oo f,
”
a luc ky figu re am ong th e
B ahr m ans .
No . IV .
e w
-
e r s: [ ]m u
I n m s si ft “
as a n e ar
Tr ans la ti on .
c av e e na , ,
rea d fit ! wi lf ul w o rt hy of th e p eo
p le
’
s p raise .
”
P e rh a
p s h
t e re m ay
be som e m is ta k e i n th e co
p y o f th e fac -si m ile , or i n th e o rigi nal or in
so m e p ro vinc ial di ale c t th e 1 m ig t h h av e b e e n su b s ti tu te df or G .
No . V .
m i nf ra a re fi rearm
3 0] 11 0 i niti ate vin e fir m fiaw
e i s“ 1 ga m e ?!an e a t e n gene s '
fs a gfss as m i s s “ an
NH .
Tr ansla ti on .
A re li
gi ous assi nati on to th e v e ne ra le , o ful ( c om
g an ) , b jy p y by th e
guar d p
ian o f th e m o u ntai n asse s, th e gre at p ro p rie to r Manda v a, son of
Th e first d di g t
w or , ac co r n o th e B ah r m ans h e re , is u se d y s noni
m onsl
y wi th M h aj th gh a ar a, ou i t is not com m on . I co ns id h er e re
1 72 s anv a na r m sc a rr n o x s.
'
[Ja m
m e nt o f h
t is inscri tio n p . Eac h li ne h as a b ki h
re a n t e m i d le d and th e
h o we ve r, u nli e l
”
k y h
t at i s ! m ay be ta e n i n th e se ns e o f di v is ion k
o r distri c t, a nd th e m e ani ng b e t at h e w as o ne o f th e rov i ncia l h p
g ov e rnors . Ih
av e also ta e n m fa n i n th e se nse o f VIE W " I n N o k . .
h h
1 X w e re se v e ral of t ese w ords agai n occ u r, a di e re nt re nde ri ng is fl
'
gi ve n of som e o f t em h to t ht a nu m b er d
th e re a e r i s t e re fore re fe rre h d .
No . VI .
-
ne w Hi
“
re s i sm ( Fa d ng a re
i
“ gas i n i n!i t s i t !l i tte rct
t ffi t f‘ flfl fa s s m e w “ a t“ s t i m ula nts
‘
gna w s a m e
ge m
s um 1 31 m 1
Tr a ns la ti on .
sociali t y .
h
T is i nscri tion i s p di i d dv e i nto tw o p arts, and in th e se con dp art,
h
e it e r th e co nstruc ti on is u nc o m m o n, or h
t e re is so m e t hi ng awanti ng .
Ih av e
gi ve n w h Idat ee m th e se nse of it . Th e firs t w o rd I h av e
c n
“
a , i n th e se nse o f m , of a go o d fa m il y ,
”
fro m flt a . If th is b e
j k
.
m as c u li ne no u n, de ri ve d from
a" and to m e an th e sam e or so m e t hi ng
ne ar
3 s t, c h e rish ing .
No . VII .
i n m in um Fa g
3! Fi v e: m m fifi
018 im a w w 1m
ne
( in
m i
an : s t irs ag
-te
wfii
“
m a m m am i:
a nna s , o n x o a a n m sc a rp rro ns
'
. 1 73
Tra ns la ti on .
A re ligi ou s assi
gnation, for th e b e ne fit o f th e fat e r h and m ot e r o f h
th e Sé ky a m en di t B ddh S i
ca n u a
’
r , of th e v illage of Arv a, alo ng wi t h it s
o u tw ar dl
'
yf re e f romif di str e, s tre ss, and
p ai n.
N o te s .
h
T is insc ri p tion ap p roac h es ver y ne a r to th e S anscri t, alt h gh it ou
W t; also am ,
“
am a nd i f I m ista k e no t in th e ne x t li ne w e s h ld h
ou av e
W i nk “ : Th e y f h l
t pe i o hi i t e e tte rs n t s nsc rip tion is m o re
m o de rn t h an an
y w e h h d p i lly th b di
a ve a , es ec a 1n e en ng dow n slig tl h y
of th e h i m , or m a r k f th l g Th B ddh
or e on a . e u a
'
h
S ri o f t is i a
s c ri p ti o n is m ore p b bly
ro d
a t f th s om e e vo e e o at na m e , th B ddh an u a
h im se lf. I ca nnot l th t h
e arn i w y ai ll g t e re s no an v a e o f th h
e na m e e re
gi ve n
V III
.
N o . .
Fe e . a rm ne w m f
[ ]e1 a fim m “( a
a l fa e a ef
‘
1
a m finfife e m e
fe fa m flm fe m a i t: an
e nf e rs s e m
n w i '
ani fe fe i fu v e
e ns '
a rfe a tf e fe e a re as fe aw
Tra ns la tion .
To th e P e rfe c t O ne . Th e re li
gi o us as s ignatio n o f a cav e
( Le na), and
and th e
p u ri fie d Pa dm a ni ka alo n g w i h thtdi i p l e sc e Be dh y a , a nd alon
g
wi t h th e i A
di sc p le sa lh a -m i tra .
h
T is i nsc ri p tion is so p lai n, t h at no re m ar k see m s ne ce ssa r y , e x ce
p t
to no tic e , t h at in f
re e re nce to th e two h igh e st digni tarie s th e p lural i s
use df or th e s i ngu lar nu m b er .
No . IX .
“ 1 fi rfsm af w Fe ature w
’
e re e s e t a re ! e ntr e e i s srfe m e
“
e fe a e e {a h is a si e s we re firm 1 m ! e e e re z a e f f
31 e v e r e
we te a s e s e fe e ne w s a m e 3 m
3 em fe ve rfe m e fe w
n i
“
( are ge tle m an t e r
'
s an v a na r ra sc a rp r rox s .
Tra ns la ti on .
s tro ng -arm ed
p ri nc e K b andap alita, son o f th e strong-arm e d V ij a y a, o f
U ttaradatta .
w as p ro b bly
a a rule r o ve r th e C o nc an, i h
e t i h er n t e latte r ti m es of th e
A nd
'
h ra y
dy nast , or a fte r i ts e x ti nc tio n Th e . st
y le of th e le tte rs
p o i nt to th at p e riod, as w e ll as th e p o litic al state of th e c ou ntr y .
N . B Th e re
— . sti ll re m ai n se v e ral i m p o rtant Sah y fi dri i nsc ri p tions,
o f w ic h h fac -si m ile s h av e no t be e n e x e c ute d Mr re tt by
O f t e se . B . h
th e m o st im p ortant is t h at w ic h h e x is ts in a c a v e a t th e h e ad of th e
G B i i d I l d l i p 2 8 8 Th i i i l i
.
re at r ta n an re an , vo . iv . . . e nt a nv o cat o n to
B ddh i b li
u a d h Dh
s o te rate i
t a t toh f ll w i i
arm a re m a ns t en o o nv oc at ons
t I d
o n ra a nd h Hi d g d b f ot er n u i d (p o s, as N h d e ore no t c e . e ar t e en
o f h t efi li w h
rs t h ne d K h ap
e av e t e wor f di h a ana, so o te n u se n t e se
insc r ip ti f th
ons p i f or ye
g i e cei h oi y t d
m o ne i t ve n n c ar t o m en c an
pi r e s ts I .
g ti h
o c c urs d f
a h
a n at i th li t d l
e en o t e n n ne , an a so ne ar
i t b gi i g
s e nn ndi g , y
acco r
p I y n lf to k a co y g I m se too so m e e ars a o . n
th d li h w d D kh
e se co n ne t e S h or a di h au ,hi d out , occ urs an n t e t r
Sé g ara-
g i i O r h ,
ill i t d d
ce an-
p b b lys, f
n en e h h l ro a as a nam e or t e w o e
i M a hi b b y ”
c h i a n ;l a so a ce rta n
g w i ar t w h p l h dre at arr o r, o ro a a
th h g f th
e c ar e o t i f he cons ruc t on o d h k p i g h gh é i t e c a ve an t e ee n t e t n
re p i i
a r, d s na m e .
h f th li th i d li f N V fC l l Syk
’
I nt e o ur ne , o r r f
ne o i il o . . o o one es ac -s m e s,
w h e av e a
g y h i h
re a t m an
g d i g ti l w h i h b l
-s o u n
g I l d n t e s, c e on , c onc u e,
to h t e ig by wh
sove re th i n l h omw t t d s Th i a m s- ouse as cons ru c e . s
i h fe FG -
m
‘
e w es . e m .
C olone l y e s co Sk py d
iffe rs fro m m i ne in not av i ng th e first s lla le ,
’
h y b
a nd i n h
av ing i n th e fou rt at for e Th e w ord ( e v e , also, i ffe rs h ‘
. d
slig htly . T h e n, agai n, m i ne w ants th e las t w or d whi h I h , c av e su pp li d e
as th t f th La h i
a oi p ti e t nsc r o ns, th t th y
a e m u st bl e on
g to th e sam e
e ra O thi
. t I n s acco u n am te m pt d t
e o j
c on e c ture h
t at th e nam e
h h h dS
,
T is, t
’’
is th e fat th e w o r ti n i s
’
sa m e as ou rs . e n, e r s nam e ; im
p ro a b bly an e pi th t th e , ou
g h S é nti i s th e
'
Ji a n na m e for o ne o f th e
M agadh em p e rors . Th e w or d
w i th ! is p b bly
ro a e m i
]
t ! o r e a rs .
Th e o blit e rate d l tt e er m a
y b e or ; and th e
“
last 1 1 , as th e le tte rs are th e re
i n di sti nct, m a
y b e a m ista k efor It ; t us h gi v in
g u s A so a w ou l
'
k . I d
th en translate Th e son of th e di i v ne V i ndusé ra, o sse sse d o f te n p
fo l d de n ow m e nts, te nfol d lov e li ne ss, te nfol d w e alt h , and te nfo l d
w l dg p k
'
k no e th f e, e ortu nate au s
p i c i ou s, th e fortu nate i m e ri al A so a .
It i y p ki
s ve r rov o ng, hw o e v e r, t h t th
a e i nsc rip ti on s ho uld fai l u s in
th e ve r y pl wh ace e re it b e co m e s m ost i nte re sting . I t w ou ld ce rta i nl y
be g ti
ra fy i g i f n we c ould c e rta i nl y id e ntif y hi t s as one of A so
'
k a s
’
w arrante dt d o raw h
t is c onclus i on .
i n th e C onc an, g i v e n i n Dr
and r s or , o f w i c w e . Bi d w k ’
h h h av e no t
g ot
f -
ac s m i ile s . T e hy
e v ide ntl e lo ng to th e u de n ( yb K K h) o ra se ri e s .
C H R O N O L O GI C A L S U M M ARY .
I h
s all now conclu de th i p psw ith ha er a s ort sum m ar y of th e c hi ef
my f orm e r pp a e r, o n w hi h th
c e sta te m e nt m a e d i s fou n dd e . Th e d a te s
B . C .
, th e fi rs t Buddh is t Em p e ro r 1 7 4 -5
23
l I6 S AH YA D RI I NBC RI PTI O N S .
[JA N .
p or
e r i ) e vab h 11 ti , u nde r th e su p e ri nte nde nc c o f X e no crute s ,
e Gre e k
A s m a ll c a v e w as e x c a va te d a t K é u h e ri by th e sa m e X e no
c ra te s , i n w h ic h a s u p p o se d to o th o f Buddh a wa s de p o s i te d,
ti ll i t was j
re m o ve d to a n a d o i ni ng ta p e , as m e nti o ned b e lo w .
Th e e x p e di ti o n of th e c o ns tr u c to r of th e c a ve m e nti o ne d
p lac e
Th e c e ntral or S atra p c a ve at
’
Nrts i k w as e x c a va te d by
U s h a v adutta , s on-lu -la w of th e S a tra p Na h ap i m a, of th e
Pa rth ia n m o nar c h K sh a h a r zi ta ( Ph ra h a te s - 5s
Lands we re gi ve n to th e m o nk s a t Ju ni r, w h o d we lt i n th e
th i rd se ri es o f so uth e rn c a ve s , by s e ve ra l i ndi vi duals , a nd
es p e c i a ll y by '
S i s uka , c a lle d th e re
'
S ri s u k a , th e fi rst
‘
A nd h ra b h ri ty a so ve re i gn, w h i le h e w as y e t o nly p ri m e
m i ni s te r
Th e Gre at Te m p le C a ve at K an h c ri w as p ro a ly e x ca v a te d b b
by th e sa m e m o narc h , afte r h e a s ce nde d th e th ro ne Th e .
nam e g i ve n h i m a o v b
e i s th a t o f th e Ma ts y a P u ré n ; h e re
he re c e i ve s th e na m e o f B ali n, th a t gi v e n i n th e Bh aga va t
ce le b te d Buddh i t d v te e by P h y a rm an w h o
ra s e o ,
us av ,
w as
t d wi th th e A ndh y l f i ly ’
co nn ec e ra ro a am
N .
—Th i s i s th e to p s p n d by Dr Bi rd i n 1 8 39 o e e .
,
a nd
w h i c h c o nta i ne d a p la te w i th th e d a te o n i t .
Th e v i llage o f j a o n th e
K a ra n ,
’
m o nk s a t K firl n by tw
e , g e o r at m i li tar yc o m m ande rs , wh o
A b out th e sa m e ti m e , a ls o , th e im a ge o f Bu ddh a , o n th e
p r o b b ly
a e x ec u te d l s) 5
b
i t was es ta lis h e d i n c o m m e m o rati on o f th e o ve rth ro w
so ve re i gn , th e re i ni ng ro
g y al S a tr a p , a nd re nde re d h i m
s e lf i nde p e nde nt . Th e se S a trap s h ad , i n all p ro ba
b i li ty , re i gne d fo r a lo ng ti m e i n th e i r o w n r i gh t, and
We h a v e , th e n , o nl y to s u p p o s e , th a t o n th e I nd us th e i r
th ro w n ia G j
u a rat, as th e Balab h i e ra co m m e nce s
w i th A D . . 31 9 . In a c c orda nc e wi th th i s s u p p o si ti o n,
as we u s u a ll y fi nd p e o p le b
oas t m o s t w h e n h a rde st
p r e s s e d. F rom o u r i nsc ri p ti o ns i t i s e v i de n t th a t th e
h i lls i n w h i ch th e c a ve s are e x c a v a te d we re so m e ti m e s
p ar t y .
de vo te e
Buddh agh os h a , th e a u th or of th e P ali wo rk c a lle d in
C e v lo n th e Atth a k a th a , and th e Buddh is t a p os tle of th e
Ba rm an pe ni ns u la , se t u p a m iddle s i z ed im age of Buddh a
on th e righ t p o rc h of th e g e at
r Te m p le C a ve at K anh e ri
D u ri ng
’ ’
th e re ign o f th e A ndh ra m o na rc h Yadny a S ri S at
K a rm , wh o is m e n ti o ne d i n th e a nna ls o f C h i na as h a v i ng
se nt a m b a ssa do rs th e re , a ne p h e w and o th e r re la ti o ns o f h is
se t u
p th e tw o c o lo ss a l i m a ge s o n e ach s i de o f th e o rc h o f
p
th e sa m e gre a t c a ve ; and a t th e sa m e ti m e a vi llage was
gi ve n to th e m o n ks
4 30 ?
O th e r re lati o ns o f th e sa m e em p e ro r es ta li sh e d b an ai m s
h o us e i n c o nne c ti o n w i th a c ar e
’
a t K anh e ri .
431 ?
O th e rs of th e ro y al fa m i l y e s ta b li s h e d a re fe c to r y i n con
ne c ti o n w i th ano th e r c a ve th e re
?
4 33 A m o na s te ry -ca ve w as e x c a va te d at Nas i lt b y co m m a nd of
N . B—Th e
. ab ove m e nti oned work s are all th at app ear to m e to de ri ve fro m
th e i nsc ri p ti ons p rob ab le i ndica ti ons of th e p e ri od abo ut wh ic h th e y we re
e x ec ute d, wh e th e r b y m eans of th e dates , or th e nam es th e y co ntai n . Th e
ti m e wh e n th e o th e rs we re e ngra ve d c an o nly y e t b e gue sse d at fro m th e
s ty le of th e le tte rs, b ut no ne see m to m e to h ave be e n i nsc ri be d o n th e
Sah y adri roc k s at a late r p e ri od th an th at last m e nti one d, and ce rtai nly
none earli e r th a n th e fi
date h e re gi ve n, bri ngi ng th e m a ll wi th i n th e
rst
sy ste m was si le ntly m o ulding i tse lf into i ts prese nt form , and p re p ari ng to
take th e p lace , a t a som e wh a t la te r p e ri od, o f th e re li gi on o f Buddh a, and
to e x h i b i t th at com p ound of
V e di c p anth e i sm , uddh is ti c al te nde rness for B
ani m al li fe , and i ndige nal su p e rsti ti on, th at i s no w c urre nt i n I ndia .
of th e i r ri te s th a t could be
p e rfo r m e d i n p ri vate Th e c o m m o n p eo p le also .
C e ntury Buddh ism pre vai le d th ro ugh o ut i ndi a and th ose of Wh ang
Th sang sh o w th a t th i s was sti ll th e case i n th e begi nni ng o f th e S e ve nth
C e ntury An i nsc ri p ti on, of date A n 66 7 , o ri gi nally a ffi xe d to a
. . .
th a t p e ri od ( Jl Bo m
. R oy a I A
. s S o c v ol . i p I t
. i s to b
. e noti ce d . . .
342 and a . n 42 8
. .
Erra ta .
33, 14 fl ll l
'”
i s tra
‘
nsla te d lay d i sc i p le ,
”
wh i c h i s th e
m i lli on
Diagram ] .
P res e a Au gus t l 8 3
5
.
p owe rs o f o se rvati o n, a nd b
h is gre at e rsonal e x p p e rie nc e o f th e cou ntr y
b
a o ut w h i ch h e h as wri tte n . I t is to be g re tte d, h ow e v e r, th at
re
p b l
ui h d b s e o se rvati ons on th e latte r, h e m igh t h av e drawn m uch m o re
of
transfe r such d
a v antage s in b lk I h
u , av e e nde av o ure d to su pp ly h i t e r
a m o re co m p e te nt p e rso n.
W .
, a nd C ap e C o m o ri n o n th e S .
; c u tti ng O ff, h o we v e r, th at a ngu lar
p o rti o n w h ic h i s NE . Of a li ne e x te ndi n
g fro m D lh i
e to Fe roze p o re , as
th is wo u ld e ntai l a de sc ri pi t on Of th e ge olo
g y of th e s ub - Hi l y m a a an
ran e ,
g w h ich , b e side s re n d i er n
g th e su bj e c t m uch m ore co m p li d ca te ,
Wi h t th e
ge ne ral g g eo ra
p h i cal fe a ture s of th is tract I m u st p re su m e
g i c y
al h isto r , a nd th e fo rm e r s e nt m a n y an e ffi c ie nt e nth u si as t to an
y
e arl gra v e , e re h is tas k o f p rac tic al e x am i natio n h ad h ardl yb e en
c o m m e nc e d .
Th e p ro
g re ss O f I ndi an ge o lo
gy i s, th e re fore , ne ce ssaril y l w d it
s o , an s
w h at h as alre a dy b ee n d one ; w h i c h , h o w e ve r m u ch m o re a d ly
va nta
g e o us
Li m i te d, h ow e v e r, as o ur a c tual ac
q u ai ntance with th e ge olog o f y
India m a
y b e th e re is
, sti ll e no ugh to sh ado w fo rth a s s te m atic y
o u tli ne O f w h at re all y e x i sts , a nd w h ic h , i f le arnt, y m a m a te ri all y
facili ta te th e furth e r d e v e lo p m e nt of h er m i ne ral and ge ological
re s ou rc e s .
p
a nd lu to ni e a nd v olca nic roc k i bs na u nda nc e , s uc h as are to b e fo u nd in
m o st i nte re s ti ng, b o th in an e c o no m i c al an d in a
g e o lo
g ic al
p o i nt o f
v ie w ; for th e y no t o nl y c o ntai n th e c o al bd
e s of I ndia, i ro n-o re ,
a pp e ar to a ff o rd th e w h i te m ar bl e of I ndia, w h ic h , toge th e r w i th th e
ei plb
e ui ldi n
g s o f th e tow ns o n th e J um na fro m M i rzap o re to D lh i
e .
p
s e r e nti ne in Bah ar ; ste atite (p ot-stone ) in m any pl ac e s ; m a
gne si te
ne ar J ub b ul o re ,
p &c .
; a nd th e re se arch e s o f C pt i a a n F ran lin k and
J ac
q ue m o nt i n Bunde lkh u nd , and V oy se y i n S o u th e rn I ndi a, w o uld
o .
all, m a
y p ro v e to b e fallac ious ; th e j
O b e ct o f th i s su m m a r y be i ng,
not so m uc h to i nsist on th e c o rre c tness O f th e v ie w s it m a
y co ntai n,
i ty h be giv e n, th e ti tles Of h is
’
F th
or au or , t e au th or s nam e alone wi ll
p ubli ti b i g i
ca ons e n nse rte d at th e e nd O f th e article and, w h e n
re fe re nce is m ade to a p
s e cim e n i n th e Socie t y M ’
s u se um , th e le tte rs
Mm . will p re ce de th e c ontri b u tor s
’
nam e , lik wi P MS
e se . . for pi
r v ate
m anusc ri pt .
I th
n p lli e s e ng O f th e nam e s of pl ace s I am com p ll d t
e e o follow th at
o f th M p e a s as m u ch as p ibl
oss e.
GRO U PS .
I .
Pa rm r rrv n PL U TO N I C Ro c x s .
se lv e s so i ntim ate l y m ix e d u
p w i th m e tam o r ph i c strata, th a tp i i i
r m t ve
II .
O LDE R M s r a m oarm c S r a a ra
' '
.
Gneiss . Q ua r t: Rock .
Mi e a S ch is te
. . M i ca ce ous S la te .
Gr a nula r Li m es tone .
Ih
.
of th e se condar yg rani ti c se ri e s .
Gne iss .
— Th i s ro c k pp a e ars to be by f ar th e m ost g e ne ral and a u n b
dant of all th e m e tam o
p h i c stra ta . It o cc urs at O o de yp ore
( D ange r
wi th th e oth e r h yp o e ne sch is te s,
g th e scar p at th e falls Of Gai rsup p a,
w h ich is 8 8 8 fe e t, to th e wate r b lwe o , and th e latte r is 300 fee t de e p
C h risti e consi d de re th i s to b e pi r mi tive gne iss : i t is v e ine by d
grani te ( New b ld) o , wh ich C h ris ti e als o consi de re d not th e olde st It is .
p
Gra h ite re lace s th e m ica at B p
anuswar ne ar B an alore
g ( Ne wbo ld) ,
T
Tine ve lly , and ravancore ( Ma or Ge ne ral C ulle n) Ti n is fou n i n i t
‘
j . d
o n th e b k an s o f th e Barakur , w i th i n a fe w m ile s O f th e town of Palm ow
Be ds of
garne ts are c om m o n i n y
i t e ve r wh e re , c orun d um
v ar yi ng in c olo ur from p kl d b l k b
s ec e , ac , row n, re d di h s , to gre y a nd
m ice . Wh en ver y fine -grai ne d, and d e com p osi ng, it b e ars a close
M i c a S ch is te .
- Th i s roc k th gh t
, ou no so ofte n m e ntione d as h orn
ble nde sc h is te or gne i ss . i s p b bly lw y
ro a a a s m ore or le ss p re se nt in p arts
gne is s andh orn bl e nde sch iste s, th e y O f c ourse p ass i nto each o th e r.
-
Ch loe i ts S cind e — Th is , li k e m i ca sch iste , contai ns
ga m e te i n th e
South e rn M ah ratta C o untr , and asse s i nto m i ce sch iste and gne i ss y p
b d
,
to wh ich i t is su or inate : also i nto ste asch iste (p ot-stone ), m assi v e and
lam i nar, and into ch lorite slate , and cla slate Ta le S ch is te is alm ost y .
y y
s non m ous w i th Ch lori te S e ltis te i n e olo
g g , th ou gh talc y and c h lo ri te
difie r in
'
24
184 L
GEO O GY o r m m a .
[J a n .
Harnble nde S ci n
d e — h is T roc k , th ough not so a unda nt as gne iss, b
is j ust as fre que ntl y m e nti one d . It form s th e easte rn and w este rn
si de s of th e Ne ilgh e rri e s, wh e re i t is fro m 5 to 7 m ile s in b re adth ,
a nd slo pp es e ntli ke on e i th e r si d e on th e grani ti c roc k s w h i ch form
th e ce ntral ax i s o f th ese m ou ntains ( Be nza ) . Lik e gne iss, ga rne ts
Q ua r t: Rosin— C o m m e nci n
g i n th e north , J ac
q ue m ont state s, in
h is j ourne y f D lh i t
ro m e o Bom by
a , th at all th e h ills are co m p ose d O f
q u ite d azzling,
”
from th e i r e norm o u s m asse s O f vi tre o u s rose -c oloure d
b
a o u t h alf a m ile no rth o f M au np ore , a li ttle village si tu ate d o n i ts ordi
I m m e nse bd e s of q u b
artz a ou nd, not onl yi n th e ne igh b ou ri n
g h ills,
b u t in a ll th p l i
e a ns o f S uloo m b u r, and to wards O o de yp ore . F rom th e
alm ost p p
e r e ndic ular w all of a la rge co nglo m e rate o r c om p o und roc k ,
Of fe ls p ar, a nd large im b dd d
e e m asse s o f L u c ulli te
”
( D ange rfie ld ) . Th e
b illi
r ant th e q u artz i n th e So u th e rn M ah ratta C ountr is
wh i te ness of y
also s o e n o f as pk e i ng v e r b y
s tri i ng, and Ch ri s ti e m e ntio ns ra n e s
g k
O f h i lls th e re w h i ch are c re ste d
w i th li m id q uartz , from th e grani te i n p
w h i c h i t i s i m be dde d de ca yi ng on e i th e r side . Re turning to th e north ,
y b di bd
’
”
F ulljam es ) and at i ts e as te rn e x tre m it in su or nate e s in
old bl ue slate ,
”
bu t “
m ostl y occu pyi ng a p osi ti on b tw e e en th e d
ol e r
M i e aceous a e Sl t d Ch l i t S l t
an Th b or l e a e .
- e se are ut m o re or e ss
form e r re nde r n i g th l
e m ass p kli g i pp m oreth or e ss s ar n n a e arance , e
latte r m ore or l ti y
e ss sa dg y t th t h Th y b th
n an re as o e ouc . e o o ccu r
y
A tona ), b ut am I
unable to sta te i f i t e lon s to th e Old or to th e
g b
p
ne w m e tam o r h i c roc ks m y O i ni on i nclines to th e latte r p .
C lay S la te . T
— h is form ati on a pp e ars to be of grea t th i c ness k . I t is
both m assiv e and lam inar, and of a v ari e t y of colours . Tod sta tes th at
th e Aravulli range is ch i e fly c h arac te rize d by grani te re p osi ng on
m assi ve , co m p ac t, da r k bl ue slate .
”
In p assi ng from th e north - r
slates are alm ost th e onl y roc k s m et wi th for five or six m iles .
cla y and ch lorite sla tes, in v e rtical or h i gh l y i ncli ned la y e rs, with
subor di nate bd fg te s o ree ns one , gre e nstone slate , and a fine y
cr stalline
lim e stone
( D g fi ld)
an e r e and th e gre at m ou ntai n c h ai n wh ich runs
nearl yi na di ti re c th on nor and sou th , p ast th e w e stwar d Of Oode yp o re ,
di i di g G
v t f
n uz e ra rom Malwa , Bath , and Bagur , is, as far as i t is
k w p i ip lly
no n, r nc a co m
pose d of slate s and p ri m i ti ve lim estone
I n th e C urruckp ore h ills, w h e re m icace ous sla te p asses i nto cla y slate ,
across th e di re ction of th e b dd p
strata Th e Ne r u a asses
th g h
rou i t l m ca d h l i t h
a cose a n i t d g i p
c p or d w i th e sc s e , an ne ss, s u e r ose
d l it b tw L it d B g h l t J bb lp ( F k
o om e e ee n am a a an e ra ar , c ose o u u ore ran
li )n ; an d g i tha a n, h id f th N b dd b tw
on e sou t M d l s e O e er u a, e ee n an e a
an dA k t k D
m e r un a Sp il b y t t th r.th hi t s li k th
ur s a es at e sc s es are e e
l
sca es o n a M i b k Mian a l t p ac i gi . l y lt cace ous s a e ass n nto c a s a e occ urs
i th
n Ph e d Gh t (M oon a D lH t ) l i
au h S l m p i. e os e , a so n t e a too r ass, n
th S e th ou M h tt C e rn t y (Ay t
a )
ra V y y
a i h i
ou n rl t j y ou n . o se , n s as o urne
from th i i i ty f N gp
e v c n t C l tt o id S a b lp ore ti o a cu a, a um u ore , m en ons
l y t
c a
[ l
s o ney l t i c ag i i th
s a e b d f w tn ne ss, n e e o a a e rcourse
b twe Ki h p
ee n d S
s k l
e n ore j t ft h i g p d g i
an ure e c a, us a er av n asse ne ss,
h bl d h i t d q t k p t dly l ti g d i
orn en e sc s e, an uar z roc , re ea e a te rna n ,
”
an n
a ll di g t i t
u n t li f
o h
s m e a t h dd A C l y i t i
e rous c arac e r e a s : t a astr t co n a ns
l d
e i d wi h il
o re m xe t N ll t p p t N gp
s ve r ; a g e ore co er ; a a ore m an ane se
an d l d ea d pp
ore , i an i co i er ; y m cace ous ron ore s a ve r c om m o n
p d t f h i k Old l y l t wi h fii ty l t d li t
ro uc o t s roc .
”
c a s a e t n s a e an m e s o ne
w as see n by D H [D H y r . b th K i t h (E t t f
. r. e ne a ou t e s na x rac s rom
Dr H . .
’
s MS . ap . Voy se y ) .
c lose by . Ay to un
’
s ENE . and W SW . se cti o n Of th e K upp u tgode
h i lls sh ows a vas t
q uanti t y of iron sc h is te i nte rstrati fie d wi th chlori te
wate rc ourse s running from th ese m ountai ns, and also from th e Saltoor
range ad oi ni ng, wh i lej i n th e ce ntre o f th e K u p p u tgo de ran e are
g tw o
h ills calle d th e g reat
”
and
”
d
li ttle gol m ou ntains .
Gr anula r Li m es tone — C onne cte d w ith th e O ld m e tam or ph i c strata,
of I ndia . p
C a tai n D ange rfie ld m e ntions su ordinate b bd e s of a fine l y
granular y
cr stalline lim estone , Of aligh t gre y colou r, O cc urri n
g w i th
gree nstone slate s i n th e cla y and ch lori te slate s O f th e Suloom b ur ran e ,
g
at Maunpo re ,
b tw M lw
e een a a and O o de yp ore
”
also im b dd d
e e m asse s
ofL uc ullite o f bl k l
a ac c o o ur. and dull conch oi dal frac ture , wi th th i n
b d e s Of m ica slate and s m all se am s O f p
fe ls ar, i n m o u nta ins o f ne i ss roun
g d
th e Be yh ut la k e, of th e sam e ne igh b o urh ood . J qac ue m ont saw a
a y la e r of fine y
cr sta lli ne lim e stone , a pp ly
a re nt m a ne s ian,
g i n gne iss
b k ro e n up by g ranite , a t S unk e rry droog, wi th i nnu m e ra b le garne ts i n
th e li m e s to ne wh e re i t is in contac t w i th th e gra ni te . F i ne wh i te
h igh l y y t lli
cr s a ne w i th gra h ite , i n grains,
li m e s tone , p di sse m inate d i n
i t, or wi th m asse s of re e n and clo ve
g
- rown ? h orn len b b d e, in lam i nar or
1 88 GEO LO GY o r ra m s .
[J a n .
e x am by p i l g l gi t
ine d a h p rac t ca eo o s , on t e s o t, w e ll acqu ai nte d wi th
I di
n g l
an
g y T h
eo o i d l
.y w t e re are e v e nt t o m e am or ph i c se ri e s, at least
and il h i
u nt p ti i l d h
t e r re s e c ve m ne ra s an c aracte rs are de te rm i ne d, th e y
will b p p lly f d d I h i k i
e e r e tua c on oun e . t n t e x tre m e l y p b bl ro a e th at
I h av e i d bly d hi
u nav o b I tb
a o ne t s, ut m us e c onte nt to lea ve futu re
i tig i
nv e s pit
at on y i t k
to l o n o ut m m s a es e t u s ne w di re ct our atte ntion
t th
o k by wh i h h t t w fi t p
e roc s c t ese s ra a e re rs e ne trate d .
III .
PLu ro n rc Ro c x s
'
.
Di ll gia a c
Am ph ib li o c or
H bl di
o rn en c .
conti nu ou sl y , and to a
g re ate r e x te nt, i n th e ne igh b ou rh ood o f Hyd ra
stri ki gly d
n ev e lo p die n th is th an in any o th e r p art O f I ndia . V oy se y
state s, th at on q ui tti ng th e ban s k Of th e K i stnah , grani te alone , c h ie fly
of a re d colou r, is th e b asi s Of th e cou ntr y
to th e Godave ry . Re d
fe ls p ar se e m s to b e th e p re do m inant i ngre die nt i n th e se c o n ar d y
p luto nic roc k s th ro u
gh o ut I ndia Th e grani te , w h i ch
. ve i ns th e
m e ta m or ph i c strata, a
p p e ars to be p i i p lly
r nc a re d, th ro u
g h not alwa s, y
for at th e falls of Gairsup p a i t i s g yre d , an so m e ti m e s i t i s re d i n one
p art of th e v e i n, and
g re y in a no th e r V
( y y)
o se w h i le at Goon
taeul, ne ar Goo t , a y g y
still ou n e r re d grani te is se e n to v ein th e d
ol e r
p re vailing one .
Protogi ne , Sy e ni te , Pegm a ti te .
— Th e
grani ti c roc s var k yi n stru ctu re
ti ons at one pl ac e th e y y
are s e niti c, at anoth e r
p ro to gi ni c, and at a th i rd
p g
e m ati ti c, wh ile a ve r y com m on form i s th e q uate rnar com y p d
o un
th e da r k d ytl
-re cr s a s at Roan, i n th e dis tri ct of Dh w ar ar, contai n
i f q
s re ly
ue nt pl d by g h l i re ace d i g th k p gi i
re e n c or te , re n e r n e roc roto n c .
S om e ti it i
m es pl d by ti li (N wb ld) d i lly by
s re ac e ac no te e o , an oc cas ona
e pi d o teTh l . wi h df lp
e f
atte r, b if l k i h
t re e s a r, o rm s a e au t u ro c , n t e
w t es e rn e x tre m i y f h Vi dh y t g ( o M F
t e llj ) bn t I a ra n e m . u am e s ; u am
ig noran t f it t t
o I th Ss h
ex en M h tt C
. n t y h e d o u t e rn a ra a ou n r t e re
f lp
e s iar i p i d by q t ly wh i h b i g
s so m e t m e s acc om an e uar z on , c , e n trans
p t d l l f
are n an wh
c o o ur e ss,
g i d b
o rm s, if l p g ti te n c o a rse - ra ne , a eaut u e m a e
( M m A y
.t ) A g y
o na
g i .p il V re t gh y w
ran h i hte t re v a s at e nca a e rr , c , a
N ik a e ne r
y h t p ,f h
at M t
g l e p o t i
O t e f i o ee ass, con a ns ne sts o m ca as
h d ( N w ld) i ll k i d f g i d
’
l g
ar e as a m an s S ea e . om e t m e s a n s O ran te an
g rani ti k
c roc
y b f d i
s m ad i f
f t p e f h
ou n n t i e re n arts o t e sam e m o u n a n,
as i h
n t a t at Bll y At B ije ggar h g i i g ll y d anu ur t e ran te s e ne ra re
t Vi g l h M l b C i i g y
’
a n o r a, o n t e a a ar oast, t s re .
T igh rac n k h gh h t
t ese roc s t rou ti d d b gi i g i t e ra c t m en one , an e nn n n
im b dd d i
e e n a fine -grai ne d y s e ni te ( M m . F or b es ) . At J eseni, w h i ch i s
grai ned
granite is m et w i th i n th e Zill h a Bah ar , as w e ll as fine -grai ne d
p assing i nto e u ri te ( J ac
q ue m ont and Sh e rwill) and re d s e ni te ne ar y
C urru ck p ore ; also i n th e Bh agulp ore a nd Mongh y r distric ts, on b oth
bl ff p k
u ea of grani te , p b bly b
ro a a ou t fe e t h igh , fro m th e ase of b
wh ich a low range of si m ilar roc k s e x te nds so uth w ar to th e se a d
( C alde r) . y
Eve r wh e re th e fe lsp ath i c grani ti c
re d roc k
s are m e nti one d
Lep ty ni te , Eu ri te , a nd Porp h y ry .
—Th e first is oc casi onall y m en
nor th lly p t
e rn sa - or of th e fo rt of Se ri nga pt a am , ne ar to w h i ch Tip poo
w as kill d I k w e , no of no oth e r to wh ich p ine nce is give n
ro m . Th i s,
c olou r.
”
It als o contains tou rm ali ne in nu m e rous ne e dle -sh a e pd
y
c r stals .
Di alla
gic Roc k s.
from th e e u ph o tide o f o th p t
er ar s, in bi e ng a c o m p ou nd of fe ls p ar a nd
Horn le n ic Roc ks b d .
e rs from th e fine-graine d
dio rite s of th e tra pp e an e ff usions, to wh ic h we sh all com e by o
an -b d ye
bi y y
,
in e n
g of a coarse r stru ctu re and e ntire l c r stalli ne , and no t c on
diffe re nce s, d
i t se l om ove rli e s th e oth e r roc s to any e xte nt, occurring k
25
1 92 ( m om ent o r ra m s .
[J a n .
p
I ts stru c tu re , c o m osi ti o n, and colou r var : for th e y m ost p art,
p e rh a s,
p
y
i t is large l granu lar, cr stalline , and of a dar y k bl k g l
or ac re e n c o o u r,
An old tra
”
is sai d to p e x is t in th e b ig
”
and
“
little M ounts
at M adras , and o n th e grani te of th e
Se ve n Pagodas, w h i ch is com
p o unde d of fe ls p ar, b
h orn le nde , and q uartz, w i th a sm all ro ortion
p p
of m ica, py p ro e and e p id t o e, w h ich e nte r it as fo re ign m i ne rals
"
( Dr . H
p . a . Voy se y ) . N wb e old also de sc ri b e s a si m ilar roc k at C h in
le ut, 36 m iles S S W of M adras, wh i c h is garniti fe ro us Am p h i boli tes
g p . .
m as s o f h orn le nde b
Goi ng to th e sou th e rn p art o f th e p e ninsula, Be nza de sc ri b e s a trac t
Strom e y er fo und th i s m a ne si te
g to b e c om p d
osef g i 4
o 7 8 9 m a ne s a
‘
e rv e sces
la y e rs o f m a ne s i a n ro c
g k lik e se r p e nti ne , th e w h ole of w h i ch i s d yk d e
bd ie s n m o u nta i ns or h i lls, am o ng b
th e h orn le nde sch is tes, b ut ne v e r
p
se r e nti ne roc k , o ccurri ng w i th di o ri te a nd e u ph tid o i A bi e , as n ra a.
I t i s, p e rh a p s, w o rth re m e m b e ri n
g, th at th e on ly p t f I di wh
ar o n a e re
b
Ara i a, h ave b een no ti c e d, i s i n th e ne i gh b o u rh oo d o f calcareou s
bd bl
e s e o n in
g g to th e low e r C re tace ou s and u pp er O olitic y
s ste m s ;
and th e se , a ai n,
g di h
h av e onlh yb p f h e e n noti ce n t e so ut e rn art o t e
p i l b tw P di h y d T i h i p ly M y w i f
e n ns u a, e ee n on c e rr an rc no o . a e n er
from th i th t h l tt
s, a i t t th
e at f A bi e r ex s d th t th y
on e c oas o ra a, an a e
nev e r h i d i th g t p t f I di ?
av e e x ste n e rea e r ar o n a
Lik th g i ti th g t
e e ran c, k i d dyk th
e re e ns one roc t s v e n an e e m e am or
p h i c t s rata l t y h
a m os d i g f
e ve r w t h f e re , i an , co m n a te r e orm e r, v e n
h
t em l wh il th y
a so, i th i t
e et th are
g h by tnh t pp e r u rn ou r ou e ra e an
roc k s
A b f s t t d th i g
e ore s a e t t ti, ity i e r i l idg
re a e s con nu s se e n n m u ra r es ,
an d t no ly i g
as k Th y
ov e r n i ly b th i
roc s . th e occ u r e x te ns ve o n e
g ranit i d i t i
c t f H
s r c
y d b d od t h g h t th p
ra a i l , ( M anl l rou ou e e n nsu a a co m
nuo us ly ( N wb ld) Ab t Hy b b d th y
e o . f ou1 0 0 t 30 0 f t ra a e are rom o ee
b d d yb
ro a , an d f 1 5 t 2 0 il
m a e trace i lly p
rom di g o m e s, oc cas ona s re a n
ou t li l (V y y)
a tt e Ab o 4 il
se th . f Dh b tw G y
ou t m e s so u o one e , e een oo t
an dK l th
u rno o i b l i g t dyk 1 5 0 f t h igh d 20 0
, e re s a asa t c re e ns o ne e, ee an
f tb
ee d roa i g th
, h
runn n
g g f d t rou d li t
a ran e o san s one an m e s one m oun
t i
a ns ( N b l d )
ew d o t h il
, l an
g f B k i l
ne ar
p ly w i th i 4
e v i l fa e o un a , n m es o
th e M j w ll
u n 1 ra, as th b k f th M ji i lf V y y w
e as o n e an s o e un ta tse , o se sa
a g y
re e nstone or s e n i i g t i d w i h t g c i t th
re e ns one
g i ti
”
ve ne t ran e, e ran c
i
v e ns bi gi e n p t d i th wh i
n som e ar s d p j re i g2 f t
, n o e rs te , an ro e c t n ee
b y d th w h d f f h g t
e on e e at e re Th i
sur ac e o t t b . t et re e n s o ne . s m us no e se
C au s a u v
x AN D S IL U R I A N Ro c x s
Ne wer C lay S la te , wi th be ds S y e ni te .
Gne i ss . S la ty Q uar tz .
granite b
a out Gan j am , in C utta c , i s k ch i e fly re d, and a o unds in b
g arne ts, and v e i ns of ste ati te . C h lorite slate , ste ati te , and h orn le nde , b
w i th m i ca, and a b undance o f garne ts, all fo rm p arts o f th e m e tam or
th e m ,
i n th e se di m e ntar y strata w h i ch im m e diate l y followe d th e
e ru pi t on o f th e latte r .
y t f t tifi d d p it pp t i t i th C
S uch a s s em o s ra e e os s a e ars o ex s n e u rruck
p dRj
ore an h al h i ll i th B h g lp
a m a di i wh h y h s, n e a u o re s tr c t, e re t e a ve
b t di d by D M C l ll d h d ib th p i i lly
ee n s u e r .
‘
e an , w o e sc r es em rov s o na , as
th y h
e
y t y i ld d
av e asf il d t
eh h d f C b i e e no oss s, u n e r e ea o am r a n and
”
Silurian Rocks, as follows
N e we r C la y S la te a nd Q u ar tz oz e Br e cci a .
SE and dip SW .
y
Th e c onti nu it o f th e old lue and ne we r gre e n slate s is inte rru b pt d e
by i nte rm e di t
a e bd e s of
q uartz a nd talc ose slate s, w h i ch inte r p ose
b e tw e e n th e m .
“
Be ds s u bordi na te to th e N e we r C lay S Ia le .
— ( a) Blue c om p act
alter nati n
g w ith th e ne w e r c a l y l t b tw Bh s a e, e een em Bh an and
Goo rdh e e .
( )
b y k
Gre w ac e , or Ste ati tic Sandstone .
— Th i s g re y k
w ac e or
ste ati te diallage w h ich giv e th e fre sh roc a e culi a r gre e nis h
and k p
y e llo w c olou r, and re si nous lustre , w i th a c o m ac t s li nte r frac tu re p p y
all w h ich ch arac te rs i t lose s on lo ng e x p osu re , b i e com ng an ordinar y
fine -grai ne d, y ll w
e o e arth y sands tone .
e sc ar
p m e n t, re s ti n
g on m i ca slate .
Th i s ro c ki s of
g re at e x te nt i n th e Bh agu lpo re distric t, co m p os i n
g
two-th irds of th e i nte rm e diate co u ntr y fro m th e C urru c kp o re to th e
Ra j m ah a l h i lls, toge th e r w i th th e gre ate r ortion o f th e sou th e rn ridge s p
of th e j
Ra m ah al grou p
I t co nsis ts o f q u artz, m o re o r le ss h o rn le nde ,
. b
le nti c ular no du le s of fe ls p ar, m ore or le ss com p re sse d and fl atte ne d,
coarse g arne t
p bb
e l e s, and m ic a, all e m b dd d i
e e n a m a tri x o f e arth y ,
Th e se bd
e s so m e tim es dd lysu h en c ange i nto a fine granula r
Be lh a rh ) .
m e rate , c ontai ni n
g d
no ule s of fe ls p ar. ( Be d o f th e Bu ndooah ri v e r .
)
In oth e r si tuations th e fo rm a tio n ass um e s th e fo rm of slat yq uartz,
S
( y p
u a ata m .
)
In so m e si tuati ons th e fo rm ati on p asse s i nto, an d alte rnate s w i th ,
b e ds o f m ic ace ous a nd h o rn lendic b sc h isto se form , and e ve n contai ns
y
di re c tio n o f h igh l i nc line d strata, e x te nds e x clusi ve l o v e r y th is form a
“
F ro m Nuugajoo r to Lu c h m ip ore ; th e firs t p a rt of th e c ou ntr y
alo n
g th e sa m e li ne of se c tio n is m u ch dis tu rbe d and b roke n u
p by
q u artz d yk es and ro u nde d h ills of tra p . Am idst th e se di sru p ti ons,
bd e s of th e sam e coarse - ra
g i ne d slat y roc k rea pp e ar at i nte rv als, co m
p i os ng th e c o untr y as b e fo re .
it i fs o i p i i i
ra re o cc u rre nc e
g i n r m t ve ne ss .
I t l diff f a so th p i i i k i h
e rs rom e i w h i h it
r m t ve ro c n t e m anne r n c
oc cu rs filli g p ll y nd f i g l w
u va d l i g pl i
e s, an b w o rm n o un u at n a ns et ee n
p i i
r m t i
t1 v e f l y l
m o un a ns o d g i i
c a h i s ate di an ne ss, as n t e nte rm e ate
l w
o y b w h C kp
cou ntr et d h B
ee n th g lp
e h ill
urru c
g i o re a n t e a u o re s ; a an
( h t g h
ou b k b
p y p
ro i f y
en u i t ), b e ru N gj
t d
ons o s en e e tw e e n au a oo r a n
N o on
y h h d lat ly i an i h
ast , wh as l d t oc c u rs n t e so m e at e e v ate
va ll y e p igh
s co m th w os n d li i ti f h R j h l h ill
t e no r - e ste rn ec v es o t e a m a a s,
di g f
e x te n nN y h h tromK y oon i li g th
at b b o t o tt c oo n, e nc rc n e ase , u
and tra p bf as e ore , and fina lly d i pp b sa ears e neath th e c onglo m e rate
fo rm a large p p re ortion of i ts bt
su s ance , d d i th y f l p
im be d e n e ar e s ar
and h o rn bl d f
en e, rom w h ich th y e are di l dg d by th d
s o p ii e e e co m os t on
so il . S
( y p
u a a tam .
)
Th e garne ts h e re are of uni form si z e , and s ph e ro idal sh a e , p
som e w h a t la rge r th an a m us k t b ll
e a , and w h e n sh ar ply stru c k wi h t a
y
cr s talli ne fe ls p d h bl d
ar an orn e n e, w i th a s m all p pro o rti on of
q u artz .
Fe ls p ar is th e p d i t i g di
re om nan n re e nt, and g e ne ra lly gi v e s m o re o r le ss
of a re ddish y ll w l t th
e o co our o e m ass . I t fo rm s lo ft y coni cal p k
ea s,
( g
Lu w ah ne ar Noony h ath ), and ro u nde d h ills, e ach so m e ti m e s com
p d ose of a si n
gle un rob k e n m ass ; ( Panc h Pah ar, i n th e Bh agulp ore
di t i t
s rc C h ara Pah ar, i n Pe rgunah C u rruc dy ah , e twe e n Palm ow
, and b
and C n rh 1 1rb ale e ; ) o r i t i s ro e n i nto s m alle r o ve rl i n
g b k
m as se s, e i th e r y
protru di n
g si n l
g from t h e y
surfac e ( nea r Lu ch m i o re and Su a a ta m
p y p ),
or ac c u m u late d in rugge d py ra m idal h ills ( Nane ore ,
g ne ar Bunta
Ram p ore in Pe rgu nah Me lly p ore , M o ngh
, y r distri ct) .
Th e se s y e ni te s som e ti m e s
i nto th e tra nsition gne iss, ( 2 m ile s p ass
th e m ass .
y
c r stalline p oi nts, w h i ch a re dis p e rse d th rou gh ou t th e m ass . I n th e
t b a ular v a rie t y th e q uartz o c c u rs in pl ate s a nd fl atte ne d nodule s,
alte rnati ng in pl ace s w ith tra nsi tio n gne iss, b oth roc k big h
s e n m uc
p arti c ula r ly t L h
a uc m ip ore .
H ornble nde S la te .
a nd p la te s, i ns te a d o f fe ls ar p , o cc ur i n th e Ra j m ah al h i lls i n th e be d
of th e Go o rna ra ri v e r at K o tty coo n, w h e re i t fo rm s in so m e loc alitie s
th e b asis of th e c oal m e a s u re s, and in o th e rs i t giv e s su pp o rt to th ic k
bd e s of gra nula r s late
q u artz .
“
Th e s am e h o rnb le nde slate also oc c u rs i n th e b e d of th e Brah m i ny
ri v e r at Buktah n Pa h a r, li k e w ise form i ng th e roc o n w h ich th e c oal k
m e as u re s re s t . It e x te nds fro m th e nc e to C u rrac ntta, w h e re i ts li ne
of j u nc tio n w i th th e co nglo m e ra te s u nde rl yi ng coal m e as u re s is w e ll
sh o w n .
Th i s h o rnble nde l
s ate m ar k s th e b o un d y ar of th e c oal m e asu re s
c ou ntr y ,
w h e re th e c oa l m e as ure s disap p e ar .
y
di ffi c ultl frangi le b so th a t th e re is little o r no re al dis tinc ti on be tw ee n
it a nd th e Luch m ip o re ro c k , e x ce p t th e le ntic ular or lam i na te d fo rm
o f th e q u artz .
S la ty Q ua r tz .
Th i s c o nsists o f
g ranu lar
q u artz, fo r th e m ost p art o f th i c k slat
y
structu re , so m e ti m e s th ic kb - e dde d, b ut alw a y l di ps m ore or e ss s ose d to
split i nto th in h ard flg
a s . It o ccu rs ppi g i diff tly h
ca n n e re n t e sub
y t lli
cr s a ne and o th e r tra pp e an slat y k d ib d i th i
roc s e sc r e n s se ctio n.
g yw k
re ac e
q u artzos e sa nds tone of Gui dore , to wh i ch p e ri od th e y
p hper a s re fe r, bi
e ng ante ri or to all th e c oal m eas ure c on
glom e rate s,
alth ou
gh i t is di ffi c ult to fix th e e x ac t osi ti on o f th e se
q uartz os e p
sandstones, from th e c i rcu m sta nce o f th e i r form i n i solate d m o untai n
g
ca p s, unc o v e re d by o th e r ro c k s . It c o ntai ns no u se ful m ine rals .
e x am ine d i n th at di re c tio n .
are no tb d d by t pp
ou n e ra e an roc k s .
of th i k b dd d
c - dt e e fg l d d
c oarse sa n s o ne , com p d ose o rav e , san , an v ario u s
i d q
s ze p bbl b dd d i
uartz oze fi g
ei ll i e s, em e e n a ne ar ac ou s m atrix .
Th d th i k b d lt
e se coarse an t w i h th i b dd d l c g e s a e rna e t n- e e , c ose - rai ne d,
flg li k
a - dt f fi t t
e san s o ne s, o yi g i th i k f a ne e x u re , var n n c ne ss ro m 1 2 to
on ly 2 3i h or d d g i by nc e s, d th i k b d
s uc ce e e , a a n, coarse an c e s of th e
sam e natu re .
m i le s .
Th e se conglom e rate s, re st n i g y
on s e nite and h orn le n b d e slate,
26
2 00 GEO O G Y o r L 1 1m m .
[Ja m
w e dge -sh a p dt
e di ping to th e east,
rac t, p b e ne ath c oal m e as u re s .
e x te ndin
g for se v e ral m ile s to Se m ani o o r,
j wh e re th e yb e co m e c ov e re d
b e ne ath th e y t p f h di t i t
se co ndar ra O t e s r c .
F rom th e g l p t
e ne ra f h t y
as t ec o t e cou n r o th e sou th , i t is p re s um ed
th at i t i s co m p d h i fly f th
ose c
g l e O e se co n o m e rate s, e x te ndi ng to wards
th e ci v il stati on of Soore y , i n wh ic h dire c tio n, acco rdi n
g to i nfo rm ation
F ro m C urracu tta to Se m j
ani oo r th e se c o nglo m e rate s are un di s
tu rb e d, p re se nti n
g an u ni form dip O f a ou tb fo r a di ts a nc e Of 5
m ile s ac ross th e o utgoi ng of th e strata b ut a pp roac h in
g S em a1
jp o or,
S ubordi na te Be ds — No b
car oni fe rous sh ale or cla y i ron stone
-
”
occ u rs i n th is con
g lom e rate .
S uc h a re Dr . M C le lland s de sc ri tions O f h is
‘ ’
p C am bi r an and Silurian
sum m a r y Of th e i r p i ip r nc al ch aracte rs
Ta ble .
b e ds
Blue com p ac t Q uartzo ze Bre cc ia ,
v e i ne d ,
li ke m arb le , w i th wh i te
k
s tre a s , rese m b li ng Transi ti on Li m estone ; i n b e ds Of 5 to
k
50 y ards i n th i c ness , alte rna ti ng w i th ne we r clay s late .
k
Gre ywac e or S te ati ti c Sands tone co nsi sts of a q uartz oze sand
sto ne , c o ntai ni ng ste ati te and di allage of a p ec uli ar gre e ni sh
w i th ne we r c lay slate .
O ld Blue S late .
C A MBR AN A N D srw a u s
I aoc x s. 20 1
S y e ni te
and h ornb le nde , wi th a li ttle q uart z, th e fe lsp ar p re do m i nat
”
.
( Gree nstone of a o r h
p p y ic
ri t stru cture , strati form or m assi ve ,
q uartz ; q u artz
1l
c o nsis ti ng O f h ornble nde and di sse m i na te d i n
nu m e ro us cry stalli ne p o i nts i n th e m ass i ve var i e ty in fl atte ne d
nod u les , as ab o ve state d , i n th e strati form vari e ty . A lte rnates
U
”
L wi th s tra ta o f Transi ti on Gnolss .
fl
ag-li k e
alte rnati ng w i th
l
u
s io n to o th e r p arts, we c anno t h el p b i g t k wi h th g
e n s ru c t e re at re se m
bl a nc e th at e x is ts b e twe e n th e com p i i f th G yw k
os t on o e re ac e or
” ”
S te ati ti c Sands to ne and Tr a ns i ti on Gne iss of th e C urruc kp o re and
Ra j m ah al h i lls, and th e ste ati ti c sandsto ne wh i ch im m e di ly ate o v e rlie s
sto ne i nto la y e rs, and e nte rs i nto th e are nac eous structure of th e roc k
2 02 a no no o r or I ND I A .
[J a n .
th e re s p o ts of a v i ole t colou r .
( To m . i . p .
We th e re fore y
m a , I th i k n , re asona bly i nfe r th at th e sandsto ne of
g arne t p bb
e le s
”
i n th e T iti rans on Gne iss, th at m ay de p e nd on
localit y ; as w e ll as th e e ru pi f y
t on o s e ni tic and g re e ns tone roc k s . Th e
S la ty Q ua r tz ”
rock , Dr M C le lland th i n
.
‘
k s, is alli e d i n com p ositi on
e lse w h e re , a c on lo m e rate , si m
g ila r to th e Gre yw k ac e , or S te ati tic Saud
s to ne .
”
Li
Ay to un also gi v e s a se c tio n of a h ill ab o u t 3 m ile s
eu te na nt
Bh agulkote , y
cr stalli ne gre e nsto ne and re e n sch i ste s alte rnate
g w i th e ac h
o th e r i n strata wh ic h are ne arl y v e rt ca i l, and o n e ach s ide o f th e m a re
bed of a wate rco u rse at K alu dgh e e , C h ristie o b se rv e d sla te s i nte rla m i
m an s
’
h e ad,
”
a fe w of tra p d an b
h o rn le nde , and of tou gh ac tino li tic
c h al k -w h i te , fl
n e, ste ati ti c e arth ( M m . F or b es ) . O f th e e x is te nce
C o untr y , com p d
ose of gre e nish ch lori te , re d fe ls p ar, and
q u artz p bble e s,
k pply
,
bili ty of d
fin ing ou t to wh ich se ries th e o se rv ati ons b on s uc h ro c k s
e x te ns i v e ; th e de p osi ts of th e “
C am bi r an a nd Siluri a n
”
follo w and
V .
Oo u '
rt c Se am s .
T ara Sandstone .
K attra
Punna Sandsto ne .
Pre vi ou s to e nte ri n
g u
pon a se p arate de sc ri ti o n p of th e m em b e rs
p
C a tain F ran li n, wh o first e x lo re k p d th i s di s trict, p oi nte d ou t, th at in
trav e lling S W f rom . M i rzap ore into Bunde lkh und , two ran e s o f
g b ills
o r e scar p m e nts are su cce ss i ve l y asce nde d, e ac h of w h i c h te rm i nate s i n
a plate au . Th e first ran
g i s e nti re l c o m
e o se d o y
f sand s to ne ,
p p re se nt
ran e ,
g w h i ch ris e s from th e pl t a e au of th e first, an d is also o
f sa nd
sto ne , doe s p re se nt
gi
arllac e o us stra ta, v iz . i n i ts u pp p er art, w h ic h
a
g ai n
p ass i nto lim e stone o n th e late au p .
i ng th e se , h e ob se rv e d th at th e y w e re c om p ose d of fi ne
g i
- n
ra
e d,
Th i s range J ac
q ue m o nt c onsi de re d b a 30 0 fe e t h igh
ou t .
M ore ov e r in , a we ll from 3 6 to p b
4 5 fe e t de e , e tw ee n Do uzo une p ore
and Puttrah u t, h e fou nd s m all y la e rs o f anth racite b e tw e e n s tra ta o f
p re se nti n
g a dar k bl k b l
, ac - ue c olo ur . Th e se a re h is w o rds Le
c arb one , en q ue lq pl ue s ace s, s
’
y re se m bl e asse z p ou r form er de
p e tite s c o uc h e s m i nc e s, q ui ont tou t- -fa a
’
i t l asp e c t b ill
r ant e t la dure té
”
d Anth rac i te
’
.
L ly
as t , Dr Adam .
, wh o trav e lle d ac ross th e se sandsto ne ran e s,
g
sta te s th at at Loh a rgong th e li m e stone is in a v a lle y b ou nde d on all
furth e r .
i n th e ne igh b o u rh o od of Bi djigh ur , w h i ch i s a b ou t 1 55 m i le s e as t o f
A fte rw ards, h e pi k d
c e u
p bl k p
ac ortio ns o f li m e stone , w h i ch i s b tte er
Th i g i v e s 70 0 fe e t
s of sandsto ne a b ov e th e sh ale s and lim e stom e ,
a nd w h e n w e fo llo w th e b k
an s of th e S on o nw ards to Rh o tasgh u r, i n th e
zillah of Sh ah a dab ad, w e find i t still th i c k er . p
C a tai n Sh e rw i ll, w h o
surve y e d th is zi lla h , w ri te s O ne of th e p re c ip ic e s i n th e fo rt of
and, still
“
p roc e e di n
g i n a n o rth -w e ste rl di re c ti o n, a t th e d i y
s tanc e
”
oh , at th e de th of fe e t e low th e su m m i t o f th e ta le land-
.
b k
re a s wi th a c o nch oi dal fracture , stri k es fire w i th ste e l, is i m p lp bl
a a e
c olo u r .
Th e re is th is i m p ortant di ti
s nc tion, th e n, b tw th
e een e sands tone o f
p
a cc o rdi ng to C a tai n Sh e rw i ll, first m e e t, i n th e zillah o f Ba h ar wi th ,
grani te h ills ca pp d wi h
e t d
san s to ne ; th e n at Gy a o th e rs w h i ch are
co m pl t ly d
e e e nu de d ; and o n arriv i ng at th e b ou ndar y of th e z illah of
M on g h y g r, ra ni te p k p j
ea
g fro m
s, am idst h ills of
ro e ctin
q u artz .
We h av e p
now re ac h e d th at oi nt on th e Gange s, a ou t 60 m ile s sou th b
o f wh i c h , th at i s fro m Soo rajgh u rrah , is th e C u rh u rb alee coal-fie ld, w h ich
”
M C le lland s O ld Re d Sandsto ne , a nd fo rm s one of
’
th e grea t
‘
re sts o n
T h th typ
us e e of th e O oli tic Se ri e s b
a ov e b
ta le d wo ul d pp a e ar to be
es at bli h d s e .
Th t k t l
a i dv l
e e n, a e nte , and i nte ll ge nt tra e l e r acq u e m ont, — w h o ne w J k
at onc e fo r w h at to se e k, h ad th e ab ili t to disce rn, and w as ne v e r at a y
loss to de sc ri e , — uri n
g b h i s sh ord
t v isit to B u nd e lkh u nd, o n h is w a
y
from C alcutta to e lh i, first c om D
le te d th is se rie s F ran li n, a p . k
b y
roth e r o f th e gre at Arc ti c v o age r, h ad gone so far as to sh ow th at th e
S ec ti on f
o th e P ass of M ooda la i ty ( Ne wb old) .
C om p ac t li gh t-c o lou re d sands one , t p assi ng i nto q uartz roc k and con
lo m ora te , 1 2 0 fee t
g .
li ne d w i th d ar k r e d j p
as e r,
a nd li gh t-c olo u re d c h arts , 3 1 0 fee t .
C alcare o us and argi llace o us sh ales , u su ally re ddi sh , a nd li ve r-c olo ure d,
ass i ng i nto wh i te ; surface s of lam i na; ofte n co ve re d wi th li gh t
p
gre e n ( ch lo ri ti c fl ak es , 50 fee t .
Massi ve sandstone .
TARA s a nnsr o ua . 20 7
p
re s e cti ng som e coal w hi ch w as foun d by Li t t ( w C e u e nan no olone l )
C antle y , i n th e vi cini t y of Nuh n, b
a ou t 40 m ile s ENE . of Um b e ls ,
i n th e Sub- i m H y
ala an range , th at it e x is ts in a form ati o n of fine
sands to ne a b ove , sh ale s and estone i n
li m th e ce ntre , and conglom e rate s
blw
e o th at th i s i s th e C oal Roc
”
k of I din a ; and b e furth e r
add s Th i s d
san stone is, I th in k it alm ost ce rtain, p art of an
Lh a ore .
”
th e ge olog of C u tc h a y
e are , pp d and i n i t also m ay be trac e d a si m ilar
se ri es to th a t of unde lkh u nd, B as th e followi ng se cti on, from a b ov e
S la te -clay of v as t k
th i c ness , alte rnating wi th li m es to ne of a li th ograph i c
str ucture , and gre y co lo ur, also oc casi onally wi th slaty sandsto ne .
Having th us d
e n e av ou re dto sh ow th e ge ne ral istri u ti on of th e d b
b
se rie s a ov e e sta bli h s e d, le t us now rocee to th ep d
e scri tion of i ts d p
m em b ers se p t ly
ara e .
to th e su m m it of th e first d
san s to ne range of Bunde lkh und , th e route
ta k by F
en ranklin and J ac q u e m ont, w h o h av e d e scrib d it e .
T ow ards its u pp p
er th e grains
art b ecom e e x tre m e l yfi ne , and th e
colour o f th e m ass ch anges to
gree n ; afte r w h i ch i t p asse s i nto ar
gilla
ce ou s (and talco se J ac
q ue m ont
) strata of gre e n and re d colou rs alte r
27
20 8 o no no a x or m nu .
[Ja m
Th e th i c k ness of th i s dp
e osi t h as no t b e e n state d . It co u l d not be
dt e e rm i ne d at th e T P ara ass, on accou nt of b
th e ase o f th e h i lls big
e n
d
u n e r th e alluv a i l d p it f th
e Gos o e ange s . Bt J u acq ue m o nt re m ar s, k
on th e auth or ity f C p t i
o D a a n ru m m ond, th at th e su m m it of th e
T a ra Gh aut is 30 0 m e tres ( 90 0 fe e t in roun d nu m b e rs ) b
a o ve th e
v alle y of th i s ri ve r .
A th p
t e as s of M oodalaity m e ntione d , Ne w b ld
o de scri b es th is , or
th e low e r sandsto ne th e re , as
“
lam i nar
”
and m i ca ce ou s,
”
p as si ng
fl
th e i nsu i cie nt e le v a tio n of th e m asse s ; an d h is b ig p i
or n ex e r m e nt
a
p p e ars to h av e onl y re ac h e di ts u pp p er art, if e v e n th a t .
I de ntifica ti on wi th “
O ld Re d Sandsto ne
”
of M Cle lla nd —
‘
. Th i s
th e y m a
y b e u n e d
rne ath th e p
allu vi al de o si t o f th e Gange s b ut th e
te x ture of th e sandsto ne i s t t d by J
s a e acq ue m o nt to b ecom e finer
i n asce n i ng, d and th e re fore p b bly b
ro a e c om e s c oarse r i n th e o pp osi te
d ire c tion .
g ra ni te is “
ca pp d by h
e ea s
p of fe rrugi nous c onglo m e rate , w h ic h
x a rra A
' '
s na ns s . 2 09
co ve re d wi th re d and v arie
gate d sh ale s in a pp roach i ng Saugor, follow e d
by th e p
su p e r ositio n o f m ore sandsto ne , wh ic h h e re and th e re , as in a
h i ll at Bh ilsa , p re se nts th e flt t
p a o and scar e p d id s e s, w h ic h w e sh al l
by d y e find to b e
-a n -b c h aracte ris tic features of th e u pp er m em b er
of th is se ri es .
t I pt
”
th e “
O ld Re d Sa ndstone of M C le lland be
‘
corre c , wo uld ado
th e te rm of T ara San dt
s one
”
for bo th , p artic ular ly as th e latte r is
p rov isi onal.
Kattra Sh alcs .
( a . J . Li m es tone .
Coa l .
w h e re F ran li n k and J ac
q ue m o nt saw re s p e cti v e l y th e T ara Sandstone
p assi ng i nto ar
gillac e o u s strata li m e sto ne on th e se c o n d pl t a e au
bi tu m ino us sh ale c ro pp
i ng o u t i n th e gle ns of th e Bap n ri v e r and
th ough m ore p d l wh
de ve lo e e se e re .
— C l y Sl t F Li
S y nony m s a - a e o rm ation
( y y)
V o se . Argi llace ou s m e stone
l y
c a , and arran e d
g i n strata o f all de gree s of th i c ne ss,k v ar yi ng from
m a
y b l e b i i
ca ca re o us,
q if i t
tu m l no us, uartz e ro us, m c aceo u s, a cose , or
chl i i or Th y p i t h d t b th b
t c . e ass db l w h
n o t e san s one o a ov e an e o t em .
an d l a wi h i t i
te rnate pl t th t t th t
n so m e th aces, o su c an e x e n a e
casca d f h R j i e o i t eB d lkh d an di g t F
r ve r,
”
n kli un e un , ac cor n o ran n,
h w
s o i f d
s a se r e s i t tifi d oi th l t l y 390 f
sa n sto ne n e rs tra e w s a e c a , ee t
hi k
”
t c Th y. l i t ti fi d wi h li
e are a so d l i th
nte rs ra e t m e sto ne an coa , e er
t g h
o e t e r or sep t ly d h gh i
ara e l t d fi i
, an t i b th t ou so m e t m e s a m os e c en n o ,
th y h i fly d i
e c h i i p t
e f
e r ve h p t e fr mth o r ance ro m t e re se nce o one or e
oth e f h
r o d p i Th i h f littl t b id b t
t e se e o s ts . e re s, t e re o re , e o e sa a ou
th h l by h
e se s la es d h i g g ph i l
t em t i will b
se v e s, an t e r e o ra ca e x e ns on e
b t es id di
co ns i wi h th
e re th b f th
n co nnec t on ies t e o er m em e rs o e se r .
2 10 a no noo r or i N DlA . [J A N .
e r.
Lim e s tone .
Th e p i ip l h t f th li t
r nc a c arac ers o e m e s o ne are i ts uniform li th ogra hi c p
te x tu re , lidity
so h id l th f t , conc o a sm oo rac u re , and h ardne ss ; de ndri ti c
su rface s ky g y l p i g i
sm o re co our, ass n nto d k
ar sm o ky bl ue and
p aralle l th in stratifica ti on .
y p t th h t i C t h
Ev e r wh e re i t N
rese n s h ese c arac e rs : n u c , near ee m uc ,
B d lkh d
un e th i
an S Bidj g h d t Rh t gh
, on e r ve r on, ne ar i ur an a o as ur,
Fi b d th Bh i K l dgh i th S h M h tt C t y
roza a on e m a, a u ee n e out e rn a ra a ou n r ,
on th i ddl th i d f th Ki t h
e m d f
e th C dd p h i th
r o e s na , an as ar sou as u a a , n e
M d P id
a ras y G t D g fi ld H di F kli J q
re s e nc . ran , an e r e , ar e, ran n, ac ue
m on t Sh , ill O b M d w T yl
e rw
( , h ) M l l
s orne , ea o s a or m us , a co m son,
V y ye se d N wb ld h
an p ti ly d ib d th i li t i
e o , av e re s ec ve e scr e s m es one n
diff tp t
e re n f I di d ll g
ar s o i gi i g i t th h n t b a, an a a ree n v n e c arac e rs a ove
’
m e ntione d, whi le th e Socie ty 3 m use u m v e ri fies m o st o f th e ir ac cou nts
by p
s e ci m e ns of th i s form ati on from se v e ral of th e se place s .
It diff e rs, h ow e v e r, wh e n dp
e arti n
g from i ts ge nu i ne com p ositi on,
j ust as th e sh ale s di fl
e wh i
‘
r ch inte rlam i nate i t, th e coal strata, and th e
d
san stone, in bi e ng m ore or less argillace ou s, bit um i nous, or
q u artzi
am incli ne d to th i n k th t h a t e la tte r ly
on wh it h b
occ u rs e re as ee n
ex p dt
ose o h eat . I t is som e tim e s q ui te bl k L llit
ac i i
. ucu e o ccu rs n t
y
It i s oc casionall v alue d and i nte rli ne d with j p as e r and ligh t colo ure d
ch e rts, w h i ch p j ro e cti n
g from it d un er w e ath e ring near C u da d ph a ,
calce d oni es, and oorne lian, north of Nag p ore ( M alcolm so n ) . Sm all
se e m s to d
re n e r th i s li m e stone too h ard fo r lith ogra h py ; b ut Iq ue s
K eym or ran e
g ( S h e rwill), and i n th e ne igh b ou rh o od o f C udda ph a ,
(1 w ri ti ng on clo th p p re a re d for th e p p
ur ose ( N e w o ld) b . A s m all
Nag p ore ( J k
en i ns ) . I t also e x i sts in m an y pl ace s i n th e fo rm of gra
ig k wh i h pp t h i d d i t Y i f q ly t
neo u s roc s c a e ar o av e nv a e . et t re ue nt re s s
on g i ranby w h i h i
te ,t pp t h c b p t a h p t
e arst d o av e een u se m o re t an e ne ra e ,
an di h S h
n t e M h tt Cou t e rn t y th ld a t ph i h i
ra a ou n r e o e r m e a m or c sc s te s
h b f d p h gh i b t h ly i t
av e een o rce u t ro u d d f it t; u t e on ns ance re c or e o s
b i g i d
e n d
v e ne l p di an
g i t i t
e nve o K i Re t k in ran e s a am ar , near am ee , n
th h ill NE
e f N gp
s ( J
. k i
o d Ma l l )
o re en ns an a co m son .
It i t f s no
q t ly b i
un re t d t ue n
g t t by f t
re cc a ed o a re a e x e nt, rac u re an
2 l2 o a o no a v or l N DI A .
[Ja m
Ne w bo ld gi ve s th is li m e sto ne a k
th ic ne ss of 3 1 0 fe e t at th e p ass of
th e p ass o f Mo odala i ty .
fo rm , i n C utc h ; th e w h ite m ar bl b e, a ou t y
O o de p ore ; th e li th ograp h ic
form ,
b e tw e e n Ne e m u ch and C h i tto re th e w h ite m ar le no rth w ards, in b
th e ne igh b o u rh ood o f N usse e rab ad, J ai
p o re , Be ssona , a nd Alwar ; th at o f
Mokrano i n th e J dp di t i
c o re s r c t, from w h ich th e w h ite m ar bl e of th e Taj
Mah al w as ch ie fly k ta en ; a narrow s tri pi n
g i nali ts
s tate 1 ori
5 0 m i les
J bb lp
u u o re ; also th e sam e at Ram te e k, in th e h ills NE . of Nag p ore ;
fl
c o n ue nce , w h e re th e yf o rm th e Pranh e e ta ; th e nce to th e Godav e ry,
and along th e latte r and i ts ne i gh bourh ood, m o re or less, to th e v ici ni t y
m n ns ro x a
'
. 13
of Rajam u ndr
y ; d i t i t f Sh p
in th e th B hi
s r c o ora ore , o n e m a of e v e r
y
va rie t y o f co lo u r, an d g tly di t b d d b k
re a
p b s ur e an ro en u a ou t K alu dge e ,
i n th e So u th e rn M h tt C a t yral g h Ki t h f
a o un r ; a on t e s na , ro m K urno ol
p lace s w h ich m a
y d e se rve furth e r e x am ination .
M i ne r a ls .
—Gale na i n se ve ral lace s i n th e C u da p d phb d a e s ( Ne w b ld)
o
and Dr . H j
i n V oy se y s ou rnal, u st a fte r m e ntio ni ng th e li m e stone ,
.
’
j
sta tes , th at i n a ranch of b ills so u th bo f C udda ah , w h i ch ru ns p
e as t and we s t, h e fou nd s m all v e i ns of pl b g um a o .
”
Th i s w ould b e
inte re s ti ng i f fo und i n th e li m e sto ne , si nce , as bf e o re state d, th is m i ne ral
oc cu rs i n th e m e ta m or ph i c lim e stone o f Ti lly
nne v e and y
C e lon ( Ma j or
Ge ne ral C ulle n) .
figure o f a g yp hri t h ll e s e ,
”
w h ich , h ow e v e r, i s too indis ti nc t to be
of any u se
y teh p tly ep ar u on th is p
fo unds h is o i ni on of th e i de nti fica
tion of th is li m e stone wi th th e Li as .
p le u r o tom a ri a , i n th e So cie t y ’
s m u se u m , wh ich was found by C a tai n p
Nicolls, wh o p re se nte d i t, 1 0 m ile s NE . of Saugo r . It i s co m pose d
or ani c re m ai ns
g in i t are nu m e rous, and th e n a dds th at one ki nd, w h e n
c
y li ndri cal co nv e x b odi es, th e le ngth of wh ic h v ari e s from 1 to 2
o b i
v ou s lyb ee n arrange d b dl in un e s or fascic uli . In o th e r i nsta nces
th e se c yli d in r c al b di pp d t
o es a e are o se nd off anas tom osi ng b ranch e s,
“
longi sh ta p e ri ng canals,
”
and anoth e r fossil b dyo , sh a p d lik p
e e a ear
im p re ssi o n o f a Z a m i tes .
Ne w b old also m e nti ons tu b u lar and e lli p ti cal cavi ti e s i n th e lim e
i n th e lim es tone .
I n th e Sh o rap ore di t i t it pp
s r c s u e r su rfa ce in m an yp arts p re se nts a
ex p e ct to fi d n y i i f i it p
m an n t, or n s u re st form i t a pp e ars to b e alw a s y
su b ordina e t t th oh l d h e sp a e s, an t en osse sse s a c om p ac t, fine , lith ogra h ic p
te x ture , wh i h ic ld I th i k
s se om , n , accom
p ani e d by m an y or anic
g
re m ai ns .
Th e b
a se nce of fossils in th is li m e stone , h owe v e r, is of little couse
su fficie nt i n nu m b e r and s p e c ie s to e na bl e
g e olo
gi sts to lace th e sh ales p
of C ntch am on
g th e lo w e r O oli ti c e d p osi ts . A nd from th e c on e s
si onally i n th is se ri e s .
o stre a, p h oladom
y a A m . m o ni te s, bl e e m ni te s, and a p o rti o n of th e
b one of a Sau rian re tile p . Th e follow ing are Mr . J . de C Sowe rby
.
’
s
m e a ns I N c v re H
'
. 2 15
i v e n at th e e nd of th e ne x t se c ti on
g
N .
—All th e fossi ls wh i c h h ave no t th e i r locali tie s m e nti one d we re fo und at
s i de ne arly s trai gh t, fl
a tte ne d, th e p oste ri o r p roduce d ; bea ks ve ry p rom i ne nt .
p l . vi i . fig .
a nd A . sec u r t om f w of Ph i lli p s .
th a n 1 1 i nch . Th e sp e c i m e n b e i ng b ro ke n ,
we h a ve no t th e m e as ure c om p le te .
C or b u la
Zy ra ta — R o u nde d , tri a ngu lar ,.c o nve x , tra nsve rse ly r i b b e d : r i b s
ra th e r fl a tte ne d ,
and m ar ke d w i th 8 or 9 c o nce ntri c ra ga) ne ar th e be a ks a nte
Tri gonia cos ta ta , e a rn— Th i s sh e ll v ari es sligh tly , b oth i n form and m ar k i ngs
ge ne ra lly th e fo rm i s be twe e n th at of T . costa ta Pa rk i nso n, or M C . . t 85,
. and
T . elonga te , of M C . . t 43 1
. wh i ch Lam arc k ,
ap p a re ntly wi th j usti ce , c onsi de rs
to b e b u t o ne sp e c i e s .
Tr igoni a p u llus ? ( M C . . t
. 508 , f 2 , .
— 1he ' ‘
m ar k i ngs on th e p o ste ri or s i de
C ac ulla a '
v i r ga ta . — Transv e rse ly e lo ngato - uadra te , q w i th p ro e cjti ng i nc urve d
b eaks , v e ry conve x , m ar ke d w i th m any lo ngi tudi nal, i r re gu lar, sh a rp ri b s ; p os
te ri o r m argi n ob li q ue l
y tr u nc a te d . Le ngth 1 ; i nch , w i dth 2 1 i nch es .
Loc be tw e e n Hub b y e
. and Jo orun .
28
2 16 . e ao no o v or m o re .
[Ja m
N ue ula tm m tra ta . —O bli q ue ly oval, fi ne ly stri ate d conce ntri cally ; beaks
c lose to th e ante ri or e x tre m i ty . Le ngth 4 lines , width 6 li nes.
S pe ci m i m pe rfe c t, alo ng wi th C uculle
ens very a vi rga ta .
nally , th e late ral p arts b e i ng fl atte ne d ; conce ntri ca lly and m i nute ly wa ve d, wav es
alte rna te ly larger and sm alle r ; ea rs sm all, nearly e ual Length 6 li nes, wi dth q .
6 li nes .
th e e x p ansi on of th e e dge .
E x ogy ra coni ca .
( M C . t 26. and Th e
- fe w spe ci m ens m ost de tach e d
from th e m atri x ap p e ar no t to be q ui te so de e p as th ose fi gure d i n th e M ineral
C onch ology .
’
O strea M a rsh ii .
( M C . . t .
— Th e 0 . M o n i ca v ari es so m u ch i n di fier
'
Tsr eb ra tula -
i nter m edi a . M
( C . . t 15, f
. . Va n — A sm all sp e ci m e n, and
. . . t 00. a nd . th is
full-
g ro wn i ndi v i d uals of th at spe ci es .
Te reb ra tu la sanctum ( M C t 8 3, f
. . . .
—A larger sh ell th an th e one gure d
in M c . .
,
and not so ne at, b ut h ardly posse ssing any ch arac te r sufi ci e nti y strong
to m ar k i t as a species ; th e re are , h o we ver, rath e r fewer p lai ta .
Loc . le e rla h i ll
. .
th e valves u ni te d som e ti m es m o re th an 2 i nc h es .
Tm e b ra tu la
'
di m idia ta ( M C . . t 2 77, f
. .
—W h e th er th i s h e T . di m i
di a ta or T i nco nsta ns , ( M C t 2 7 7 f is a q ues tion th e spe ci m e ns are no t
fi
. . .
. .
,
T qi
e r e br a tula m, gi b or . — Transve rse ly ob ovate
b o se , p
latte d p la i ts angular,
Loc Mh urr . .
fi
. .
N a u ti lus h ea d ge a r“ ? ( M C t
. . .
—Flattened , sp h e ro idal, wi th a ve ry sm all
'
A m nw m tes H e r ee y i (M C Va n — Th i s
‘
. . . t. 1 95 ; Z i e te n, 1 9 , t 1 4 , p . .
difiers fro m
'
th e Engli sh spe ci m e ns only i n h avi ng a w ide r um b i lic us It agre e s
fi
.
we ll wi th Z ie te n s ’ ’
g re ,
u wh i ch di fie rs a li ttle fro m th e Englis h s pe c i m e ns , to wh i ch
A . m a cr ocep h ai us , fi gu re d by th e sam e a uth or at tab . 5, f 1 . and 4, ap p roac h es
ne a re r .
radi i num e ro us, e le vate d i nto o btuse lam e llm , com m e nc i ng wi th a c urve u p on th e
e dge of th e um b i li cus , ofte n fork e d up o n th e m i ddle of th e si des , b e nt fo rward as
Am m o ni tes 0 p i s — Di sco i d,
. c om p resse d,
w i th an ob tuse e dge , radi ate d i nne r
w h o rls o ne -th i rd e x p ose d w h orls s ligh tly c onve x o n th e i r sides , th e i r i nne r e dge
ti m es an i nte rm e di a te o ne
; ape rture ne arly c i rc ular, c o m l
p e te d 3 or 4 ti m es i n e ach
w h o rl w i th a th i c k e ne d e dge . Di am e te r 2 5 i nc h es , th i c k ness 1 i nc h .
of th e a p e r tu re 1 } i nc h .
fi
, .
. . .
Am m o ni tes a r m i ge r .
—Di sco id , i nne r v oluti ons e x p ose d i nne r wh o rls radi
o b lo ng, s q ua ri s h . Di a m e te r 7 i nc h es .
Coa l .
, b
Gauge s it is de si ra le to gi ve f urth e r ro o f o f th e ir clai m to p a
p lac e i n
k nowle dge by sh o w i n
g th e c onne c ti on of th e latte r w i th th e c ar ob
ni fe ro us sh ale s o f Bu nde lkh und .
Bidj gh u r i th at b
a out 40 m ile s e ast o f th is pl ace th e Son i s j oi ne d by
th e K yl o e, th e b k an s of wh i ch are , ac cor di ng to Sh e rwill , c om p d ose
”
o f sands tone si m ilar to th at i n w h i ch th e Rajh urrah c o al m i ne s are
Palam ow, a ai n,
g is th e c
sou r e o f th e Dam oodah , at w h ich c oal h as b e en
thi s ri ve r to Burdwan d p it f th i
, wh e re f I b lie e ve th e coal e os s o s p t
ar o
I di w fi t di
n a e re d rs ll th g t b l
sc ov e rei p i (
, f as w e
) as e ve e a e m re ss o ns e rns
f
re e rabl t th O liti p i d L ly th l tt b i g id i l w i h
e o e o c er o . as t , e a er e n e nt c a t
so m e l t ly di a e d by th R M H i l p i th
sc ov e re d e ev . r. s o n e san s to ne ne ar
N gp a wh i h i
o re , th t b t t b
c d ib d
s f a i g ha ou p p o e e scr e as o rm n t e u er
m em b f th O li i S i f I di w
er o e o ldtc t h e r es h o n a, e cou no ave a m uc
m ore di t h i f
re c id c th th i
a n o i p f f th
ev ti
e nc e an s, n roo o e c onne c on
wh i h c i t b twex s s th b it i e h l f B d lkh
e en e d d h um no us s a e s o un e un an t e
g t
re a l d p
co ait w t f eh H h
os s
g ly d G esg dof h it e oo an au e s, an o t e r
t i i gf
con a n n i l b l gi g t thoss O li i S i g
s e on llyn o e o t c e r es e ne ra .
I ndia ; b
p di h
e co m i ng ex ose n t e b k bd
an s or e s of w ate rc ou rse s or
i wh i h h
r v e rs p d h gh th
c iave p t wh i h h asse t ro u em , or n e scar m e n s c av e
b p d d by ph l f h k wh i h th y w d p i
ee n ro uce u e av a o t e ro c s on c e e re e os te d .
P h p th
er a t p w f l g t
s f h l tt h
e m os b th t pp o er u a en s o t e a er av e een e ra e an
eff i wh i h w ill b d
us o ns, ib d h ft
c e e sc r e e re a e r.
d
san sto ne strata m a v ar
y yi n th ic k ne ss b u t th e th ic k e st b e ds o f th e
latte r far e x ce e d th ose of th e fo rm e r. S om e tim e s th e c oal i s c lose u p o n
sandsto ne . Th i p b bly d p d
s ro a e e n s on th e am o unt o fd e nu datio n wh i ch
th e strata m a
y h d g av e u n e r one . In one se ction o f a sh aft su nk at
2 20 e s o noo v or use rs .
[Ja m
t t
a s ra um f 30 f t f o dt ee b f th o t h l
san s one pp d At e o re e ne x s a e a e a re .
Si g n ra, i th n igh b
e sam e ne h d 20 f t f dt
our oo p p d , ee o san s one su e r ose a
b d f
e o l d h l 2 f t2 i h
coa an s a e th i k f ll w d by b d f
ee nc e s dt c , o o e a e o san s one
o f 18 f t d ft w d th i
ee , an a b d f l h l d dt
er ar s nne r e s o coa , s a e , an san s o ne ,
for 20 f t 1 0 i h ee d d by b d f nd t f 60 f t At
nc e s, su cce e e a e o sa s one o ee .
Ch i naC y l
oor i th
, i i
a so , ni ty l y d h l 7 f
e v c n t 6 i h fi ,t w
c a an s a e ee nc es rs , as
f ll w d by b d f
o o e a d t 8 5 f t th i k t R ig g
e o san s one dt ee c a an un e , san s one
24 f t 6 i h ee h l 39 f t
nc e s, s a e d th l I th ee , p t ti f
an e n coa . n e com u a on o
th ti
e se c f th C h b l
on o e l fi ld by D M C l ll d th
u r ur a ee coa e r .
‘
e an , e re are
a lt g th
o e 8 00 f t f fi
er d ee ,g o i d i
ne an d t w i th
coarse - ra ne , m cace o us san s one
con gl t (
om e ra e sth f p ili
e g ) b tw
orm e r th pp re v a d l w n e e en e u e r an o er
g roup f s o l h l
c oa d
, sd t t
a e , an t san s one s ra a .
S om ef th o l e coa y h ll w f d d ti
m e asures are ve r s a o , rom e nu a on or
i t i
n rus on o f ig k th ne o us roc s, o d p O h ft k by M
e rs are ee er . ne s a sun r.
H f y t th
om re ai f R ig g
e m nes o h d 2 10 f t p an i g th
u n e reac
gh e ee , ass n ro u
17 b d f e l
s o coaf wh i h w
, none th
o 16 i h c t 3 f t e re m ore an nc e s o ee
in th i k c d f i f i
ne ss, an q li ty o A h w
n e r or i t i tua
y . s, o e v e r, s no m
p p h t gi
u r o se e re o y f ll th h ft d ti
ve a su m m ar f o a e s a s an se c ons o
h
t e coa l th t h
m e asu res b d i th a di t i t b t t p i t
av e ee n m a e n ese s r c s, u o o n
ou t th i p i i e r g os l ly
t on h i d l p
e ne ra t d th
, i t e
g l g i r l e ve o m en , an e r eo o ca
re al ti I h ll l d wh t I h t ff
ons, s a conc u e th i th i p t
a ave o o e r on em n s ar
f I di by i ti g D M C l ll d
’
o n a nse r n ll t
r .
‘
t f th C l
e an s e x ce en acco un o e oa
fi lde f C h b l
o ur wh i h will
ur a e e , typi l d
c ip ti se rve as a ca e sc r on
for th e wh ole .
vals ( th e p
articulars o f wh i ch h av e not e t
y ee n s u rv e e d) from th e b y
j y
Ad i v alle no rth i nto th e Ra m ah al h ills wh e re i t is i n o ne lace j p
found re stin
g on conglom e rate sandsto ne
[Dr M C le lland.s
‘ ’
p ro v isi onal
O ld Re d San dt s o ne ,
”
o ur T ara San d sto ne , p ro v siona
i lly ] , and a
Curh ur ba le e Coa lf el
Pe pp ratah n .
to sou th .
of th e u plift d e strata .
Th i s con
glom e rate re sts on gne iss, or in som e pl aces on m ica slate ,
and is in pl ace s i nte rsecte d by tra p and
q uartz dyk es i t alte rnate s
wi th bd e s of coal, bi t um i nous sh ale, and cla yi rons to ne , i n th e follow
ing or d er
be d of sh ale .
I t often h a pp e ns th at a si m ilar re p ti ti
e on of sh ale , i ronsto ne , and
5 0 to 1 00 fee t .
222 L
GEO O GY O F m m a .
[Ja m
i n strata p
dip i ng to wards th e ce ntre o f th e b i as n, at angles yi g
v ar n
Th e re lati v e p p ro o rti o n o f e ac h m em b e r of th is se ri e s to th e ge ne
S andsto ne l 7 00
C o al, 2 0 b eds , to ta l th i c kness 92
Bi tum i no us sh ale , 4 4 be ds , i ncludi ng unde r-c lay s ( wh i ch
m e an th e sa m e k
th i ng) , to tal th i c ne s s
fee t .
b h tk
ot a en toge th e r, m a
y th e re fo re be e s ti m ate d a t fe e t, as sh ow n
at J ubb ul o re ,
p i n di i
gg gn a w e ll, m ore th an 35 y e ars sinc e ( He r b e rt )
33 m ile s so u th o f Hosh u ngab ad, on th e ro a d to Baitool ( Finnis) and
at Sh apore i n th e sam e ne i h
g b o urh oo d, dis cov e re d by C p t i a a n O use le y
In th e M ah ade wa h ills, a co nti nua tio n o f th e Satp oora ra nge ,
‘ V
alk e r 10 m ile s from th e co n fl ue nc e o f th e Godav e ry and Pranh e e ta,
w i th bi tu m inous sh ale , li m e sto ne , and sands to ne a b ov e i t, o n all si de s
h as k i dly f
n av o ure d m e w ith th e follo wing i nte re sti ng and v alu a bl e
se c ti o n o f th is loca t li y , from b
a ove dow nw ards C onglom e rate o f no
gre at k
th ic ne ss ; sandsto ne in h ills from 5 0 to 5 0 0 fe e t i n h e igh t ;
G EO GRA PH C A I L Bx rnnsro u '
. 2 23
argillace ous lim e stone , 9 fee t bit um i nous sh ale , i i nch ; argillaceo us
lim estone , 1 foo t ; bi tum i nous sh ale , 4 i nch e s ; fi b rous car onate b of
b
1 foot 6 inc h es ; fi rous car onate of li m e , 1 i nch b ; b it i um nous sh ale ,
”
U nde r th e h e ad of Garrawarra, wh i c h is a tow n o n th e sou th side
of th e Ne rbudda, b
a o ut 80 m ile s ab o ve Hosh ungab ad Ans te , d , i n h is
“
Ele m e nta r y Ge olog y p 54 1 ,
”
.
, state s O n th e Se e ta Re w ar ri v e r
th e re app e ar to be th b d [fre e e s o c oal ] , w h ose th ic ne ss i s 2 0, 4 0 , k and
2 5 } fe e t re s p e c ti ve ly th e se are c ov e re d wi h t a th in b e d of sandstone .
”
”
Agai n, u nde r th e h e ad of J ubb ulp ore , he states At 9 m iles
fro m th e s ta tion th e re large be d o f first-rate q u ali t , m an
is a ar s y yy d
th ic k , c rossi n
g th e be d o f th e Son
”
Th e ne are st art of th e Son to
. p
J ub bulp ore is 4 0 m i le s dis tant, so th i s w o uld a pp e ar to be th e large st
b e d y e t disc o ve re d . No au th ori ti e s are
g i ven .
and Nah n, i n th e S ub - i m H y
ala an range , in a b ou t 30
°
30 N
C ntch Bh ooj i n th e we st, a nd Burdwan ,
b
a o ut 50 m ile s NW . of
Palam o w, p
i ts gre at de ve lo m e nt a e ars to b e at th e e x pp p e nse o f th e u pp er
29
224 L
G EO O GY o r m nra .
[Ja m
B
.
su bj ec t p bli h
u s ed in v ol. vi i . of th e B1 . As . Jl . p . 1 97, w h ich w as
e x trac te d fro m one o f th e Re p orts o f th e C oal C o m m itte e . To th is I
h av e o nl y to add, th at th e coal occasi onall yp re se nts p
th e s h e roi dal
pi r sm s .
i n th e p lanar .
nua nw a u FO S S I LS . 2 25
ac u te a t th e a p e x .
”
Th is s pe c i es di ffe rs from Z p e cti . a ta o f th e
n Fossi l Flora, i n i ts p i nnee
be i ng narro we r , lo nge r, and m ore ac ute and m ore nearly re se m b les th e P olyp odi ta
p e c tem f orm is f
o S te rnbe rg .
P . C u toh e nse .
— Frond p i nuate pi nna; sh ort, scarce ly overlap p i ng at th e b ase
ap ex o b tuse .
ve
ge ta bl e im p re ssions foun di n th e B u rdw an Coal-fie ld
Bur dwa n F ossils .
“Z a m sa ’
,
Bur d wa ne nris —Leafl
e ts . li ne ar-ob long, b ro adly i nse rted at th e base ,
and ro unde d at th e ap e x .
sp ec i osa — Tr i zy gi a Hoy le Fi g 8
’
S p h anwp h y llum . sp e ci os a , s I llust 2 . . . .
Lea ves v e rti c i llute , fan-sh ap ed, fre q uently b i -lo b e d p lace d i n th rees at i nter vals
o n a sle nde r fl oa ti ng ste m .
O bs — Th e re
. can be no do ub t of th i s b e i ng a we ll-m arked Sp h a nop h y llu m ,
th e u p pe r be ds of b i tu m i no us sh a le o f th e c o al fo rm a ti on .
O bs .
— Fro m th e s h a p e a nd de ta ch e d ch a rac te r of th ese b odi e s , th e y m i gh t b e
s u pp o se d to b e th e stro b i li o f so m e co nife ro us p lant, a nd, be i ng com p ose d o f an
fi
i n ni ty o f de nse ly i m b ricate d scales , m ay s ti ll p ro ve to be of th at nature Bu t .
th e fl
u e le a f
y a nd m e m b rano us c h a ra c te r o f th e sc a le s , p
rese nti ng th e ve na ti o n o f
S p h am op h y ll u m , sugges t th e p ro ba b i li ty of th e i r be i ng de nse wh o rls of leaves
or fro nds .
2 26 e s o noe v o r I NDI A .
( JA N .
P oa ci m m u rica ta .
—Leaf long and e nsiform , u p wards of an inch i n b re adth ,
a nd consi sti ng o fp aralle l unconnec te d ve i ns .
0 bs — I t occ s i
. ur n th e B urd wan c oal- fi e ld, alo ng w i th F ucoidss ve nou s .
of i nde fini te le ngth , c onsi sti ng o f se v e n o r e i gh t coarse , lo ngi tudi nal, e q ual ve i ns ,
0 bs .
—i t i s fo und i n b i tu m i no us sh a le i n th e Raj m ah al and Burdwan coal
Va ri e ty .
-I n w h i ch th e p ri m ary ve i ns are di ch o to m o us, and th e se co ndari es
b i furc a te .
O bs — V ari o us
. spe c i m e ns s h ow th e fro nds of th i s fossi l to h ave b ee n from 3 to
5 i nc h e s i n le ngth , and fro m 1 } to 2 ; i n b re adth .
N ote .
— C alam i tes o cc ur b oth i n th e Burd wa n and Raj m ah al c o al m e asures,
p i nn m g i ve n o f nea r
.ly a t righ t
angles w i th th e m i dri b , li nea r-ob long and ob lo ng-o v ate ; se c ondary p i nnu les h a v i ng
te rti ary v e i ns o n e i th e r si de .
Va r ie ty .
— S e condary v e nni e i n th e ce ntre o f each p i nn ule m ore c urv ed , and
ac ute a t i ts o ri gi n p ob ab ly a
r di s ti nc t sp e c i es , b ut th e s p e c i m e ns e x a m ine d a re too
P ec p te i s a nis
o r i — fl
Bi -p i nna te , ce ntral ve i n
. of e ac h p i nnu le b lf nrca te in
o th e r re s p e c ts i t i s th e sa m e as P . L i nd ley a na .
Va ri e ty . — Pi nnules c lo se ly p lace d,
so as to ap p ear alm os t as th e lobe s o f an
i nc i se d leafl e t .
li nea r-ob lo ng, b ase p ro lo nged and na rro w a p e x ob tuse and ro unde d m i dri b
p e rce p ti b le ,
is ac u te wi th th e m idri b , a nd arc h e d. Th i s fossi l i s c onta i ne d in
b i tum i no us sh ale of th e Burdwan c oal-fie ld.
PU N NA sa x ns ro na . '
227
O bs .
— C om pari ng th e ab ov e res u lts wi th th e ge ne ral distrib uti on o f fossi l p lants ,
we find fo ur ge ne ra, nam e ly , Z a m ia , Te ni op te r is , F ucoidss , and P e cop tsri s ,
afl ‘
e rd twe nt
y p
s e c i e s o f lo we r O o li te foss i ls , and e le ve n coal m e as u r e foss i ls . Of
e igh t ge ne ra of I ndi an co al m e as u re fo ss i ls h e re de sc ri be d, fo ur of th e m are c om m o n
To th e se m ay b e adde d Boy le s ’
Ve r te b ra ri a I ndian and V ra di a te fro m Bu rd
fi
.
“
to be a ne w sp e c ie s Th e scales are p e rfe c tly sm oo th , and th e fre e p oste ri or
.
I t be lo ngs to th e ge nus D a p edi us, w i th si ngle -p oi nte d tee th Te tra gono lep is
o f Agass i z —no t o f B rown I t a p pe ars t o be a ne w sp e ci e s, d l e ri ng fro m th ose
. fl '
”
p ro b a b ly o f th e age
th e Li as of .
“ ”
Th i s fo ssi l was fo und i n a slab of li m e stone , and th e re fo re , sh o uld p ro pe rly ,
”
h av e be e n lace d u nde r th e h e ad of
p Li m e s tone i n th i s s ub -se ri es b u t th i s ;
m atte rs li ttle , as b y -aud-b y e th e se stra ta m us t b e gr o u p e d accordi ng to th e k i nd of
organi c rem a i ns wh i ch th e y co nta i n, and no t ac co rdi ng to th e i r m i ne ra logical
c h arac te rs .
b
a ov e wh i ch is a ran e of
g h ills calle d by F kli ran n th e Punna b ills or
Se cond Range ,
”
but wh ich J ac q ue m on t bf
, as e ore state d , found to be a
th ird range .
2 28 u ao m uv o r m an .
[J A N ,
Sy nony m s .
- Di am on dS d t an s one ( Malcolm son ) . p
U pe r p art o f Vo
y
se y ’
s C la y Sl t a e Form ati o n .
”
I t is to be re
gre tte d th a t J ac que m o nt, wh o first p oi nte d ou t th e
e x iste nc e o f th is ran e ,
g w as no t a bl e to ex pl ore m ore th an th e low e r
j us qu a le u r h au te ur m o e nne , dans ls
’
y
lit de qu e lqu es ruisse au x q ui e n de sce nde nt Le s fragm e nts dont ils
.
so nt re m p b b
lis sont une ta le a régée de s c ou ch e s q ui c onstitue nt le s assise s
p
s u é ri e u re s O r, je n y trouv e q u u ne se ule v ari été de Grés
’
.
’
lu s , p
rouge q
’
u au c une de celle s q ue
j
’
ai ob se rvé d ans la p re m i ere et la
de ux icm e ra ngée , lie de v in clai r, agrai n tres fin, co m p ac te . Qu e lq ue s
a ns de ces Grés sont m ou ch e tés de bl anc, e t re sse m bl e nt
g rossiere m e nt a
de s p ph y
or res . Ces p oints bl aucs sont de s p artie s on l ox y de de fe r
’
n a
’
c e ntri q u e q q ue
j
’
ai re m ar ué dans le s co u c h e s de la b as e de la p re m iere
rangée e n m o ntant de Mirz ap oor a Lalgand e , m ais a ve c c e tte di ffere nce
j
q u e le u rs surface s étai e nt p lu tot la ne s
q ue p cour e s b . Ce so nt de s
so rte s de p arallélip ip édes e m oi tes le s uns ans le s au tre s Ib d .
J ac
q ue m o nt, first te rm s it c onc e ntri c, and th e n o b se rve s, th at th e
p re ss u re a b ov e and late rall y h as cau s e d th em [th e s ph e res , w h i ch
a re in ro ws,
”
] to be so m u ch fl tta e ne d th at th e y res e m bl e sq uare
c olum ns .
k
re m ar s o f o th e rs w h o h ave i nci d e nta ll y allu de d to i t, i n th i s p t f
ar o
I ndia .
M i ne ra logi ca l a nd e ologi ca l C a r a te rs
G h c — F rom th e se sourc es, and
m i ce y b
m a e e nti re l a y b se nt I t se e m s ge nerall , to b e o f fi ne stru e
. y
tu re , and c olo ure d w i th diff e re nt ti nts o f re d, b rown, lilac , gre y , and
and qu artz , e co m i n
g y b
m ore fria le b and loose b lwe o . I t h as b ee n
h orizonta lly d p e osi te d, and now p re se nts m assi v e and lam e llar strata .
de nu d ti a on . At p re se nt k
i ts gre ate st now n de th is in th e e as te rn p
p art o f th e Keym o re range , wh ich i s b ut a co nti nuatio n eastwardl o f y
th e V i ndh y a range , and th e north -e as te rn p a rt o f th e sands to ne trac t of
F rom 300 to 4 0 0 fe e t is th e th ic gi k
v e n to i t i n So uth -w e ste rn
ne ss
I din a, b
a ou t Ry e lch e rro a nd S undro am , i n th e C e de d
g ist ri c ts D
2 30 G EO LO GY OF I N DIA .
[J A N .
th e Se a
Fre q ue ntl y it pp p s u er art i s i n th e state of q uartz ro c k p
, re se nti ng
u nt re co nsolidati o n
q e .
wh i ch i s wh i te ; i t is p
of a com ac t and close -graine d structure , of a
for a griD g fi ld it d w i h i g l gi l p f
tstone .
”
an e r e se ts o n n s eo o ca m a O
M lw a h
a as t p ph y y tho rns o ne h i dg b
or di g h
r ,
”
e sa m e as t e r e ou n n t e
t p f M lw
ra O l by h i h t th h l
a a c ose ,
wd H di gi c res s o n e s a es an ar e ve s
a s mi il d i p ti
ar f h
e sc r ppi g f h h ill f C h itt wh i h T d
on O t e ca n o t e O ore , c o
i l d i
nc u es h di t i t n t e pl t f K t h H di h w
s rc or a e au O ll o a . ar e, o e v e r, ca s
thi s q t
“
b i
uar zoze d t t th t i t p
re cc a, t
”
an
p d i d w
s a es h i h a re se n s scar e s e s, c
t e rmi t i na e l pi g pl n a s o f h h l n h i h itane O t W t e s a es o n w c re s s . e ca n
h dly I h i k f i l t
ar , t n g i ,
i th i at h P o re co S d t n se S h n s e u nna an s o ne . er
will g i , i hi d
a a n, ip tin f th R j gh
s h ill
e scr f th Zi ll h Bh
on o e a ar s, o e a a ar,
d dd th t h y p t li ly
”
ca ll h l t
s t e h t
at e r o rns o ne , l
an a s a t e re se n ve co ou rs
o f d p pl b l
re , urg y i h
e, g & N
ue , w b ld
re ti
s i
- re e n
,
il c . e o m en ons a s m ar
roc k i th E t Gh w t f N ll
n e as e rn d id
au ts it t b es o e ore , an c o ns e rs o e
l
a te re d dt Th q
san s one t h ill f Aj
. f
e i l t
uar z p pli h s O m e e r, O a v o e or ur s
ti t n , d i d d ll th
an n ee ll d d t by T d pp
a ose t b th F
a u e d o o , a ear o e e u n
O ld M t er ph i R k b h i i ly d p i i lly
e am or c oc s, ut t s s on one ro v s o na .
G g phi l E t
eo ra i ca— Th P S d t
x e ns on pp . b l e t u nna an s one a e ars to e a m os
un m li it d i i t e t t n ths t pex e n wh i h w o ve r
gg d e trac u on c e a re en a e .
I t app b p
ears t t N h
to e i th S b Hi
re se n l y
a
g a b n n e u - m a a an ran e , e
tw e en h t ib t i t e f th J
r u ar es O d S tl j d e t d f
u m na an u e , an to e x en as ar
Th e pl i
a ns of Bikaue e r J Odp ore , , and Je ss ulm e e r, a pp e ar to be
cov e re d wi th th e loose san d of th is form ation, w h ic h e v e r y now and
30
2 32 e s ow o r or m o n .
( JA N .
and w h e n w e re m e m b er th at th e li m es tone b
a out Cu dd p a ah , wh i ch
is i ntim ate l y connec e t d wi th dth is san sto ne , c ontai ns
gale na in se v e ral
wh i h i p h p
c s, ppli bl t th Old M t ph i St t
e r a s, m ore a ca e o e er e am or c ra a .
l y l t pp f N ll & ? ”
I wh t
n a i thc a -s a e s e co er o e ore , c .
O g i R
r an c i — F y y p t th d t f I di h
e m a ns . or m an ears as e san s one o n a as
b k w t yi ld i p i
ee n no n o f pl t
e C p t i D g fi ld i
m ress ons O an s . a an an e r e , n
h i l tt
s t Si J h
e er M l l o rth g l gi l f t
o n a co m f M lw on e eo o ca ea ure s o a a,
w itt
r th
e n m oreth i ty y i an t t th t h r w b tw th
e ars s nce , s a e s a e sa e ee n e
sal ty f t f th
rac ure o d t tJ i M lw
e san s one a p i g th w d e e run, n a a, ass n nor ar
t O d yp
o e ore ,
g t b l i i p
num e rous ve e a i f p i f
e re m a ns or m re ss ons o a s ec e s o
fern, a pp i g t b i ear n b i d tt o e dw k w
n a car on ze w ffi i t s a e,
”
an e no no su c en
to reaso na bly i f th t th i i th d t n er ad i d ti
s s e san s o ne u n e r cons e ra on .
G t ranb t 1 8 37 f d h i p i
, a ou , b d ib d i th
o un t e m re ss o ns a ov e e sc r e n e
d l y wi th b d W h ly
”
dt
san s one an f l i C t h
c a e s O coa n n c . e av e on one
p i
s ec m e n o f th C t h d t b i g g t bl i p i i th
e n c san s one e ar n a ve e a e m re ss o n n e
m use um d th t , y l ly
an a bl th fi i
ve r c ose dt re se m es e ne m c ace o us san s one
a t th th f Eli h p
e nor d h t i th
o c igh b h d f N gp
oor, an t a n e ne our oo o a ore ,
wh i h l c b a sog t b l i p i
e a rs v e e a e m re ss o ns .
B t it i ly wi th i th l t y th t
u s on tt ti
n eh b f ibly
as ea r a ou r a en on as e en o rc
d w t th
ra n g oi i e f h i
or an c b f th O
re m a ns o li ti S i t s m em er o e o c e r e s.
Th h ppye i id
a f fc o nc bl l lity d bl i q i
e nce O a av o u ra e oca an a e n u re rs
h avef i h d wi h
urn s li t f f
e us il th t wi ll
t a t bli hs l ti g
O oss s a es a s a as n
i t i th
n e re st n g i i f h i d t
e or an c re m a ns o d t t t tll s san s one , an soon se a m e a
F O S S LS I in m s S A ND BTO NB o r m o r o ns . 2 33
wh ose y
Ge olog of th e Nag ur State is u lish e d in th e last num e r p ”
pb b
of ou r J
ournal, and from wh i ch th e followi ng e scri ti ons of th e d p
fossils in th e sandstone of Nag ore are e x tracte p d
M ollusca .
— h e seT occur onl y at M angali 60 , m ile s sou th of Nag
p ur, and consist of p
two s e ci e s of m i nu te Cy re na, (1) o ne , wh i ch i s th e
sm alle r, bi e nggl b
o ular, and th e oth e r a tter fl a nd m ore e longate d.
Th e g b
v e e ta le re m ai ns are e x ce e di n l
g
~
y b d t d t b a u n an , an are o e
Bradle y . As th e y are m e t wi th t N gp d th
a di g a ur an e surroun n
countr y , th e yi nclu de se e s, d le ave s, and ste m s.
S a da — F our p
s e ci e s . O f th e se th e first two discov e re d we re
fou nd at Bh okara
Notwi th stan i ng th e ir e ing sm alle r, th e are
. d b y
e vide ntl re late y d
to tw o of th e form s of Ca rp o li tltcs figure in ley d by L d
and B utton i n th e i r F os si l F lora , v ol iii 1 93 Th e th ir kin of . . p . . d d
see d
w as first m e t w ith at am ti, Mr Sank e , to wh om K p by am . y I
u nde r m an
g y b
o li ati ons for th is, as w e ll as oth e r fav o urs S h or tly .
p
afte r C a tai n Wa sh are and
p f ou nd i t a t T ond a k h e ir i , 1 4 I m i le s N W .
of Na
g u r p
A fou rth s
.e e , w h ic h occ u rs at S ile w a d ad , i s la n c eol at e ,
and v e r y
m i nute d
U n e r th is h ea m ay , erh a s, re q ui re to be com
. d p p
p re h e n e dd
a c i rc ular de ressi on, rese m p
ling i n size and form th e b
p
im ression le ft on wax a by p y
re tt large ke y, wh i ch w as iscove re by d d
p
C a tain Wapsh are at B h oké rs .
b
o vi ousl
y b ee n a stro ng i n e x i le le af, and wi th i ts sh ar o i n tfl b
m a y pp
b
h ave e e n rath e r form i a le db
A sm all i e ce of Z a m i te s fro m am ti ,
. p K p
not 5 inch long, and y e t it ive s off from i ts tin m i ri 2 0
g i nnu le s, y d b p
each c ontaini n
g 6 or 7 m icrosco ic p v e ins . Th e re are se v e ral le ave s
o b se rv a bl e Ka p ti pp tly M
in th e strata y l dat m , a are n onocot e onous .
O neki dly t ib t d by M S k y i 1 7 i h l g d i h
n con r u e r. an e s nc e s on an nc
b d Bf d p iti it h d b pli i tw f b tw th i d
roa . e ore e os on a een s t n o or a o ut o- r s
o f i t l gth
s It
en
y p i b ly .b th l fl t f
m a l g Z oss i t b t e e ea e o a ar e am es u
I di p d t
am s i d it th
ose P t
o c ons wi h y i t
er ra er a oa cs es,
'
t ve r m nu e v e na
ti on. Th y b i d f
e sam e m a t h i bj t w h i
e sah h l ft o ano e r cu r ou s o ec , c as e
42 p ll l li
ara t t hi g
e f
ne s s re c d f g t ti
n facross a c on use m ass o ve e a on, or a
di t s ance o f3i h d wi th b dh fi f i h
nc e s, an a re a t o o an nc .
B t th t
u d b
e m os tif l l wh i h th
com m on an dt e au u e av es c e san s one
f ti
orm a p d on th f d ff
ro uce s are Th y i l d e ron s o e rns . e nc u e
2 34 o a o no o r or m m a. ( Jan .
P ecop teris .
—O f th i s ge nus b u t fe w s e cim e ns h av e e e n fou nd, p b
and th e se at Ka p m ti onl y T y
h e are , h owe ve r, of two isti nct s e cie s
. d p .
fragm e nts, y
l i ng toge th e r i n suc h a m anne r as to i ndi cate a
'
t i pi
r nnate
O f th
ne o i pw d f 20
em s u ar s o inch e s long and 3 b d roa , w h ile som e
l b
s a s are ti ly d wi h
en re cov e re t p
a s e cie s li ttle m ore th an 3 i nch es i n
le ngth . Som e h av e th e v e nati o n coarse , o th e rs fine ; so m e h av e i t
starti ng from th e m i d ib
r at a v e r y ac ute angle , oth e rs nearl y at righ t
angles . Th e sori i n all case s are dot li k e b ut i n som e th e y are large
and roun d ; i n oth e rs th e y are sm all and e lon ate
g d ; in som e th e y are
of an
y i n th e form ati on wi th in th e Nag p ur State . It h b f d t as een o un a
Cy clop teris ne s e c .
—O p i es of th is ge nus h b as ee n di scove re d t a
K am pii t s m u ch large r .
Sp h e nop ter i s .
- Th e s p ec i m e ns o f th is ge nus wh ich are im b dd d
e e
v e natio n .
T w m op
’
te r i s .
- Two p
s e c i e s, one narrow, wi th d
secon ary
strai gh t and p p
e r e ndic ular to th e m e di an th e oth e r v e r yb d roa , wi th
S team T
— h e se are ve r y b d
a un ant at Silewdda, including ge ne ra of
wh i ch I can find no trace s in an
y F ossi l F lora to wh ich Ih av e h ad
ac ce ss . Th y e are a pp are ntl y Ex ogenous , b ut do not p re se rve th e
r o ss rns nu m a SA ND S TO N E o r m o r o ns . 5
structu re o f Th y h p
th e w ood d w ll d fi d b k wh i h
. e av e osse sse a e - e ne ar , c
is o ft bliq ly t i t d d h ibit th i t i f l
en o ue s r a e , an wi thex s e c c a r ce s o e av es, a
b d
u i
occas ona lly l ft fte th f t t lk h d f ll
e a r ff S e f hoo -s a a a en o . om e o t e
scars are l git di l on th u t na d o b e rs are id ransv e rse , an em rac e a cons e ra
bl p t f th
e ar ot Th y i g l p ly di t ib t d i
e s em . e are n e ne ra s arse s r u e , n one
l g t
ar e s e rn 3 f t l g ee d pw d on f f tb , d th b i g ly
an u ar s o a oo roa , e re e n on
i gl
a s n pp t B id th E g
e scar a are n . t es f h i h th es e se x o e nous s e m s, o w c e re
f di fl h d d M
'
l g wi th Cy
a on wh i hr e nas ,b di ti tly f dt h
c can if e s nc re e rre o t e con e rs,
from th l t i e li k di p i ti
a t ce - f ite Th w d f
s os on o if s scars. e oo o a co n e rous
t
s em , t d i t
co nve r e il b t t i i g
n o s e x, t f it b k w u d g
re a n n no race s o s ar , as u
ou t f h
ro m d
t e C h a da O th
roa t
ne ar p i g th w d
n . e r s e m s, re se rv n e oo
lt d by i b d t i d f th
,
b t u so a e re th t th t t
ron a e s ruc ure cannot e e e rm ne ur er
e ve ry k f h i gb E d g
m ar o av n Th p ti een bt i d i lik n o e nous . e or on o a ne s e
a hi
t t
n rat an, 14 i h l g wi h t nc es
y pp r t j ion t U , d h it ou an a a en o n . n er t s
su -b ki gd n om l b l
m ust a sod e c asse
Eq i ti t u se di g t B b y A t p l y lli t — Th p
es, or acc or n o u n ur s ero t es . e e en
li i ty f th
ar o p i f hi g
e s ec m e n o wh i h w di t d by M
s e nu s, c as scov e re r .
H t t Sil idé w ll f Y k h i
un e r a e wa , as fig e di as oh F il a or s re one , ure n t e os s
Fl ora ( l i ii
vo p 1
. 8 6) . d h
. f E q i t l
un e r t l i h t i
t e nam e o
t u s e um a e ra s , s, t a
i lw y f
sa a s d i t d with li ttl
ou n assoc a e d di h i g li di i g e rou n scs, av n
‘
ne s ra at n
th i g li k th ph
’
fro m a co m m on t ce n re ,
g som ef l i n e e ra m a o a ca am te .
tw pp i t h th
o o os e eac o e r at th e arti c ulati on, p tly
ar re tain th e i r ori ginal
p iti
os d p tly h
on, an ar av e falle n o ut, leavi ng a radiating h ollo w to sh ow
wh h y
e re h db
t e o nce a ee n. A ve r y com m on pl ant at th e dp e ositi o n of
th e sandstone w as th e
Ph y lo tlte ca
l — I n gi ving th is nam e to th e ge nus th at h as h i th e rto
.
b ee n calle d
Ca la m i tes in ndia, follow th e h i gh au th ori t o f B Iro ng I y
niart and Mc C oy , w h o h av e de scri bd pe s e ci m e ns fro m Australia . Th e
o pp osi te sulcati on of ou r I ndi an ge nus clearl y p se arate s i t from
Ca lam i tes . Wh t pl a ace it ough t to h ol d in a classi fica ti on re m ai ns
d btf l
ou u . Gop p e rt ra n s k it am o ng M onocot le dons y , im m e di t lya e
not bl i h
be e n a e, n t e nu m e rous s eci m e ns wh i c h p Ih av e m e t w ith , to
ve r i fy th pi i f e O n on o th e latte r em i ne nt ge ologis t, not h av i ng e te cte d d
e i h
t erb k ph ar or a ane rogam ous fructi fication h e re a e ar to b e in
. T pp
236 e no no o v or uw u .
[J a n .
er n
g
i n th e num b e r of sule i , wh ich range from 6 i n th e se m i-ci rcum fe re nce
to 3 1 . Two from K p
am ti w e re se nt to m e by Mr San . ky
e , and one
Ver te br a ri a — T
h is is th e stran e st ge nus
.
g am on
g ou r Nag p ur fossil
pl ants . Hith e rto it h as b ee n d esc ri bd
e from s p eci m e ns o bt i
a ne d
e x clusi v e ly f rom th e Id
n ian and Australian coal-sh ale . Th i h s as led to
a lim ite d i
v ew o f i ts nature . Mc C oy ’
s ge ne ri c ch arac te r a ppli es m e re l y
to th e radiate d b dy o , wh ich is fou n di n co nne ction wi th th e m ai n ste m ,
a nd wh i ch h b li
e e e ve s to be p m ade u of a d
sle n e r ste m surroun e d d
by d e nse l y a
gg re
gate d w h orls of v e rtic illate c une i form le av es, h avi ng a
di hc otom ous v e nation .
’
O f th e co rre c tne ss o f th is d escri p ti on of wh at
w as bfe ore th e a u th o r at th e ti m e, Ih av e no re aso n to d btou , bu t i t i s
q ui te i na pp p i
ro r ate , w h e n it co m e s to be p re di cate d of th e san s tone d
p
s e cim e ns . Th e se h ave no sle n e r ste m d or y gg g t d wh l
de nse l a re a e or s
ro ws of bl
o o ng, d
ro un e d, o r angula r e e va l ti dd p
ons i and e re ss ons, an
gi vi n
g o f? b ranch e s and twi gs at di ffe re nt i t l di
n e rva s, an ll di ti na rec ons .
C h anda .
S u ch a re th e p i ip l f
r nc a ossils o f th e San dt s one , p p ly
ro er so calle d .
Rep ti li a 7 — A footm ar , o f
. k i o f an i nch long, and as m uch b d roa ,
o bt ia ne d, each exh i bi i g ly
tn on one pi r nt . Th e sh ale , wh i ch i y
s ver
b it l d
r t e, oes not a m d it f o a surface of m ore th an a fe w s uare
q inch es
b i gp
e n roc u re d . O n th e sam e s p e ci m e ns as b e ar th e footm k
ar s are
se e n th e trac k s of
Th e onl y ve
ge ta bl e organism wh i ch h as b di een sco ve re d in th e
sh ale is a sulcate d pl ant, w h ich m ost p ro a b bly b l g e on s to th e ge nus
c o na m nn m u ns ro u n or na rro w 37
'
.
to di pl y th
s a e articulati on, i ts p re cise ch aracte r cannot b e fix e
Dr . Spilsb u ry se nt to th e Be ngal Asiati c Soci e t y a sp eci m e n of
silicifie d w oo d , p
wh i ch C a tai n Ouse ly o bt i d f
a ne rom a trun k f o a tree
th at h e b
o se rv e d p i g th ass n rough a cav e rn in th i s dt
san s one , ne ar
Pugra, on th e l ft b k f th
e an o e Ne r b ddu a, on th e roa df T d rom en u
wh i ch di ffe rs from an
y o th e r in I ndia th a t I h av e se e nd e sc ri be d.
Sp i f th i li
e c m e ns o s m e stone w e re p re se nte dt o th e Soc i ty by
e th e late
Li t t Bl k
e u e nan a e, am o n
g oth e r m an y v alua bl e contr ib iut ons o f th e
ki d wh i h th i fl
n i c s o ce r m ade to th e m u se u m .
ra di t p w d
a e u ar s and o utw ar s d in a c u rv e df orm from th e longi tu inal d
ax is, i n th e m anne r of F a vosi te a . Th e p oints m ost w orth y of m e ntion
will I th i k pp y n , su l th e de ficie nc y
Passing from Malwa to Guze rat to th e SW , th e first w e ll-m ar k ed
d e sc e nt occu rs ne ar Ti rre lls , and c o nti nue s
gra d lly
ua for 1 4 m ile s to
Para . I n th e gre ate r p art of th is di stanc e o cc ur th e tra p roc k s of
M alwa , su cce e d d by
e coarse d
san stones and li m e stone s, wi th i m m ense
Di am o n d C o nglom e rate .
Bre ccia ,
”
b u t wh y i t sh ould h av e e e n te rm b edb i I l
re cc a am at a oss
p
w h ich i t w as last de osi te d h av i ng e e n fractu re d and raise a ov e th e b d b
c o m m on le v e l o f th e c ou ntr y , it m a
y agai n fall i nto a no th e r ri v e r ; and
so on, m a
y b e trans p o rte df ro m pl ace to pl ace for age s, or so long as i ts
i nte grit y e x i sts .
i ts ow n, all o f wh i c h m a
y b e wi de l se y p arate d, and o nc e or m ore i n i ts
trav e ls it m a
y be i m b e dde d
w i th th e an
gular fragm e nts of a rock
sh ale , im b dd d i
e e n q uartz sand, w h i ch h as b e com e m ore or le ss c onso
li date d th e form er bi e n
g th e h arde st p arts p b bly
ro a of th e Olde r
Me ta m or ph i c Strata and Plu to nic Roc k s, w h i ch m u st h av e b een
and th e w h ole p
s re ad ov e r a
g re a tp art o f I ndia i n th e way wh ich w i ll
h e re afte r b e m e nti one d .
b p il d f
ee n c om e ro m
’
V oyse y s d
e sc ri tion of th e i am o n p d d i m ne s at
m o nt s
’
de sc ri tions p of th e di am o nd m i ne s at Punna, i n Bunde lkh und,
ky
”
wh ich th e re are strong i ndi cati ons o f coal, and th at th e roc m a tri x
is p p d by 1 2 f t
su er ose ee of argillace ous sh ale , calcareous slate s n i th
d di i
en r ki g dt c m ar n s an d
san s to ne . J ac q u e m ont c onfirm s th e latte r
p t wi th h
ar , p ti t e e x ce on O f th e calc are ous slate s, Sec .
”
bu t gi v e s a
mi t d nu ei p ti f the sc r on o e com p osi ti on O f th e strata, in w h ich h e state s
th at th e re are a ngula r p i e c e s o f s a nds tone a nd sh ale am ong th e rou n e d d
p e bbl e s of th e di am o nd c on lom e rate .
g
In Sou th e rn I ndia th is li ttle se ri es w oul d pp a e ar to b e som e w h at
b oth b
a o ve and blw
e o it b u t is dis ti nguish e d from th e m by i ts
s upe ri o r h ar d ne ss, and th at th e fl oor is so h ar d th t i t t i k fi
a s r es re w i th
s te e l,
”
a p e culiarit y wh i h c F ran kli n states e q ua lly ppli t th P
a es o e unna
c on
glom e rate u su all y re sts o n li m estone ,
”
n i S h I di
ou t e rn n a.
T h is i s m o re co nclusi ve w ith re fe re nc e t it f
o ti
s b q
orm a on su se ue nt
to th e O olitic Se rie s th an Dr He y ne s .
’
O b ti f w
se rva ons, or t o re as o ns,
1 s t, b e cause i t is m ore de fi ni te , and 2 nd, be cau sei t b i g tw d p r n s o e o si ts
w e no w k no w m us t not o nl yh av e b ee n de nude d, bu t b k ro en u
p ,
bf e o re
th e o th e r coul dh av e b een fo rm e d.
m us t h av e ee n ve r b y
ligh t, and th e m ate rial s re a a p d b t by th ou em
wh e n th e di am o nd co nglom e rate bg e an to b d p i d if
e te os te , no
2 42 G EO O GY o rL m m a .
[J A N .
su s p dden e alto e th e r
g for a ti m e, as th e d d e nu ati on O f th e lim e stone
w ould se e m to i ndi cate .
Th e p re se nce o f an ular
g p o rti ons o f sandsto ne , and fragm e nts Of r
All th e se O b i
se rv a t o ns te nd to th e c o nclusi on th at th e diam ond con
g re e n
q u artz p bbl
e e s, w h i c h i ndic ate th e p re se nce O f th e b e st diam onds ;
Am ong th e e p bb
le s from th e m e tam o r h ic roc s i n th e diam ond p k
I
c o nglom e rate o f S o u th e rn ndia, M alc olm so n m e nti ons m i cac e ou s iron
c ong lo m e rate b e d as b
i m p ortant, e c au se i n o ne O f i ts w ate r-w orn frag
m e nts I disc ov e re d a c roc o dilian foss il, c o nsis ti ng O f a m ai s of de rm al
sc ale s, w i th a fe m u r, a nd s om e fragm e nts O f o th e r b o ne s, u p on wh i ch
P f
ro e ssor Owe n cam e to th e c o nclus io n th a t th e ch arac te r O f th e scale s,
5 2 0 fe e t b
a ov e th e le v e l of th e Pranh e e ta ri v e r .
”
Pro fe ssor O we n s
’
re m ar k by s no m e ans e sta bli h s an i d
e nti t yb e tw e e n
th e yt e nd to i t . Dr . Be ll , in a su b se
q u e nt c o m m u ni catio n, i nform ed
Th e re c an, h ow e v e r, h ardl yb e an
y d b
o u t, th a t a c on lo m e rate doe s
g
e x i s t on th e sa ndstone O f th e O oliti c p
de osi ts, m ade u p artl O f th e i r p y
de br i s, w h ate v e r y b e i
m ats age a nd th at as th is c o nglo m e rate is
som e ti m e s fo u nd re sti ng o n th e li m e s tone Of th e K attra Sh ale s, a
pl ac e ; also th at o th e r ro c k s, w h i ch th e n p re se nte d a k
na e d s u rfac e ,
of th e O oli ti c Se ri e s .
Since w ri ti ng th e b
a ov e , Ih av e h ad an o pp ortu nit y O f re adi n
g Dr .
Be y ne ’
s T rac ts,
”
w h o, i n h i s e x c e lle nt de sc ri tion p of th e dia m on d
m i ne s Of So u th e rn I ndia, state s th at th e diam g l
on d
om e rate c a s
con p
th e gran e s of b ills b
a ou t C u da d ph a , th e h igh e st Of wh ich i s a o ut b
1 0 0 0 fe e t a b ov e th e le v e l of th e c o u ntr y ”
th at th is ca
p p i ng is
b e tw e e n 10 a nd 2 0 fe e t th i c k a nd th at a sim ilar ston y ca p
”
Hurryh u r ,
”
b ut th at at th e se pl ac e s th e h i ll a nd c a
p c onsis t o f
c on
g lo m e rate th an a n
y o t h p
er s e ci e s O f sto ne .
”
b
I n de sc ri ing th e diam ond m i ne s Of O valum p illy , wh ich are abo ut
6 m ile s from C ud dph
a a , Dr 11 . . s tate s Th e surfac e soil i s sand , and y
1 foo t th ic k , afte r wh i c h co m e s 3 fe e t O f re d cla y ; and th e n th e dia
”
m ond c o n lo e rate I n th e Ello re dis tric t th e dia m ond s tratu m is
g m .
c on
glo m e ra te diffe rs from 2 to 6 fe e t, e rh a s m o re i n s om e lac e s p p p .
A t O v alu m p illy Dr . H
fou nd i n th e h e a s O f stone s from th e
. p
d d
i am on c o nglo m e rate wh ich h ad e e n e x am i ne th e follow ing b d
p e llu c id
q u artz, h orns to ne, a s e ci e s Of fe ls ar re d, row n, p p b
bl i h
u s bl k j p
a nd ac as e r e p id o te , b asalti c p bbl
e e s and san s o ne ; dt
sm a ll gl b l i o t u ar rons o ne ,
”
fragm e nts of d
corun um , and in th e
2 44 G EO L O GY or I ND A I .
[J a n .
north e rn diam on d di t i t f M
m ine s, vi z . at Parts] , i n th e s r c O asu
lip p bbl f l d y
ata m , e li
es O dg t ( W i h
co c e f on , c o rne a n, an arne s . t re e re nc e
h av el dy ll d d t
a re a h i f
a b ti f l f l p th i k
u e o t e e x ste nc e O a e au u e s a c roc
f romth Rw K t e p d f pid t d d f l p f
e a an a, co m ose O e o e an re e s ar ro m
th di t i t l
e sam e t pp
s r c k h i l
,
i i
a so , c o m e s a ra e an roc , t e v e s c u ar cav t es
o f hi h w fill d w ith p i d t
c are l i p t wi h
e lit O th e o e a o ne , o r n ar t ze o e . n e
S h
o ut C t f A bi t
e rn oasI f q ly t with b h th
O ra k a, o o, re u e nt m e ot e se ro c s,
b t h
u p id t w
t e e b i d with l
o e p i t d f li
as co m ne ca care o us s ar ns e a o ze o te
i h
n t e ygd l id Ep id pp t b by
am a o . o te a e ars o e no m e ans u nco m m o n
i thn d f l p th i
e re k th gh t I di )
e s a c ro c s ro u ou n a .
VI .
C nnr a c no u s SY S T E M .
Th i y t
s s s em a pp e ars to h av e b ut a fe e le b re p re se ntati v e in I di n a, and
C re tace o u s and p b
U p e r O o li ti c e ds e x te nds, f ro m a p oi nt 9 m i le s i nland
Of Pondi ch e rr y T to ri c h i no o l , a di stanc e O f 1 0 0
p y m ile s, and p e rh a p s
de nu dation, as w e ll as by th e c ou rse s o f ri ve rs . I t is s ta te d th at th e
foss ils Of th e Po ndic h e rr yb e ds diff e r fro m th ose of th e bd e s ne ar
T i h i p ly
r c no o .
strati fie d w i th ar
g i llace ou s a nd fe rru i nou s
g b e ds Of a loo se s tru c tu re ,
s p kl d wi th
ec e a dar k -c o lou re d sa nd as to re se m bl e a i
p p e ri no, th o ugh
th e natu re Of th e sand, w h e th e r v olc a ni c or no t, c annot be safe l y
p rono u nc e d p u o n. O th e r v ari e tie s are h ar d and c o m p ac t e no u h
g to
b e ar as fine p a olish as m an y of ou r m ou ntai n lim e sto ne s . I t h as
b een lo ng u se d for th e ste p s of do o rs, a nd in som e O f th e p av e m e nts
It app e ars to re s t o n
g ra ni te , h yp g o e ne , and g re e nstone roc k s,
u nle ss th e se h av e b ee n th ru s t i nto i t .
w h ic h d
e x te n s no rth and sou th for 5 m ile s e ac h w ay , and at V alco nda
a calcareo u s sch i ste , also m a ne si te , th e latte r i n loose nodu le s a nd
g
m ass e s, im b dd d i
e e n th e soi l ; h orn le nde b ro c k also p re v ai ls .
Th e li m e sto ne o f T i h i p ly i
r c no o s sta te d to be le s s y
c r s talli ne , loo se r
i n te x ture , and dar k er in colou r, th an th at of Pondich e rr y .
fo rm s. Th e re a re also a nu m b er Of s p e ci e s of Radiata .
Th e re sults of th e ir e x am i na ti on y b
m a e b fly
ri e s ta te d as follows
l s t — Th e th re e de
. p o si ts, v i z . y
Pondi c h e rr , V e rdach e llu m [a ou t b
35 m ile s S W . Of Pondich e rr y] , an d T i h i p ly
r c no o , de sc ri b d by M
e r.
d l p ti
e ve o m en n th e C re tace o us y
s ste m . Th e th re e de p osits are c on
2 nd .
— Two of th e th re e dp e osi ts, v iz . V e rdac h e llum and T i hi
r c
nop ol
y , are O f a diff e re nt e p oc h o f th e C re tac eous e ra from th e th i rd.
Pon d ich e rr y . Th e two fo rm er h av e se v e ral s e c ie s p in c om m on
( an d
th ose p
s e ci e s am o ng th e m o st p rolific i n indi v iduals) , wh i ch are no t
th e c on d i ti ons O f d p th e and e
s a- otto mb at th e tim e O f th e de p os i ti o n o f
and no t i n dep th .
3 r d — .Th e b d pp
e s a are ntl y conte m p o raneo us, vi z T i h i p ly . rc no o
—
M ia Th e Pondic h e rr y dp e o si t m a
y b e re arde d as
g e lo n i
g gn to b
th e lowe st p a rt O f th e C re tace ous sy ste m . I n i t alm o st all th e fossils
a re ne w s u c h as are analogou s to k p
now n s e c ie s are alli e d to fossils of
i te s, th re e -fou rth s O f th e s p e c ie s b e lo n
g to th o se s u b - e ne ra e s
g p e c ia ll y
c h arac te ri s tic o f th e L owe r Ne ocom ie n o f th e M e dite rra ne an b as i n
as Of u pp er gre e nsa nd . Th e bl
re se m ance b e tw e e n th e am m oni te s Of
m an y ve r yp e c uli a r fo rm s .
”
O f th e c olle c ti o n of fish e s te e th
’
m ade by M e ssrs . Ky a e and C u nliffe
i n th e ne igh bo u rh oo d Of Pondi ch e rr y , Si r Ph i li p Ege rton state s as
follows
With th e e x ce p ti on Of two S p e c im e ns, th e c olle ctio n is e nti re l y
com p o se d o f te e th o f Squ alo id fish e s . O f th e se two e x ce pti ons, one
bl g t
e on s o th e Ga noi d o rde r, and to th e fa m il y Of
c nodo nts, a nd is
p b bly
ro a Sp bce roclus
a th e o th e r is re fe rre d to th e C y l id g
c o e nus
th e Eo c e ne p i d Th y b l g p i ip lly t h Od t
er o . e e on r nc a o t e on a s
p i d t yp e
o ne s p e c ie s b i g l ly lli d i f t id i l w i h th
e n c o se a e to, no e nt c a t e O donta sp is
ra
p /ta i o don o f th h lk f E p
e cTw t
ah p i O urO e . o or re e s e c e s are re fe ra ble to
C R ETA C EO U B s Ys rE n 247
'
r .
sp i ec es i gi p
oc c u rr n n th e s u e r cre tace ous, a nd 1 7 i n th e c re tac e o u s
-
d p it b
e os s ; p b
u t no t a si ngle s e c i e s h as y e t e e n fou nd ante ri o r to th e
l t p i d
at e r Th id
er o th ff d d by th P di h
. yfih
e ev e nc e , e n, a or e e on c e rr s e s,
pp t yi ld t g b ti t i y th y fM
,
F b i w d i df dy f h i t b t i f h
’
or e s th
v e s, e r ve ro m e s tu O t e nv e r e ra e re m a ns O t e
sam el li y d I f lly
o ca i id w i h h i i
t , ig i g th
an t u co nc e t m n ass n n e se s rata
t tho C t e p id I h
re ace o u s i li d — i d i g th er o . am , o w e v e r, nc ne c ons er n e
num b f p i ll t d wh i h t b f d g
er o s e c e s co wh i h ec e , c m us e re e rre to e ne ra c
w k e d now i p i h yd d i th t tig ph i l l
e c re ase n s e c e s as t e e sce n n e s ra ra ca sca e ,
f th
ro m l f M i ht p i
e oc c urre nc e a so o d f h p ae s tr c s e c e s, an ro m t e re se nce
Ne oc om ian, — to p lace p
th i s de osi t h igh e r i n th e sy ste m s th an Mr F or . b es
”
is i ncli ne d to do fro m h is i nv e sti gation .
re o us b e ds a re o nl y c o nsi de re d by th e i r re a e c ti v e au th ors
p p rov i s io nal.
Th e de sc ri p ti v e c atalo
gue m e nti o ne d bv Profe sso r Ro vle w as no t
P Ege rton
. ac c o m p y an th e O b se rv a tio ns a b o ve transc ri b ed .
and na m e d by D r . M C le lland
‘
C La s s A N NELI DES . C L A S S C O NC H I F ER A .
Pam . S a n r n na c ns . Pa m . A R C A C BA .
S e rp u la r ec ta . N uc u la p ec ti na ta .
C LA s s C O NC H I FERA . Pa m . M A LL E A O E A .
Pa m . A nc a c a a . I noce m m us .
fl
.
ei .
.
c rassa ti na . G ry p h c a .
2 48 GEO LO GY O F I N DI A .
[Ja u .
C La ss M O LLU SC A .
Pam . C A LY r r ns c s a'
. 1 7
am . Nnnrr a c a s .
S ca la ri a a nnu la ta .
Earn . M a na nu x a. s ona ta .
M e la ni a na ( l) i m pe rfe c t . bicos ta ta .
ca r i na ta . Brand . Des h . C oq . Pa m . Tu a s ru a c ns .
Poe p l x v S pe ci es of th i s ge nus
. . . Troclm s li nea r i s .
O bs .
—I t i s m u ch to be re gre tte d, th at M a r e: levis .
Ec h i ni , flh es
s
’
tee th , and Ham i te s , c o ra lli ne s of th e Turb i ne lla sp e c i es , and
o th e rs of a i f
p y orm
r sh ape . Th e re are also sh e lls of th e fa m i li e s M y ari a, Ny i n
p h acea ( Astarte ), C ardi acea , My ti lace a , Pe c ti ni de s, Ostracea ( re se m b li ng o gy ra ) ,
Tu rb i na ce a (Turri te lla l), C ana li fe ra ( Py r ula l) , Alatm P urp nri
f e rn ( Bucc i nu m C onvolutw ( V o luta i ) A m m onace a ( O rb nli te a and C ri o ce ra ,
q ui ll , of di fl ’
e re nt le ngth s, b u t ge ne ra lly fro m 2 to 3 i nch e s lo ng, a nd in a ll c ases
grou
y p , et th at y
Profe sso r Ro le fo und i n th e c olle c tio n O f fossils from
Po ndich e rr y th re e -fourth s O f th e a m m o ni te s e x p e ciall y h c arac te ri s tic of
th e Lw o er Neoc om i e n w h i le of th e re m ai ni n
g , as m an y p re re se nta ti v e s
V II .
EO C E N E F o nu x r ro w .
p rov ince i I di
n n a w h e re th e e x i ste nce o f num m uli tes h as satisfac toril y
e sta bli hs ed th at o f th e Eoce ne Form ation, and h e re i t onl y e x ists in
a sm all tract ; fro m wh ich , h ow e v e r, i t is p b blyro a conti nu e d on, u n e r d
th e allu vi u m of th e I ndus, to th e ne igh b h d
ou r o o of Hy drab ad, w h e re
i t agai n a e ars to pp a m u ch large r e x te nt also e x te ndi ng b twe een Rc re e
and Da i kc te , and
j p b bly ro a u nde r th e alluvi u m on to J e ssnlm e e r i n th e
Grea t D t i f th y ll w li
e se r , e e o m e s tone o f th is pl ace , wh i ch is th e sam e as
th a t h i fly
c e d f t b use or om sto ne s in L o we r Scin d bl
e, e ongs to th e
Num m uli ti c Se ries .
Ne ar th e h ill ll d Bb th
ca e a c a, e num m uliti c m arl is cu t th rough by
a yk d e cf ver y p td k g co m ac ar ree n b asalt,
”
of wh i ch co ni c al m asse s,
pp d with
ca e th e m arl, are unde rgo ing s ph e roi dal d esq uam ati on and
d p ii
ecom os t o n at th e line o f co ntac t b tw
e ee n th e two .
and m arl y b
e low . I fai le d to discov e r any nu m m uli te s in e i th e r
p orti on
k
At S a h e r, th e range o f num m uli ti c h ills, w h i ch , accordi ng to Dr .
J . P M alcolm
. so n, do no t e x c e e d 4 0 0 fe e t h igh , a re com p ose d o f
Th e followi ng se c tio n co m pi
r se s th e th re e last di v i sio ns of th a t
de du ce d by C p a tai n V i car y fro m an e x am inatio n of th e bd be s a out
c h aro i de se .
Blac k slates , k
th i c ne ss un no wn k .
”
h is se c ti on, w h e re as h e use s th e w o rd j
ad e c ti v e l yf or th e se c o nd p art,
i n th e latte r w h i ch , w i th
y m own o b se rv a tio ns o n th e coas t o f Ara i a, b
i ndu ce s m e to th i n k th at th e y h av e no t a v e r yg re at v e rtic al ra n e ,
g
a nd th at th e li m e stone wh i c h fo llows th e m , alth o u
gh contai ni ng
b
a undance o f O r bi toli te s a nd Alve oli na , c o ntai ns no N um m u li te s b ut
I by am no m e ans ce rtain o f th is .
ti ne k w i h pi h b k di ll g
ro c t nc - ec a a e, or on di o ri te . I n th is se ri e s, at
M us k N wb ld f d b d
at, e o ou n a e of nu m m uli te s, w h ic h Ih ad not th e
g oo d fortune to se e duri ng m
y e xam ination .
Mus k at .
or le ss w h i te . Th e li m e stone , w h ich is a b ou t 1 5 0 fe e t th ic k , re s ts o n
a g re e ni sh -wh i te cla y .
of b
Ara ia, i n C a tch , and i n Sci nde , li m i t th e v e rt ca i l e x te nt o f th e
nu m m u li ti c b ’
e ds 2
th is, as bf
e o re state d, th e p
w h i te c om ac t li m e sto ne w h ic h u nde rli e s i t on
th e co as t o f Ara i a, b and wh i c h a pp e ars to av e rage u pw a rds o f
wh i c h Ca p ta i n V i ca r te rm y s th e b kb f th
ac o ne o e Horn range ,
”
and
stru c tu re , and
g rea t th i c ne ss k of th i s lim e sto ne , w h ich fo rm s th e ch ie f
de C So we r . by
C a r di u m i n te rm edi um .
- Th i s sh e ll, of w h i c h w e h av e only casts , is ve ry near
bigu um — Th e f u rro ws
'
th e C lwuiga t u m
. of th e I ndi a n se as . Le ngth 2 i nc h es 1 li ne , w i dth 1 i nc h 1 0 li nes .
P ec tu nc u lus P ecte n .
— orb i c ular , co nve x , ri b be d ; ri bs ab o u t 30 , radi ati ng
,
N ucu la Ba boorm ’
p l 8.
,
f i l ,).b u t no t tr uncate d o r p o i nte d be lo w th e lune tte .
P ec te n le vi -cos ta tas .
— S h ort, sm oo th , radi ate d radi i ab o u t 2 0 , large , e q ual
to th e b e tw ee n th e m ; e ars la rge
s p ace s i nsi de furro we d Le ngth 1 i nc h 4 li nes . .
o f th e sh e ll ab o v e a n i nch and a q ua r te r.
‘
fi
. .
Loc Luck p u t
. .
C y p ce
r a de p e s
r s a — O b o va te , w i th a b lu nt s p i re , and
. a fl attened sp ace across
th e m iddle o f th e b ac k . Le ngth 3 5 i nc h es , w i d th 2 i nc h es 7 li ne s .
h e i gh t b y age w h e n y o ung rad ia te d , w h e n f ull gro w n granu la ted volu ti ons and
Di sti ngui sh ed from m ost oth er spe ci es of Nu m m ula ria by th e coni cal form
of th e si des.
ac c e s s F O S S LS I or core s . 253
ter 1 5 ch ,
i n th i c k ness 3 li nes .
"
Ly ce p h r i s di s p am us . — Le nti cular , th c
i k , v e ry th i n, e x p ande d, sh arp -e dge d
di ate i n form .
Th e gra i ns on th e s u rface are th e p roj e cti ng e x tre m i ti es o f i nte rnal c olu m ns,
not m e re ly granulati o ns i n th e s ub s ta nce o f th e fo ssi l, as i n so m e s p e c i e s o f
m u la r ia ,
as i t is o nly o n th e i nne r f
s u r a ce s o f th e two p la te s th at a ny a p p e a rance o f a s p i ra l
or conc e ntri c se ri e s o f c e lls ca n be tra ced i n p 30 0 th e se fo s si ls a re ass ig ne d
. .
( ro , w h i ch , h o we ve r , i t m uc h re se m b les .
Ga leri ta p u lv i na tus.
— O rb i c ular , de p re sse d p h e roidal, co ve re d, w i th
,
s m i nu te
tube rc les . A m b u lacra , o bsc u re be ne ath , c ro ss e d b y grooves a bo ve Di a m . e te r 3}
i nch es , h e i gh t 1 i nch l o li ne s .
ss, p 1 34 ,
t 4 3 ,
f — O u r sp e
. c i m e n a pp e a rs . .
to be m o re m s o o d u ss , b u.t i t s to o i m
C i y p eas ter va r i a ns .
— More or less c b ov ate , h e m isph e ri cal b ase sligh tly
no t q ui te so m uc h e le v ate d p o s te r i o rly as th e g re
u g i v e n b y Go ldf uss ,
ne i th e r i s
S p a ta ng us e longa t us .
— Elo ngated , o vate , de p re sse d ; fro nt e m argi nate ba se
c o nv e x am b u lacra c o nc a ve , w i th tw o o f th e ro w s o f p re s
o ne ar ly ce ntra l ; ap e x
So far, m
y o b se rv atio n of th e fo ssi ls w h ich h ave com e f ro m th e
nu m m ulitic fo rm a tio n i n S c inde , le ads m e to th e O pi nio n th at th e y
c h ie y diff
fl eri n S p e c i fic c h arac te rs, f rom th ose of th e Pari s Bas i n w h ich
h av e b e e n figu re d by D e sh a
y e s, a nd th a t ve r yfw e ne w ge ne ra w i ll be
fo u nd a m o ng th e m . So m e o f th e li m e sto ne a t Hy drab ad is re m ar k bly
a
A s th e yd o no t a pp e ar to h av e m et p
w i th de sc ri ti ons , th e followi ng
m ay p rov e ac ce pt bl a e
O bs .
— Th i s s pe c i e s , fro m i ts a ngu la r m argi n, re se m b les , i n fo rm , th e s ub -ge nus
— — S ub -glo b u lar
N . " l i ne n ) ( C (H
a s t )
. J . c .
; m argi n . ro u nd ; um b ilicate d ;
s u t re s b - i m o i d s i p h o n v e nt ra l S i z e — Lo nge st d i a m e te r 3 i nc h e s ; la rges t
u s u s g ; .
co u ntr y , alth o ugh its fea tu re s a re so s tri ki ng, th a t th e m ost disi ncli ne d
fo r o bse rv atio n o r th e stu d y o f natu ral o bj e cts c om e awa yf rom Sci nde
as to nis h e d at th e geologic al se c ti o ns of i ts roc s, and th e k v as t
q uanti t y
o f organi c re m ai ns w h i ch are distri ute ov e r th e m b d .
V III .
V o nc z m rc Ro c x s .
Ba sa lt
Tra pp ean Syt s em , l st Se ri e s .
Am ygda loid
.
La te ri te .
Su b se
q ue nt to th e de p o si t o f th e Punna Sandstone , or th e last b e d o f
th e O oli tic Se rie s, i n th e i nte ri or of I di
n a, a succe ssio n o f tra pp e an
e ff us ions to o k pl ace .
too, w h ic h e x ist th ro u h o u t
g th e gre ate r p art o f I ndia, fro m th e su m m it
of th e h igh e st N l h i h le v e l o f th e se a, and
m ou ntai ns ( e i g e rr e s) to t e
th e y
c r stalli ne m e tam o r ph ose d s tate o f th e u pp p er art o f th e Punna
Sands to ne i n m an y pl ace s, — a pp are ntl y f ro m h e at a ppli d e to th e
su rfac e , —all te nd to th e i nfe re nce th at th e tra pp e an e ff usio ns e x te nde d
ov e r a m u ch
g re a te r p art o f I ndia form e rl y th a n at th e p re se nt day .
b k rea
pu i ts l p
ai ns, and transform i ts s u rface to s uc h a n e x te nt, th at
f ro m an a ri d, b k
lac , u ndulating v olc anic w as te , i t h as now b e co m e a
trac t o f m ountai ns, h ills, and v alle y s , c ov e re d w i th ver dure and c u lti
k no w n t rac e o f an v e nts, to
y pi o nt o ut th e localitie s fro m w hi c h th e
v olca nic m atte r o f w h i c h i t i s co m p o se d w as j
e e c te d .
I ndia,
”
e x te nds c o nti nuou sl yf ro m th e w e ste rn si de o f th e b asi n of th e
M alp urb a in th e S o uth e rn M ah ra tta C o u ntr
, y ( P MS. . Ay tona ) , to
Nee m uc h , on th e e x tre m e m orth e rn li m i t of M alwa ( Dan ge rfie ld) ;
are i ts e x tre m es north and south , and east and west ; th e form er a
y o n e ach si de , b ut m o re a ru b p tly
towar d ths e we st, w h e re i t re ach e s th e le ve l of th e se a w i th i n 4 0 or 50
m iles of th e anticli nal ax is .
b e ds, and wh i ch se e m s to h av e b e e n m o re f q ly
re ue nt notice d o n th e
r e a p p e a r! nr s us ro ns .
257
p e nta
g onal di i i v s ons i n th e h i ll f - o rt of Singh u r, wh i ch is fee t
a nd rh om b id l p i
o a r sm s are si m ilar to th ose of cla y slate .
”
Ve y y
se
p e rh a s
p , th e b e st distinguish i ng fe atu re , but i t can o nl y be de te cte d
by a p ow e rful le ns . Th e di o ri te s a pp to h av e gaine d th e ir c oarse
e ar
ness o f stru ctu re and m ore cry stalline nature ch ie from th e le ngth fly
of ti m e th e yh av e b een e x
p o se d to th e p e rco lati on of w ate r, w h ile th e y
h av e b t t lly
e en o a e x clu de df ro m th e atm os ph e re . Th e re are , h o we v e r,
fine bl k d
ac , re , and
g re e n, coarse cr y t lli s a ne h o rn bl d e n e s, h e re a nd
th e re , am pp ong k wh i h ith e
h tra w ld e an ro c s, c n an -s d p i e c m e ns, ou
l t d fy th
a m os b t j dg t y w h h th y
e e es t di i i u es o sa et er e are no or t e s or
amph ib lit b h y o ly f
e s, l ut t e are o n o casu a oc c urre nce .
Bf p e o re di g t p ti l droc e ei p ti f thn k it w ld
o ar c u ar e sc r o ns o e se roc s, ou
b ll t d
e as w e t f w o t t th e vo eid ti af th f t e m om e n s o e c ons e ra on o e ac s
wh i h b c p th l ti g d p i i
e ar u on f h t ppe re a ve a es an os t o ns o t e ra e an
ff i
e us ons I h ld b
. b d h t h i h i g t diff
t s ou e re m e m e re t a t e re s t s re a e re nc e
b w h pp p iti f q
et een t e sud ig f
c r os i i on o a ue o us an ne o u s o rm at o ns, x x .
th th f
at e t h b i
orm e r m us d i hi k by i av e ee n nc re ase n t c ne ss s u e c e ss x e
2 58 o uo no s r or m e n .
[J a n .
lo ng a nte ri o r to i ts j
e e c ti on. A t th e sam e tim e, th is i nte rcala ti on m us t
h av e ta k pl b
en ace e fo re th e wh ole tract w as b k ro en u
p , or th e ci rc u m
stance s fa vo uring i t wou ld no t h a v e b een p re se nt . I t is not o ur o bj ec t
i de a, if p ossi ble , i n th e p re se nt s ta te o f o ur k
now le dge , o f th e re lati ve
g
a es of th e e fli
'
Th e tra pp e an e fli '
us o ns, th e n, h ad p b bly
ro a attai ne d th e ir gre ate st
k
th ic ne ss alon
g th e anti cli nal ax i s of e le v ati o n, th at is alo n
g a li ne a
us o ns fro m th e m p re ce di n
g th e e le v a
us o ns h av i ng o cc urre d si nce th is e p o ch .
Wi h t th e se fe w p y
re fa tor re m arks, le t us p roce e dt o th e de scrip
tion of th e tra pp ean roc k p s se arate l y .
Th i s roc ki s se m y t lli
i-cr s a ne , and consi sts of fe ls p ar and h orn le ndeb
in ne arl y e
q ual p p ti
ro or o ns, w i th a little argillac e ou s m atte r. I ts
TR APPEA N noc x s . 2 59
is of a blac k , re d, bl i h
u s , or gre e ni sh - bl ue co lo ur ; is e asil y sc ratc h e d
tri c- a m
l e llar de co m p os i tion, and finall y p igit ass n n o a g re yi hs or
Th e rea de r w ill do w e ll to re m em b h wh
e r, t at e re v e r
“
wac k e or
w ac k en
”
i s h e re m e nti one d, it m e ans d p ig e co m os n or de c om p ose d
Basa lt .
one is for th e m os t
p a rt o f a da r k bl bl k ue - ac , a nd th e oth e r of a b ro w n
bl k l
ac c o o ur . Both are se m i -c r y lli li k
sta ne , e th e las t ro c k , and com
p d ff lp
ose o e s a r a nd h o rnble nde , or a ugi te , w i th p ro b a b l y a li ttle
ph
am o r gill o us, a r ac e o us m a tte r . Th e i r s tru c tu re is m assi v e , stra ti fie d,
l pi
co um nar, o r r sm ato i dal ; and h y
t e a re to ugh , a nd te sse la te d tow ards
th e su rfac e , b u t fra ngi ble b e lo w . Th y e disi nte grate i n p ol
y h e dral
wi th a s ub
g ranu la r, c o nc h o i da l frac tu re ; is av e s i c u la r, b ut c o ntains
b . Th e b ro w n- bl ac k b asa lt o f th e De cc an . Th is i s s ub -granular, d an
y
into glas s fe ls p ar, and th e n to fo rm a gre a t art p of th e ro c k .
T k
h at th e fi rst i nd be lo ngs to th e o v e rly i ng b as alt, th e re can be no
as w ill h e re afte r
a pp ear, to asce rtain if th e diff e re nt form s of th e
o v e rly i ng b asalt p osse ss any p e culiari ti es wh i h di ti
c s ngui sh th e m as a
us ons.
e arth y .
m a ne sia-m
g i ca i n th e latte r . To e ach of th e se m ine rals w e sh all now
de p e nds
g re atl y th h t e c arac e r o f th e am ygd l id a o and th ose fo u n di na
M i ne rals of th e T pp
ra e an Roc k s .
y
i s gre as to th e tou ch , se ctilc, an re se nts a sh i ni n
g stre a d p k wh e n
scratch e d wi th a sm ooth oi nte d i nstru m e nt Its colo u r i s p . ap t to
m isle ad th ose u nac
q uai nte d w i th i ts e le m e ntar y c om p osi tion, i nto
k
th in i ng i t c o ntai ns c o e r, b u t i ron pp and m an ane se
g are th e onl y
m e tals w h i ch h av e e e n fo u nd in i t
‘
b .
r na p p m n m nnna ns . 26 !
Z eoli tes .
—Ne x t i n p re v alence are th e followi ng m ine rals of th e
zeoli ti c fam il y , wh ich i s, e rh a s, p p as w e ll, i f not b tt
e er re p re se nte d in
I ndia th an in a ny oth e r p t f th
ar o e world
S cole z i te , i s p b bly th ro a e large st and m ost pl e nti ful o f th e se , occ ur
ri n
g i n c o m p t y t lli
ac or c r s a ne , colum na r, radi ating m asse s, wh i te , o r o f a
p i n i sk
h ti n g p q t
e, O a ue o r ransluce nt, and i n s m all c r s tals y tra ns p are nt
O pq
a ue or transluce nt wh e n th e sum m it i s p e rfe c t th e latte r is ge ne rall
y
transpare nt c le av a e
g ac ross th e pi r sm ( m ac ro dia
gonal ) , le av ing a
co m
p re sse d re c ta n u la r
g pi r s m s, te rm i nate d by f o u r narro w face ts, i s also ve r
y
co m m o n, occ urri n
g i n radi ate d, fan, sh ea f-sh a pd e o r sco pif o rm a
ggre
ga te s
y
c r stals rare w i th th e aggre gate s o cc urs fre qu e nt ly on a
p p
o h y li te
m ore o r less by a face t on each si de , and th e fre e term i nal one ge ne rally
trunca te d . y bt h b
Ch a bas i te , i n v e r y o use r om oh e drons, scarce l di ff e ri n
g
from a cu b e glas s y p ly g yi h y ll i h ddi h Ph
, ear , re s , e ow s , re s . r em
'
te , of a
se a- re e n colour,
g i t
s no y t lli d lit i
u ncom m on, cr s a ze o n z eo es n roun e d d
a
gg g
re a tes .
La um om
'
th ose angle s b e in
g repl ace d by a face t . I t i s translu ce nt wh e n first
ex p d ose , bu tb e com e s o p a
q ue , wh i te , and b ittl
r e in a sh ort ti m e afte r
to th is fam i l y .
C a lcsp a r .
— Th i s oc cu rs in rh o m b o idal m asse s, and in py ram i dal
y
cr sta ls p j ro e c ti n
g i nto th e i nte ri or of geo de s . Th e latte r se e m s to
Be side s th e s e , v a ri o us o th e r fo rm s of c alcs p ar o c c u r, b u t th e o ne s
Oli vi ne . T
— h is m i ne ral, as I h av e b e fo re s tate d, is alm ost p e c uliar to
th e basalt, and i s bu t s p a ri n
gl y sca tte re d i n th e ov e rl yi g p
n o rti on . I t.
y
h ow e v e r, fre q ue ntl fo rm s a rt o f a n a m gdalo i d, w i th a bla c c om p ac tp y k
b ase , and w h e n m i x e d w i th R u be lla n, se e m s to de a rt f ro m i ts o ri i nal
,
g p
fai nt c olo u r to be c o m e of
g a re e nis h y e llo w, pi s ta c h io -gre e n, b rass or
, ky
th e fo re go i ng a nd th i c l c h a rge d w i th ta b u la r c ry stals o f th i s m ine ral,
is ve r y c o m m o n, th e c r s ta s y l h a v i ng a v i tre o us lus tre , a nd a fa i nt y ll w
e o
colo u r ; bu t, wh e n th e y
'
occ u r in a re ddish base , th e yh a ve a w h i tish
c olo u r a nd p e a rl yl u s tre .
Th e b lac kp or
p h yii r t c fo rm e x is ts in a th ic k stra tu m on th e su m m i ts
of Il u rric h u nde rgh ur a nd Poo ru ndh u r, w h ic h a re fe e t a bo ve th e
le v e l of th e se a ; a ls o i n th e b e d of th e ri v e r Go re h , w h ic h is e le vate d
fe e t abo v e i t, ne a r Se roo r ( S yk es ) . D an
ge rfie ld also s tate s th a t
at C h arole and K uch ro de i n M a lwa, th e re ,
“
a re s o m e large o ve rl i
y gn
m asse s o f tra pp or
p h yy r ,
”
w h ic h i s p ro b a bly th e sam e as th e o ne de
scri e d b a nd i n th e S o c i e t y ’
s m us e u m a re s e c i m e ns
p from K h ande ish
A
( y to na ) , th e ne igh b o urh oo d o f Poona ( M a lc o lm so n
) , and Be lgau m
( y
A toun
) . O li v ine o c ca si o na ll y pp a e ars to p ass i nto glass y fe ls p ar,
TRA P PEA N M I NE RALS . 263
M agnes i a M c
i s — Acc om p yi g th gl y f l p
an n e as s e s ar are sm all lam i
nate d m asse s o f a su bt s ance lik i hi h
e m i th pca, w c are e e r se arate , or in
th e m i ds t of th e ta b u lar cr sta s o y l f f l p It h i f h e s ar . s c e c arac te rs are
trans p are nt or o p a
q ue state , p artiall y or w h oll y filling sm all v e si cular
th is m a
gne s ia m ic a or R u be lla n se e m s, i n m inute y
c r s talliz ati o n, to fo rm
th e gre ate r p a rt of th e b as e o f th e re d a m ygd l id a o s, and o n de c o m p os
i ng assu m es th e fo rm and a pp e aranc e o f re d cla y . I f th e Ru be lla n
of Bre ith au p t be m a
gne si a m i ca , as Ni col see m s to th i n k , th e n th is
m i ne ral i s m agne si a m ica b u t i t re q ui re s fu rth e r e x am i nati on .
com p ac t, m assi v e , o r c olu m nar struc ture , wh ich i s fou nd i n su b o rdi nate
ro c k I s, am o f c ou rse o nl y
de scribi ng th e ge ne ral ch arac te rs of th e
am ygd l id a o s th e m se lv e s, and, th e re fo re , m u st le av e th e re ade r to se arch
34
2 64 a no nc o v or I N DI A .
[J a s .
radi t d f a e o rm s o f ze oli tes i nto ste atitic cla y or ste atite , and o f
glass y
f l p by t
e s ar ransition, into th e latte r also th e re pl ace m e nt of calcsp ar by
c rv stalline q uartz .
Basaltic Dyk es .
no t b
de com p ose d, th e c olum ns e i ng p e r e ndi cu la r to th e su rface la ne s
'
p p .
yk
C olone l S e s m e ntions o ne wh ich cu ts th ro ugh th e asalt and am y g b
daloid i n th e top of a m o untai n w i h
t i n th e h ill-fo rt of Hurri ch u nde rgh u r,
w h i ch , as bf
e o re s tate d, is fe e t a b ov e th e le v e l of th e se a . He
also m e nti ons k
dy e s i n th e h ills a ou t Poona and th e b Bh ore Gh au t . All
th e se m u st o f co urse h ave e x iste be fo re th e tra d pp ean pl i
a ns we re
b k ro e n up . M e ntio n is fre qu e ntl y m ade o f b asalti c m ou ntai ns, w h ic h
a re pl t ly i
com e e so late d from th e m ai n trac t by a v e rti ca l fiss u re or
g re a t d p h The t . ere m a
y h ave b een fo rm ed by dyk e s o f m ore p e ri sh
La teri te .
th e w h i te and re d c o lo u r i n th e ro c k , and i s a p r oc es s w h i h pp
c a e ars to
be continuall in o y p e ratio n. Th e i n ne r surface of th e tu be s i s sm o o th ,
and fre qu e n tly m am m ilate d, and th e e x te rior, o f cou rse , ro ugh wh ile
th e ir w alls are co m p d ose of b ro w n h em ati te , p re se ntin
g m ore or le ss
o f a m e talli c lu stre . A ste e l-
g re y o x ide o f m angane se ( y
P ro lu si te ) no t
u nfre q ue ntl y tk a es th e pl ace of th e ox ide o f i ro n, o r, m ix i n
g w i th i t,
wi th in th is si ze . Th y e also y
fre q ue ntl i nosc ula te wi th e ach oth e r, bu t
se e m , on th e wh ole , to h av e a v e rti cal dire c tio n, i f we m a
y k
ta e ou r t yp e
wi th ou t th e tu b es ( Mm . Bradle y) . Wh en ex p ose d to th e ai r, i ts
surface b e co m e s bl k ac , and p re se nts th e bl k ac or irri d esc e nt m e talli c
e aste rn co nfine s o f di t i t i i
th e gre at tra p t 2 00 f t pp e an s r c , s n one ar ee
d p ( N w b ld) wh
ee e it o t w k , p i g d w w d i t b lt
e re res s on ac en ass n o n ar s n o asa
( V ye y ) se W h . i t p p t h
e re v e r t pp a k w h
e arsth i on e ra ean ro c , e er n
M lw a t A a, ak t k th Rj
m m e r un a h l b ill i th S th
, on e a m a a s, or n e ou e rn
M h tt C
a ra t y it p
a t th
ou n r h , t b gi n d lw y
rese n s e c arac e rs a ov e ve , an a a s
res st wh t h
on b t d a as lyi g t p ee n I t by e rm e
“
ov e r n ra .
”
no m e ans,
h w o i t ti
e v e r, e x s s con ly th g h t th g t
nu ou st pp di t i t b
rou t ou e re a ra e an s rc , u
c h i fly e th on it f th h igh t
e sum m t i s o wh it e p d id es m ou n a ns, e re s sc ar e s es
( li k t
e h f t h ose o l y i g b lt b th
e ov e r i t) d h ni t l asa i t e ne a an or zon a su m m s
c h t i
arac er ze it p f sl g di t re se nce rom a on s ance .
V i pi i h
ar ous o i t d n o ns p ti g th igi d g l gi l
av e e x s e re s ec n e or n an eo o ca
g
a e f t
oh l t i t e b t “
I h ll
a er ly e, ti h uth w h i
s a h on m en on e re ose c
a pp t e ar t
o m e ti l dm os t i ra d ona wi th , y w
an n m os n acc or ance m o
b ti
o se rva V y yo ns. d C h i ti l o d i t wi th th
se an ly i g t p
r s e c asse e ov e r n ra ,
an d V y y o d th f ll wi g t p i t d t d 2 6 h S p t b
se m a e e o o n no e u on , a e t e em er
ro d t e h th w tw d
o t e nor I ywh - es w b l t th f t f
ar . e ve r e re sa asa t a e oo o
th h ill p
e i gi t w k
, ass n di l y i
n o acpl th t itie an ron c a n o ne ac e e rans on
di d t no py o ccuth 3 f t m oredw di ti t an ee , an as s nc .
F w wh k w h
e p t ti g g ity bility d t th f l
o no t e e ne ra n sa ac , a , an ru u ne ss
wh i h c h t ic th i h
arac e r ze b ti w ld b i li d t s aut or s
’
o se rv a ons, ou e nc ne o
d b t h f t wh i h th i
ou t e ac l i th t th b
c lt p i t
s no te re vea s, v z . a e as a asse s n o
th e l t i a er wh h by t i i th gh th w k i t l ly
te , et er ra ns t on rou e ac e s no c ear
t t d b t
s a e th h ill f B d
u as i pp d wi h l t i th w k t
e o ee ur s c a e t a er te , e ac e o
wh i h h c ll d e a t b b tw i d th b lt I l y
u e s m us e e e en t an e asa . ro n c a
”
w as V y y o se f l t it
’
s nam e d wh w or fl t th i t
a er e ; an en e re ec on e n e nse
bl kac f th
ne ss o ly i g b lt e
p i
ove rll y th t f n B b y asa , es ec a a o om a , co m
p d with th t f y f th th t pp
are a o an fli o d e o b er ra e an e
'
us ons, an re m e m er
th t i
a i n ts h f
course it t hto p d th gh
t e su r ace m us ave as se ro u
2 66 GEO LO GY O P ram s .
[Ja m
Or b tw
e e enth e gre at e bd s o f side roc ri ste sp e cu lar i ron ore of th e
cau se d th e ov e r ly i g b
n asalt to h av e b ro u h
g t aw a y a m uch lar e r orti on
g p
Of th e se m i ne rals th an an
y o th e r e ff usi on w h ic h p re ce de di w t, e sh all
and m an anese
g in th e ov e r y
l i ng b asalt, and i ts te nde nc y i p ti
n ar c ular
and e x p ose d .
As i t is th e ov e rl yi g b
n asalt w h i ch p asse s i nto th e late ri te , th e latte r
m u st be of th e sam e ge ologi c al age as th e form e r ; an d as w e h av e c om e
fo rm ed a b re cc i a w ith th e rock h gh wh i h i t h p
t ro u c as asse d, as i n th e
w ill th e n se rv e to ex pl i a nt h ly
e ano m a .
I will now b i fly ll d r e a u e.
O th pl t
n e f th a e au o e Ne ilgh e rri e s, wh i ch i s not w ith ou t i ts d yk e s of
tra pp k i b
e an roc , v z . asalt, Be nza state s th at th e re i s 4 0 fee t Of li th o
m ar gi l y f y
c c all w o a e o -re d colou r, stre a k d wi h
e t re d and y ll w b
e o e ne a th ,
th e n th e
q u a rtz , i n a f ria l e c o nd i ti o b
n wh i le late ri ti c c o nglom e rate s,
too, o f r ou n d e d e l e s, e xp bb
is t o n e ac h side o f t h e M o
y a r ri v e r .
k
Agai n, i n si n i ng a sh aft i n th e v ic i ni t o f B an alo re , w h i ch i s
g y
b
f e e t a ov e th e le ve l o f th e se a, ie u te nant B L
ai rd S m i th , at 2 fee t be low
On t h pp it id
e o os e s e of th e raise d land o f th e sou th Of th e p i
e n nsu la,
at th e Bi l y p
s e it i ass, s state d by N w b ld th
e o at se cti le late ri te ov e rlie s
m asse s
qof a uartz ose b
re ddi sh - row n slagg -loo y ki ng ironstone ,
”
th e
b e llows o f wh ich are num e rous, i rre gu lar, and m am m illa te d i nsi de , and
IX .
I N TE R T RAPP EA N La c o sr nm n F O R M ATI O N .
( n . r
. . c .
)
Th i s nam e is d d
e riv e from i ts p osi tion in th e tra pp ean e fli '
u s ons,
wh e re i t h as b ee n c h i fly
e no ti ce d . N o dou t it b e x ists or h as e x iste d on
I t h as now b een fou n d alm ost th rough out I din a in c onne cti on wi th
th e tra pp e an roc k s, th at is, a lac ustrine form at oni e x ists u n e r d th e
c olu m nar b asalt of C ntc h , of M alwa , on th e Ra j m a h al h ills, re m nants
I ts p i i pp t b
o s t on a e ars o e un er d th e o v e rl yi g b n asalt, and re stin
g
o n am ygd l i d wh i h b i g
a o , c , e n a b
s u se
q ue nt e ffusi on, h as se p arate d it
from th k wh i h i t w
e roc on c as o ri i nall de
g y p os ite d .
It co nsists o f a r
i ll u nd r illO -c alcare ous sh ale , m ore or less
g ace o s a a g
i ndurate d, c h e rtifie d, o r re nde re d as i de o u s h e at, and from j p by an i nch
to 4 0 fe e t i n th ic ne ss ; k and in so m e plac e s o f li m e stone . V e ge ta le b
a nd a ni m al re m ai ns a b ound i n it, as w i ll be d e scri b dh
e e re afte r.
C oulth ar d and Dr S . py
r afte rwards
gave th e followi ng se cti ons,
p
res e c ti ve ly , o f th e tra pp e an e ffusi o ns at Sau or
g i n C e ntral I ndia, w h ic h
also a pp e ar to i nc l d th i
u e s form ati on. Th e form er of a swe ll of
tra p ,
”
th e latte r of a w e ll
”
“
S ection Qf th e S m all f
o Tr ap .
( C oulth ard ) .
m ent.
de posi t
A wh i te h ard earth y li m estone , so m e ti m es e Re rv esci ng
sp e c ks o f calca re o us s par. 93 0
Wack e n ,
w i th fi brous carbonate of li m e , and di tto in ve ins
7 0
An am y gdaloi d wacken, si m i lar to th e toads tone of England . 6 0
49 3; fee t .
c alcare ous p f y ll w l
s ar, o a e o co our . I t b l g t th e on s o e t p ra d i , an s,
tt d t p
”
m ore ove r, e v e r a i t th e n an u on , rough ou t th e range .
S ec tion f
o th e We ll .
”
( S p ry .
)
S urface so i l
“ S o ft b asalt
H ard b asalt
S o ft b asalt
Wack e n ,
wi th nod ules of
“ Trave rti n wi th
,
Th e Soci e t y ’
s m use u m now a oun s b d in b p
eauti ful s ecim e ns of sh e lls
im b ddi e ng sh e lls Ph
( y s a ) p ,t sed i b l k
ara e an f d l li t n oc s o no u ar m e s one
tu fl '
t d l yi — b t 1 50 y d f ”
re sti n on v olcanic in d w h il
g ura e c a e a ou ar s ro m
and ov e rli e s bl d l y
ue t i i g
or re ll q t if c a , con a n n sm a uar z e
ro us ca vi tie s.
th i c k , re stin
g on g re ddis h ranite , a lso ca pp d by b lt H i t
e asa . e re
sh e lls ( U De ccanem i s)
'
m o .
by M J r. . de C S ow e r . by
C h a ra M a lcolm sm di — O b lo ng, sp h e roi dal, wi th
. 10 ri b s 5 th re e of th e ri bs a re
p rod uce d a t th e ap e x .
“
Th i s ca p s u le is co m p ose d o f 5 tub es , e ac h of wh i ch i s c urle d tw i ce ro u nd. Th e
figures re p re se nt a cas t o f th e i nte ri o r, th e t ub e s be i ng s p li t do wn, a nd th e o u te r
h alve s b ro ke n a way , a nd le ft i n th e c h e rt Th e s p e c i m e ns a re si li c i fiad , and c o ns ti .
C y p ri s su bglo bosa .
—S uh -globo se ,
tri angular , i nfl a te d front co nc a v e .
i s p uncture d , as i n C cy li nd rzc a
‘
Th e o u te r su rfa ce o f th i s c rus ta ce an . .
o m
fi
.
we ll as fig 1 0 , wh i ch
. is i n gre y c h e rt from M unnoor , to a sp ec i es dis ti nc t fro m
U . D ecca ne m i s . S om e fl atte ned sp ec i m e ns fro m th i s i i m ate ne are 2 5 i nc h es b roa d .
U m o
'
tu m ida .
—Trans ve rse ly o b o vate , s m oo th , gi b b ose p oste ri or e x tre m i ty
Li tnnea s ub ula ta .
— S ub ulate , e lo nga te d , sm oo th sp i ne e q ual i n le ngth to th e
C h i c k ne e .
P h y sa P ri nsep i i .
— O vate , rath e r e longa te d sm ooth sp i re sh ort, b ody -w h o rl
la rge s t u p wards. Th e large st a re 2 5 i nch es long, and up wards of an i nch
b ro ad .
P a ladi na D ecca ue m is .
- S h ort, c oni c al, p oi nte d, rounde d at th e b ase wh orls
”
6 or 6 , sli gh tly conve x ; up e rture ro und .
Blak e .
Ne x t i n d
or e r of o cc urre nc e , but by f ar th e m ost am pl e and satis.
factor y de scr i p ti on th at h as y e t b
e e n giv e n of th is fo rm ati o n, i s th e
But i t is a re m ar a kb le fac t, th at w h e re ve r th e re i s o v e rl yi ng di o ri te to
p re se rv e i t, th e re th e fre sh wate r de p o sit is alm ost su re to be fo u nd,
u nle ss i t h as b ee n b u rnt u p by th e i ntrusio n o f am ygd l id a o . W e h av e
trac e d i t w e ll nigh w i th ou t i nte rru tio n for 1 0 0 p m ile s to w ards Elich p ur,
and th ro u gh ou t th e w h ole istance di ffe ri n d g o fte n in colo u r and
y
c r sta lli ne , th e re ch e rt y , and aga i n sco riace ous . I p i i f ll
n o ne s ot t s u
i sti c of it . In j
i
g gn ud
of i ts i e nti t , th e on l sure g uidde t o g o iys y by
i ts posi ti on b e twee n th e nodular tra a o v e and th e v e si c ular tra p b p
b e low h o ugh i t
. T m ust be p d
s re a o v e r v ast b
ta le -lan d s of difie re ut
'
e le vati ons,
y e t i t is alm ost e x c us v e l i ly on th e escar m e nts ofp th e se th at
we can ac ui re an
q y k nowle dge of it . Ge ne rall th e i m y b dd d
e e stratum
k
th ic ness o f m ore th an o ne foot wh e re it is gre a e r, e u er ortion t th pp p
y
is ge ne rall indu rate d, and th e lowe r re m ains soft I t is i n th e form e r .
gre e n and p ur
p le cla y , th e calcare ous no d ule s, wh ich h av e b ee n a
ggre
In a
- ddi ti on to th e p art of a fe m u r and
th e ph l bf
a anx , e o re allu dd
e to, as h avi ng b ee n fou nd at Juny é p é ni
C h ou k i wh i h I
, c am i ncline dt o re fe r to th is d p it e os , th e re h av e b een
di scov e re d i n i t, b
a out two m ile s w e st o f N gp a p ur, a ortion of a v e rte ~
Wh e th er th e se re m ains o f
q ua d pdru e s a re e x clusi v e l y f ptilo re e s, o r
wh e th e r som e of th e m m a
y not also be m am m ali an, I d tp o no ossess
35
27 2 a nom av or ra m s .
[J A N .
y b d t b i g p ti ly fi t d l t h p d with th
ve r a un an , e n com ara ve s an a nce -s a e , e
ll d i d
e nam e f d ki h l t
e l T th i l
s e l oy p a ar s s a e co our. o s c ass a so m a , er
h p b
a a, f d l w h lf i h l g b gh t t ligh t t
e re e rre a c a , a an nc on , rou o a
T l kh di th
e an il w t ef N gp
,
w h il th t t
ree t m es es o a ur ; e e s ra u m a
M h h gh da h f i h d th i p
ac a i
o pp tly f f h w tas urn s e e m ress on, a are n , o a re s a er
tortoise .
F is h e s .
—Rem ai ns of th is class are fou n d t Takli
a and Mach h a
gh odd , b u t ch i e at Pahadsi ngh a h e fly . T y consis t for th e m os t p art of
scales, som e of th e Ga noi and oth e rs d of th e C cloi y d orde rs . Th e
Ganoidians are p roba bly t b o e re fe rre dt o th e Le p idotoids, to wh ich th e
spi nous y
ra s colle c e t d wi h t th e scales m ay h ave bl e onge d. Th e
alternate dp e ressions and e le vatio ns, wh i ch radiate fro m th e ce ntre of
th e C y l idi
c o an scales, are be au tifull yp rese rve d som e h ave 1 2 of each ,
th at h as b e en m et wi th i n th is d p t
e ar m e nt is a pi e ce of a roe fo un d at
m em b rane .
el yt ra of b ee tle s, of wh i ch 9 p
s e c ie s h ave b di een scov e re d, 7 h aving
re w arded th e i nv estigati ons of Mr . H unte r . So m e are allie dt o th e
Bup re sti dae , anoth e r, i n th e pi i f it o n on o s ac co m pli h d
s e disc ove re r, i s
connec te d with th ( e so ft b d i d) H t
- o e e e rom e ra, w h ile two tu b e rc ulate d
y
el tra m a y p i b ly h
oss ave b l gdt
e on e o so m e oth e r fam il y of th e sam e
p ie ce of si lici fie d d wh i h w oo , c at th e p e ri od o f i ts dp e osi ti on m us t
h av e b e e n cons id bly d y d
e ra e ca e , th e re was discov e re d a la rge num b er
of li ttle rou n y d p q b di
g d i oh ll w Ca ue o e s, re gularl arran e n a o o . an
th he se b th gg f
ave f h L pi d p
een ? e e s o one o t e e o te ra
C t — O f th i l
rus a ce a . d pt th E t t s c ass no o r e r occ u rs e xc e e n om os raca,
c om p i i g th g C yp i with 6 p i ll w f I
rs n e e nu s r s, s ec e s, a ne , so ar as am
aw are ;d y i t ti g g
an wh i h I
a ve r di p d t id n e re s n e nu s, c am s ose o cons er
alli d t Ly é
e Bp / i
o nc us o r a m c.
m m ar aam rt La c us ra m a s c e n ar i os
'
. 273
M ollusca — Th ese . are v ery num e rous, co nsi sti ng of M e lanin gum »
driliaeata ( Sow e r ) by , and pe rh a p s anoth e r s ecie s of p th e sam e ge nus
p
and 8 s e ci es not nam e d ;
( Sow .
) 4 hr 5
ne w form s, th at m ay constitu te as m an y p s e ci e s ; of Buli m ia 2 ne w
p
s e cies, with 1 2 o th e r s p eci e s th at m a
y b e re fe ra bl e to th e sam e ge nus ;
S ucci ne a 1
'
p
s e ci es , and Um
’
th e si ngle p
s e ci es of S uc ct ne a,
'
of y p i h b
w h i ch onl one s ec m e n as ee n
m e t wi th . O ne p
s eci e s of Va le s t wi th
a, p tty t i t d pi at re s ra e s re , m os
h avi ng b e en collec te d p
i n all laces w h e re th e e osi t i s fossilife rous ; dp
Besides th e P . Pri nsep si
’
( So w .
) th e re is one ne w form foun d at
wh ich was o bt i d by M
a ne r.
wh e n co m p d with th ki dly t
are ose n se n m e from th e ne igh b o urh ood of
fu rnis h e d with ll t p i n
m e e x ce en s ec m e s of P h y sa , th e form s of wh ich
agree wi th th e se c om m on in th e vi ci ni t
y of Nag p ur.
We p ass now to th e ve
ge ta bl k i e ngdom , th e p
s e cim e ns of wh i ch
from th e fre sh wate r form atio n are b th o ra re and v ari e d Th y
. e m ay be
clas se d u nde r th e h e ads of fruits and se e d s, le aves, roo ts and wood .
F r ui ts and S a da — O f th ese th e re b
are a o ut 5 0 s e ci e s . p Th e orde r
of th e Ex o ge nous sub -ki ngdom th at h as m ost re re se ntati ve s, is th e
, p
Legs m i a cs a , th e re b i g4 p i
e n y bi s ec e s ver o v ous, v ia . two H edy sarec ,
of th e or er d . Un d th er h d b
e sam e
y ea m a e arrange d wh at a pp ears to
2 74 or ra m s . [Ja s .
be a F a botde a
'
y
s m m e trica lly di p di i s ose n s x es Th i l tt g
. t i tw s a er e nus con a ns o sp e cie s
F or th e latte r rare p
s e ci m e n, as y k
w e ll as for th e large r m ulbe rr li
- e
aro i d f it ru d , an f it m an d y tho d w i d b t d t C pt i
er ru s an se e s, e are n e e o a a n
W ph a s are , wh tiose i th i fi ld h
cc -o p e ra p d f th h igh t
on n s e as rov e o e es
l
v a ue t I di o p ln t langy Th f
a se on o o i t b p ifi d
. i e ru s a ove s e c e , n com m e n
wi th th t
ose ti no d l
m en t ll f
one d t Takli Th ly
, are a m os a ou n a . e on
e x ce pti w th y f ti
ons or o f th H dy
no ce are wh i h w one ol id e e sa re ae, c as a
p i t f M h h gh da p t
o en n a s one rom ac i f th
a l g
o ; se ara e o v ar es o e ar e r
i
s x -see d d id wh i h f d l g wi h fi h l t P h d i gh
e aro , c are oun a on t s -sc a e s a a a s n a,
an d th Ch e M l l a ra i wh i h i a co m so n a,t wi th th
’
gh t b d
c t ly sm e , ou no a un an ,
wh th d p i t
e re v e r e t i e
g os i i
con a ns or an c re m a ns .
L em m a— O f th th 1 2 ki d
ese e re f wh i h are E n s, se v e n o c are xo
g e nous . I f th
n som e o t h d y ie se t i k ff f e th
se con ar ve ns s r e o rom e
p i
r m ar y t y
a t a ve r
g l d i t h
ac u e an t t w
e , anh il i nof e rs no so acu e , e n one o
or bi l h p th y
cu a r s a e di t f e t l p i t lik th l f f Hy d
ra a e rom a ce n ra o n e e ea o ra
co ty l e. Th E d g e l n o e nous fi i b eaves f wh i h
are ve n num e r, so m e o c
p osse ss a i d bl
cons i il i ty t th
e ra f
e s m d i th B b y t
ar o ose o un n e om a s rata,
an d fig d i Pl t iii f th i J l f J ly 1 8 5 2 All th h
ure n a e v . o s ourna or u . e se ave
b ee n o bt i d t Takli l th t
a ne a , as a so e roo s .
R noa— Th t t fi i ll
e se am ou n f wh i h o h b
ve n a , none o c are m uc a ov e
an i h i l gth
nc n en Th t .pi fe m os
g th cons th cuous orm s am on em are ose
th t a are wh t li k
som e a k d by th
e a c oco on, f h th i g m ar e e scars o s ea n
b t O f h t b th
rac s . su c t b th
u e rs difi i g i
e re t i
se e m o e ree ,
'
er n n ce r a n
p t f
re s e c s h th
rom d g i gi
e ac o e r, anb with th th a re e n id n num er e re e aro
i il ity f
s m ar oti ll b t th
one roo i t th t gi
n a i Pl t ii fig 1
u e s ze o a ve n n a e v . .
o f th e bl p p j t f d t
a e a er us n t f il t
re e rre pp t h t
o, can o a o a e ar on . e m os
rm a a raa r e ua u
'
m ous rnm a r oa u s r ro s
'
. 275
W d Th—
oo t b th e re se e m o e re e ki n d
s of Ex oge ns and two of
En dg
o e ns . In som e cases th e form e r re tai n th e ir b k
ar , wh ile th e
latte r, as h as b e e n o se rve b d in oth e r I ndian locali ti e s, occasi onall y
di pl y
s a th e ir ae rial roots . S p ec im e ns of w oo d are com m on i n alm bst
all fossilife rous p arts of th e te rri tor y .
Ganoidi an wi th C y l idi
c o an scale s, and th at th e fruits b e ar a re m a r a k bl e
in y hm u m le O i i on
n u w b
arrant th e p f lly b lie ef th at i t is one of th e
oldest o f te rti aries O n th e te m ti ng th e m . p e of i ts e x te nt th ro ugh ou t
I di I f b t t
n a or e ar o e n er .
”
L tly w
as t
, h l
e t i
co m e t t i
o t e th i l d f B b y
acus r ne s ra a n e s an o om a ,
wh i h I c i d i 1 85 1
e x am ne d h nd ib d i N XV I f th i , an av e e sc r e n o . . o s
J l
ourna .
Th wh i h li d 50 f t f bl k t tifi d b lt d t
e se , c e un e r ee o ac , s ra e asa , an re s
on i t d d
n ru e ygd l id lik th f g i g
am a o , i t ti ly e f e ore o n , c ons s en re o
ar g ill h
ace ous s l w h i h p i
a e s, ly w h ch y pp su h h b
e r or l , e re t e a ro ac t e asa t,
are o f li gh t b w
a l d i f i ly w h
ro n c o ou r, an h y i t d d by n er or , e re t e are n ru e
am ygd l id f di ty g
a o , o a bl k i h l r Th y l i t
re e n or ac s co our . e are am na e
i t t
n s ru c u re , an d h g i p i ti
o m o e neo us w h h y h t n co m os on, e re t e av e no
b ee n a lt d by h e re h f il e at ; h t e ll b oss
g i ll o s, e v e n, av e a ecom e ar ace us ;
an d lth a g h h oud h e re an
y b t e re , g l m a d pp e se e n a coarse , ranu ar, an a a
re n tly h t g t t l y i
e e ro e neo u s s ra u m g b tw th f t , ly fi n e een o e rs o e x re m e ne
t t
e x ure , s till th t i l f wh i h th t l
e m a er a o i p d i ft til c a a so s com ose s so , sec c,
an d gill ar It i ly w h
ace ous . th t t h
s on b p dt e re ese s ra a av e een ex ose o
h t th t th y b
ea a lte d d th i f il d y th p t f
e com e a e re , an e r oss s, an e ve r o er ar o
th em h p df
av e g i
assell rom i t h t y
an ar j p id t t
ace ou s n o a c er or as eous s a e .
Th i e re p ti h w wh i h i f h i p t
s one ex ce on, o e v e r, c s o m uc m o r ance ,
th t h
a ered th l i b d d d i th
an e re a so t t f m df g t e e n ese s ra a are oun ra m en s
o f i t k bl
u nm s a eai l ie v es cu a r scar er .
Th d p i t be d i g i
e os a oun s i th g h t b t t h
n or an c re m a ns y rou ou , u e are
m uc h b tt p e d i th l w th i th pp p t Ab
er rese rve n e o er an n e u er ar . ov e ,
th e ve g t b l e a i h e b re m a ns ti ly d b i
av e d w h il b l w
e e n e n re ecar on ze , e e o ,
2 76 c s om or o r m o n .
( Ja n .
th ey till b i f
are s di car on y i t n p t th i l i
e rous, an n m an ns a ces re se n n am na
o f p k li g g i
s ar f n l ra ns o co a .
Th p fii l t t
e su e r c a l t d p i t wh i h i b t th
s ra u m , in hor as e os , c s a ou ree c es
i th i k
n c i h t i d by i t
ness, s c ili p iti d liti
arac e r ze s s ce ous com os on an oo e
t t
s ruc ure , b i g l t ti ly p d f the n a m os t f Cyp id
en re com ose o e cas s o r es,
with f w a ll f g
e t f t
sm a f pl t Ab
ra m e n s th i o s em s o an s . ove s co m e s
on ly tw th i h
o or f g illree t i i
nc es o y m tt w h i har ace ous rans t onar a e r, c
p i
asse s t th w k
n o f th e ly i g d
ac pen od b lt d t h e o ve r n e c om ose asa , an e
w k ac g i i t
e n a a n, th p t b lt
n o b ll teh g h th
com d l ac asa a ove a , rou e no u ar
s trata, th f g e t p ti l ly i l y
ra m e n s i f th y h d b
ar d p it d
cu ar n a e rs, as e a ee n e os e
m ore a one t ti th th p h p by fl d f h y i Ab t
m e an ano e r, er a s oo s a te r e av ra n . ou
th e m i ddl wh th
e, t t h e re t b wh lly d
e b i d d
s ra a ave no ee n o e car on ze , an
th e l
co our c h g t d k g an es if o t b d th
ar i ree n, corm orm roo s a ou n , e re m a ns
of sm a ll f g ( R ro s p i ll ) g
i t
a na b b l k
us b if a n re a nu m e rs on ac car on e ro us
th e se ri e s, w h i ch a b oun s d
i n large pi e ce s of dy coty le donous w oo s, fiat d
long e ns i fo rm le av e s, and a nu m b f er o d
se e s, se e d- o s, and oth e r pd
re m ains bl e on i n
g g to th e ve
g t b
e al ki gd e n om . Th i p s art i s i m p g re nate d
wi th a na
p th ous o dour, an dp trese n s sm a ll d p it e os s of s p kli g
ar n coal
m argin of th e p
tra pe an dis tri c t ; anoth e r s p eci e s not w e ll ch aracte ri ze d,
and C . sem i -m a rgi na ta, w h ich a pp ears to b e a ne w spe cies . Th e e l tra y
of i nse cts, and im p ressio ns o f sh e lls k Ml
li e e a ni e , are also p rese nt, bu t
th e latte r are d
too i n is ti nct fo r de scr ip i t on .
e fiusi ous
'
i ntrude amd by y d d
g alo i w h e re v e r i t h as
y e t e e n noti ce , and th e re fore b d
ne i th er i ts w h ole e x te nt, nor th e roc s o n wh i ch it was ori i nall
g y k
p d
de osi te , are y e t k nown I ts strata in a ch e rti fied and as i eo us. j pd
d p
con i tion ap e a r, h e re and th e re , i n all th e tra pean e fi usi ons of th e p ’
d p b
islan e x ce t i n th e asalt, wh ich ove rli es i t ; and th e lains are strewe d
. p
wi th th e i r fragm e nts , contorte d and twi s te di nto various sh a e s, p fro m
th e alm os t m e lti ng h eat to wh ich th e yh a ve b e e n ex p d
ose .
F or a m ore b
e la o rate acco unt o f th is form ati on i n th e Il s and of
Bom by I t
a , m us re fe r th e d
re a e r to m
y pp
a e r on th e ge o o l gy of th is
islan d p bli h d i
, u s e n th e No . of th is J o urnal m e nti one d.
th e gre at tra pp e an di t i t I
s rc . allu e d to th at p ointe d out by G e ne ral
b
a ov e th e de lta of th e Godave ry, and consis ts o f a be d of li m e sto ne , lyi ng
co nglo m e rate .
I t is j ust p ibl
oss e th at th is m ay be a m arine te rtiar yf orm ati on, as
b b p
.
b
a out 50 or 60 fee t blwe o th e surface . I n o ne , SE . of th e to wn, th e re is a
kl y
th i c a e r of li m e stone , o f a re ddish c olou r, wh i c h at first a pp e a rs to be a
Pe rh a p it will b diffi lt t
s ei p
cu th o th conv nce som e e rsons at ese are
re ally p t i fi d y t
e r h ll b t I h
e o s er s t h ligh t t d b th
e s, u av e no t e s es ou t at an
ex p i d g l gi t will t
e r e nce eo o d i t th f
s It a i t b
once a m e ac t. re m a ns o e
t i d w h th
as ce r a ne th e k h er bi t i e roc i l as a um nous or a m m on aca
sm e ll b f h bl w p i p
e o re t e Th y pp t diff y littl f th
o - e . e a e ar o e r ve r e rom e
sh ll t Mi gl h C d
e s a a a pt h i h i i t th y
ou e e , e x ce i t at n t s ns anc e e are e nt re ,
wh i h
e re as f n t e pl th y b k h orm e r l
ace th y pp e are ro en ; e re , a so, e a e ar
t h
o b av e p d Th b d t d b h h dil i l il
e e n co m re sse . e e ex e n s e ne at t e uv a so
d bl k
”
as f th b d f h
ar as e i e wh o th et f w
e r v e r, tt e re re are a e sca e re oc s.
H f e d it g i
ou n t Ry p a a n a il by dD g i h
e o re , som e m es e on oo roo , n t e
b d f h K
e o t e ddi d i
aroonu h w ll d g by C l, an l Ag w
n t e d e s u o one ne an
C pt i H
a a n wh i h
u nte r, 50 f t d p c i g hare i l y l tee ee , re s t n t e re n on c a s a e
an di q n a y t th uarr p la w h th l
e sam e t p d i t
ace d e re e a te r asse n o san
stone ; l a so pi f th
so m e h lly li
e ce s to hi w y t
e sam e s e m e s o ne o n s a o
Ch d an co o r
y d t
, B
an h i A
on t L w o h tia nsa b l k . o an e m en ons ac
l ty li d ly i g h d il i l il d
”
s a t m es o ne un e r d th t i t i t b f
n t e uv a so , an a s o e ou n
on th i M h
e r ve r ddi ad t Bli gh
anu ly l t ; an d d by d
a e a ur c a s a e succe e e re
di hs dt wh
san s o ne , h k th e re k th g l gi l tiq i ty
e m a es e re m ar on e eo o ca an u
of th k l dy q t d Th i d t
e se roc s a re a t d d
uo e t J
. s san s o ne e x e n e on o ora
D i d i th Sil p
ev ; an n e lit l b y d h
m an w ass a d te e on , e sa san sto ne
c ong l t i
om e ra e di t l y f ll w
m m e d by th a e l y l t o d h ol ly e e c a sa e an s e
m ra a rna p p s a n m
' '
c v sr a m s F O RM AT O N . I 2 79
Th h en l d t f ll w d by th l
t e usua sa n s one , l y l t At o o e e ca care ous c a s a e.
“
L i d h
a n urra dt pp d t b th p ili g k d t th
san s o ne a e are o e e re v a n roc , an a e
t p f th p l y l t I th b d
”
o o th l e ass e ca care o usf th ll h c a s a e . n e e s o e nu a s,
l y l t
c a d th
s a e d t wh i h i g
un e r lly p k i g th l w
e san s one , c s, e ne ra s ea n , e o er
m ost k At C d h d t b th wh i h i l y l t
roc . o r e ona , san s one , e ne a c s c a s a e.
Th ft p i g
e n, a er dt g l
ass n t h t
ov e r t I san s one c on om e ra e , e s a es cam e
on l g b dd d
ar e f g e it b t did
e t th i j
m asse s o ti with ran e, u no se e e r unc on
th g l
e c ont t f th di l i l
om e ra e , o n accou n il G i t ti d o e uv a so ; ran e c on nu e on
j p yi
as er rons to ne of all siz e s, from an i nch to a foot in di am e te r.
ve r y little ,
”—
i a an oth e r y p art of h is
j o urnals . But w h e n we o b se rv e th e c lose re se m bl anc e , b oth in nam e
and Muklcgaudy , by wh i h c th e p d
lea i ng i nto th e v alle
ass of y
Be rar from th e Nizam
’
s te rri tori e s i s calle d, and conne ct th is wi th th e
fac t th at at Hu tnoor i n th is , p ass, M alcolm son saw th e lac ustrine
lim es to ne strata ri ch l y ch ar e d
g wi th w h a t h e th e n conce iv e d to be
sh e lls o f Os tr e a and Cardi n,
”
b ut w h i c h afte rwar s dp rov e d to be Uni o
”—
De cca nem is , & c . rest ng on i re ddish g rani te , th at w h ic h se e m e d to
be h o pl
e e ss o f e x pl anati on a pp e ars to b e p e rfe c tl yi nte lligi bl e , and th e
ide nt i ty i n nam e and
g e ologi c al form ati on co m pl t e e. Wh e n , also, we
re aso n to b li
e e ve , from th e nature o f th e cou ntr y , th at h e carri e d i t
th ro u gh th e M u kle gandy p d th t V y y wh
ass, an a o se , o w as attach e d to
h is su rv e y , h ad th e n pl ty f pp t iti wh i h h
en o o or un es, c e ne v e r allowe dt o
36
2 80 o s o no c v or w o rn .
[J A N .
L bt d d H
am on ie at i ngan Gh au t, on h is way fro m e ra a to Nag Hyd b d
p i J y
o re n anuar 1 8 23, and V oy se y le ft th e latte r lace or i ts vi c ini t p y
f C l tt i
or F b y 1 8 24 b t h t t
a cu a n e ru ar u e s a es in hi sR p t f h e or o t e
G l gy f Hyd b d th t h h d i th t p f M d
”
eo o o h e ra a , a e a se e n s e lls n e ra o e
d h d i th w k f Sh i li g p h
con a , an n e ac en o va n a a and i n h is acc ou nt o f
th at h e c om m u ni ca te di J n une 1 8 1 9, as h as b e fo re b ttdi
een s a e , n a re p o rt
S h i valingap ah . d
Again, i t is e vi e nt, from th e c oncludi ng art of h is p
pp a er on th ose o f Gw ailgh ur, th at h e h ad se e n f re sh wate r sh e lls
co nclusi on th at V e se y y ’
e li m estone strata w ith o ste r sh e lls at y Dooroog,
and th e oth e r pl ac e s m e ntio ne d on h is way to Su m b ulp ore , were p arts
M iagla h C ondos and M uh ley a ndy are alm ost u ndo ub te dly th e adj e c ti ve !fo rm s
of di ao M ugh u l, v i z M ugh u li or ai ls» M ugh u li y a and C om i cs or Ga ndy
.
C o lu m nar basalt
ltnb b ly b asalt
C ry stalli ne tra ve rti n
F ri a ble calcare o ns stoue
Tra v e rti n
F ri ab le i ro n clay
S o li d basa lt
Fri ab le basalt
nodular as pp h th t ti
it a roacd th es i e rav e r n, an a t b l e ow , as s com
m ou ly th pp tly p i g i h l t h gh t iti y
e c as e , a are n ass n nto t e at e r t rou a rans onar
fe rru
gi l y N
no us c a g i i
. w i th t ti
o o r an c re m a ns e re se e n n e rav e r n .
Th f ll w i g d
e o ip i
o f h
n l t t i
e scr th R j h l h ill
t on o t e c oa s ra a n e a m a a s,
wh i h h c b gi by D M C l ll d i p i i lly pl d h
as e en ven r .
’
e an , s rov s ona ace e re ,
b i
e cau se t th t pp
t re s s on ff i e ra e an e us ons
Rj h lC l F i a m a a oa orm at o n .
Th i i t f th i b d f
s c o ns s s l h l o l y i t n de d s o c oa , s a e , c a - ro ns o ne , an san
t
s o ne , f i g h o rmpp b d f l f ti
n t e u i ger e s o co a orm a on, re st n o n e norm ou s
bd fe s o d y p
secon ar tra .
Th pp
“
e se a w i d w ith g
e aranc e s t t Me re i i e x am ne re a care a uss n a,
Dh om a rip o re, Talde e , K otty c oon, and Dub rajp o re ; and fou nd to b e
e ve r y wh e re so m u ch ali k e , as to le a ve i t i n c o nsi de ra bl e b
dou t w h e th e r
th e yd o no t all re fe r to o ne a nd th e sa m e se t o f s trata, a pp e ari ng at
th e re fore , to conclu d e, k bl b d
th at if good w or a e e s o f c oal e x iste d, th e y
w ou ld b e som e wh e re b rou h t to vi e w am i dst so m u ch local i stur ance
g d b .
m i cace ous d
san sto ne , i m b e dde d i n a se m i-vi trifie d and v e si c ular m atri x .
Th e se ri d e s
g are w i th ou t an
y signs of s tra tification, e x ce p t w h e re
p ortion of th e i r d li i i
ec v t e s, as we ll as all th e low e r and i nte rm e di a te
ri dge s, a re c om p d ih
ose e t e r e nti re l y o f am ygd l id t p
a o ra , c o ntai nin
g
282 o s O Lo o v or I ND I A .
[J A N .
zeoli tes and ca lce d y on , o r alte re d coal m e asure sandstone and sh ale ,
“
Th e se c oal m e asu re s w o ul d pp a e ar to h av e b een th e obj e ct of
re p d
e ate and frui tle ss atte m p ts on th e p art o f coal fin d e rs, to dis co v e r
w or k bl
a e se am s .
But su ch is th e de v e lo p m e nt o f se con ar
gh d y t p th
o u t th is ra rou
di t i t
s rc , th at no h o e s p c an be h e ld out of any use ful re sults from
s u ch tri als .
“
Th i s re m ar k is onl y i nte nde d to a pply to th at p tior on of th e
Ra j m ah al h ills w h i ch h as b e e n e xam i ne d by th e surv e y lyi
, ng sou th
Th e c om p d u te se c ti on of th e se c oal strata
gi b
v e s a ou t th re e ti m es as
m u ch fine and coa rse , m ore or le ss m icace ous sandsto ne and conglom e
i n th e distri c t .
a nd i nv ade d by am ygd l id l t p
a o a ra .
”
In s p ki
ea ng of th e ygd l id
am a o and com m on tra p of th e Ra j m ah al
h ills, h e state s
a a m a na n C O A L F O RM AT O N I . 283
localit y .
”
y
O v e rl ing th e am ygd l id i a o s h is “
com m on tra p , wh ich is av e si
c ular, and o f th i s h e o b se rv e s
ce rtain
g y i h d b l
rei h s an u s -w h i te i ndu rate d cla y s, re nde re d slaty in
p lace s by th b d fl e a u n ance o e av e s o f pl ants th e y c o ntai n. Th e se c la ys
h av e b lt d by th
een a e re e c on tig i ty u of tra p Th y w
. e e re o ri
g i na lly
stratifie d, bu t now e x is t in th e form of h ar d b k,
ro e n, and d e tac h e d
”
p orc e llano u s m asse s .
de scri b d by D
e r . M C le lland
‘
Z a m ia I ndi ca .
—Le af long, and v ery sli gh tly tap e ri ng le afl e ts sh ort, rh om
h o i dal, o b li q ue at th e b ase se v e n ne rv e d , ne rve s c ro wde d, a nd a lte rnate ly
te rm i nati ng be fo re th e y re ac h th e ap e x o f th e le a flet .
Tazni op ter is a cc u m i na ta .
- F ro nd 2 } i nch es long, li ne ar-ob long, rounded at
0 bs .
—I h i s i s o f
' ‘
m o re rare o c c urre nce .
as [P . m i nor , M C le ll ] ‘
. of th e Burdwan fossi ls .
”
p e rh a p s, th at of th e i sland of Bom by a .
Ye t i ts ve
g e ta bl e im p re ssi ons, an d th e P oa ci tes of th e b it um i nou s
sh ale at M ussi nia b e i ng th e sam e as th at of th e Burdw an coal strata ,
Dr M C le lland
.
‘
app e ars to h av e calle d it “
I nfe ri or O oli te , fo r I
ass u m e , th at as th e Ra j m ah al C oal F orm ati on and I nfe ri o r O oli te
of M C le lland
‘
b o th re st o n th e
“
tra p ”
of th e Ra j m ah al h ills, th e y are
ls t . T
— h at in addi ti o n to re sti n
g on th e tra pp e an roc k s, th e
2 nd — . Th at th e m e nti o n o f th e latte r by V o se
y y, in conne cti on wi th
th e e x iste nc e o f diam onds i n th e M ah anu ddi w h i ch m ost p b bly
ro a
i n th e ne igh b o u rh o o d o f S augo r d N gp
an wh a th t pp ore , e re e ra ea n
Sau g o r, a li m e sto ne e x i s ts w h i ch m a
y h e re afte r rov e to p
e lo ng m ore b
to th i nte rtra e an lacu stri ne form
e pp ati o n th an to th e O olitic Se ri e s .
3r d — T
h at th e re i s a gre at si m ilari t y i n p osi ti o n, and tra ean pp
b b
.
roc k i th f
s n f e
g l t
o rm d o y g d l
con i d j t d
o m e ra e s anib am a o s, us as e sc r
e d by D M C l ll d i r.
‘
ti e wi th h
an nl f ti
c o nne c f th on t e coa o rm a on o e
an d b q su t t pp
se ue n ff i ra
y h h d
e an e i pp i i
us o ns m a g t h av e a n a ro x m at n e
b if
ca r on d p i i th l
e ro u s e t i os t t ts n fB b y e th t t f
ac us r ne s ra a o om a to e s a e o
o ld lI
c oa ig t
am noran .
4 th —Th t th
. ta f th i t t pp
e stra a l t i
O f ti e n e r ra e an acu s r ne orm a on
h av e , i yi t
n m an b lift d ns a nce s, f h i igi l p i i
ee n d e ou t o t e r or na os t on, an
som e ti di id d
m e s so
pp v i h i
e , tas i d
toifl a p t
e ar f n t n stra a, n
'
e re nts ar s o
th e t pp ra ff i e an ehi h h i
us o ns d d w l p d hc Th i
av e nv a e o r e nv e o e t em . s
is ve r y w ll i h i l d f B b y h i
e se e n n t e s an pl t t
o om a , w e re n o ne ac e a s ra u m
o ne f t th i k li
oo d 90 f t f
c e s un pp i t d
er t h 2 0
ee f t o tra e , an e n com e s ee
m o re o f h t e k b l w i t ft wh i h f ll
sam e roc e o l i b i, a er c o o w s v o c an c re c c a,
t i i g p
c on a n n i f th h
o rt o ns p t f h l ti t t Io e ot er ar s o t e ac u s r ne s ra a . n
M l l ip i f h M kl g dy p
’
a co m so n s d e sc r t on o h t t th t th
t e u e an ass, e s a es a e re
a re th t re e l di g f
e rra c e s th eait d w n d i t th
ro m ll y e su m m o nw a r s n o e va e
d di g t h fi t t
e sce n n o th f e d f g
rs t f
e rrac e , p t e o un
“
ra m en s o a com ac
bl liue t t b
m e s tone , di i g i h d f
no o h t f th
e di d
st n u s e ro m t a o e a m on
d b k
”
di t i t
s r c s, th f wh i h w
e strata h i li d o c e re m uc nc ne an ro en .
Th e n, d on di g t h
esc e n d t n h o f t d h e wh i
se c o n e rrac e , e ou n t e te
li t t t
m e s o ne s ra a c h g d wi h U i D ar e i & l t dy ti
n o e c c a ne ns s , c. a re a m en on
e d ly i g
, n
g i t ou d g i ra n l i d by
e, b an l t W h i l
a a n ov e r al asa . e we e a rn
f D M C l ll d ip i
’
d f th
’
rom r . e an l f
s i
e sc r th t on o e coa o rm at o n on e
Rj a m a h l h ill a h t hi ls, t t a t f d y
s a so re s s o n e no rm ous m asse s o se con ar
t p b i ly b k by fl
”
d th t i t h b
'
ra an a as e e n e x te ns v e t ro en u su ue n u
, p q se e
i
s ons l th t th
a so p ll
a e re are f i d t d l y
o rc e i g
a no us m as se s o n u ra e c a s re s t n
on th e ly i g t p
ov e r f th n h ill hi h
ra oi f il f h
e se s, w c c o nta n oss s o t e
I f i O liti H f th
n e r or o c. ti th t i e p t h l
ur er m e n o ns, a n one ar , t e c oa
t lly b d f h bl d l t
“ ”
t t
s ra a re s t h i or z on a on e s o o rn en e s a e .
5ih — L tly th t th i t t pp l t i t t i B b y
. as , a e n e r ra e an ac us r ne s ra a n om a
t i
con a n s ra t ggli g p i f h ll w
n i l e ce s o i o o v e s c u ar sc or se .
i
scor m i di t th t th i d p i
n t l
ca es t w a s e os t, a e as , as go i n g on du ri ng th e
t ppra p i d th t g lly h l t i
e an er o ; a e ne ra , t e se ac u s r ne de p osi ts i n th e D e c can,
wh th y
e re ted wi th th
e t pp
are conne c e ra ean e ff usio ns, li e u nde r a
cappi g f b lt d th t th y h
n o ll
asa , an a e ave a m ore or less b ee n raise d
from th i igi l p iti by th i t l ti
e r or na os on e n erca a on of am ygd l id a o .
28 6 G EO LO GY OF I ND I A .
[J A N .
X .
V O L C A N I C Ro c x s .
Th e se cond se ri e s o f tra pp e an e fli ’
us ons i nclu de s all th ose wh i ch
h ave ta k pl
en ace in I ndia si nce th e e le v ation of th e Gh auts .
S ub se q ue nt to th e b ki
re a ng u p of th e tra pp e anpl i d th
a ns, an e
dis tance from i t, all o f w h ich now assu m e th e form of low b ills or
I n th e i slan d fB b y
o om a th e y consi st o f trap p i te , am ygd l id d a o , an
or le ss of th e i t t pp
n e r ra e an lacustrine strata, or o f oth e r roc k Th s . e
fo rm e d of th e
“
diam on d sandstone and a se m i-v i tri fie d ro c k wh i h
, c
a re d w ac e , k ”
m u ch re se m b li ng i t, wh i c h c onsti tute s p t ar of th e m ou n
d
no u le s o f b asalt, w h ich b oun s d th e so u th -e aste rn b orde r O f th e gre at
tra pp e an di t i t b
s r c e tw e e n th e Bh im a and th e Ki stnah , and ov e rli e s in
i ts o u ts ki tr s th e j
ad oi ni n
gg rani ti c roc k s and li m e stone o f th e O oli ti c
Se ri e s . M an y o th e r i nstanc e s of th i s e ffusion no dou t b e x is t in o th e r
Tr ap p i te *
— Th e ch arac te rs o f th is kh av e alre a dy b e en i v e n,
. roc
g
a nd all th at Ih av e to add h e re i s, th at a be d of it e x i sts i n th e islan d
of Bo m bya , from 0 to 1 5 0 fe e t i n th ic k ne ss, th e u pp e r su rface o f w h i ch
fi
.
,
u nti l it
m ay be m ore sati sfactori ly de m onstrated th at i t i s rea lly a p art of th e o ve rly i ng
b asalt .
A M Y G DA LO I D . 28 7
w h ich is on ly from 1 to 2 f t i th i k
ee O n c ne ss . ne ri d e or
g dyk e of
th is tra p i te
p p re se nts h
t e p li i y f b i g
e cu ar t o e n m o ttle d w i th dar k er
th e fo rm o f a c o n lo m e ra e o
g t f b ll lik u e t- e m asse s, of diffe re nt size s,
from w h ich Ih av e te rm e d i t O b i l D i it r cu ar or e
”
it sh ou ld b e calle d
b
O r ic ula r Trap p ite .
”
of lau m o ni te , ca lc s p ar and
qu artz in i ts c a v itie s . In som e p arts a ll
b k ro en th e m u
p i nto m asse s, w h i ch now lie i m b e dde d i n i ts structure ,
or i n th e fo rm o f ch e rt and j p
as e r, tw is te d and c o ntorte d in all di re c
tio ns and stre w e d a bo u t i ts de c o m p os i ng surfac e . In colo ur it v ari e s
Wh i T p d i h q i h i t i l
te ra ,
”
an n t e i l
u arr e s p w e re s e ast v e s c u ar, re se nts
a pi i lr s m at c, t c o u m nar li k h t f h bl k b
s ructu re , lt I e t a o t e ac asa . n
m an y p i t i i p g d wi h l p wh i h ly b
arts s m re nate t i i bl
ca c s a r, c on e c om e s v s e
wh eni pl ts f y lli i
ane s o i
c r s ta p iti f z at o n bl f arr ve at a os on avo ura e or
re fl i g h y f ligh t d h y I h i t i pp
e ct n t e ra s o t ow a r s t e e e . n t s s ate t a e ars
to f o rm p ili ( B g i ) Th ligh l h w di pp
s te ro n u art , e t c o o ur, o e ve r, sa e a rs o n
d e sce ndi g d f
n , f w f
an a pte r a i t bl e wh h
e e t, k asse s n o ue , en t e ro c
a pp h h froac es f t ppi t b
t e o rm ppo rab e, p t d ut a e ars to e m o re co m ac an
le ss y lli Th l p i
c r sta ne . e i i
ca c s i ar i s isom e t m e s n v e ns, som e t m e s n
sm a ll y t lli
cr s a f ne i gp m asse s f th k lik th th i g
orm n art o e ro c e e o er n re
di t d
e n s , an i diff d h
so m e t m e s
g h i t b tuse ly b
t ro u i g ou t s su s anc e , on e co m n
i ibl i
v s e h w y b
n t e t da i hi f
a ove s ta e i y h ; bl
n t s o rm t ve r m uc re se m es
diff d gl y f l p
use ass Th yg
e sd l
ar id i. t i d
e i t
am h i ll li k a o s no ra se n o s, e
th e t ppi
ra h I di i ly e i
te , nor av e ly i g th l t
s t nc t th g h
se n t ove r n e at e r, ou
i pp
t a e arsb to b q t ff ie a su se ue n e us on .
V l i B
o ca n c i — Th i wh i h i
re cc a . h i l d s,f B b y c d S l n t e s an s o om a an a
t p
se t e ll h
re se nts h ta th t h
t e t w t
c dd
arac e rs p ii a ea , a e r, an e c om os t on
can
g i tve ff i
o an e f th k i d i
us on o p d f e g l f n g , s c om ose o an u ar ra m e nts
f d t
o san s o ne an d d g l t
san sto ne con g ill h l y g d l
om e ra e , ari d aceou s s a e , am a o ,
b lt di i t d g i ti k t wh i h y b dd d f g t
asa , or e , an ran c roc s, o c m a e a e ra m e n s
37
288 O RO Lo o x or m e n .
[J A N .
lar, or c av e rnous, are nace o-argi llaceo us, loose b ase ; so lid, u nstrati fie d,
som e ti m e s p p
se u do- ri sm ati c of a re d, bl ue ,
g re y bl k l
, or ac co our ;
p assi n
g i
, n d e co m o s i tio n, fro m p
th e as e o u s, ac , o m o e ne o us j p id bl k h g
form y
i nto a fi ne re d cla ; and fro m th e loose , are nace o-argillace ou s,
re d state into a sub-granu la r, re d, san dy e arth ; in b oth i nstance s losi ng
all traces of i ts ori ginal com p p
osi tion .i g ll Th e re aso n o f i ts osse ss n a
th e seh c t i th t i t
arac e rs i t i th i l d f B b y i th
s a ex s s n t t e s an o om a n e s a e
o f b a i d i th t f
rec c a, an bl k j pid b l i k with ll
n a o a ac as e ous as a t c roc , a
th i t e di t
n e rm e i ti dd
a e v ar e p i i p li t ith
e s an e com os t ons ecu ar o e er .
A p e rson m a
y w lk f h d ah ill w h romi t i it e re l f i b ls, e re s n a oose , r a e,
l t iti t t t h b l k h ill w h
a er c s a e, o t e it i i ac j p id s, p ig
e re s n a as eous o ne , ass n
o ve r pl i f it wh i h g d lly b i g
a a n o , c , ra d ua p e co m n m o re an m o re com ac t,
a t l gh en t d k l
assu m e s a d fi lly l i g ll h t
ar e r co ou r, an
g na , os n a e e ro e ne ous
c om p ii os d i bl k j p id
t on, e n s n a h ac
g , as O eou s, h i om o e ne ous m ass . n s
w y t
a , h oo,w ill p e p t f h ass f wh
ov e r ar sh i h o t e su r ace e re t e re s t e
p lyg l di i i
o ona t
v s on c om m onk wh i h h b i o roc i fli d
s c av e e en n a se m - u
t t
s a e, d h an th f g e re t f wh i h th
e ra ki
m en s o p d c t e roc s co m ose are m os
id t d t ik i g w h il th fli i p d th
'
ev en an s r n e e sam e e us o n, n som e arts un e r e
t p pi ti
ra t wh
c cru s it h , b e re ti lly p dt i t i
as e e n c on nua ex ose o m o s ure , s
th h
rou
g t f ou f t h
o y a soi t , c T h f i
ees b l ti l
cons s e nce t t f t h i
. e r a e se c e s a e o s
b i wh it f
re cc a, e reth d h ill i th
orm s ly p t whe re th f gs, s e on ar e re e ra
t
m en s o f th k e t i d i
roc it s t i con a ne
y t f th ni ig i l
re a n an race o e r or na
t t
s ru c ure d pp an a d h
e arance , th wh l han eve nd g e re e o e as un e r o ne
s uc h lt ati h t i h d
e ra on, t ll p t y i ld q lly t h
a n ar ne ss, a t i g ar s e e ua o t e cu t n
i t
ns ru m e n s t wh i h d t f hi
c are i t i t bl k f
u se o as hi ont l n o oc s or arc te c ura
p p ur ose s S ill th
. t t t f e g l
s ruc u re y b o d ta t dco ni o m e rate m a e e ec e n
m an y f th f g t th gh h i h dly
o ese ra m e n s, t t
ou t h
s ar am o u n s o m ore t an
th d d iti d bl k f gi
e rou n e c av e s an h ll f th g ac e rru lly p bbl nou s s e s o e rav e e es
w h i h th y f
c e ly t i d
o rm e r w h il h con a nei l f th f g e t e v ar ou s c o ours o e ra
m e nts, i d p bl k
v z. ee d h l t b i k
ac , red i l t lil
, c oc o a e , g y d
rc -re
, v o e , ac, re , an
i g d wi h p k
v ar e ate pt
t s ect k f i b Of h h
s, s o s, o r s re a s o one n a ase t e o t e r,
t g h
o et i h
er w t l t i
a zonu ar arran e m e n
g b h t i k i g n som e , e ar su c a s r n
re se m bl t th l ance o f th fi e co ours o
g ill d t e d
ne ar th i ace o us san s one s an e r
d l f th O liti S i th t d bt h dly b t t i d
no u e s o e o c e r e s, a no ou , ar , c an e e n e r a ne
o f th i h i g b l g d t th l tt
e r av n e on e o e a e r.
A fi t I th
t rs g h t t h y ou t h fe t h
m us i t t pp
av e com e rom e n e r ra e an
l i
acus tr ne f ti f I k w li ttl th
orm a on, orf h h ne t f th e den o t e c arac e rs o e san
t
s o ne s a n d h l f th O liti S i
s a es o h w th y w
e o c i t t d with
e r e s, or o e e re s ua e
re s p t t th t pp ff i
ec o e ra Bt ie an e I b g t fl t th
us ons . u s nce e an o re ec on e
t t f th
e x en o l i b
e i i th
vo can c igh b h d fB b y
re cc a n e ned our oo o om a , an
VO LC A N I C a ns c c u . 28 9
re m e m b d th
e re at th e wh ole of th e trap pi ti c and b asaltic crusts of th e
i sland are p b bly d l id by i t th t it f
m ost ro a un er a a o rm s all th e h ills on th e
north t p t f h il d
e as e rn f wh i h
ar o t e s an , som e o c are 1 30 fe e t h igh ; th at
it l fa so g t p t f
orm s a h t i i t
re ah ar o t e m o u n a ns n e island Of Salse tte , and
t d t it
ex en s h t
o i y s ki g i
no rt e rn e x re m t , m a n n all a tract north and
th
so u f 28 il o d p b b ly g t d l l
m e s, an ro a a re a ea onge r, Ih av e natu rall y
co m e to th e co nclusion th at th e lac us trine fo rm ati on could not h av e
su ppli d e all th e fragm e nts i n th is gre at m ass , and th at th e i r g i n ori
c alce do n y or agate .
L ly
a st , th e re is a n e ff usi on, w h i ch h as all th e a pp e aranc e o f an O ld
o nl y se e n a fe w s p e ci m e ns o f th is, Of a bl ue co lo u r, wh i ch w e re pi k d
c e
u b
p y Dr . Lih
e t in th e island of Salse tte , wh e re th e yw e re m en di g n
l
v o c an c e i ffusi ons th at h as com e u n e r m d y noti ce i n th e ne igh b ou rh oo d
of th e island o f Bo m by
a .
or i gi l t
na t l t y
s ruc u re , e e m e n ar p ii d pp co m th th
os t on, an a e aranc e , an ose
i h
n t e v o c an cl i b i f B b y y t l g
re cc a o g lom f ag t f e a ar e an u ar ra m e n o a
g ran i i t k
c ro c f d by , D L
o un i h i th t ir i . y pe t f h n l e rans t onar art o t e vo
can c i b i
re c c a f h b l k j p id
o t e h ill
ac ill i
as i i gi l
e o us s, st re ta ns ts or na
wh i te ne ss, an d i d i t i t igh t v n pl
ca e s g
s r k w h i h
to h aw ace a m on roc s, c , o
e v e r ne ar th f e f th g
s u r ac e t t pp o di t i i th i l d f
e re a ra e an s r ct n e s an o
B b y
om a , tf
a re no d i f h o un d d f il on tll or d u n re s O m es a rou n .
h f h g l gy f h B b y I l d D Th ”
I hi k
n ss e tc o t e eo o O t e om a s an s r . o m s on
se e m s t h o ppli d th
av e a f p ph y y
e h
e nam e o l i b i or b r to t e v o c an c re c c a ut
Ih av e se e n n o ne o f it h i h i th i wpp ll ti th gh I h ld
c m er ts s a e a o n, ou s ou
i
m e nt o n, h t p ig
at o n c o m bl k f d p p h y y h w
ar n som e oc s o re or r t at e re
b gh f J idd h wi h th d p d d b i f th h ill t
ro u t rom a t e e com ose re rec c a o e s a
th e no rt h t -e as e rnt ity f th i l d f B b y
e x re m O d f th e i
s an o om a , an o o e rs n
S l t
a se th tw
te , pp t b id ti l b t f th d p i i f
e o a e ar o e en ca , u or e e c om os t on o
th l t
e a te r Th . p dp e c om h h
ac t re
g t h i h d i
as te , it d
ro u ou w c a re sse m nate
sm a ll wh i t
,
ll d fi d y
e, we l
- e ff lp ne wi h h c r s ta s o d th f g
e s ar, t e re an e re ra
m e nts f o h ot k i h A b i p ph y y ( P p l y tiq
e r ro c s, n t e ra an or r , or l re a n ue,
B g i t ) pp t fi d h i
ro n u ar , a e ar o p t i i h dl
n t e r e x ac t re re se n at v e s n t e re , oose ,
wh i te p s k ec d ps t an p s di t th
o s c o rre s
g f l p d i ton f g n o e e s a r, an s ra m e nts
o f tho k
e r ro c ll f wh i h
s, a o ly t w t g c l
se e m lid i
m e re o an e ne ra c onso a t on
an d y t lli
cr s a i zat k th wh l
on - to m a e id i l w ith th p p h y y
e o e m ass e nt c a e ro r
fro m Jidd h a .
I n t hi i f t pp
s se r e s o ff i ra f h li t p
e an e d j p
us ons, m asse s o e o ro e an as er
a p p e a r no t t b o A l
e u nc o m m on .
g b l k f h f w ar e t oc o t e o rm e r as m e
w t i h i t n lli g f
unne th B b y il d h gh l w t pp
n or e om a ra ro a t rou a o ra e an
r i dg e on th i l d
e m a n an pp it h t w f T , O os Th h li
e t e p o n o anna . e e o tro e
31 1 0 0 s A N D F LI OC RN R F O RM ATIO NB . 2 91
( F u ll
j a m es
) . Th e h e liotro p e an dj p as f er o th e tra pp e an e ff usi o ns ge ne
se di m e ntar y k wi th wh i h th ig
roc c e ne ou s one s h ave co m e in contac t, o r
h ave e nv e o l p d wh i
e i flid en n a se m - u or i nc ande sce nt state .
M I O C EN E AN D PLI O C E N E F o R M ATI O N s .
w h ic h m a
y h ave b e e n conte m p orane o us w ith th e se fo rm ati o ns ; no r, in
th e p re se nt state of our k no w le dge , is i t p ib l
oss e to do o th e rw is e
at th e sa m e ti m e it m ust be o b v i o us , th at h o we v e r m u ch th e i r
se rie s to w h i ch th e y p p ly b lro er e on
g .
th e se , also , ac c ordin
g to th e i r ge o lo ic al a e s, th e
g g sam e im p ib ili y
o ss t of
d oin
g so w i th ou t a n ac
q uai nta nc e w i th th e i r re s p e c tiv e o rgani c re m ai ns
fo rm atio ns in I di y f w f th
n a, v e r e o e ir foss ils h ave b ee n de sc ri b ed an d
w h ile th is arise s f i y i th
ro m scarc t n e latte r, i t, p e rh a p s, aris e s so m e wh a t
fro m th e ir b
a undance i n th e form e r, w h ich , w ith th e i r fre sh ne ss i n
a pp earance , re n e rs d th e m so m u c h li k e th e sh e lls now o n th e se a sh o re ,
2 92 G RO Lo o v or I ND I A .
[J A N .
th is i m p re ssi on i s li k ly t
e o re m ain so lo ng as we are u nac
q u ainte d wi th
th e gre at th ic ne ss of th e i rk s trata, and th e gre at and e x te nsi ve ch an e s
g
wh ich th e
’
e arth s su rface h as d
u n e rgone si nce th e m ost re ce nt of th e m
w e re de p osi te d. But wh e n th is i s k now n to u s , th e ir anti
q ui t yb eco m e s
e re nt
dp e osits, wh ich bf d l
e o re se e m e so use e ss and uni m p ortant . I d d it
n ee ,
m atte rs little a b t th f h
ou f h e re s ne ss o s e lls, o r th e i r re se m bl t anc e o
s p e ci e s o f th e p t d y k wl dg
re se n a a no e e of th ose w h ich ac u a t lly i t ex s
on th e c oas t h ti b d
t a d by th f
s o r e re e se orm ati ons is as in di p
s ble nsa e
of th e glo e b .
W i th th is sh ort i ntroduc tion to th e m ioce ne and pli oce ne form ati ons,
w h ich h av e b e en pl d t g th
ace o e e r, at p re se nt, for want o f d ata to divi e d
th e m satis fac tor ily l t
, ed us e n e av ou r, by th e aid of th e scantyk w no
and re se m bl p ll l b tw th i diff
ance s, to d raw ara e s e ee n e r e re n t d p it ie os s n
diff tl li i
e re n d th
oca by t bli h i g th i t p
t e s, an us, es a s n e r c on e m oraneousne ss,
g p
routh d p l emt h pan i i lly i th
ac e di i i f
em th g rov s ona n e v s ons o e eo
l gi l
o cai t wh i h h y
se r e s pp t b l g I d i g wh i h i
o c t e a e ar o e on . n o n c , n
th p e t t t
re se n f k wl dg it will b
s a e o ou r yt g by d
no e e, e ne ce ssar o o e on
th p e i b d li it f th t
re sc r e tp p m df so id ti dt
e d
rac ro ose o r co ns e ra on, an o e x te n
b ti f
o ur O se rv a p i t th f ti
ons, or com h w t id
ar son, o e se orm a ons on t e e s e rn s e
of th I d e d th h
n u s an f A b i wh i h e s tt W t
ore s o ra a c are ne are s o e s e rn
I din a .
th e S ou th -e ast C oas t of b
Ara ia, wh e re th e re h ave b e e n no ri v e rs o f any
’
co ralli ne li m e s tone .
”
Th e form er con a nst i yt o s e rs ne ar Ey e raio .
Th ese de p osi ts b
a u t agai nst th e nu m m u li ti b d
c b t th i
e s
”
u e r th i c ne ss k
is not m e ntione d .
b e e n e ngage d in surv e yi g th
n e We ste rn C oast of K atty awar, th at th e
w h ole of th is coas t is cli fl
l e ss, and raise db ut a fe w fe e t a b ove th e le v e l
o f th e se a, w h ich ( by th p i )e s e c m e ns th rough ou t, b k p re a s u on a co m
p ac t,
g ri tt y li m t
e s o ne o f y ll wi h a e o s colo ur, raise d h e re and th e re , a
t b l k i dly b
s a e g h tn i h f l d
rou i p ti f th
m e,p l f w t c are u e sc r ons o e a ce s rom
wh i h h y w
c t k
t e it id ly p
e re a th e n, h ev e nt osse sse s e sam e c arac te rs as
th e p t l
com ack f th i ca c are o us d p it h S
roc h o e m oce ne e os s on t e ou t
t
e as e rn C f A bi oastd th f o i p b bly i dra i l i f
a, an , e re o re , s ro a e nt ca n or
i
m at on wi th i t d th t f C h B t it i
an ly th
a o t f ntc . u s on on e c oas o
A bi h t I h
ra a th d a g d i w f th
av e i f tia f awh i h thoo v e o s orm a o n, rom c e
f ll wi g
o o ti nf b dww d w
se c on, ro m f lly ak ove o n ar s, as care u ta e n
C o c t c oarse li m e s to ne o f a re d d i s h -w h i te c o lo u r , c h i e fl
m
p a , , y
ve l from th e o lde r li m estone of th e ne i gh b o u r
c om po se d o f gr a
h oo d, i n an g
ar i llace o -calcare o ns ce m e nt
cem e nt W .
li m estone ce m e nt .
C oarse , co m p ac t li m es to ne o f a s m o y
-b ro w n,
co lo ur
, k c o nta i ni ng
m o re o r le ss of th e ne i gh b o u ri ng ro c ks i n th e sta te o f ro u nde d
b
Ara ia, resti ng on th e b as e of th e sc ar p e d ta le - b
land wh i ch h e re slo p es
i nto th e se a . y
I ts strata di p sligh tl to war s th e latte r, and th rough ou t d
i t is pp d by
ca e th e p
li oce ne form ation, wh i ch will h e rea fte r be
de scr ib d e .
2 94 L
G EO O GY o r 1 1 m m .
[Ju n
Grant s Ge olog
’
y of C ntch .
”
But ne ar th e v illa
ge o f Tka ah , i n th e
u pp p er art o f th e c li fl p b bly
’
, ro a pp
i n th e u e r stratu m of th e b
a ove
th e cli fl'
th an to th e Nu m m u li i S i
tc L ly e r es . as t , th e occ u rre nc e o f num b e rs o f
th e q ue s tion at re st, in m
y o wn m i d n p ig
, re s e ct n th e form ati o n to
wh ich th e stratum on th e Ara ia n b coas t c o ntai nin
g th e se fossils bl e on s,
g
v iz . to th e m ioce ne , a nd not to th e nu m m uli t c i de p osi ts .
of th e olde r li m e stone ro c k s ( wh i c h h e re a nd
g th e re form a re at p art
of th is dp e osi t ) yi ldi
e ng to th e fre tti ng and issolving ac ti on of th ed
wav e s, and th us le av i ng th e ce m e nt w h i ch h e l d
th e m toge th e r in th e
p e c ulia r form m e nti one d . But to wh a te ve r cause i t is to b e attri b ute d,
in duce s p
th is e c ulia ri t y .
Sowe r by
C ly p ea ster oblongas . C . sc u t if
orm is Lam .
—
) Ob long, sub -p e ntagonal,
Th i s di fls f o
’
Le ngth 2 § li ne s , w i dth 35 li ne s .
H i st Na t
. . v o l. v .
p . b u t w i de r , and m o re b e nt .
-
Th i s be longs to th e s a m e fam i ly o f Ve nus as V cor bis , and V p uerp e r a , and i s . .
Ve nus non-scrip ta .
— Transve rsely oval, conve x , sm ooth , co nce ntri c a lly
undulated ; lune tte e longated, p oi nte d, concave beaks near th e ante ri or e x trem i ty .
38
2 96 e no no o r or m o re .
[J a s .
asp ec t of a Venus .
to be i de nti cal w i th i t .
C a r di u m tr iform e .
—orb i c u lar , ve ntri co se , longi tudi na lly s tri ate d ante ri o r
A rea m di a ta .
—Trans ve rse ly e lo ngate d, o b li q ue , rath e r co nve x , radi a te d
A re a tor tuosa ? ( Li nn .
) —Th i s i s o nly a fragm e nt, and wh at th ere i s w e m s to
“
i n form th is P ecte n a p p roac h e s to P . va ri a ns , b ut i n th e structure of th e
p art i p 2 l9 ; C u v
. . . a nd Brong . Env de Paris, 38 3, t 3, f 5 ; P odap s is p ry
. . .
p h a m d
'
Os trea a ngula ta .
— S ub -o rb i cular, arch ed, com p re sse d , p lai ted p lai ts angu lar,
num e rous , b ranc h e d to wards th e m argi n ; la m i na o f i ncre ase regu lar, di stant,
rai se d at th e i r e dges . Le ngth ab o u t 1} i nc h , w i dth th e sam e .
Os trea fl a be llulm n . ( M . C . t 2 5 3 ; La m
.
—Th e
. Hi st Nat . . vo l. v i .
p art i p 215
. .
O strea li ngua .
— M u ch e longate d, s m o o th , ap p roach i ng to e ve n up p e r v alv e
li k e 0 . te ne ra , ( M C t 2 5 2 ,
f
. 2 a nd y e
. t i n th e.de p th o f th e a tta c h e.d v alv e i t
0 M ea dsi , ( M C t 25 2 , f l and b ut i s not wave d li k e th a t
‘
ap p ro ach es to . . . . . .
H e i gh t 2 i nc h e s di am . e te r 1 3 i nc h . A ve ry dis ti nc t s pec i e s .
He i gh t and di am e te r g i nc h .
S ola ri u m fl
« i rts — C o nvex ab o ve , fl attish b e ne ath , m ar e d k wi th di ve rgi ng
stri m on b o th si de s ; w h orls 4 or 5 , w i th a de fl e c ted e nti re ca ri na, abo ve wh i c h
a re f urrows , p lace d
4 at ne arly e q ual di stance s , and be low , 2 furrows near th e
cari na, and 2 ne a r th e um b i li c us , wh i ch i s large , w i th a cre nate d e dge . Diam e te r
w h at rese m b les .
Troch us cogna tus . — C oni cal, wi th strai gh t si des wh o rls num erous orna m e nt
ed wi th se ve ral ro ws o f granules ,
w h i c h som e ti m es ( es pe ci a lly to wards th e ap e x )
T e r sb ra r st ic ula ta .
—S ub ulate ; si des o f th e w h orls flt a , canc e lla te d a narro w
I n so m e s p ec i m ens th e trans ve rse o r sp i ral li nes are less consp i cuo us, p arti en
li ne s , di am e te r ab o u t 8 li nes .
num e ro us , arch ed, and p rom i ne nt, c rosse d by dee p s tri aa ; wh o rls 8 o r m ore ,
ra th e r c o nve x , w i th a di s ti nc t v ari x u p o n e a ch .
F us e s m
a m on i a — S h o rt, fus i fo rm ,
ribb e d ; rib s a bo ut 12 u p on e ach w h o rl,
di vide d i nto grai ns b y 6 o r 7 tra ns ve rse ri dge s : c o nve x ; sp i re h alf th e lm gth of
F um e nod u losus .
— F us i fo rm . e lo ngate d, ri b b e d , and stro ngly s tri ate d ; ri bs
R os te lla ri a ( Hi st Nat
' '
r ec ti ros tri s . La m . . .
p v ol. v i i . .
- l h e e longate d
form i nduced us to re fe r th i s fo ssi l to th e re ce nt R rec ti ros tris , i n p re fe re nce to
.
any o th e r s pe c i e s .
S tr o m b us dep crdi t us — Turb i na te , tub e rc u late d , and transve rse ly stri ated ;
.
tube rc les uni te d by a sli gh t c ari ua , grad ua lly i nc reas i ng i n s i z e ; li p th i cke ned ,
C assie ( . Cg
/p r o ce ed s , S tutc h b ury )— S c ulp ta o vate , transve rse ly sulcated ;
.
di a m e te r . re se m rtacassi s,
Bucc . Testiculus , Li nn .
) b ut sm ooth e r, and w i th a narro we r a pe rture .
Tur b i ne llus q i m fl ’
s .
— S ub -fusi form
, s we lle d i n th e m i ddle ; ornam ente d wi th
m any trans ve rse ri dge s , and a ro w of fltte ne d
a tu be rc les ne a r th e up p e r m argi n o f
V e ry nearly re la te d to T S coly m
. us b ut i t i s m ore e longate d, h as
sm alle r tub e rc le s , and 5 no t 3 p lai ts on th e colu m e lla .
fi
. .
, . . .
M i lra f usiform is .
—F usi form , p oi nte d, stri ate d ; str i ze di stant, dee p , p unctate d
suture e nti re ; c o lum e lla wi th 4 p lai ts . He i gh t 2 i nc h es , di am e te r 9 5 li ne s .
“
Th is di fls ‘
i n th e fo rm , and i n th e grea te r nu m be r of th e ri bs .
Volu ta de nta ta .
— Turb i nate , s tri ate d ; sp i re s h ort, c o ni cal, p o i nte d wh orls
c rowne d wi th tube rc les , w h i ch s u rro u nd a co nc av e s p ace ; a p e r tu re e longa te d ;
th e o ute r li
p th i c k , c re na to -de ntate d w i th i n . He igh t 1 i nc h 7 li nes , di am e te r l i nc h .
C y p rte a h u nwrosa .
— O b o va te , de pressed w i th 3 p ro tub e rances u p on th e bac k,
and one on eac h si de . Le ngth 2 i nc h es , w i dth 1 ) i nc h .
C y p n e a P ru nw n .
— O val, ve ntri cose a p e rt u re narro w, sli gh tly c urv ed, wi th
C yp r a a di gona — O vate , v entri cose , sli gh tly de p re sse d base fl atte ned on e ac h
.
a bo ve 20 . An obsc ure ly k
m ar e d spe c i es . Le ngth 1 3 li ne s , w idth 9 5 li ne s .
Terebellum obtus u m .
— O vate , m uch e longate d ; sp i re 2 or 8 wh orls, ob tuse .
b road sm oo th b and a t th e b ase , and a sli gh tly p lai ted ca llus on th e co lum e lla .
C om a bracts — S h ort , co ni c al ; sp i re flt ;
a wi th a p ro du ce d a p e x , m a r ed k
wi th 4 co nc e ntri c stri e de c ussa te d b y th e li nes o f gro w th
, b ase ornane nte d wi th
se ve ra l s m a ll, ra th e r di s tant ri dges He i gh t l } i nc h , d i a m
. e te r 1 i nc h .
C om a m i li ta r i s .
— C oni ca i , e lo nga te d , sligh tly contrac ted th e e dge to wards
flt ;
a u p pe r s urfaces of th e v o luti ons co nca ve bas e nearly sm ooth . He i gh t 1 }
i nc h , di am e te r 1 1 li ne s .
o ri gi nal co lo uri ng .
Th e p i ip l p
r nc a art of th e b
a o ve fossils cam e from th e te rtiar yd p e osi ts
at Soom row th e re st ( )
1 l c h ie fly f rom Kotra, and th e b d
or e rs o f th e
Runn .
300 o ao m ov or m nu .
[Ja m
Th e fo llowing ta le w ill b e xh b
i i t th is b tt p
e e r, p
e rh a s, th an se p arate
d ipti
e sc r ons of th is dp e os i t and i ts accom p i an m e nts, at th e diffe re nt
pl h ace s t e re in m e ntione d
C ntch .
Blue clay w i th li g
, Blue clay . wi th li g Blue clay , Blue c lay .
ni te a nd se p ta ria . 60 w i th se p
ta ri a a nd Li gni te and
Ye llo w c lay s . sand, p i e ces of a 2 29 m i ne ral re s i n
a nd c o nglo m e or m i ne ral re i-
u nli v e b ro wn
24 si n.
”
( Bo re at Gogah , e a rth
F ui lj am es . )
Blue c lay . N . 7 4 Ye llow m arl, wi th Sandy blue clay .
li gni te .
be lo w , abo undi ng
i n te rti a ry foss i ls .
H avi n
g th u s sh own th at th e e x i ste nc e of th is clayi s ge ne ral on th e
W e ste rn C oas t of I di
n a and i n Sci nde , w e h ave ne x t to p oi nt ou t i ts
c onte m orane ouane ss w i th th e c oa rse li m e sto ne o f C u tch , K atty awar,
p
and b
Ara ia, w h ich m ay be i nfe rre d from th e follo w ing fac ts
T k
l s t — h at, li e th e latte r, i t is i m m e diate l ov e rlai at u rrach e e and
. y d K
on th e c oast o f T ravanco re b
y
th e pli oc e ne dp
e osi ts w h ich w ill be
p re se ntl y de scr ib d e , wh ile , on th e o th e r h an d , i t form s th e lo w e st p art
m o uth of th e Id n us, i t, w i th th e y ll w
e o m ar l b e ne ath , lie s i m m e di ate l y
on th e num m uli tic li m e sto ne , and is agai n im m e diate l y ov e rlain by th e
”
Th i s clay h as be e n called lower i n co ntradistinc ti on to a m o re m ode rn de posi t
sam e c o nglo m e rate s, app are ntl y , w h i ch are state d by G rant to o ve rli e
e re nc e i n th e natu re of th e de p osi ts
p b by
i n th e se tw o p lace s h avi ng ro a l arise n from th e le sse r dista nce of
Soom ro w fro m th e se a, and its m u ch gre ate r dis tance from th e ndus , I
th an th e ne igh ourh oo o f B b
aboa h i ll 3r d — d
O n th e coast o f Travan . .
c ore th e bl ue ,
gillace ous,
ar
gri tt li m y e stone , w i th th e ru bbly c alca
p b d
lignite de osits and a ou n s i n foss ils th at are i e ntic al w i th th ose
, d
w h ic h illustrate th e te rti ar fo rm ati on i n Grant s
’
yGe olog of C ntch , ”
y
toge th e r with Or bi toli te s F urth e r roo f i s h ar l wanti ng to e sta
. p dy b
lish th e ide nti t y of th e se tw o fo rm ati o ns . But th e acco u nt of th e
cl iffs o n th e c oas t of T ravancore , w h ich Ge ne ral C ulle n h as ki ndlv
se nt m e , is so i nstruc tive , and s o m u ch m ore sati sfac tor y th an an
y
th i ng p bli h
u s e d on th e j
s u b e c t, th at I canno t do b tt
e er th an gi ve i t in
h is ow n w ords
Th e first w e ll I p dw
o e ne as on a late rite clifi or pit4
o n , or 5 m ile s
NE . of th e to w n of Q uilon . H av i n
g o b se rve d so m e y ll wi h
e o s b
sla s o f
dolo m i te [ g
ar i llace o us li m e sto ne at th e b as e of th e c liff o r stra nd of
th e b k ac -w a te r
, w h ich th e re su dde nl de e y p e ns to 4 0 fe e t, a nd, th e re
fo re , p re v e nte d m
y traci ng i t f urth e r do wnwar s , la i o e n d I d p se ve ral
re ntl
y p assi n
g un e r d i t, I th e n w e nt a bov e , for a b t 1 00 f t i l d
ou ee n an ,
b
a out 6 m iles, var yi ng i n alti tu e d from 40 to 60 fe e t . Below th e late ri te
is a se rie s of bd e s of v e r yb e autifull y v ari e
gate d colou re d sands an d
y
cla s, and blw e o th e m , agai n, th e b
car onac e ous cla s or sh ale s y and
fl
th e c li s attai n an alti tu e of 1 4 0 fe e t, th e re a
’
d pp e ar to b e 3 or 4
a w ll 20 f t i di
e ee t n t di f b t 1 00 y d f
am e e r, a a stance th o a ou ar s rom e
c li fl d ft
"
, an p i g th gh 2 2 f t f l it ly ( b
a er ass n ro u th ee o ate r e on e ca use e
w ll w
e h as k i h ll w)
e re sun t
n a th lig i t
o o l y cam eI h o e n e c a s. t en
su n k ll w ll b t 5 f t i di
a sm a e , a t ou id
ee f h l g
n am e e r, o n o ne s e o t e ar e o ne ,
to d t i h hi k
e e rm ne t e f th lig i t b d w h i h w
t c ne ss o p t td
e n e e , c as e ne ra e
a ft 7 f t
er ee ti g th
, m ee wi th b d f l
n en wh it d f wh i h
a e o oose , e san , rom c
h w t i
t e a er di t ly p
m m e g p a e p i d ly
s t
ru n b li
u
g t h so rap p l as o o e e eo e
t l
o 6 w ki g
e ave 0 Ihor tf
n d yt
. f
a v e no
g i o un i an race s o or an c re m a ns
i th
n lifi
ese c ny t
’
b d b d with i d i py it (wh i t ) b th i l p f
e s a oun re s n an ron r es e , o n um s o
c o ns id bl i I h
e ra e s ze l .
p f h i
av e a IO i h um i d i o t e re s n nc es n a m e te r .
Th i g t d
e v ar e l d d th t I h
a e c o ou re p k f ly i g
sa n s a av e s o en o as n
b tw th l it d lig it b d
e een e ate r e an di gly b n e f
i l e — l t
s are e x c e e n e au t u at e as
fif di ff
te e n d p f ly di i t ti t
e re nt an e r e ct It h g l y
st nc i d dn s . as s tron re m n e
m e o f wh Ih at f h d b
av e o te n e ar p t i g l gi l
, u t ne v e r se e n, e x ce n eo o ca
d wi g i th t t f Al By i th I l f Wigh t
ra n s, v z . e s ra a o um a , n e s e o .
Pl b g d g ph it i
um a o an ll th ira l e, b d i th
n sm a n sca e s, a oun n e
g i
n e ss an d g i t b thran f T e o d T i o l ly d f
ravanco re an l nne ve , an o co urse a so
in t eh l t it a er i e i h l t i g tp f i
so m e t m e s n t e at e r n re a ro us on.
Th b
e se oi f i h
se rvat o ns w i h tw i p t tf t
urn s us f wh i h
t o m or a n ac s, o c
one h b as i d i th i t
e e n m e nt o ne ,ft i y f
v z. il ( i
e e x s e nce o ) e rt ar oss s m oce ne
b l w th b l l y d lig it wh i h i l p i t d t i
e o e ue c a an n e ; hc s a so o n e ou n anot e r
p art f G o l C ll
e ne ra l t du f t h
en s
’
fi d
e t e r, by ant h i d i
ur y er c o n rm e e e nt t
o f l p i
se ve ra s f ll ll ti
e c m e ns o wh i h h
a sm a ki dly t co ec on c e n se n m e
f rom h t b d wi h th t ti y h ll f C t h fig d by S w by
e se e s, t e er ar s e s o n c ure o er
i G n ra nt s
g l
’
g y f h
eo o t p i T
o h t a p i f
ro v nce h l i . t e s e c m e ns o t e m e s one ,
t oo, wh i h G c l C ll f
e ne ra ly p u t d t th
en S i ty h
orm e r h
re se n e
g o e oc e t rou
D Bi t
r . t
u s ly b
, no th on l f h e ar l y b t i h i t i b dd d
e c o our o t e c a , u ,
w t s m e e
t ti y h ll
er ar s l e t i p
s, i
a so co n a n f lig i t i di i g it i i
ort ons o t n e, n c at n s nt m a e
co nne c t on i wi h i Th tth f ti t
. th t th i lie o t
er ac l y s, d a s m e s o ne , c a , an
lig i d li th l t i i d p i G l C ll i l f
n te , u n e r e e a er tc e os ts . e ne ra u en s a so o
o pi i th t th l t it
n on a e i t f d b i
a er e f th ld
cons s s o k f th e r s o e o e r roc s o e
ne igh b h d o ur oo d th wh l ; an b f t t d p b bly t
e o e , as e ore s a e , ro a res s on
LO W E R BLU E C LAY . 303
b
a o v e rock t w d th s t
o t i i g g i
ar s i Th i
e se a coas , co n a n n or an c rem a ns .
”
s
i w th
s or b i gb th l t i ti d p it
re m e m er n f th C
, d l
e cause e a er c e os s o e orom an e
C t wi ll p b bly b f
oas dt h b f d
ro a e h founth o av e ee n orm e as m uc rom e
d b i
e f th i
r s o igh b i g k
e r ne th l t iti d p i t f th
our n roc s as e a er c e os s o e
M l b C th
a a ar b f d f th k i th i i i ity
oas av e een orm e rom e roc s n e r v c n .
Th f ll wi g i
e o d o d ti f tw b
n th C
s a con e nse dl se c on o o ores on e orom an e
C t
oas d t M d i O t b d N b 1 8 32 (N wb ld)
, m a e a a ras n c o e r an ove m er e o
Black clay 20
Blue are naee o-calcare ous clay 12A
Grani ti c gra ve l 10
Grani te
coast north of
Ih av e alre a dy ci te d re asons f i d i g th
or cons er n e lowe r bl ue cla y
conte m p orane ous in dp e o si t wi th th e coarse calcare ous bd e s of Ara ia, b
C a tch , and Kattyawar ; and th e i d e nti t y b tw th d pe e en e e osi ts of
stri ate d
, si m ilar to th at now g rowi ng i n th e t k
a n s of Bom b y)
a in
C ntch ligni te and m ine ral re sin ; at Gogah in C am by a se p taria ; and, on
th e coas t of T rav ancore , li gnite and m ine ral re si n —wh ile on th e Coro
m an e l d C oast, th e si m ilari t y of th e bl ue cla y at Ma dras, in re lati ve
p osi ti on and
ge neral ch aracte rs, to th at on th e coast of T ravancore,
alth ou
gh it a ear s tpp
o b e unaccom p ani e d by li g i d li n te an m estone,
y e t
se e m s sufii ci e nt in i tse lf to esta lish b also th i i d tity
e r en .
39
304 L
GEO O GY O F I NDI A .
[JAN .
8
3 0 5
b 2 8
.
a
3 w 8 o m m
3 e 1 fi
5 5 3
E 5 6
s
m £ w c
e
e 3 5 a 8
? o n : - 9
e
8 a3 w 8 3 d
5
i 8
5
8
wm u n o 3 2 s
5 5
m
n
£ s a
a
m h a o
0
o 0
w3
o w
u 3
m
n e
c o o
w . n t
a o
S ? o
2 fiw f v
.
5 o a m m
u ?
o o
o
n 5
Bw 2
2 E
—
m
3 o 0 5
w3 a 3 S5
a
3 n
5 “s a 3
a
w
o
o 3
.
5 b e
3 m m o
c
a
3 « u
5 s m
u 5 o m
o
8
q fi
o
m u
o
3 a5£ t
e
m
0
hu
8 m fi 0 n
.
o
8 w 8n
o “ o
n
o 8 o z
o o
2 w
n
e
f
e
m 3 e 5 m
o 5 3 a 2
0 n fi? 6 5
.
e t
» 2
”
o ssrr s a ov s C O NGLO M BRATB. 305
F rom th is ta le , i t will be b b
o serv e d th at th e ossife rous con lom e rate
g
i n th e O m er N ddia , th e Godav e ry, J um na, and o f Scin d e, is cov e re d by
a gre at th ic k ne ss of su e rficial de p p osi ts, and h e nce , from th e great ti m e
re q ui re df or th e ir form ati on, I am incline d t pl o ace it, for th e resent, i n p
th e sam e gro u p wi h y li t
t th e d l w bl ly
coarse sh e ll m es one an o er ue c a .
A th i l d f P i
t e it i
s an p d f q t g it l y y b
o er m , s co m ose o a uar z- r , c a e ase ,
o f y ll wi h l i b ddi g d d f g t f gill
a e o s co our, m e n roun e ra m e n s o ar aceous
t t b t
s ra a, u y i d t
ne ve r anp ti f th t pp
ev enk t h t I or ons o e ra e an roc s a
h av e e d t it l w p t f g
se n ; an a t f th
s klt f t
o er ar , ra m e n s o e s e e ons o m as o
d l ph t d i d d p i f t f th l g f
o ns, e e an s, an , n ee , f s e c es o m os o e ar e r orm s o
i t
e x t nc li t g th
m am m a wi th th a, f h l i
o e d er dili ose o c e on an an croco an
re ptil Th i l
e s. id
e re bl q tity f ili ifi d w d p
s a so a cons e ra e uan o s c e oo re
se nt ll th p ti
, a f wh i h
e or f ons o Ih pp t h c , so ar as av e se e n, a ear o av e
b een h h ly
t orou
g p f t d by th T d
e r ora ed w t th d e e re o, an orn a e e n s as
if h y h d b
t e l g fl ti g
a een d w h d b ti w t b f
on oa n th y an as e a ou n a er e ore e
w d p it d P ti f th b
e re e os e . lor d d by tt iti
ons o e one s are a so roun e a r on.
Th pp t b h i diff
e re a e ars wh i h i t i
o e w ll t
t s k e re nce , c s as e o re m ar
h b tw th g t bl
e re , e ee n i f th bl
e ve l y
e a d h f th
e re m a ns o e ue c a an t ose o e
q t g
ua r zose or lly g l t
rav e i th t i th
con f th y
om e ra e s, v z. a n e orm e r e are
b i d d i th l tt ili ifi d
car on z e , an n e a er s c e .
P i i l d wh i h i i t t d
er m s an , h E t c C t f K tty w
s s ua e on t e as e rn oas o a a ar,
o pp it h
os e th t f th N b d d
e m ou pp t b th i g
o e er u a, a ears o e no n m ore
th an a di d p ti
sconne cte f th i l d f wh i h i t i
or on o p t e m a n an , rom c s se ara
e d by d p h a l wh i h i b t
ee c anne y d i wid h Th i l d
, c s a ou ar s n t . e s an
is y d l g d 5 00 y d b d d it h igh t p t i 2 1 f t
ar s on , an ar s roa , an s es ar s ee
b th l l f h
a ov e e e ve O f th i p ti
o C p i Eth
t e se a .
y wh s or on a ta n e rse , o
y d it gi th f ll wi g ti f b d w w d
surv e e , v es e o o n se c on rom a ov e o n ar s
3 O fe e t .
S andy clay l o
>
Dark -colo ure d p uddi ng-stone c
S andy clay o
“ Y ll w uddi n - ton
e o p g s e °
“ l
ndSa y c ay s
c
s
g
“
S andy clay b
oo oo o ooo oo o
c
21 2 fee t .
In th e lowe r p ddi
u ng-stone , or conglom erate , th e fragm e nts of
b one s a nd fossil w ood are c h ie fly f d oun .
d
lan is from 1 8 0 to 360 fee t d p ee , and on i ts oute r or e aste rn si d e
from 1 98 to d p i t k p l wh i h f
fee t ; so th at since th e e os ts oo ace c orm
th i l d th y h
e s an , t nly b
e p ti lly i d b th l l f
ave no o ee n ar a ra se a ov e e e ve o
th b t th g t
e sea, u bt e h k h
rea su d wh i h p
e rranean s oc as occurre , c ro
d uced th i ese fi d th
m m e nse i l t d th p t f
ssure s, i g
an us so a e e ar orm n
P i f
er m th rom i l d f K tty w
e m a n an O y p t f th l tt
o a a ar . n m an ar s o e a e r,
too, o pp it P i i l d i il if
os e er m s an
gl , t
a s m i t ar oss e rous con om e ra e e x s s .
It w by M j F llj i
as se e n l pl
a or b tw G p h
u am es n se ve ra ace s e ee n o ana
P i t
o n dG g h
an w llo a di t i l d d th d f
, as e as som e s ance n an , an on e roa ro m
th l tt
e a pl t R j t by th R D Wil
er ace o a co e M j F llj e ev. r. son. a or u am es
ll d t
a u es i t pti f it ti ity by t pp
o an n e rru on o k b td
s con nu ra ean roc s, u oes
no t t t wh th
sa e th i h e t k er pl i it w d p it d Th
s as a en ace s nce as e os e . e
sm a ll pp i g f d p i t
ca n o th ife os l
s ov e r
g t i P i e oss e rous con om e ra e n er m
i l d
s an
y b
m a f th e l y l
rom ti f th ie p t
e ar f th f e evati on o s ar o e orm a on
b th l l f th
a ove e e ve if th y w
o th i k
e se a, or, f b q t e e re e ve r c e r, rom su se ue n
d d ti
e nu a on.
Wh t i a b gh t th t i l f th i gl t t th
r ve r rou e m a er a s o ti s con om era e o e coas s
o f k w b t it i t
course un no n, bl t i f f it p iti
u s no unreasona e o n e r, rom s os on
O pp it t d ly 1 5 il f th
os e o, an on th f th N b dd
m es rom , e m ou o e er u a,
wh i h i th l g t i
c s e f W t n I di th t i t w b
ar e s r ve r o g h t d w
es e r n a, a as rou o n
by th i i s r ve r ;
p i lly w h w
e s ec a t t h i t en f i il e connec e e x s e nce o s m ar
i
an m a l i i b d
re m a i th ll y
ns, n a un ance , n d t ib t i f th pp e va e an r u ar es o e u er
art of it
p .
e vi d tly di g g d f th
en se n a e rom e are nace ous k b
roc a ov e, as th e y diff er
g reat ly f h f il b
ro m t e oss one s u su all y f d i S i d wh i h
oun n c n e, c for th e
m os t p t w th i h d
ar o e e r ar ness to h yd t f i
ra e o Th b ron . e one s foun d
”—
h e re are soft, and wi th a calcare ous i nfiltration . Th e re m ai ns of th e
e x ti nct p
s e ci e s of e le ph ant b k
found in th e an s of th e Godav e ry, and
se nt to th e Soci e t y ’
s m use um by D B dl y r ra e , are i n th e sam e state ;
great tu sk p
of an e x ti nct s e cies of e le ph t by M D i th an se e n r . e an n e
b e d of th e J um na, th by C pt i Ni ll i th igh b h d f
ose a a n co s n e ne our oo o
so li k e th ose of th e p
sam e s e cie s foun d on th e islan d of Pe ri m , c roco
or i ts b
tri utari e s, w h e re th e co nglom e rate co ntai ni n
g th e foss il b ones
b th l w t f th
e e o d p ites wh il th
o e se
gl e i osw hi h D
s; e e con om e rate n c r.
B dl y w th b
ra e sa f th ti t p i
e f l ph t i th b k
one s o e ex nc s e c es o e e an n e an s
o f th G d e y t o h y
ave rt w i th l re s s on
g y t l f l
trac
g y f l p e ar e cr s a s o ass e s ar,
an dth i g i d y d
s, a a n, on re
g l i d T h gl am t f h G d
a o
y . e con om e ra e o t e o av e r
is com p d f l g d ll p bbl f t pp
ose o ar e an k sm a l d y e es o ra e an roc s, ca c e on ,
y g t h li t p l t it d b idi (2 ; i h i di t )
on x, a a e, e o ro e, a er e , an o s a n, nc es n am e e r,
a ll f wh i h D B d l y t t
o c , h r. it ra ef if h y h d
s a e s, av e a v re ous sur ace , as t e a
b p d i th g l
ee n e x ose , n g t he t B i U pp
e ne ra m ass, to S i d re a ea . ut n er c n e,
i i th D y h
v z . n ll y e e ra
g h M va d eB , g i h ill
am on w h i h t e urree an oo t e s, c
w h i ch m a
y b e a fu rth e r roof of i ts p conte m p orane ous ne ss wi th th e
coarse sh e ll y
li m e stone and lue cla b y . Ne ar th e p ass le adi ng i nto
th e we stern e x tre m it y of th is v alle y , he state s, Th e se h ills are i nte
re stin
g f
,rom th e vast q uantit y of foss il b one s and fossil woo d wh ich h as
b een e nto m b
e d wi th i n th e m b oth are scatte re d a ou t b in v as t
p ro
an ac re of g ro und.
d
u n er di ti
th e re c on of C olone l C antle y and Dr Falcone r, but
. as both
th e S b Hi ly
u - m a a an ran e s and
g th e m ou ntai nous p arts of U pp er and
Ru ttu np o re , wh ich is b
a ou t 4 m iles from th e Ne r b u dda, o n i ts sou th e rn
si de . In d e sc ri bi ng th e m , Dr 0 o lan . p d tt s a es th at th e soil i n w h ich
p i
art dist ct
n — not i n strata, bu t scatte re d th rough th e m ass, and i n th e
g re ate st ab u ndance .
”
Th e san d and cla yi n w h ic h th e y are im b dd d
e e
is t t d by
s a e Malcolm son to h e a r an i nti m ate re se m bl ance to th at of
th e m i nes ; som e w e re b l ki h
ac s oli v e , lik e c om m on d k fli t th
ar n s, o e rs
ilky ti g
”
som e wh at ligh te r and o th e rs ligh te r still, wi th a s ligh t m n e .
S om e nodules, on b i gb k
e n ro e n, sh owe d a m i x ture of q uartz and a t
g ,
a e
H e m atite , [h e li o t p ro e h i fly
c e of th e b rown and
g re e n
( wi th re d
p
s ots ) v ari e ti e s, M och a stone s, and j p as e rs of v ari ous colours, are v e r y
”
c om m o n .
th e re are tra p p b bl
e e s am o n
g th e rest h e re , as w e ll as i n th e conglom e
rate o f Pe ri m island .
first th e y y
h av e ve r m u ch th e a e arance of th e ch al pp
ints of Euro e , kfl p
and i t is not i m p b bl
ro a e th at som e are from a m ari ne form ation i nde e d,
a se cti on of one wh ich Ip osse ss h as an organic form i n i t, but th is i s
th e onl yi nstance Ih av e m e t wi th am on
g som e h u ndre d s, and I am not
im p b bl
ro a e, th at, li k e oth e r b e ach e s of th e ki d n , it contai ns p
s e ci m e ns of
d
Fro m i ts i stance inland, as we ll as from i ts si m ilarit in com y p osi ti on
ytl
cr s a , as if tl d h db p p ly th w d w
car - oa s di
a y ee n u r o se ro n o n
”
an n m an
p arts o f th g t t pp e di t i t th
rea f i ra t w d w ith
e an s r c , e sur ace s s re e a
p i
rofus o n o f g t id fl
i y h ll w ph id f q t y t l
a a o nts, on x , o o s e ro s O uar z cr s a s,
and ze o liti i l
c m D h k
ne ra s t i i g th. i l f
o suc roc s, co n a n n e se m ne ra s, o rm a
p art o f h l w
t e liot pp fl i ! It w ld b
e r or ear e r f l ra ean e
'
us o ns
’
ou e use u
to de te rm ine .
Silicifie d W dd p
oo - e osi t of Pondich e rr y .
L tly w h
as , e av e to re turn a ain
g to th e sou th e rn p art of th e p i l e n nsu a,
to id
co nsth er e nature o f a si lici fie d w oo d-de p osi t nea r P di h
on y c e rr ,
d bd
es cri e as containi ng fossils bl
re fe rra e to th e lowe r cre tace ous and
th at of th e c oas t . Th y eb t2 il i b
are a o u m es n re adth , and a ou t b 8 or
9 in length . Th e d p i t p b bly t d f
e os , ro a , e x en s urth e r in a south e rl y
31 0 GEO O GY o r L I N DI A .
[JA N .
di rec tion b k f th A i p g i t wh i h I
th an th e north an o e r acoo an r ver, o c
wh th
e re ili ifi d w d i f
e s c d i g t t b d i i th i i
e oo s oun n re a e s a un ance s n e v c
n ity f T i o
y b
r vacart 1 5 il , wa ou t f P d i h y m Btw es th es o on c e rr . e ee n e
R d H ill
e d th s an t d pl i
e sea e x e n s a d with ll i l dy a n, cov e re an a uv a san
so il , d an d lyi g it g yi h bl k d k l y y l
un er n a re s - bli g
ac or ar c a e oam , re se m n
th t f M d
a o i b ddi g f g
a ras, m t e f g it n d t p l gi
ra m e n s o h ll r an re ce n e a c s e s.
on th w t e fl k wh
e s e rn th an t t h , b e re id tly t ipp d ff
e s ra a av e e e n ev en s r e o ,
an d th bj t f ilif
e su ac en li t
oss d d d l i g h ll w
e rou s m e s one s e nu e , e av n a s a o
va ll y e ,ki g th di ti ity f th t t b tw th i p i t d
m ar n e scon nu o e s ra a e ee n s o n an
wh th
e re b d g
e i pp
e s a a n a i t h i i i ty f Ti
e ar
y
n th e v c n o r vacar on e
pp it w t id f th ll y
,
O os e or es e rn s e o e va e .
H th y f e re l w b k
e orm
g a f oh ill t i i g h igh
ro e n ran e o s, no r s n er
th an f 5 0 t 1 00 f t b
rom o th g eel l l f
a ove th p l i h i g e e ne ra e ve o e a n av n a
p ll l di ti with th b d th t id d l p g g tly
ara e rec on e e s on e e as e rn s e , an s o in en
t w d th
o ar s t Th w t
e e as . fl k i gg d d p ipit wh
e es e rn an s ru e an re c ous e re
it t th
m ee s h bl d h i t wh i h fl k it t th w t th
e orn en e sc s e, c an s o e es ne ar e
v ill g f T i
a e o y Ar v acar w ll.
y k t h
narro j ti li va de m ar s e unc on ne , cov ere
w ith th d t it f b th k H ili ifi d t k f t h
e e r us o o roc s . e re s c e ru n s o re e s av e
b i b dd d i th g it i n ly h i t l p iti Th t
e en m e e n e r n a ear or zon a os on. e s em s
are b th t igh t
o s ra d k d g an lly wi th croo t t
e b h
, e ne ra ou roo s or ranc e s,
th oug h th f he b
orm e r f d d t
av eh p l
ee n f th i
oun t i , an e ace s o e nse r ons
d onous an d di tyl d co if e d
onous, con e rous if Di tyl an non-c on e rou s . co e
d onous w di h w oo s, t b o d t O f th t k I f d t
ev e r, m os a un an . ne o e run s oun o
Li t t W e u e nan th A i ti R
arre n, m h d ib t k
e s a c e se arc e s,
’
e scr e s a run
b t 60 f t l g d f 2 t 8 f t i di t
a ou ee on , an rom A th o ee n am e e r .
”
no er
m en ti d by M K y w
one r ly 1 00 f t l g (M d Jl
. a e as ne ar l ii ) ee on . a . . vo . x .
Th i b ddi g e m k i f th
e n roc t p t s p d f gl or e m os ar com ose o an u ar
g i
ra ns o f q t ft t i
uar z, o d w i th ie n s a ne d l ly t d t g ro n, an oose ce m e n e o e
th er by d d wh iti h l y p i g i t
re an s c a s
g l t d i t
ass n n o a con om era e , an n o a
t b l
a u ar an d ll l k diff i g i
ce u ar roc p tf
, er n i ti n no re s e c rom som e v ar e es
o f l t i a e r te . Th b d Ti y e h t t
e s d b yne ar r vacar are s a e re
ve rtical fisure s .
Such is b
an a stract of th e sh ort d e scri pti on of th i s dp e osit
gi ven b
y
b d
Ne w ol , th e silici fied w oo of wh i ch , lik e th at in U d pp e r Scin e , d
and th e re fore , unli e th at of Pe ri m islan , a
, k
e ars to b e ar no m ark s d pp
of th e Teredo, alth ou gh in conglom erate s i n all th re e lace s p .
y
can o nl b e ans we re d by as su m ing th at th e latte r m ust h av e u n e rgo ne d
de p re ssi o n si nce i t w as raise d b a ov e th e le v e l of th e se a . F or wh e th e r
th e u ph eav al o f th is li m e sto ne to o k pl j ac e us t a fte r i ts last p article s w e re
dp e osi te d —
, or wh e th e r i t w as afte r th e de p osit on i t of th e form ati ons
u
p on i t, and th e se i nte rv e ni ng p orti ons b e cam e w ash e d o ff as th e
w h ole m as s rose to th e s u rfa ce , or duri ng i ts de p re ssi o n,— still, in
e i th e r w ay th e Pondic h e rr y li m e s tone m us t h ave bg
e un to de sce nd at
m p
igh t h a ve u nde rgone te m o rar su b side nc e for th e re ce tio n o f th e y p
—
latte r, th at i t also u nde rwe nt gre at de nu datio n re v i o us to th e de osi t p p
o f th e diam o nd c o nglo m e rate h as alre ad e e n notic e d — wh ile Ne w ol yb b d
b v
o se r e s a t th e e n
,
d o f h i s de s c ri p ti o n o f t h e s i li c i fie d w o o -de o s i t of d p
Pondich e rry
“
I am rath e r i nc li ne d to re fe r th is to th e fre sh wate r
c h a ri fe ro u s lim e stone a nd c h e rt fo rm a tio n th an to th e late ri te of Po n
”
dic h e rry .
th e n w e h av e th e d
iam ond c onglo m e rate c ap ing th e h ills of large p
distric ts th ro ugh out, so m e l 0 0 0 fe e t h igh , ne ar C u a ah , w h e re , i t
, dd p
sh o u l d also be re m e m b e re d, th at Dr . Hy e ne e num e rates, a m ong th e
p bbl
e es of th e diam o nd c o nglo m e ra te , th ose of b as alt . F urth e r a nd
b ut in gis e m e nt
”
; and ce rtainl yw e c annot fail to se e a grea t re sem bl anc e ,
40
31 2 G EO LO GY or ra m s .
[J A N .
M r O rle bar
.
, wh o w as fo rm y P
e rl ro fe ssor of M ath e m ati cs in th e
p
El h i nstone I nsti tu tion o f Bo m by a , c a re full y i ns p e c te d th e de p o s i ts
Ye llo w li m e s to ne , w i th nu m m uli te s i n th e lo we r p ar t, 6 0 fe e t .
Wh i te li m es to ne , wi th nu m m u li te s .
roc k is ve r y v ario us, alth o ugh i s q u artz i ts sole m ine ral c ons ti t ue nt .
Egy p ti an p e bb le s b e lon
g to o ne o f its c on
g lo m e rate fo rm s .
ov e rl yi n
g th e y ll w li
e o m e sto ne th rough ou t th e de se rt .
”
H e nce , wh e n we re m e m b er p
C a tain V i c ary
’
s state m e nt, th at th e
ossife ro us c o nglo m e rate of U pp er Sci nde , w h ic h a o u nds b i n si lici fie d
w ood, re sts
“
co nfo rm a bly ”
on th e nu m m uli ti c roc s k i n th e Dy e re h
th e sam e a e,
g and m igh t h av e b een a de p o si t of th e C auv e r y — iv e
c a nno t h el p le ani ng to th e v i e w, th at o ne and all, th e Egy tian p
fo rm ation i nclude d, w e re de p i d d os te un e r si m i lar c i rc u m stanc e s, a nd
t o o, in all, sh o uld b e re m e m b d i di
e re , as n ca ti v e o f a de tri tal co m m o tio n
p i
a rt c u ar l l y u nfav o u ra bl e to th e e x i ste nc e o f i nv e rte b rate d ani m als, a nd
ju st su c h as m igh t b e ex p e cte d to e x is t at th e u ni o n o f a ra p id ri ve r
wi th a h e av y se a-s we ll .
Plioce ne Fo rm atio n .
t y i g lly
”
f
su r ac e f h o t e c oun r d i h s fi
e ne ra i h il I
c ov e re w t a ne r c so . t
ly t d wh h
“ ”
is di i
uO t st nc t hi
s ta e c l e t er
g i t li th
s a care o us r t ove r es e
m i oce ne f i j t d ib d b t
o rm at on us th W t C t f
e sc r e ; u , on e e s e rn oas o
K att aw ar
y th i t i i l d p
e re e x s s a s m i p ti l ly i arth e i g h
osb t, ar c u ar n e ne ou r
h d f P
oo o b d o re h t d un e r, t th
t a i f
oe s re s ti Th ion e m oc e ne o rm a on . s
is aki d f f n o i p ll l h i
re e -sto ne , t l t t
n araw h i h y i ldi g
e , or zo n a s ra a, c , e n
eas ily i h li
n t e f h l ne s o ff d l b th
t e h
atte r, a f l g ti
or s a s, at av e or a on m e
b i p t d i g t q i i t B b y f h it t l p p
ee n m or e n re a uant t es a om a o r a rc e c u ra ur ose s,
Th wh l d p i w ld
”
d
un er th e f P
nam e o b d t ore un e r s o ne . e o e e os t ou
a pp t b b t f w f t ( 6 l) i th i k
e ar o e u a e ee b f it if
n c ne ss, u t, rom s un o rm
struc tu re d p t
an com i ll
ac ne ss, ly f fl ig df
t se rv e s e x c e e nt or oo r n an or
f i g b ildi g
ac n u I 1 8 48 I
n s . i d p
n i f it b h e x am i ne o rt o ns o , ot m cro
sc o p i l ly
ca d h an i lly c d f
em d i
cat b , anp d f
ou n i t to e c om o se o m nu e
se e n to fo rm th e u
p p er th i rd of th e cli ff, and to c o nsi st dis ti nc tl y
of an e le v ate d b e ac h ab out 6 fe e t th ic k , c om p ose d of m o re or
le ss co n
glom e rate fro m th e o lde r roc k s of th e ne igh b o u rh oo d, w h ic h ,
3 14 L
GEO O GY o r ra m s .
[J A N .
wh e n trace d into ex p d d pl i b tw
an e a ns e e en th e b ase of th e m ou n
lo wland p arts b k d by
u n ac e an
y m ou nta i ns, b e co m e s of greate r
k
th ic ne ss, and of
g p i y
re ate r ur t . O pp osi te th e north e rn e x tre m it y of
to a gre at e x te nt fro m th e v as t
q u anti t y of de bri s b h
rou
g t d ow n by
th at ri ve r, it ch i e fly c onsis ts o f sands a nd c o nglo m e rate s, fo rm e d i n a
C o nglom e rate 60 fe e t .
S ands to ne
O y ste r-b e d
S a nds to ne , b e c o m i ng h i gh ly ca lcare o us, a nd c ontai ni ng
as e v i de nce d by a we ll s un k th e re , and th at th e fo rm e r so c ov e rs th e
nu m m uli tic ro c k s in L o we r Sc inde , th at i t i s not u ntil a rri v i ng
( S u b -A
pp e ni ne o f d O rbi u
g y
’
a nd th e g re a te r o ne too, p hp
er a s,
am o n
g th e m u d v olcano e s o f th e s am e p i ro v nce . In a ro u
g h s e c kth f
o
th R d pe un th M l
as s, on i wh i h i e b t 4 50 t 5 00
au m are e r v e r, c s a ou o
f t
ee b th latt wh h t t th t
a ov e e e r, le re e s a es a an a re nace O -ca care o us
ro c k g i g l ly w i h th t f K h
, a re e n c ose t h b
t f th a o urrac e e , re sts a t e ase o e
cliff i g t d ( d wh i t
on a v ar e a ed b l ) l i t d l y pp
re , ly e, an ue am na e c a , a are nt
id f f
,
”
d e vo o il o ss s.
I th f ll wi g
n e o ti o f nb d w w d f th
se c on, l ti rom a o ve o n ar s, o e re a ve
p osi ti f
on oth f i ei i g i S i
orm at onsd h i h i h p
e x st n
p n c n e,
”
w c s t e u er
p art f oh g i t t p
at 2 5 0 h i
ve n a l ti. d f h,i l y
t e re s a so no m e n on m a e o t s c a ,
th gh thou pp bl e u bl k l y w h i h h
er ue id or p “
ac c a ,
”
c e co ns e rs a ost
C o nglo m erate .
U p p e r b one -b e d .
S a ndsto ne ( fo ss i ls ra re ) .
Lo w e r b o ne -b e d .
b j
,
ossi fe ro us c o n
glo m e rate s m a
y h av e to be
gro u p e d w ith th is form ati o n,
y
O v e rl i ng th e u e r ossife ro us conglo m pp e rate i n th e Gan j r iv e r is a
b e d O f sandsto ne 1 5 0 fe e t th ic k, w h ich , b e i ng th e u
p p e rm os t or
(p . th e b l w th f
fossil b
d i thone s w e re d
foun 60 fee t e o e su r ace an n e
f ll i g
o ow n i f b dw d f h b k f h Gd y
se c t o n ro m a ov e o nw ar s, o t e an s o t e o av e r
at R ki h b a ki dly t by D B dl y d t wh i h I h
s o ne , n se n m e r. ra e , an o c av e
b f ll
e ore ad d — b w 4 0 d 5 0 f f fl i il d p it b h
u e , et e en an ee t o u v at e e os s a ove t e
i
s tuati f th bon o e one s
S o il .
S i lt la m i na te d , 3 fe e t .
La rge a nd s m a ll
p e b b les o f tra p , c alce do ny , ony x , agate , h e li o trO p e ,
la te ri te , o b s i di a n
( 2 ; i nc h e s i n d iam e te r ) . A ll gla z e d w i th a ri c h
b ro w n v i tre o us c o a ti n , a nd
g th e i r i nte ri o r p re se nti ng th e a p p e a ra nc e
of h a v i ng be e n s u b e c te d to
j i nte nse h e a t . Th e wh o le m as s lo o k i ng as
if it h ad o nce be e n i n a s ta te o f v i s c i di ty , 1 fo o t .
A no th e r b e d li ke th e fo rm e r, c o m p ac t 1 11 th e u p pe r
p art, and m arly
b e lo w wh e re th e b ones of th e e x ti nc t s p ec i e s o f e le p h a nt we re
fo u nd .
Be lo w th is trach y te ,
fo llowe d b y re d a m ygda lo i d .
c on
glom e rate , w ith ou t p ig h
ass n t rou
g h i t ( F i nni s) a nd at Goga h , i n
p
late C a ta i n F u lljam e s conduc te d h is ex p e ri m e ntal b o re , th e follo wi ng
se cti on, w h ich Ih a ve c o nde nse d fro m h is de taile d o ne , was o b ta i ne d
R ub b le
h el p se e i n
g th e si m ila rit y in re lati v e p osi tio n th a t e x ists be twe e n th e
la te riti c de p osi t, w i th i ts re d a nd wh i te c la y and v a ri e gate d san s, a nd d
th e lo we r blue c la y of th e c oas t o f T ra vanc o re , a nd th at w h ic h o tai ns b
be tw e e n th e p li o c e ne de p osi ts and lowe r bl ue c la y , or i ts
q e ui v ale nts o n
p e ni ns ula
C oas t o
f Tr a va ncor e .
lBor s a t M a dr a s , 1 88 2 . M a d ra s .
c la y so il
Re d Hills — Late ri
. Loo se gri t, re d
Re d gri t, i t ro u nd
Blu e c lay . Gra ni te . h
Ye llo w i s te nac i o u s cla y e l l pe b b le s o f gre e n
( M aj Ge n1 C ulle n )
. . .
( Ne w bo ld .
) p a s s i ng i n i ts lo er
( C o le ) p o r t i o n i nto a va nte
w
.
ga te d 6: y e llo gr i t . 5
Blue c la y l ‘
V a ri e ate d re d and
w
g
y e llo gri t
All th e be ds be lo w th e
g ra v e l a re i nte rs trati
ti e d w h h ly
it t in a e rs of
gre e n i s h d wh t an i e li
th o m a rgi c c la y s .
w
( Ne bo ld) .
Ih av e th ough t i t
p ro p er to pl ac e th e bl ue cla v b l w th
e o e late ri tic
c o nglom e rate of th e Re d Hills, b o th at M adras a nd Po ndic h e rr y ,
b
i n th e ta le , i t w ill be se e n th at bl ac k a nd bl l y ue c a re s t o n a th i n be d
of
g rave lb l e on in
g g to th e gra nite i m m e di ly b l
a te e ow i n fa c t y b e m a
Ne w bold s
’
se c tio n o f th e Re d Hills at Po ndic h e rr y b e i ng onl 2 3 fe e t, y
a nd not re ach i ng dow n to th e bl ue c la
y , a nd M r C ole .
, no t h a v i ng b een
Th i i ll th I h s fl
s a at av e to o
'
e r on th ep li f ti oc e ne o rm a o ns, w h ich I
sh ll a p t di id h
no t atte m i to v e e re , as h p
n t e f re se nt s ta te o o ur i nfo rm a
ti i i i p
on ibl
t B I
s m oss e . ut c a nno t h lp h i k i g h
e h t n n t at t e re a re tw o
o ssi fe ro us
g lo m e rate s, o ne
c on of wh i h p hp bl
c , er a s, e on s
g to th e
m ioc e ne , and th e o th e r to th e lioce ne p d p i e os ts .
Th e fac t, to o, of Ch a roi de ce e x is ti n
g w i th Num m uli te s i n th e u pp er
m em b er of p
C a tai n V icary
’
s nu m m ulitic de p o si ts, (p . a nd th e
Evide nce f
o Volca ni c Dis tur ba nce a nd Ef asi on be twe e n th e de
p os i t o
f th e Eoce ne a nd th e e nd of th e M ioce ne a nd P lioce ne
F or m a ti ons .
C om m e nc in
g w i th Grant s
’
Ge olog y of C ntch , wh ich gai ns du r
c onfi e nced th e m ore we e x am i ne th at of th e j
ad oi ni ng co untri e s, i t is
th e y w e re de p osite d .
I f th e w h ole Of th e oolitic bd e s h ad b e en b l w th
e o e wate r duri ng th is
”
ti m e , a nd h ad u nde rgo ne gradual, or, as i t i s te rm e d, p ass i ve e le v a
C ntch , m e ntio ne d . I f, a
g ai n, th e w h ole , v z i . th e nu m m ulitic, c re ta ce
C ntch , to an
y g re at e x te nt, an
y m ore th an th e yh av e re s te d o n th e
o oli ti c b e ds in an
y p art o f I ndi a
'
; and, th e re fo re , th at th ose o f C ntc h ,
for th e m ost p art, h av i ng b een a b ov e w ate r w h e n th e nu m m u li tic
Nu m m uli ti c Se rie s, wh i ch p j
ro e c t a b ov e th e a lluv ial pl i a n of th e Id n us,
we nt dw
p o n artiall y or wh oll y , afte r th e convulsi on h ad occurre d wh i h c
th rew up th e H
ala range , and i solate trac ts of th e alluvi al lain th e d p
p
i nte rv e ni ng ortions of th e Num m uli ti c Se ries h aving at th at ti m e
b ee n m ore or less b k
ro en u
p , and ta k en into th e form ati on of th e
m ioce ne and pli oce ne dp e osi ts .
d i pl
s ace m e nt and d estru ction bf e ore th e dp e osi t of th e m ioce ne and
a ft th y h d b
er d p i t d b t it i
e a ee n e os e ; u s not so pl ia n th at th e Num m u
liti S ic d w t d p
e r e s un e r
y i p en an e ress on re v ious to, or d uri ng th e form a
be conce v e i d wh h f
, en t e orm e r w oul d pp a ear to cap th e table -lan d of
th e ce n ra t l p t f th S
ar o e ou th -e ast C oas t of Arab ia, wh i ch is fee t
b th l l f th
a ov e (eG l S
e ve E C ot f A b i th i Jl
e se a, l i eo . . oas o ra a, s . vo . v.
p 2 l ) d th i
. , an d p li i e m ppi g Gibb l Gh
oce ne an t oce ne s se e n ca n e ara, a
M k ll wh i h i
a a a, f t b c it S i ds d Bl bi t ee a ove . c n e an e ooc s an
w ld f
ou i h i il f t if th y w
urn s d d b t th t
s m ar ac s
gi e e re nee e u e e x re m e s ven
are ly i t
on f th di pl ns ance s t f th o i de s ace m e n o e e oce ne , m oce ne , an
pli f
oce ne ti wh i h i orm a difi d d g
ons, h t k pcl n a m ore m o e e ree as a en ace
Wi h t suc h di t b
s ur ance s, we m us t of c ourse e x p e ct h e re and th e re
to h ave v olcanic effusions ; but to se p arate th ese e ff usions i nto th ose
wh i ch too k pl ace th rough th e num m uli tic li m e stone p re vious to th e
de p osi t of th e m i oce ne and pli oce ne form ati ons, from th ose wh i ch
th e y m ay afiord i n re cognisi ng e fl
usi ons of th e sam
g i n n ia- e a e Id m ore
Se ries .
32 0 G EO LO G Y or ra n ts .
( JA N .
li m e stone , alternati n
g wi th b asalt, in th e followi ng or d er : first grit ;
th e n a h oriz ontal b e d o f ro und pi e ce s o f b asalt and ne x t, anoth e r
b asalt fo rm i ng th e h ills .
”
Ne ar th e v illage , agai n, of K e rooee , is a se con d
i nsta nce , w h e re th e b k an s of th e ri ve r a re
“
com p d ose in som e pl aces
Th e c olum ns are v e r y gl
re u ar, ge ne ra yf
ll our si d d wi th
e , sm oo th e ve n
th p p
e u b d f i
er
g e k b i
o g i t lf f b
ne ous roc q t f i t e n se o su se ue n orm a t on o
th l w b
e olti b d f ll d
er asa c Th i i y di ti tly h w
e o ro e m asses . s s ve r s nc s o n
at p f th p
o ne art od i t h ld b e ti
ass, an d th t th b d f h s ou e m en one a e e o t e
i i t th
rav ne cons s s gh t f i g l roub k b ou lt o rre u ar ro en asa .
It will b b d th t C l l G
e re m e m e re l a g i t f o one rant s
’
ca careous r
”
orm s
a p t f h i ti y d f pli
ar o s te r ar f , ti
an o our oce ne orm a ons .
T h o p p iti f b lt t ti wh i h i l d e
t e su e r os on o asa on rav er n, c s a so un e
by b lt i C t h I h l dy ll d d (p
asa , n n c ,
th p fi i lb d
av e a re a a u e . e su er c a e
ofb lt b i g 2 0 f t h i k
asa e n l ee yh d p t f
t c , co um nar, ve r ar , com ac , o a
d k bl
”
ar - l d th
ue co ou r, an f sm oo sur ace .
s ons
p
res e ctive l y , w h i ch do no a t pp ear to be a b o ve 2 00 fee t i n h e igh t, is also
b
dou le th is am ou nt . T ow ar s d th ei r so uth -weste rn e x tre m i t y , w h e re th e
use d su b se
q ue nt
re asona bly i f d f th d t h t f P i i l d wh i h i t
n e rre rom e e ac m en o er m s an , c s no
on ly pp d wi h th i gl
ca e t b ti p t d f ths con tom e rate , u s se ara e rom e coas
o f K tty w by
a ah arl h 2 40 f t d p w h il
a c anne h th or c asm ee ee , e on t e o er
sid i t h
e i p t
as , f t f w t
n one D M l lar , t ee o a e r. r . a co m son, oo,
wh oi i t d th
v s e ll d li e i -th
ao ca i l d f I di
e corne an m ne s, on e m a n an o n a
opp it t t i ll di g t h p
os e, s a e s, f
n a ut p p bb l n i o t e rese nce o ra e es
”
n
th em th t th y h
, a b l d by th i t i f
e av e t
e e n a te re e n rus on o m ore re ce n
ig k wh i h h p p d t d i b i d t i l t f t
ne ous roc s, c e ro ose o e scr e n e a a a u ure
p i d b t h did t li t y h i i t i i t fi t h i g
er o ; u e no ve o c arr s n e nt on n o e
'
ec , av n
di d f f
e o b q t g l gi l
e ve r o n a su i i th i di
se i ue n eo o ca ex cu rs on n s re ct on.
F di or t p f h w
re c fbroo l i ff i ,
i oth d p i t f th
e ve r, o asa t c e us on s nce e e os o e
oss if l
e rous con
g t i t t h w
om e ra e , t g t th pp p t f
see m s at e m us o o e u er ar o
th N b dd
e er u J bb lp wh
a, ne ar di g t D Spil b y
u u ore , e re , accor n o r . s ur ,
w e h ll fi d th
s a l n g l et i p t
ca careous d b y con om e ra e n one ar cove re
a b d f e op t b lt
com nf ac bly t tifi d d p ting
asa , co orm a s ra e ,
”
an rese n
322 ( m ow e r o n rnnra .
[J a n .
y
O ve r th is, u nfortunate l . Pri nse p h a s th rown th e followi ng con e ctural j
d btou , wh ich Id o not th in k th e ex p ressi ons i n i nv e rte d co m as a ov e b
m e nti one d j ti fy
us , v iz . - in alluding to th e b asalt state d by D Spilsb ury
r .
to wh i ch , i t m igh t b e b
o se rv ed, th at th e p ortions to wh i ch Prinse p
d
allu e s m a
y h ave b ee n a su se que nt b form ati on o f th e de bris of b oth
li sh e d account of th e Fossil Si te s b
a ou t Saugor, i n C e ntra l I di n a,
p
by C a tain Nicolls, of th e Ma d ras Arm y .
Un d er th e h ea d of Narrainp ore ,
”
a village si tuate d am on san stone
g d
h ills and sm all tracts of tra pp e an roc k b s, a out 1 7 m i le s so t
u h -east of
at th e so u h we ste rn e x tre m
t - y f
it o th e e x te ns i ve trac t of li m e stone
t t
s a es I f d f il i th p t th f f th goun oss s n re e s o s on e sur ace o e re ur
soil At th
. fi t p t f g te f di ty l d
rs w d wi h
s o , ra m en s o co e onou s oo , t one
f g t fp l
ra m e n f g o t ff il b
a m , d f il p l
one d
ra m e n o oss one , an a oss a m se e
t d i t t fi d pt f g
'
conve r e li At th
n o n ace ous f m e . e se co n s o ra m e nts o
l g b
ar et w d th
one s s ref f th b l k e
g il on d e su r ace o e ac re ur so , an one
or tw f g t o ff il w d t g th
ra m e n s o wi h i g l fl t p i
oss f oo , o e er t rre u ar a eces o
t fi u li t
ace o us l p h f Th b
m es o ne ili ifi d
oose u on t e sur ace . ese o ne s are s c e
one sm all p i i t i d i th li t
s ec m e n s co n a nett y ( w h i h i n e m es one se n o ou c s
d d iti i th p i ) I th
en r c n d f
e s ec m e n t b f d . n e concave e n o a ver e ra oun
h th t fl t n i p t i d p d tly f ny
‘
e re , li e u aceous t i
m es o e s rese n n e en en o a e x e r or
-
Paar m o on s nasanr
'
. 323
I b
can o se rv e no m e d ll y
u ar canal in th e se fragm e nts, th e large st of
wh ich is li k e th e h e a d f o an e le ph ant s
’
h um e rus, 1 4 i nc h e s b road, by
1 1 long . Th e th ird spot is a b o ut 1 50 y d ar s from th e last, and h e re
If o und di tyl d
co e o nous woo d o nl y . All th e woo d of th e abo v e th ree
d
no ular or d p i e com os n g t pp
ra k 3 d
ean roch t thi t pp ; k r , t a s ra ean roc
is unde r a l i d by h lky th 4 th th t fi li
'
a nd 5 th , th at all th is e x i s ts i h id
nt e m f d d pp h ill
st o san stone an tra e an s,
L tly th
as , at y
th e ove rl i ng li m e stone trac t of Bunde lkh und , w h ic h
F kli
ran n conside re d pl d
e q ui vale nt to th e lie s, and w h ich Ih ave ac e
am on
g th R S
eh l f h O li
attrei S i w l
a es o i k ly t t e o tc e r es , se e m s no so e o
be a p t f h i wh it h lky th h t I d bt y h wh h I
ar o t s e c a ea r , t a ou ve r m uc et er
h ave no t gi it w g p
ve ni i T h i a p t f I
ro n di w h i hos t on . e re s no ar o n a c
i i t
s so n e res ti g i j g l gi l p i t f i w
n n a th di t i t f S g
eo o ca o n o v e as e s rc o au or
dj i i g p t f B d lkh d b pp t d '
an d th e a o nn i ar o un e un , e cause t a e ars o o er a
l
c e ar e xpl ti f y p i t f th i ki d w i d bt
ana on o so m an o n s o s n no n ou .
32 4 c ao no nr or la m a .
[Ja m
y
Socie t h as th e sam e bl i h
u s , trans p are nt, o p lia ne or calce don c a i pp e ar
To th e b
a ov e e vi d e nce of tra pp e an e fli ’
us ons h avi ng occu rre d si nce
Th rou
gh ou t th e w h ole of th e
gre at tra e an s rc of estern pp di t i t W
I ndia y p
th is is th e onl s ot wh i ch h as h i th e rto a orde d any trace s of a fl '
th at th e last b
ou t urst, to any gre at e x te nt, too k pl ace . O f th i s e x tinct
crate r, Dr . Bradle y h as k i dly n fu rnish e d m e wi th th e followi ng
acco unt Th e re cannot be a dou t b of th e gi n of th
ori e la e of k
L oc us t . If o und, i n 1 8 5 2, scori ace ous roc k s th at full tol i ts h istor y d y .
I ts up p e r e d e,
g [wh i ch , acc ordi ng to Malcolm son, wh o h as gi ve n a sh ort
'
b u t ch i e fl
y th ro u
gh th e north e rn and eas te rn scar s
p . Dyk es of gre en
stone are pl i ly a n d th t pl wi th th w
see n j ust u n e r h e em e e co
’
s m ont .
Th l i e t p i i p lly t h f d t t th th
av c curre n s se e m , r nc a , o ave oun ve n a e nor
e ast, d an h p d th gh d p
to av e e sca w g g th e id f
rou a ee narro or e , e s es o
wh i h c b t d if d by th p g f th lt
are urn an se m use k e assa e o e m o e n roc .
Th et s re amll d w db ro d th ity w pi d by th t w
e on ar e y on e c no oc cu e e o n
o f L o onar, d i fan g t p l
si k se e n t th b d
o rm i n f s e - e m asse s, on o e e o a
d p i lit l t h tw d f h i pl
ee rav ne , a te o t e e as ar o t s ace .
Vi w d f e e p i t i li wi h h i f th pl t
rom a o n n a ne t t e ax s o e a eau on
w h i h th
c t i f
e d li ttl l
cra e r s i i pp
o rm e b t l ki g t
, e e e v at o n s a are nt, u oo n a
it y
ac ross, b ou f l h
ecom e aw are o p d i i th d l i a tu m u
g r-
a s a e r se n e u n u at n
g d
rou n d i t wh i h
aroun th h p
, t c d on b t 60 e sout rese n s a m ou n a ou
f t h igh th
ee id ,
f wh i h l p
e s t es gl o f b t cTh i s e e a an an e o a ou s
s ligh t l ti
e ev ad t i f
on l i
oe s no l ti b t i p ly
ar se ro m vo can c acc u m u a on, u s m
from th t f ti
e i
u m e ac d by th g on oc cas one p i th t h e aseo u s ex ans on a as
h l d it
ur e t l p t i t th
s ce n ra i id ar s f wh i hn o y b i
e a r ev e nce o c m a e se e n n
Be ne ath b
th e asi s of th e m oun d , on i ts oute r and south -eastern si d i e, s
a h illoc k p
, u on w h ich rests a th in la e r y of scoria, a
p p are n tly th e
”
th inning out of a lavi c curre nt .
th e form ation of so m e of th e te r ti y d p
ar e osi ts, th e re can be no d btou ,
tra pp e an e ff us i ons.
y
Fo rtunate l w e h av e th e i nte rtra pp e an lacustrine form ation to assist
us i n th is res p ec t ; and if it sh all be h e re afte r p rov e d th at th is is of
t w d th
o ar s it f h i l t d
e su m m t i
o f th W
t e Gh
so a e m oun a ns o e e ste rn au ts
an d th t i t i a pp d b t by b lt p
s nev e r ca i g pe li iti
u a asa osse ss n e cu ar es
w h i h di ti g i h i t f t pp fl i th t h p
'
c s n u s ll th ro m a o er ra e an e
’
u s ons a av e re
ce d d it d
e t — th w
s a ve n h ll t ly b
en b l t i d e s ti fy th
a l tno on e a e o en e a te r
as ap t pli os - b lt b t h oce ne t
asa g h i , f i du t h w
av e a s ron c a n o ev e nce o s o
th t th
a
g t t
e pp d
re a i t i t f
ra W t
ean I di w t
s rc b k op e s e rn n a as no ro en u
un ti l th l t l
e i asfl i h d b j t d d th t th Gh t
v o can c e
'
us ons a ee n e e c e , an a e au s
w t l
e re no t d il th p t pli
e eva e u nt g e os - oce ne a e .
Th t th i t t pp l t i f ti t k pl ft th
a e n e r ra ean ac us r ne orm a on oo ace a er e
t pp fl i h d b g t b p d f th i i di t d by th
'
ra e an e ns ons a e an o e o ure or s n ca e e
i l d fB b y
s an o om a .
s uare m
q iles, bl w o n ou t i nto a flt ba i n
a s , th e si es d b i gb k e n ro en i nto
fissures, wi th crate rs, rav i nes, a
nd h ollows, and th e inte ri or or be d of
l
co our,— lac b k , re d, y ll w
e o , and wh i te , — and w ith p atch es o f c n e rs i d
si m ilar to th e re fuse of a furnace th e w h ole k
loo i ng as fresh as if th e
igneou s age nts w e re still i n o p e rati o n . W ith i n th e ci rcle , also, are
se ve ral sm all c rate rs, or ci rcular s p ace s, su rrou n e d d by w alls of b asalt.
O ne m ore p e rfect th an th e re st is b
a out 4 0 fee t hig h , a n d co m p osed
Th e b
sam e auth or also o f hi p Th se rves odb k t s s ace e cone s an an s
ofl o ose i t b y
se or m ly w h i g w y
m us e d i t i di ffi lt t
e ar as n a a , an s cu o
i
conc e ve h t th w ll f lid b
t a e l f ai g th
s o id so f th t asa t o rm n e s es o e cra e rs
can b l g t i il p i d h i g ll th pp
e on o a s m ar er o dt , av n a e a earance an e x ture
of y ld b l b t it i p i bl h t
ve r o asa t u pti s
y h
oss e t a a rece nt e ru on m a av e
t k
a en pl i th i f ace n f i t d t th
e s te o p
one o i g m ore anc e n a e, us re se nt n a
m i t f ld
x ure o d o l ani p d t If i t i t
re ce nt v o c an c h t b lt ro uc s . s rue t a asa
ow ies l ts t t t it
co um nar s ruc ure li g l wly d g tp o s coo n s o un e r a rea ressu re ,
it i i ps ibl th t h
m oss e f al b lt d h l
t e se m asse s o co um nar asa an t e oose
cones o f i b
sc or ae can p e conte m orane ous .
”
L tly p ti l lt ti i th l l f th
as , ar a a e ra t y i C t h h
ons n e e ve o e coun r n n c av e
t k a en pl l t ly
ace e v e n as 1 8 1 9 wh th y w
a e p d d by
as , en e e re ro uce an
ear th q k d p i l ti till pp t b g i g i i
ua e an as s ve e e va on s a e ars o e o n on nse ns
bly th gh rout I d i ou n a.
XII .
Po s Pm
r - oc s m n Pa x t o n .
Re m ai ns .
Mari ne .
H th i ere , e r m ax i m u m k
th ic ne ss is b
a out 2 0 fee t, two-th ir ds of wh ich
i b l w th l
s e o e e v el of th e se a at s ring-ti es ; and from p d th e h orizon
t li ty f th i
a o e r surface , th e y pp a e ar rath e r to h ave b ee n dp
e di
osi te n th e
Blue C y
la — Th i i iff pl ti d p i t f fi if t
. s s a st , as c e os , o a ne u n orm e x ture
of a b l b
row n co ou r a ov e , an d bl b l w l y ll wi h wh i t i gl ue e o , a so e o s e re m n es
th th e de co m p i g k wh i h it y h t t Wh p
os n roc s on c m a c anc e o re s . en ure ,
wi th
e rve sc eid It i th i k i b t 10
ac s . s m ax m um c ne ss s a ou
d e nude d.
organi c re m ai ns, th e se b i g h i fly
e n c e c o nfine d to th e ov e rl yi ng c on
a sh i ni ng, d k b
ar rown colo ur . I n th is state , if ligh te d, it b u rns fo r a
sh ort ti m e, w ith a b fl
fe e le am e,
gi ve s ou t a w oo o dy d o ur, and th e n
sm oulde rs into a w h ite ash . Th i s w ood h as for th e m ost p tbar een
of d
u n ulo us tu b es i n i t, av e ragi ng a b ou t th re e -q uarte rs of an i nch in
di am e te r, and th e se h av e su b se q ue ntl y b e com e th ic k d by th
e ne e
c lay k k or u n u r.
p h l d i
o a t b ne u es, are also fou n in th e cla , bu t th e re d y app e ars to be a
t
s ron g t d y e n e nc in th e calcare ous m ate rial to p ass o ff by solu tion,
a nd le av e noth i ng b u t th e ir i m p re ssions . Be ds of y
o ste r-sh e lls also
b e ne ath th e cla y .
i t, si m ilar to th ose f th i t i
o f I di
e Th y
n e r or o l n a. e are m ore or ess
im p ure , on ac cou n t f o d i t f th bl l y i wh i h th y
a m x u re o e ue c a n c e are
42
32 8 G EO O G Y o r L w o rn .
[Ja m
gati on, t di g lw y t
en n
gl b l a a s o a o u ar fo rm , afte r w h ich th e nucle us be
com e s b b d d it
a sor e ld l , an s m ou a one re m ai ns. Th e glo b ular form of
th e no dl d
u e t lw y d p d
oe s no a a s e en on th e p re se nce of a ce ntral nucle us,
as it i i lly
s occas ona tt h d see n a ac e in th is sh a e p to th e si d e o f th e
o r an c
g i b dy o .
In som e locali tie s th is c oncre tio nar y calcare ous form ation is
i rre gularl y co nti nu ou s, wh e n i t i s calle d sh e e t k k un u r, and i n Bom
b ay lie s at th e b otto m of th e cla y , im b ddie ng m ore or le ss grave l.
and th is h as a co nc re ti onar y b t y id l f
o r o a orm , not un li k gl b
e o ular
y d p it
te rti ar e os s .
th gh t
rou I di ou n a, b u t do not e x ist i n th e re ce nt dp e osi ts , e x ce pt i n
t p tdf g
rans or e ra m e nts ; ne ith e r doe s kunkur e x ist on th e Ne ilgh e rrie s
( Be nza) .
Th e bl ue cla yi m m e di t ly d
a e pp un e r th e surface soil at C alcutta a e ars
t b o f the o g e t h t f
sam e th i l d f
a eB b y
as L i k t h a o e s an o om a . e e
l tt
a l it
e r, a so, t i l g dbcon a ns h f d w d Aft
o s an ranc e s o a re oo . er a
i g f 20 f t f
cov e r n o ld dy l y d d th bl l y
ee o m ou , san c a s an san , e ue c a
t d d w t
e x en s b t th 60th f t b l w th f (
o n o a ou e ti f oo e o e sur ace , se e se c on o a
“
b wh i h w
ore
”
d i F t Willi
c i
as m a e wh it p
n i tor am n en asse s n o
a y ll w l y with k k th i ft th 1 2 5th f t i f ll w d by
e o c a un ur ; s, a er e oo , s o o e
g y re d f san b t 4 5
”
f t w h i h
or a ou t g i ti g l ee1 7 0 , c re s s on ran c rave at
1 76 f t Th
ee t. th i k f th
e e x re m e d p it p d with th
c ne ss o e se e os s, co m are e
bl l y f th i l d f B b y y b pl i d by th f
ue c a o e s an o om a , m a e ex a ne e orm e r
h i g b
av n b gh t d w by g t i f
een rou o tn t t f a re a r ve r rom a v as e x en o
ty
c oun r d th l tt
, an by th i l t f th igh b i g
e a er e r vu e s o e ne o ur n m ou n
t i wh i h
a ns, ly flw d i g h
c on
'
o ur n t e m onsoon.
Th th d t il f th i p i t l b wh i h pp t h
e o er e a s o s ex e r m en a ore , c a e ars o av e
b i d
e e n carr e till 1 8 37 I h on t b t N wb ld t t, th t t av e no see n, u e o s a e s, a a
2 5 0 fee t cam e a b ed of
q uartzose and m icace ous sand, from wh i ch ,
“
at 35 0 fee t, th e an ur
g b rou h
g t u
p th e lo we r h alf of th e h u m e rus of
som e ani m al of th e canine s ec ie s p . Th en cam e bl ac k p e at clay ,
imb ddi g bl k b
e n ac car onis e dw oo d, b twe ee n p e s t and lignite , and
p f tly b i d w
e r ec car o n se ood, rese m bli ng th e c oal of Assam , in rolle d
Th e p b
de osits e low th e q uartzose and m icace ou s sand m ay , p e rh a s, p
be re fe rre d to th e m ioce ne p e ri od.
s tate d b t 20 f t b
, a ou h igh w t ee a ov e - a e r m ark, at s pi r n -ti de s
g . I t i s c h ie fly
c om p d f y ll w d d b d f
ose o e o san , an e s o sm all sh e lls, w h ich i n som e p arts
p as s i nto a coarse c o n
glom e rate of
grave l and rou n e d d p bbl e e s, fo rm ed
f rom th e de br is of th e tra pp k f
e a n ro c s o th e loca t li y .
Th e sands c h ie fly o ccu py th pp p
be com ing m ore sh ollv
e u er art, and,
p
do wnw ards, ass i nto e ds of s e s h ll a nd s h e ll-b
co ncre te w h ic h , agai n,
c h an e s to c oa rse co nglo m e rate at th e
g o ttom b .
Th e sh e ll-c onc re te is su fl
i i c e ntl
y c onsoli dtd a e to form a rou gh
b ui ldi n
g m ate rial, and h as b ee n a goo d d e al
q u arrie d for th i s p p
u r ose
but it is o nl
y u se d i n th e co nstru ctio n of th e m e ane st b uildin s, o n
g
ac c o unt o f i ts ch e a p ne ss on th e o ne h and, and i ts i ndurab ili ty on
th e o th e r.
Th e sh e ll yb e ds are c h i e y
fl com p d
ose o f sm all bi v alve s wh i ch h av e
lo st th e i r c olo u rs, C a rdi um a nd Te lli na, w i th w h i ch are m ixe d a fe w
u niv alve s, Tur bo , C e r i th i u m , an d N e ri ta, and h e re and th e re a large
Troch us and Tu rri te lla , and a th i n p ly P l
e ar a cuna — i n sh ort s p e c ie s
F re sh w a te r .
R eg ur, or Black S oi l .
- Th i s is i n som e p arts from 2 0 to 4 0 fe e t i n
k
th ic ne ss, and is c o ns ide re d th e b e s t c o tto n gro u nd . It consists o f
a fine , bl k ac
g
,i llac e ou s m ould, w h i ch c o ntains i n i ts low e r
ar a rt p
nodule s, and e v e n be ds of k u n ur and e k
l alluvi um , and re se nts o n p bb y p
330 GEO LO GY o r I NDIA .
[J A N .
V y y d C h i ti gi i t th i
e se an igi t wh i h N wb ld i pp
r s e d
ve s or n, o c e o s o ose .
Th l tte bj t t it th g d th t th di i t g ti f th
a er o ec s o on e rou n s a e s n e ra on o e
t pp k yi ld bl k il d h h “ ” ”
ra e an roc d d s t e s a re an no a ac so , an t at t e
l ti
e e va f th f
on o f y f th t t f g b th t f
e su r ace o m an o e rac s o re ur a ov e a o
h b d f th p
t e e t i
s o g h e w i h i t t i
re se n h i li y
r v e rs, to et er t s e x e ns ve or zo nta t ,
i di t
n d p it f
ca e ag l e b os g th h
ro m fl i til e ne ra su m e r e nc e ra er t an uv a e
t p t H l
rans or id
. d i t bl k l d t b
e a so c ons e re s ac co o ur ue o car o nac e o us
a d i m b t w th t i t i
x tu re , difl
u i lt t p i t
o ns t h igia f s as cu o on ou t e or n o
”
one as th at of th e o th e r.
a lw y f
a s, ti h y p
or som e i m es
g y t g e i h b w
ass nto a k re or re e n s rown ac en .
H th
e nce , h d di i t g t d p
e n, t e re i l b s n e h h f
ra e h art c e s e ne at t e su r ac e , w en
eq ll
uay p d t exth ose i by t o p t i h
e a r
g t l b b l
ra nsk or , m a so e co m e ac .
With f t th
re e re nce l t d p i ti
o e f h e e va e
g i p ost on o t e re ur n som e ar s,
an d th g t h i e t li y
re a f i or zon a t i th t h o igh b
ts trac s n o e rs, t e se m t e
ac cou n et d f by th h g f l l wh i h h t k pl i
or e c an e s o e ve c av e a en ace s nce
th i d p i t
e r e i os th ,
i
o r s nce f h l w e m p t f th goce ne e ra, or t e o er ar o e re ur
m us t I th i k b l g t
, n ,hi p i d e on di oh i t li ty
s er o
y h ; an ts or z o nta m a ave
b ff t d p i t it ph l i h
een e ec e re v ous o w y s u h t f h e av a , n t e sa m e a as t a o t e
a ll i l p l i
uv a f h Id
a n o t e
y t h g t i
n us or an th t f o er re a r v e r, e s re am s o
wh i h c t tly
, cons an y i g i th i p iti f v ar n id t i d
n e rl t os on rom s e o s e , at as
l e av e l t
an a m os pl i e ve n an .
Th igi f th
e or g n o
g i e re t b w d by
ur, a a n, se e m sth f l l w i g o e ans e re e o o n
q ti
ue s — W h
ons h b f
at th as e co m e f o i l e e norm ous am o u nt o m ate r a
th t h a b w th
as d
een d w h d ff th
ea e re pp ff i
an as e
g o e tra e an e us ons, am o n
h d ly pi f i b f d
,
Wh d e re y p f
oe s a n h t pp ff
art o i l
t e y h ra
g ? A
e an e d us ons ov e r a t e re ur n
f ro mw h t ld a k th th t pp
o er roc s ld h an h e b ra e an c o u t e re ur av e ee n
g
d i d ? O if i t
e r ve ld h r b w
co u d i d f av e h lde e n, or k as e r ve rom t e o e r ro c s,
h t g i h
w a , b
a a n, f th as t i l
e c om e oi i gf th di i t g ti
e m a er a ar s n rom e s n e ra on
o f h pp
t e tra ? e an one s
3 150 3 5 ? no nm a r ro ns . 33 1
Th at th e re gu r m ay p tly bl k d by th g wth d
h av e be e n ar ac e ne e ro an
d p i ti f g f g t bl tt i it
e com os on or a e s o I th i k will
ve e a e m a er n no one , n ,
d y b t th t th l t d t i t l f ti i I di wh i h pp t
en ; u a e as e r a orm a on n n a, c a e ars o
h b i di t ly p d d by h t pp fl i
av e een m m e a e re c e h ld b
e t e ra e an e
‘
us o ns, s ou e
c h i fly d i d f
e er ve y th k d
rom i an y th w o y h h
e r roc s, an n an o er a t an t at
wh i h I h
c i d
av e m e nt onet i p ibl wi h th f t t
, se e m s o m e nc om at e t e ac s a
o ur com m an d W h pp ff i . e re fi d t
t e tra ll p e an e us ons c on ne o a sm a s ac e ,
th t
e m at e rw ld b diff ou t b wh we i d th t
e re n f h ut en e co ns er a o ne - o urt
o f Hi d t P p
n us an i w rod by i
e r s no h t f t pp cov e re a c ont nuous s ee o ra e an
roc k d th t dyk d ll p t h i i th g
s, an a e s an p fh
sm a a c e s e x st n e re ate r art o t e
h
ot e r th f th
ree - ourll f wh i h i s, i bly
a o d df h i c are nconce va re uc e rom t e r
or igi l dina i th i t
m e ns ons, f l g t t f bl k
e e x s e nce o h th g h ar e rac s o ac e art ro u
ou t I di n t b
a se e m s t l o q e h f
as na u ra ti f a conse ue nce as t e orm a on o
o ld t t f
e r s ra a p ti
rom d i
a n e ru f k i th i i i i y
on or e stru c t o n o roc s n e r v c n t .
— Th th
us i f
e m ti i S i d
oce ne orm a d p f th f il ons n c n e a re so m a e u o e o ss s
an dd b i e f th N
r s o liti S i ewh i h i um m u di ly p dd h i
c e r e s, c m m e ate re c e e t e r
form a ti th t it b
on, a t f di ffi l y
e co m e s i a t m a te r
y o cu t som e t m e s o sa
whi ch i s wh ich .
o f so m e of th e m an y i
v ar e tie s o f t p kra ro c , m ost p b bly
ro a am yg d a
loid g or re e n ea rth , w h ic h a pp e ar to h av e re s te d at o ne ti m e ov e r th e
Bis ra m g und
j , and th e g lo u l a r b
v ari e t y of K ali ngh ur, m a
y also
h av e h ad a sh are in fo rm ing i t As re m
. I ar k ed be fo re , m an y of th e
t ra p b ld ou e rs are now in a so ft state , b orde ring on e arth , a nd can be
re d d p
uce to ow de r w i th th e gre ate s t e as e . Th e soil im m e diate l y
arou n d h ,
t e re c an be no b
do u t, is form e d of th e i r de br is , a nd as th e
pl i a n i n ge ne ral re se m bl es th at, w e m a
y re aso na bly i nfe r th a t i t also
X III .
RE C E N T F o n h ra rro x s '
.
Th e se I ne e d no t de sc ri b e ; th e y m a
y b e se e n on b
ou r e ach e s, and
Th e ory .
e re nt fo rm ations o f I ndia a pp e ar to h av e
b p d d If p tly
'
L e avi n
g th e re a d th t pply with
e r, e n, o su h is i m a
g i nati on th e state
o f I nd ia
*w as de p o site d by riv e rs fl owi n fro m th e north
, g .
2 nd — . Th at th e m ari ne b e ds of th is se ri e s, ( i ndic a te d by th e i r sh e ll y
nature, ) at th e so uth e rn e x tre m it y of I ndia, and i n C ntch , se e m to
p oint to th e ou ts k i rts of th is d lt
e a, or th e m argin of
p u re salt-wate r,
d uri n
g th is p e rio d .
3rd — h at th i s
. T d lte a, vi z . th e gre ate r p art of I din a, w as raise d
ab ov e th e le ve l of th e se a b e fore th e C re tace o us and N um m u litic Pe rio ds
c om m e nce d, w h ile i ts e aste rn and w e ste rn b orde rs, e x te ndi ng to th e
Hi y
m ala as on o ne si d e , and i n th e di re c tion of Sci nde and Belooe h istan
on th e oth e r, still re m aine d u nde r w ate r .
sp e c i m e n of Burdw an c oal to th e S o c i e ty , b y J . Ri tc h i e , Es q .
, S u pe ri nte nde n t
of th e P . and O . C o m p any
’
s S te am e rs in Bo m b ay , f u rni sh e s m o st sati sfa c to ry
and th e Hl a a ran e o f
g Sc i n d e, & c w e re form
. e d and raise d b a o ve th e
le ve l o f th e sea, le avi ng a gu lf on e ac h si d e , o ne i n th e p re se nt c o u rse
on th is tra p,
— th at th e ra T pp e an Pe rio d e x te nde d from th e d p
e osit
us ons, as it re sts u p on th e
O oli tic S e rie s .
-
Au th ori i i “ .
h as ch ie fly b e en d e ri v e d .
Wor ks .
—
He yne , Dr Tracts, Hi stori cal and
. ti ons on th e Ge ology of Malwa .
l
S tati st ca ,
i o n l ndi a — 1814 . . A ppe ndi x N0 . 11, v ol. ii .
—
) 1 8 23 .
I t w as y i
m nte nti on to h av e gi ve n a li s t of th e ti tles o f th ese a
p p ers i n cz te ns o,
S B
.
y
—Transae ti ons of th e Geologi cal S oci e ty of London Trans Ge ol S L
.
, . . . .
Adam —
Dr Jl A 8 B
, i . . . . . J enki ns, C ap t F . .
— As Rea —Jl A 8 Bi . . . . .
Be nza , Dr .
—Ji . A . S . Bi —Mad . . Jl . Lus h , Dr —Jl A S . . . . Bi 4 . l . By B . .
Lit . and Se . R A S . . .
C o ulth ard, C ap t S . .
—As . Res . M alco lm son, Dr J G - Jl A 8 . . . . . . Bl .
C op land, Dr — Trans Li t S
. . . . By . Geol S L «
tto , 2 nd S er
. . . .
C ole , Dr .
— M ad Jl Li t . . . and S e . —Ji . A 8 . . Bl .
Dea n, B -Jl A 8 B i . . . . . BR A S
. . . .
P ri nse p Dr J —
. .
. . .
,
Pi nni s, Li e u t J .
—Jl . A 8 . . Bl .
, . . . . .
Falco ner, Dr .
—I i . A 8 . . Bl . S te rli ng C ap t —As Re s , . .
By B R . . . A S . .
—Trans Geog 8 By . . . . S m i th Li e ut B —,
l
J A 8 Bl —Mad . . . . . . .
F orbes, Pro f E . . Ge ol S L 8 ve . . . . JI Li t
. . and Se .
P ri va te M a nusc rip ts .
Be ll Dr
, . T L , H H Nizam
. . . .
’
s Se rv ice . C onstabi e , Li e ut C G , I ndi an Navy . . . .
Bradle y , Dr . W H, H H . . . . Ni zam ’
s Ni coi ls, C ap t . W T , Mad ras
. . Arm y .
By E I n e s v , Esq
. .
, Res ide ncy Su rge o n, Indore .
re i
gn, as th at th e y h av e b een so long un di vu lge d and un esc ri d bd e ,
d d di t i t f S dw
w ith stan i ng th e i r si tuati on in th e w il y s rc o oan ara, e ve r
vi ll g wi th i
a e l il dp t k w th
n se ve ra by m b t e s roun rov e s o no em nam e ; u
th i s ly t d t
on h w h w h en s
y b b gh t t li
o s o
gh t w h o m uc m a e rou o en
dilig t i q i y i t f t d th t it i ly by h
en n u r s se
p on oo , an a s on suc m e ans, er
i gly
se ve r n y t ti lly p d th t wh t t d di
or s s e m a i
ca ursue , a a are e rm e scov e r e s
d d h idd b t ti ll p t t t
are m a e , an l d e n, u s a en , reasure s re v e a e .
F w th i g
e p hp h t b
n s are g tt d th t t h ig
er a s so m uc o e re re e , as a e ex en
re
gar di ng th e re cor d by m eans of illustration and d escri pti on o f th e
di fl '
i
o r an ze
g d k t h d, t by
as th H
s e c b l C e t t h
oui l b e onora e our , e r a ou rs,
t i
e x e ns v e asth y w i t d d t h e b e re t till h b y d
n en e o av e ee n, m us s reac e on
th li it f d li
e m ti
so d b e d dine a on, an y di i d em race an en n m an sc ov e r e s, an ,
wh i h i q i t
c s i p t t th u e ti
as fm y d ip ti f
or a n , e corre c on o m an escr ons o
criti lly d fi i t
ca e c en .
I t d f d t i gf
ns e a o ti th lik lih
e e rr n d f h b dy b i g
rom no ce , e e oo o suc a o e n
at w k pp t
or a h ears i ti t o m e y i d t ili g
rat e r an nce n ve o accurac n e a n
k w bj t f f w h th pp t ity f q i i g k wl dg
u n no n o e c s, or e av e e o or un o ac u r n no e e
on th p i t by
e se p ll y
o ns p i g t h n tiq i
e rsona i i com ar n e a uar an re m a ns n
c a v e s or x oo nv na . 337
th e di flere nt p arts of I di
n a, and fe we r still th e i nclination to e nte r on
T
i t, th ough in th e ransactions of th e Socie tie s of Bom by a and Be ngal ,
C olone l S es note s, Dr
’
yk ilson s re se arch es, . W ’
and Mr Fe rgusson s
.
’
acqui re d .
C e ntral I din a, as d fi d by
e ne Si r Jh o n Malcolm , h avi ng Bundle
kh nnd and Guze rat for i ts e as te rn and we ste rn b d
oun aries, th e H urow
te e and V in h dy an ran e s
g for i ts north e rn and sou th e rn, h as b ee n th e
ce ntre of as m an y re li gious as dy nasti es and th ough th e li m its b
a o ve
g t w
a ey d b l t
a s d an a us ra e, its d
atte n ant tum uli and th e dt
e a ch e db t u
j
Ma or C unni ngh am , Be ngal Enginee rs, wh o fou n d I b li
, e e v e , re li cs of
Th rou h
g th e li erali t b y of Mr Ham ilton th e Re si
.
, d e nt of I ndore , I
h av e a nati v e pl y d i py
artist e m p
o e lf n co i ng som e ai ntin s
g a - rese o,
wh i h I h pp
c ad t h it p e ne th o j i t t i w ll f tw f
u on on e con o n e x e r or a o o o
i t lligi bl d
n e i p ti
e f th
e scr t th A i ti S i ty
on o em o e s a c oc e .
Th f D
e cav e s o Ch dw
a m ne r, near f lly 8 0 il NNW f un as sa, u m es . rom
Bbgh w , h e re ly th t e on t h t f o k w b tI h
er se w t e re o ore no n, u av e no o
a dd th f K l
ose o b t 4 0 il t th
oo ve e , a ou t f D dI
m es o e e as o am ne r, an
m a
y ti
m en i i don t lly p
nc t f
en a t A b ,
wi th i 1 5
re or il fo one a oot n m es o
K l d
oo v ee , an t A gu 2 4
one a il h u Th l tt I i i t d
r, m d e s sou t . e a er v s e , an
foun d th t it h d f ll i th w i f t id
a a a en n f f
e re l g e re n ron ev e nce s o our ar e
p l i pill th
a n ars t l g th
e m e asu re m e n w ll w 2 4 f t wh i h
a on e re ar a as ee , c
w as i t wi d th th l gth b i g b t 4 0 f t i t w
s , e en e ndi i ti i a ou ee , as m nu v e n
h igh t
e d th l t i t
, an ef h d gi a er w y e dt
roo bl d i t th a ve n a an um e n a e
t
ce n re It i. w pp p i t d t
s no a f th ro ira e f f Vi ho one o e v ar ous orm s o s nu,
th e t i l b i g t
r soo pdi
e n l pl
s am e th d
n se v e ra i gl ace s on e re m ean n ess
f
sur ace , wh i h w h c t d d l
as t us conv e r e t d i t di i ity wi h t an e e va e n o a v n t ou
“
f orm i d by
or v o th p ”
t f H i
e d re se n race o n oos .
Th K l e I i it d fi t i D b 1 8 5 1 I w th
oo v e e eav e s v s e rs n e ce m er . as e n,
I b li the e ve , d E p wh h d b th
e se con uro ean d th y ot a een e re , an e cam e o
m
y k wlnod g th e g h e i d t
rou l ti g w i th
an acc C p t i M en ai m ee n a a n orr son,
O ffi i ti g P liti l Ag t t K t h wh h d j i d th R i d
’
c a n o ca en a o a , o a o ne e es e nt s
cam p th t y a it b kw d
e ar on h t I d
s ac f ar t wh i hm arc o n ore , rom a o ur c
h d i l d d th bl M k d P d H lk
’
a nc u e e m e m ora e o t g un urra ass, an o ar s s ron
h ldo dfan d y Hi gl i gh
ou n e r , n as ur .
I conse
q t ly t k
ue n pp t i t
ooy f th an o p b i g i
or unth igh o e cam e n n e ne
b h dt
our oo k d t t th
o m a e a f e ourG g o th t w e d ca v e s rom u n rar, e o n an
f t or re ss so re m ar a k bl i th h i t y f M lw d th e n e l f th
s or o a a, an e anna s o e
H lk f ily f th
o ar am ,pl it f th f
or e ex i fo s o T l h e am ous or n am ous o o see a
Bh i wh il i p
a s, e i n f th p osse ss on o f M lh R H lk e d e rson o u ar ae o ar, an
f h
or t e d f Bl
m ur e r S th
o t i
a aram di t ly p di g d e , e ve n s m m e a e re ce n an
d i gt th b ttl f M h idp
con uc n o e a d th
e o ti
e f th Biti h ore , an e connec on o e r s
p rom i t ly
ne n b ,I th e cause t i p fi ld l
e re m e g t l b n an o e n e a ar e e re c s a ,
wi th h k
a su n or c bla d b l w l gth
ra as an e m d i ipti
em , an e o a en e ne nsc r on
in a f ormf S g k it f wh i h I h d f
o un s r , i il t k
o c d it i a a ac s m e a e n, an as s,
I b li f th fi t ti
e ev e , or ed p bli I d i t t th S i ty f
rs m e m a e u c, se n o e oc e or
translation .
Th y w fi t
e e re rs nam e dt o m e as th e cav e s of K ye sra, but I f d itoun
b oth a m isnom e r and m i dis re cti on, for th e y are close to, and ov e rh ang
latitu d e 76
°
1 N
'
.
, i t i s th e h e ad of a
form i ng wh at is calle
u
p g
r unna, d
th e C h aom e h lah , i n th e p rinci alit p y
of K otah w h ich asse to th at , p d
State by t ty re a wi th us afte r th b ttl
e a e of M e h idpore ; i t is di t s ant
p i ip l
face s, w h e re th e r nc a cave s are , is a low scar p , nowh e re 30 fee t
h igh p p di l ly b k
er e n c u ar , ro e n and s plit up by fi ssure s and sli s p into
i g l
rre u ar d p j m asse s an ro e ctin g b l k oc s . Th e se con diti ons p re v e nt
p b bly lik
ro a e th e m , th e wor k of m e n s
’
h d an s .
h ill l ly
s so e ppi g b lt d t p d it i th ly i t
, ca n asa f an ra , an s e on ns ance o
l t it th t I h
a er e at f w tw d ave m e I b t it i y so ar es ar . n su s ance s ver co arse ,
an di l g f g
n ar et lik g l t
ra m e n s p dd i g t b di
e con
g om e ra e , or u n s one , a oun n
i i
n ron w h i h i p t th cl t it
m S h har s t i ti f e co our o . uc c arac e r s cs o course
are ill d p t d f a a i t e f d t il fi
or m f ti
nu e ne ss od e a or ne ness o e xecu on, an
with th di d t g th l ti f th b ill w ld b
ese sa van a e s e se e c on o e ou e u nac count
a bl b t f th ft
e, u f th
or t i l
e d f i t b i g wi th th
so ne ss o e m a e r a s, an or s e n , e
e x cep ti f C
on oh dw t h ly b i l
unl wh i h h p
assa, f y e on c as a scar o an
C olone l T dd M F g o or th tt ti
r. th y
e r usson it Th tie a en on e m er . e an
q y
ui t ig assd t t h ne by b th oi p em t q ti bo t d i
s o en g t h i o ue s o n, u conce n s,
an d th t th y i di t
a e ligi n i t t
ca e a re ft iti h d th i
on n a s a e o rans on, suc an e r
t tw
ex e n ld d ou d f th e m an th orp ig em k m ore an a ass n re m ar .
C l o onel T dd t h o se e m s dt o dily i th
av e concu rre it d oo rea n e conce e
assu m pti f th on o by h i J i Gu u d t f th t
e cav es s a n r , an rans e rs em a once
t th Ti th
o e k th ly t gibl
r an ara th t I
e on an b i g th e cause , a can se e , e n e
p rese nce f t l p
o d f th fig
e o e f B dh b t th
u n e r o ne o e u re s o u , u e
sa m e occurs a t th B egh wh i h
e
q ti
cav e s,b ly B d h i t ic l are un ue s ona u s ca ,
th oug h f t
o d t re ce nd M F g
a e ; any q i tly d i p
r . f
e r usso n v e r u e s oses o
th em i th 8 thn 9th
e t y or ili g p t th
ce n ur hiA. h ip f sa n as em on s s o
th d e t l
e se r t wi th
a m ost h il ou a a .
I h p h ft i f t p p t ti th
o e, e re a e r, na u u re f Ch
a e r, d o no ce ese cav e s o un
w assa or D li ly b t t p
a m ne r m ore e su re wh il , di g
u a re se nt, e v e n e acc or n
to M F g r . ll th
e r usson a di t h d fe th cre t p i d
e e se rv es or e e n er r se an
rese arc h h di pl y i h i d li
e s ti
a s nf I di s tiq i ti
e ne aI t
ons o n an an u es, canno
p ass o ve r wi th t t th ou h i d lg i (i h i
no e e snee r I ll t ti e n u es n n s us ra ons
o f I di n A h it t
an rct th i
e c ure p t y f th H bl a e ncom e e nc o e onora e
C om p y Ofl an i
’
s
q i d d
ce rs to ac u re t d w h t h h an
q i k ly
u n e rs an a e as so u c
g rasp d i
e t w ,ld f ou h i é
se e m
y i th
, it y
rom f p l s a re n e c o a aces .
Hi i d i w ld l d th p bli t pp th t th
s an m a v e rs ons ou ea e t u c o su ose a e se rv an s
o f G t
ov e rnm e n t ly g are ly igno t b t i di ff
on t t th
ross noran , u n e re n o e
o bj t d bj t f i t h i t y i I di b t I t l i f
e c s an su ec s o anc e n s or n n a ; u m us c a m or
re gar di ng th e m .
th i i pli i ty
e r s m dp i i c an r m
con oine j d wi h t im g
a e adoration and d e coration of th e dagh oba, w h ich
are , with one e x ce pi
t on, i n th e op e n ai r .
th e scarp b i gd p
e n ee e st at th ose p oints . Th e re are am on st
g th e m si x
dagh obas, e x clusi v e of th e large st and ornam e nte d one , all of wh i ch are
caves, and e ve n th ese , i t is e vi e nt, are not d e x cav ate d as v ih ara, but as
I m m e di t ly i
a e n connecti on wi th each dagh ob, h e re as at Dum nar, is
one large c e ll for th e ch i e f Arh an or Th e re , Ip resu m e , and th ese are
istic of th e se cav e s .
Th e di m e ns ons o i f b th th pill d
o e are cav e s are m uch th e sam e , 32 fe e t
by 2 4 , bl
o ong . In o ne , ( No . th e d bl
ou e row of
p lain square pill ars
to ; th e y are v au lt d l
e e ngth -wa s, and at y th e e x tre m it y of th e le ft ce ntre
is a re ce ss of th e us ual sh a e and ornam e nt of p th e p lace for a sm all
dagh ob . O ne of th ese caves is su or b di t t d na e o a e gb e h , wh i ch stan s d
in a court- ard y i n front of i t, fl k d by
an e an e re ct colossal figu re of
be ing vau lt d
e , and lit by one or two sm all op e ni ngs ; and in th e ir h avi ng
an i nne r room d
le a ing from th e d
v e ran ah .
Th e e ntrances to th e d
v e ran ah s are som e ti m e s in front, at oth e rs at
th e e nte r one, or d
le a i ng from a si e assage d p . Th i b i g
e r e n li t
invali d ates th e i dea of th i r
e e i ng sb
tore -room s S om . e h pill av e ars at
j
th e ad uncts of th e ornam e nte d d gbe e h and im age p re vent th eir bi e ng
342 c av ns o r x oonv nn. ( JA N .
rec one k d coe val wi th th ese in C uttack, th ei r tout e nsem ble woul d pl ace
Th y ll i e are a p
n th e o e n ai r, and c ut from th e soli d roc k , and h av e
in d bit bly b
u a een th e great o bj e c ts of worshi p , notwi th stan di ng th at
th e i m a e of
g Budh is d wi h t
ca rve t ou and wi th i n th e m . I n sh a p e th e y
diff er from oth e rs on ly i b i g t p n e n a re se nt wi th out a te e or u m b re lla,
and no t le ngth e ne d pw d wi h
u ar s t so m an y h eadi ngs, fille ts, and sub
Th e d om e or c u o a pl is su p p t d
or e ge ne rall y by a ci rcular frustra m ,
th at re sts on a square b
b i g li d by
ase m e nt, th e i r j unctions e n re e ve a
f wb d i g
e All h w
or e r n s . di ti tly , t d wi th
o fig f
e ve r, are s nc conne c e a u re o
B dh i
u it i g p t
n a s wh i h (wh
t n th y d os ure , t py ll c en e o no occ u sm a
re ce sse s i th t i )
n pl d i
e e x e r or ti i th b dy f h
are ac e n an e x cava on n e o o t e
d gb h p i i
e e , a k w i th
os t on un nof W t I di n n e cav es o es e rn n a .
I th n hi f e c tw p ill e d p one , h h ( ot b ) dd d
arst an a orc av e no een a e o
th d gb h b t f
e e e ,p t f th d ig d it i b i d p f ly
u orm a ar o e es n, an s es es ro use
o rnam e n e t d th i l tt i ; t h w s di ifi d i th l t b t
a er s no , o e ve r, ve rs e n e eas , u
y wh
e ve r p titi f th a
e re a re bj t wh i h I t k t b
e on o e s m e su ec , c a e o e an
ou tli f h d gh b i t lf b tw
ne o t e tw p l i p il t
a o se Th d gh b
, e een o a n as e rs . e a o a
are se ld li t y
om dfso hi f t ar t lik ly
, an i rom i d t t s ac m os e succe ss v e n a e ;
th e f l g t
o ur wi th i
ar e s p f 1 00 y d
are th ll
n a s ac e o ar s, e sm a e r ones
i p i
n a rs .
Th hi fe c lik th
e th i
one , t tf th
e id e f th h ill
o e rs, s cu ou rom e s e o e .
It l w b
s o er t i 30 f t q
ase m e n d 1 0 f t h igh
s d bee it s uare , an ee , an a ove
i i
r se s a c rc u arl f t 1 0 f t h igh d 2 8 f t i di
rus rum t d ee an ee n am e e r an as
close r i ns p e c tion d
i n uce d m e to re gar d it as a d gh b a t d d o ornam e n e , an
M r F e rgu sson
. d
w o ul say corru te p d .
Th e re is no i nte ri or, p ro e r p ly p
s e ak ing, b ut a re cess for a se ate d
figu re of Bud b
h , a ou t 8 fe e t h igh , i n front of wh ich a sm all p orch is
m a e d to p j
ro e c t, c ut from th e sam e roc k as th e d gbe eh i tse lf, and th e
I cannot he lp i gi i g th
m a nn e se are m e re ou tlines o f a dagh ob , and
d pt d f
a a e or suc h p p by f w
ur ose a e cu rv ature s and ornam e nts, and it
t ik
s r es m e still furth e r th at such is th e origi n of th e p ointe dd e cora
up th e h i ll, m ay h av e b e e n cons id d i k pi g
e re n ee n .
anoth e r d
i ea, th at i t is th e origi l d typ
na an e of th e ch ait ya caves
44
344 c av e s o r x o onv an .
[J A N .
i ndicati ve of th e i d ea th e y b dy d th
em o , an e e x e cution and p rogre ss o f .
one or tw o p
e x ce tions, are se ate c ross-le gge d on a sinh h sa Th e d .
w eath e r, re nde r y fl
i t v e r di i cult to say wh at th e figure s m ay h ave b ee n
o ri
gi nall y , artis ti call y vi e we d.
a si m i lari t y of w o rsh i p , th at o f th e
'
Bh ee m Singh
’
s b azar, at D a m ne r, a nd no e m bl e m atical or m
y th olo
gi cal figu re s, as th e t l p
an e o e ; th e y are co nse q ue ntl y of anteri or dt a e.
oa v ns o n x oo nv x n . 345
M r Fe rgusson laces th e
. p D am nat cav es y in th e 8 th or 9th ce ntur ,
an d k th
m a es k f th i w t f i pli i ty d j ty
e re m ar rom e r an o s m c an m a es ,
th t i t
a ly qon i fi
re i t f
u res su ili i ty w i th t h
c en d g am f d w w
ar d e e re e o o n ar
p g ro re sst b b
o l d te e nai t e
g d o t d use l by wh i
as a h t ra ua e sca e c o
m easure th ti th te th
m e l p d b f
a m us th tp f t
av e e a se ld e ore e m os er e c c ou
h k i t th
av e su n no d b d p i
e m ore Th i i d btl t
e ase s e c m e n.
”
s s ou ess rue
to som e t t th ex en g h t, t f pou f ti i p
a s a e o li p h f t i
e r ec on m es an e oc o m e,
as it i g i t
s a a ns t pp th t t ld h
re ason o su ose p g t a ar cou av e s run a once
t p i ti
o os llve b t it i
e x ce t
e nce ; y u il s i p li ity
no easd to re conc e s m c an
j ty wh b th t i l d i
m a es , e re o m a er a
g i t t h an lp t s ze are a a ns e scu or.
I t h w
t se e m s o m e , th t th o e v e r,l wi th th b h ld
a e se cav e s e av e e e o er a
p f t q i l t f th w t f fi i h i th p i iti
er e c e u va e n or e an o f th i
ns n e r m v e ness o e r
d iges nTh fig
. e ll i plures are th d gh b wi th
a s m e ; tw e a o , one or o
e x cepti th ons, wh il th
e sam e b f eth d l e a se nce t o a ca e ra cav e , or, o
g i v e anoth d fi i ti
er fie i nh d p t
on, a l f th
ns e d g h b d
re ce i t ac e or e a o a an s
th i
e re s no
g t q d i p
ro e s u e ness or p t i pp t i th
s ro or i f
on a are n n e re m a ns o
th e fig flyi g fig
ure s, no B dh tw n ures,b di t di i i i u su as or su or na e v n t e s,
an d th lye on bl f
se m ptiance s o th l ti
corru d ddi ti
on are e a te ra ons an a ons
car di nal p oi nts in conne cti on w ith i t, and still late r, th e gate w a s and y
b alustrade d
w e re a de d, as e vi de nce d by th e gifts towar s th e m , i n a d
langu age wh ich h as e vi de ntl y d un e rgone ch ange .
Th e figu re s o f B d
u h at Sanch i are seate d and squa tte d, and th e
re m ai ns o f p
illars e x i st, sh owi ng th at a cano w as ov e r h im py .
b ut still i n th e p
o e n air, w ould natu rall y e x cavate a pl ace for i t w ith in
th e dagh ob, to p t ro e ct it from th e vi c issi tu d e s of th e w e ath e r, or h av e
a p orti co i n i m itation of th at at Sanch i, and I am incline dt o th in k
346 c s v ns or x oo nv nn.
[J A N .
and th e ligh t d
a m i tte d by two loft y ve ran ah s, d th e ou te r one h i gh e r
th an th e inne r ; th is b eing afte rwar s re d pl d by
ace th e m ore
p e rfe ct
y
ch ai t a-sh a e p d wi d w n o at A j u nta and e lse wh e re .
Malwa .
ti on h as gone th rough , I gi ve in j t p i ti
ux a os on co py of Budh ist one
a ,
d
b lance woul h av e b ee n close r, and p arta k e n of i ts ch aracte r .
No . l .
—A si ngle cav e , 2 1 fe et by 7 le a i ng from th e
, d assage at p
re ar of th e large dagh ob . I t h as a stone -cou ch and illow at each p
e nd ; th e inne r room is large , th e d oorwa ybi e ng two p ill ars i t is d kar
and gloom y .
No 2 . .
—Th e largest com binati on of th e ce lls o pp itos e th e lan ing d
p lace , and close to th e ch ie f dagh ob . It is 28 fe e t by 7 , i n th e sh a e p
c av e s o n x oo nv na . 347
of a _ _ 1 i nve rte d, wi th d
si e room s from th e p assage ; it h as a triangle
o ve r th e oor d .
No . 3 — A igh t of ste
. fl p s at th e ou tsi d d f th t t ity f
e , an ur es e x re m o
h ill p j ro ects ov e r th e m d
a m itting th e li gh t f blw b t
rom i g e o , u sc re e n n
No 4 — A large dagh ob
. . by it se lf, i n th e p
o e n ai r, wi th a recess in
b
i ts ase for a figure of Bu h d .
No 5 consists of a long
. v aulte d v e ran ah ,d e ntrance at one ex
No 6 .
-Th e
for th e dagh oba, 2 1 fe e t 1 6 and 1 2
v aulte d cav e by .
No 9 — A h all or
. . ch ank m an, 32 fe e t by 2 4 , contai ning a d blou e
row of pl i pi ll d l d
a n f l d f th i t
ars, anO h lf v au te roo , ea s rom s cour . ne - a
of th d ew y b f th
oor ll p ill ia t w y d th
e ore th w e sm a ars s cu a a , an e o er as
p b bly
ro a t t b l g d l f
m e an ligh t w h i h th d gh b i f
o t
e e n ar e a so or , c e a o n ron
bl k t th t pill i th i i t d
oc s ou on t fig
e ou e r ars s e cu r ou s nv e r e c resce n ure
no ti bl i l t ll B dh i t
ce a e K i p ti l ly Ab th
n a m os a u s cav es, e ne r ar c u ar . ov e e
h t pil t
s or i th l h
as e rs st i i t th d w y i 12
e usua c arac e r s t c o rnam e n e oor a s
ee roa , an re u re e a ona ee e o or .
N 10 h o. tw f d h i wh i h i l g h l
as o room s rom a v e ran a , n c s a ar e o e
le a d u
p to th e h i ll b e tw e e n th i s and th e b
a ove ; th e y are now b k ro e n
consi d bly
e ra .
348 c a v e s or x oonv nn .
[J A N .
No . 12,
— A illare h all
. N o 9 p
h as a d
orch lik e th e sam e size as . p
large dagh ob ; a fri eze along oth i t and th e front a ove th e wi n ow s b b d
si m ilar to th e ornam e nte sc re e n of th e sam e ; th e win ows are sm all d d
sq uare o p e ni ngs ; th e court is fl k d by d gh b i
an e a o a n re lie f, and th e
th e figu res, h ow e ve r m d
e t, are un e r cov e r ; if c onne c te d wi th th e dagh o b
p rote c e t d by ll a ce .
Nos . 2 3 to 2 6 .
—A se ri e s of th re e , p aralle l to o ne a no th e r, and a
a c e ll.
No 2 7 - Two dagh obas in a court in th e ai r, ou t from th e h ill
. .
—
No 2 8 , Th e i m age , too large to adm i t of e i ng lace d i n conju nc
. b p
tion wi th th em , so p ut into a ce ll ad oining, j strongl y m arki n
g th e
i nse p b ility
ara of bo th .
No . 29 .
—Th e p oojare e ce ll, atte n ant as d usual on th e o bj e ct of
w orsh i p .
Nos . 30 and 31 .
— A large d bl ou e and si ngle ce ll, e x te n di ng u p a
No . 34 .
—A long v au lte d ch a m b e r, too sm all for any p ur osep b ut
a dw llie ng .
No . 35 .
— An ordinar y b
h a i tati on of two room s, e ntrance at th e
e x tre m it y .
com m e nce d d
u n e rne ath ; a fligh t of ste p s le a d u
p to th e h ill from one
e x tre m it y of th is .
Nos 39 and 4 0 . .
— Sim ilar to th e ab ov e ; th e room s b i g lt d
e n v au e .
No 4 l — Two
. . roo m s and a v e ran ah ; d door bi e ng li nte lle d, as all
se e m to b e in th is range .
p j
for th e im age ro e cti ng from th e circula r frustru m .
No . 44 .
—Th e atte ndant ce ll to 4 3 . Th e ne x t is th e gre at orna
m e nte d dagh ob .
Anr '
. lV . N o ti ces of A ntiq ui ti es i n S ci nde C om .
m u nica te d b
y H B E F R ER E Es , C o m m i ssio ne r i n S c i nde
q . . .
, . .
C AI RN S AN D C R O M LEC H S .
4 . M r Macle od .
, D p ty C ll
e u o e c tor, i nform s m e th at c ai rns and
b
de sc ri e d b y C a tai n Pre e dy p
Th e nam e h as e e n v ariousl e x laine d . b y p
to m e as m eani ng th e “
gr e at or th e
“
o ld p e o le Th e indoos p . H
clai m th e m as Hi ndoos, b e cau se th e yb u rie d th e ir de ad wi th th e ir h e ads
to th e e as t, and we re th e re fore cle arl y not Mah om edans . But th ey
35 0 ANT I QU ITI ES i n se m e n .
[Ja m
c oul gd
i v e no oth er re ason, nor could h ear of any im a e s or
g i n oo I H d
em b b
le m s h aving e v e r e e n fo un near th e grav e s ra i tion states th at d . T d
th e i r ca i tal w as p u H bb
Saro na, som e ista nce e on Sh ah B
”
illawal, d by d
and th at th e y w k d th or e e lea d m i nes at K undroj, 1 2 coss from th e
hi t y f
s or o y ears . Th i t b e r om s, as f
o un d th b t e rea o u s, are ci rcle s
of l b f
s a s o sto ne , pl d
ace d p igh tu r , an consist, som e ti m e s, of se v e ral
roote d ou t, an d d t y d by M h
e s ro e a om e d bin C assi m , wh e n he
c onqu i re d Scinde . Pi e c e s of th e ir m one y ar e som e tim es foun d near
si m ply q s u ares of co pp e r, b
a out th e si ze of a pi ce , wi th ou t stam p s or
m ar k E— . r tra ct o
.
f le tter 1 8 4 1 Qf 1 8 5 1 , f rom H . BE . . F re re, Esq .
,
to th e Governm e nt.
5 . Th e first is s it t d
ua e near th e K urrach e e cantonm e nts, and wh e n
th at near K urrach e e b i g 1 12 p
e n ace s i n le n gth by 1 5 i b d th th n re a , e
o ne ne ar Dunraj b
a ou t h alf th at siz e , and th e th i rd, ne ar O om ed
Alli s vi llage ,
’
bi
e ng still sm alle r . d
Th e first is i vi de into se ve n a art d p
m e nts, th e se con d i nto th ree , and th e th i r d
h as no ivisi on at all d .
by th e
‘
W udwa Log,
’
of wh om noth ing c e rtai n w as k nown, e x ce t p
th at th e yw e re e i th e r Jw e s or K a i rs,fl and th at th e yw di e re r ve n ou t of
8 . Cr om lech s .
— Th e se are not nu m e ro us i ndee d th e o nl y one
w ith a large flt
a sla b on th e top . Th e alta rs are e re cte d in an e nclo
th e m .
9 . C a im a . T
— h e se are p il e s o f u nh e wn stone , v ar i n from
y g 6 to 1 0
fe e t i n h e igh t . Th y e are v e r y nu m e ro us, and are sai d by th e Sci ndee s
to b e of m o de rn e re cti on . Th e Nati v e s call th e m C h ors,
’
a nd re p ort
10 . T
Gr a ves f qor Barm
t wi h i h an — h e se are re ue n tly m e t , e t er
i gly
s n ll ti ly
or c od lw y p k
ec ve f by th S i d
, an th
are a a s s o en o e c n e e s as e
g f h
rav e s o f K fli it h b ei t t
o rm e r T h y f d a t r n a an s . e are oun m os nu m e rou s
i thn i i ity f th h t p i g
e v c n Th y
o lly
e d wi th
o s r n s . e are u sua c ov e re
l g l
ar e t d b t 2 f t i h igh t 8 9 f t i b dth
oo se s o ne s, an are a ou ee n e , or ee n re a ,
an df 1 5 t 20 f
ro m i l gh Io w th t
ee t
y fnt h en t . am not a are a an o em
h b p d b tI p p p i g
av e e v e r een o e ne f th d i gu ur o se o en n som e o em ur n
m
y t t
ne x d h p t p t
o u r, th anl T h ll y
O f eN i g
o re or e re su t . e va e s o a n
an d K h i th J gh
a ee ,
p g n h f S he i t anpp t har u r u nna o e ns an, a e ar o av e .
b th h d q t f h i i t
een e ea B th ll y
uar e rs o w t rd t s anc e n race . o va e s are a e e
by b i f l d p i p i g f w t wh i h i i g id bly
e aut u an co o us s r n s o a e r, c , r s n c o ns e ra
ab th l l f h ll y
ov e e e ve h d w o h t fin ll i l pl i
e va e s, r us o n on t e e a uv a a ns
b l w ff di g b d
e o , a or pply f w t ll h y
n an a u n ant s u d f o a er a t e e ar rou n or
h
t e l i ti
cu fft fi
va h d d
on o fl diou r o r h ll y ve un re a cre s o an n e ac va e .
11 Th g . t e i th ll y f N i g w h
rav e s are m o s nu m e rous n e va e o a n , e re
I l di a so d d k i d f t p f wh i h I b g t
scov e re a ru e n gh o o s, o c e o anne x a ro u
45
35 ? A NT I Q U I TI ES us se m e n .
( JA N .
large u nh e w n sto ne ,
p ut to
ge th e r w i th m uc h re
g ulari t y , bu t wi th ou t
a ny c e m e nt . Th e Noh anne e tri b e of Be looc h ee s , w h o i nh a bi t and
c ulti va te th e v alle y , s ta te th at i t is e re c te d o ve r th e h e ads o f a v as t
c e rtai n N uw a b Th y
. e h ave , h owe ve r, no tradi tion as to w h e n th e
ac tio n k pl too ace , and th e N uwab
’
s nam e , if h e e ve r e x i ste d, h as long
ago p ih d Ier s e . am de c i de dl y of o pi nio n th at th e to p e is m uc h m o re
12 y
Each stor i s c i rc ular and ap are ntl soli d, th e lo we r o ne
. , p y
bi e n
g 1 2 fe e t, th e se co nd 6 fe e t, and th e th i d 3 f
r i eet n dia m e te r . Th e re
13 Ab 30 0 y d i f
. t f h p
ou t t ill g f N i g
ar s n ro n o t e re se n v a e o a n , a
i l h p d h ill i
c on c a -s b 1 0 0 f t i h igh t it i y t p d
a e r se s a ou t ee n e : s ve r s ee , an
a pp t h b f ti fi d t
e ars o av e di t t p i d ee n A w i di g
or e a so m e s an er o . n n
p th w y l d t th t p wh i h i f d
a a ea s o f h e o , on c s ou n o ne o t ose e no rm o us
g rav e s b w w h i
or h I h arro b f d isb d T h f c d ave e ore e scr e . e ou n a
i
t ons o f w ll l pp t d m
a s are a s o d g T diti
a are n , an so e m o e rn rav e s . ra on
re p t th t th i w th t gh ld f th K fl
or s a s i h i f wh
as e s ron o o e a r c e ose nam e
w as L k uc h th h m e re d hi l t t d t a d b i g e e re m a e s as s an , an , e n o ve rco m e
an d l i w s a n, b idh N as M h d K ll
ur e i t d dt h e re . oo r a om e u o ra n e n e o av e
f ti fi d th
or e igh b i g h ill
e hne h p i g h itou r n d s, w e re t e s r n as s sou rc e , an
h dga t o neid bl p i ll ti g
o c ons e ra f hi p p e ex e nse n co e c n sto ne s or t s ur ose .
V t qas i i f t
uant till t esi p il d p i h p
o s o ne i ts re m a n e u n ea s a t c o nv e n e n
di t s a nc e sf h w k wh
or th y h e ld or b ildi g
m en en t e s ou c o m m e nc e u n .
14 C —. I h ll y f K h
a rm a t h t di t
n t e va e f h o e m , a a s or s a nc e rom t e
sp i g h d th
r n ea l , d h w
e re are t f h k hi h
se v e ra ru e cav e s e n ou o t e roc , w c
ca ttl h d
e s Th l e s . ib d t th f K fl i i h bi
e se , a so, are asc r e o e o rm e r a
‘
r n a tants .
Th i e re ll s b tw h t w f S h w d h b d
a sm a c a ve e een t e o n o e an an t e un e r,
ca ll d th
e Eh th b e p ill d wh i h w i it d by D Wil
- am ,
’
or one a re , c as v s e r . so n,
an d i ti d i h i
s no M i
ce th C n T pl & f W t
s e m o r on e av e - em e s, c . o e s e rn
I di Th i i pp d t b f Hi d
n a .
’
s s su igi b t i t w ld
ose o e o n oo or n, u ou see m
a x r rou rr rs s i n se m e n . 35 3
th e i r de ad, and w ou ld pp a ea r to h av e h ad am on st
g th e m none of th e
IIi ndoo s y b m l
o s— at le ast none h ave as y e t b e e n discov e re d .
”—
Ez tr a ct
of le tter 2 0 60 of 1 8 5 1 , f rom Cap ta i n Pre edy , Collector, K urrach e e, to
H . BE . . F r e re , Esq .
alm ost d d
e se rte , so m uch so, th a t on m
y route from K urrach e e to
J a ngh ar I ld se om m et w ith e ve n a soli tar y goath e rd, e x ce pt i n th e
to In th e pi g i t h t iy f
v alle y of Longs , a s r n r se s a t e ex re m t o an
t i
e x e ns v e pl i f wh i h it w t b t 300 b g Th i l d i
a n, o c a e rs a ou ee as . s an s
i l d d i h j gh
nc u e f N w b Ah
nt e d Kh N j h
a eer o u a m e an oom u a .
3 Tw th fi . p i g ll d K h d N i g i f w il
oo er ne S r n s, c a e a ee an a n , r se a e m es
t o h w tw d f J gh
t e es Th f
ar o f ti li an b t 2 00 thar . e orm e r er ze s a ou , e
l tt
a b t 4 00 b g Th l d w t d by b th th p i g
e r a ou ee as . e an s a e re o e se s r n s are
l i t d by th N h
c u t va e t ib f Bl e h o th f anne e r t e o e ooc ee s, e orm e r o n accou n
o f G t
o v e rnm e n d h l tt , ant f K h
t e All a Sy d e r on acc oun o um er ee e ,
J gh d Th
a e e r a r. ig f i t p pl
e v e st b bl i th
es o an anc e n eo e are o se rva e n e
i i i y f b th f h
v c n t o pi g d l i
o o t e se y p t f th h ill
s r n s, an a so n m an ar s o e s.
Th ese i t f d t
c o ns s l o ru e lly i th h p
s one f e nc osu re s, us ua n e s a e o a
p ll l g
ara e o i
y g i l
ram
g th f , v ar 5 0 t 1 0 0 ny d d i
n en b d h rom o ar s, an n re a t
f ro m10 20 y d Th
to ar s .t d f g h h w e se a re c ons tru c e
t o rou un e n s one ,
p il d t g h i g l d b t wi th t
e o et er n re u ar or e r, t Th l u ou ce m e n . e e nc osu re s
a re g lly f
e ne ra d b t 3 4 f t i
o un h ig h t T
a ouh y d i i d d
or b y ee n e . e a re v e
p i i w ll f th
art t on a s, t i l o d th i k e th t w ll
sam e m a e r a an c ne ss as e ou e r a s,
an d lly f
u sua t dw t ac e e as an es .
4 N .h p i g t K h th
e ar t e s rn s a l d h a ee e re are se v e ra ru e ca v e s ewn
o ut o f h k wh i h h
t e roc id , ly b d h
c ave h bi ev e nt een use as u m an a ta
t i o ns . Th y pp b e fg t
a tiq i ty b t t d i i
e ar to i e h lly
o re a an u , u ra t on s w o
th p p l i h b i d th — ”
sil t en wh as to h o e eo E t e
f
w e re t at n a te em . r ra c t o
.
F r e re, Bag .
2 . Th e c ro ss-sh a p e d e re c tio n b d i th 7 h p g ph
de sc ri e n e t ara ra o f Mr .
Mac le o d s le tte r is th e th t wh i h I h d ib d
’
sam e as c ave e sc r e as a s ua re
a
q
of fo ur stone altars . I t is si tuate d b t h lf w y b tw
a ou T a a e een ruc k a nd
3 . Th e sto ne
‘
grave s allude d by M
to r. Macleo d are found i n gre at
num b e rs th rough o u t th e h ill y di stric t wh ich d
e x te n s along ou r wes te rn
35 4 A NT I Q U I TI ES m S C ND EI .
[Ja m
e x ac t ly re se m bl h d e t ose escr i b d by C p t i
e T yl d C g a a ns a o r an on re v e , and
we are , I th i k th f n , e re o re , j ifi d i g di g b th h
us t e n re ar n o as t e re m ai ns
S y th i D
”—
of th e sam e c c ruidical race . Er tra ct
. o
f le tte r 2 1 5 4 qf
1 8 5 1 , f rom C a p ta i n P r e e dy to H . B . E F r ere, Esq
. .
2 . Wi th re fe re nce to th e C om m i ssio ne r
’
s i ns tru c ti ons on th is
su bj e c t, Ih av e th e h onou r to su b it to y ou, for h is i nfo rm
m ati on, th at
wh ose d u tie s m a
y d a m i t o f visi ti ng and d e sc ri bi ng th e m m ay be dire cte d
th e re to .
conside ra b l di t
e s a nce . In su ch pl ac e s ce rta in grave s are p ointe d ou t as
4 . In se
q ue ste re d pt s o s, cluste rs o f som e wh at si m ilar m e m o ri als of
th e d d yb f
ea m a e ou n d wi h t ou t an
y adm i x ture of M ah o m e dan graves
th e y it h ff
cons s e ac o o ur stone s, fo rm i ng a sm all squ are , w ith i n w h ich
p ar ti l f l i d b
c es o ca c ne one s m ay be o se rve d b
O ccas io nall th e are . y y
a rrange d in a ci rc ular fo rm aro u n d a fe w, w h ic h form a c e ntre . I m a
y
m e nti o n th at b tw e e en Run Pi ttana a nd Moulm a ch are e , i n th e di re ct
roa db e twe e n Hy drab ad and K urrach e e is , a sm all v alle y , form ed by th e
th e y y
m ah av e e en sh all n b
ot atte m t t I
o con e c tu re p j ; th e y are o f to o
b k
an of th e Gu gge r riv e r i n th e b e d o f w h ich
, an i nsc ri ti on i s p re p o rte d
attach e d to th e C h ie f Engi ne e r .
6 . At Jh aree ah
j - a-k Boo te a , b e tw e e n Joku ude e ( an e x te nsi v e
of a
f r om J M a cle od, Es q
. .
, to H B E F r e re Esq
. . .
, .
—
Su n I h ave th e h onour to i nform y ou th at h av e fo rwarde d to th e I
y b
Socie t tw o ox e s c o ntai ni ng s ec i m e ns o f te rra c otta arch i te ctural orna p
m e nts, du g u
p i n th e neigh bou rh o o d of e rru c k o n th e J I ndus, and re
p
se nte d by W . . Dp y
C ole , Esq , e u t C olle c tor o f urrac h e e K .
( Plate v i .
)
2 . Th y pp e a e ar to m e to be e x tre m e l yi nte re sti ng, fo r m ore re as o ns
th an one .
e longe d .
te stim on y .
b li f th y w ld gi
e e , e y h igh tiq i y t th b ildi g t wh i h
ou ve ve r an u t o e u n o c
th y b l g d
e e on e .
6 All h
. t l p t t ik
t e ornam y i il i h t
en a ar s s r e m e as v e r s m ar n c a rac e r
to t h f ose d i h l B dh i tou n pl
n t e d f gate r t u s c av e -te m es ; an ra m e n s are
p l i
at on T h h .d i i i b lye b eak fi p
s b b ly
nv ar a by th c ut o r ro en o
'
, ro a e
M h a d om eI l h
an d t y d thconoc as ts pl b t th l gw o e s ro e e te m e u e ar e
p dle n u ous d th h t i i
ears an f B dh o till
er l
c ly
arac e r st cs o u a are s c e ar
trac e a bl O f h f g t will b f d i th b
e . ne o t e se ra w m en s e ou n n e o x e s no se nt .
7 S. f h om e o p d h pp t h b
t e o rnam e nts a re stam e ; ot e rs a e ar o av e ee n
c ut w h il th ly w e f ed h p tc a f g
as so t ;
t i ty an t e at e rns are o rea v ar e .
8 Th
. p h h e s i w ot di w di
e re l w h ill
t e re m a ns e re scov e re s a o ov e r
l ki g h I d
oo n b t 3 il b l w J k d l t h
t e n us, a ou m es e o e rruc , an c ose o t e
h am l f Sh ik T
et o a aroo .
9 I w
. p i d tt M C l
t as o nte K fl i K t
ou th
o ly r. o e as a a r o e e on
10 .
‘
Th e flt t p
a o of th e h ill, (p l fig . v. . l ,) wh ich is of sm all a re a ,
a pp e ars to h av e b e e n fo rm e rl
‘
y d by w ll f l g t
su rro u nde a a o ar e s o ne s,
th e re m ai ns o f w h i ch are in pl ill
ac e s st bl A p j i g p i
trace a e . ro e c t n o rt o n
at th e e as t si de a pp e ars to h av e b p d by w ll ill
e e n se bl ara te a a st trace a e
s to ne e nc lo su re s i nside , th e c h t f wh i h
arac e r
y p h p h o c m a , er a s, e re
afte r be di sc ov e re d, wh e n t e h bbi h wh i h
ru ths h b c c ov e rs em as ee n
re m o ve d .
12 . M r C ole .
’
s atte ntio n was attracte d to th e m ou n d by fi ndi ng a
M r C ole
. t hi k n s, w i th so m e fib ro us su bt s a nc e .
13 . Th e base of th e b u ildi n
g w as o rnam e nte d by b a old m ould
as i f fo r pil aste rs .
to th e form re ui re d
q .
care .
16 . Since wri ti ng th e b
a ove , Mr C ole h as discov e re d an i nscri
. bd
e
m only k now n to th e p
h ill sh e h e rds as Ka i r flK o te .
”
A de sc ri ti onp of
wh i ch m a
y se rv e to ide ntif y th e c h arac te r . Ih p o e to ge t one m ore e x ac t
BE . . F r ere , Esq .
, to th e S e cre ta ry BBR . . . Asi a ti c S oci e ty .
A nci e nt Re m a i ns o
f th e K u r ra ch e e C o lle c tora te .
Sm ,
—I h ave th e h o no ur to e nclo se a co py of a le tte r fro m p
C a ta i n
Pre e dy , w i th a s k e tch
p i
m an o rigi nal, sh ow ing th e o s i ti o ns o f a p
num b e r o f ru ins, a p p are ntl yb
e longi ng to a n a nc ie nt e o le w h o i nh a i te d p p b
th e h i ll y di t i t s r c s o f th e K u rrac h e e C o lle ctorate . Th e se re m ai ns are
lly k p bi t b K atfi r
’
le tte rs from p
C a tai n Pre e dy and M r Mac le od.
, alre ad y transm itte d
( w ith le tte rs No . 1 841, d td 9h
a e t Se t , p . and No . 1 960, date d 22 nd
35 8 a ne m rm s
'
m s c rND s . [J A N .
p —
Se t 1 8 5 l p p 35 4, to th e Soci e t y by G ove rnm e nt, to w h om th e y
*
. .
3 Ih
. dd d t C p t i P dy
ave l t a g e d p l (p
o l a a n re e
’
s e t er a ro u n - an . v.
fig 4 .
) f h t
,
pa ti l b i
oldi g f t h i h aM g i
ar w d
cu a r t u n o w c asson ve s a oo -c u
,
an d f w at d d i g j
e y th gh th b ill
no e s m a e ur n a ourne ro u e se s .
4 With th
. pti f h ll b ildi g d e ib d
e x ce f d
on o t e sm a u n s e sc r e as roo e
wi th l b f t s a s f th b o y ts one ,f f I f
none th y o em e ar an race o a roo . e
e ve rh d y i t a t h b an f h p , i h b l t
m usi l t l
av e e en o su c er s a e m a e r a s as o e ave
no fragm e nt now re m ai ni n
g .
o th e r, y
alwa s along li ne s o f road, and at goo dh alting - pl ac e s, im p re ss
Pre e dy m u st h ave b e e n ve r y ac c e p t bl
a e to trave lle rs as sh e lte r agai nst
8 . Ye t th e b ildi
u ngs de sc ri b d by e p
C a tain Pre e dy are not th e
V i de Masson s Trave ls i n
’
Be looe h istan , vol. 11 .
a rm ou rrm s m sc ra p s . 35 9
p o ulatp
i on . Ru bbl e stone foun d ti
a ons, as of h ouse s, often m e t wi th i n
consi d bl e ra e num b e rs, and b uilt in re gular line s, wi th fragm e nts of
p o tt y t tif y t
er , es o th e e x is te nce of a se ttle dp p eo le , w h o liv e in p e r d
m ane nt towns o r v illa es, and
g wh o m u st h ave b e e n m u ch m ore ci vilize d
9 I kd
h av e m ar e on C a tai n Pre e dy s m ap (by th e wo r
.
’
Ruins p d
th e site s o f som e of th e se v estige s of anci e nt i nh a i tants, wh ich a ear b pp
to m ar k th e si tes of form e r tow ns
,
— Le tter . 2 1 0 9 of 1 8 5 3, fi '
om H . B .
E F r e re, Esq
. .
, to th e S e cre ta ry BBR . . . Asi a ti c So ci e ty .
—
S u n I n re l pyt y o our le tte r No . 5 6, of th e l oth of J anua r yl t as ,
wh i ch I m u ch re re t sh ould
g h av e so long re m ai ne d u nac k no wl dg d e e ,
0 6s . 1 .
— K otee ra m e ans a sm all fort .
No . 1 — Near
. K urrac h ee , contai ni n
g se v en divisi ons, calle d by th e
Nativ e s th e Sath Gh ur .
”
Th e room s or di vi si ons are ne ar ly q s uare ,
and v ar y
in e x te nt from a ou t 4 0 to 4 5 fe e t i n le ngth an b db dth re a .
Th e e x te rnal and d
i vi si onal w alls are c om ose o f large p d d d
u n re sse
di i i h
v s on as an e ntrance in th e e as te rn face . Th ese p e culi ari ti es are
0 6s 2 — . . d
Vi e anne x e s e tch [si m ilar to figs 4, 6, p l d k . . Th e
b
room s are a ou t 30 to 4 0 fee t, inte ri or m eas ure m ent .
“
No . 2 .
-Ne ar D um as, on th e direct roa dt o Seh wan, contai ning tw o
b
a ov e , w h i ch w ou ld pp t
a e ar o h ave b ee n use d e i th e r as a tom b , a te m pl e,
O bs . 3 — . Th i s m in i s b
a out 4 m ile s on th e Dunraj si d e of T k ruc .
46
360 m m m r ras m sc m ns .
( Ja n .
lg d
e en i , f wh i h i gi
one ve rs on o i Bt Hi t y f S i d c s ve n n ur on s
’
s or o c n e.
”
C p t i P dy d
a a n t ti
re e i gl p igh t l b
oe s no d b li k
m en on a s n e u r s a or ru e o e s
still t d i g 1 0
s an 12 y d f n th NE g
or l f th t p l
ar s 7
() rom e . an e o e em e
or th i f:
i il
e re m a ns o l b t i il di t f th SE
a s m ar sa a a sm ar s ance rom e .
an
g ( )
l e T h N
c c h . t di ti t
eh t th i i
oo m reas th ig h av e a ra on a e re s n e ne
b h d
our oo fi p i g wh i h w p p ly h k d p d
a ne s r n ,
l c as u r ose c o e u an conce a
ed by th K m wh th t b lis a ra
”
fi ti d d th en ty e rue e e v e rs rs nv a e e coun r .
d ib d by C p t i P dy d wh i h I h
e scr e a a k d hi p
n re e , an c av e m ar e on s m a as
N 2 o. dN 2 A an Th f i b tw o. Ah d Kh
a. dB h l e orm e r s e een m e an an oo a
Kh T d d i i gl
an s
’
an a, an b t 35 f t q f h
s a s n e room a ou ee s u are , o t e con
t
s ruc ti l i th
o n u su a b ildi g Th th i il i h p d n ese u n s . e o e r, s m ar n s a e an
i
s ze , li b tw Bh l Kh
es e T d dS bk
een oo a th an s
’
an a an oom u , near e
D w t ur th p by wh i h th Bh
a ,
”
e i ass
p f th c e aru n r ve r esca es rom e
h ills .
th e large b d un .
No 6 . .
-O u th e Ve roo pl ia n, distant b
a ou t 1} m iles to th e west
w ar d of th e b u nd. Th is is a ci rcular kote e ra, wi th onl y one e ntrance ,
m anne r as th ose of th e q u d
a rangu lar kotee ras .
No 8 . .
- A sm all one ne ar th e form e r.
No 9 . . b
-A ou t a m ile to th e e as twar d of th e tw o last, containi ng
th re e di visi ons .
s ur rourrras m S C I NDE . 36 1
O bs . 4 .
— Le ngth (walls not inclu d d) 30 y d b dth ditt
e ar s ; re a o 20
y d di id d by
ar s, v e a wall i nto 2 e qua l p t i t h f wh i h
ar s, dn o e ac o c a oor,
sit t d 7 y d f
ua e ar s rom e i th e r e x tre m i ty l d , F t th
ea s . t aces o e e as .
No . 10 .
- Be twee n Je rruck and Soom b uk, ne ar Loo nee fort, on th e
Bah rnn ri ve r, h as two i visi ons d Th
. e re is a cu ri ous stone alta r ne ar
d
four i visi ons, i m e nsions not re cor e d dd .
No . 13 — Be twe e n K udjoor
. and Pokrun, contai ni ng two divisions ;
a circle of stone s ne ar i t, div ide d by a c ross of wh i te stones, th e li m s b
of th e cross dire cte d tow ar d s th e car di nal p oi nts .
O bs . 5 — h is
. T stage from K ujoor to Poh ra n i s p arti cularl y ri ch in
su ch re m ains . At K ujoor itse lf th e stone foun d ti
a ons of a town or large
v illage are visi bl e , and th e nce to Pokrun are num e rous v e sti e s
g of
form er b
h a i tati o ns . Th e p i ip l
r nc a re m ai ns b
co m m e nce a ou t 4 m ile s
bf e o re re ach ing Pokrun, at th e rui n nu m b d 1 3 by C pt i
e re a a n Pre e dy .
35 fee t square .
ch am b e r. Th i s is b
a ou t 2 m ile s from Pokrun, wh e re th e re is a ve r
y
large and p e rfec t b ildi
u ng, ( No . 14 on p
C a tain Pre e dy
’
s list, ) ve r
y
sim ilar to th at ne ar Tm ck ( No .
No . l4 .
-At Poh ra n, i m d e nsi ons and di i i
v s ons not recor e d d Th . ere
are se ve ral sm all kote e ras i n th is ne igh b ou rh oo d .
0 6s . 6 .
— O ne of consi d ble ra e size , and surrou n e d d by k m ar s of th e
foundations of h ouse s is to b e see n at D ull, th e t g b tw
s a e e een Pokrun
and J ungar.
containin tw di i i n
g o v s o s .
Nos 1 6 . and l7 .
— Ou th e p ost re ad b tw e e en Murree and K otre e ,
b oth sm all.
2 . d
I n ad i tion to th e b
a ov e, If o un d se ve ral kotee ras i n th e v alle y s
’
362 a nsr a s c r or r u n soc urrr s r noc nnm
'
na s .
( Ja n .
e nte r Sci nde , I f d twoun o oth e r ci rcular ko tee ras, of si m ilar i m d e nsi ons
4 . Th e b
a ov e are all th e kote e ras th at Ih ave as y e t m e t wi th , b ut
th e re d btl ou ess are m an y oth e rs to be fou n d scatte re d th rough out th e
h ill di t i t s rc s on our we ste rn fronti e r .
— Le tter 1 1 66 of 1 8 53, f rom
Year 1 8 5 2 -5 3 .
MEMBERS E EC E L T D ,
Th e Righ t H bl L d F
onora e or . Li e ute nant J J . . Annesly .
Th e H onora bl S i C M J k
e r . . ac R S Sinclair, Esq
. . .
, MA . .
son, Kt . Dr . W H
Bra le . . d y .
H W R. Eq C 8 . e ev es, s .
, . . Li e u te nant P. Browne .
W Si Eq C S
. m son, s .
, . . Mirza Ali Mah om e d Kh an, Esq .
Mj G P p
a or . o e. Li e ute nant Hp J o e oh nstone .
Li t t C l l G I J
e u e nan o one . . am eson. . b
G F or e s, Esq , C S . . .
M j J H l
a or . o m es . Dr na
. J K pp
. .
R Willi E q
. s, s . Azum Tilm alrao Vy ankatrao, Esq .
M A C ox on Esq
. . , .
, C 8 . . Dr J
V on i e ig
. . L b .
G Ri m ington, Esq
. . Dr A Fle m ing
. . .
S UBSC R I BERS .
D O N O RS .
AN TI Q U E Li te raturse S pt t i
e e n r onalis, Ge or gi i H i k c
Storm s an d Wh i lwi d r I di
n s of n a . Gov t . of Bom by
a .
Bo w x na ( Re v . Essa y Hi d on n u C aste ( 2
cOp ie s ) Re v Dr . . Wil son.
BU I ST ( G .
, Id
n ex to Book s and Pa p e rs
on th e Ph y i lG
s ca e ogra ph y , Anti qui ties, and
Statis tics o f I di
n a Th e Auth or .
C E N S U S, A bt s rac t of th e Se ve nth , of th e U ni te d
State s Sm i th son Inst . .
C o nc o nA N ( J
Account, Ge ogra h i cal, Histori cal, p
and Statistical, of th e C h inese Em i re, i n th e p
Ur d u language , 2 v ols . 4 to . Gov t . of Bom by
a .
-
C o ne s Tra n ( M anoc kj )
e e , A fe w Pas si ng Id e as for
th e b e ne fit o f I ndia and I ndians ( 2 copi es ) . Th e Auth or .
D A L Z E LL (P . Mon th ly State m e nt of th e
Ex te rnal C om m e rce of th e Pre si d y e nc of
DI C K I N S O N
’
s C om p h re e nsiv e Pi cture s of th e Great
Exh i i tion b of 1 8 5 1 , in 8 p arts Gov t . of Bom by
a .
Notic e s of th e Me e tings of th e Me m b e rs
of th e , Parts I . and II .
, 1 851
J a rs nnn o v ( Sir J Rah e Parse , or a Gui d e to th e
AB
’
364 STRACT or r u n soc I nrv s r aoc ns m
'
no s .
[J A N .
D O N O RS .
b i g T l ti f
Religious i ; e n a rans a on rom v ar ous
W k i Z d P h li i A bi P i L ti
or s n en , e v , ra c, e rs an, a n,
d S k it l i d ti g h q ti A
an ans r , e uc a n t e ues on re
w j ti fi d i killi g
e us i l ? e n n an m a s Th e Auth or .
J I G
O AN N S ti i i P i A lyti Ai t
ram m a c n r ors na cs r s o
Mr Cannon
. .
No 1 . of Vol VI I for 1 8 5 3
. . Th e Edi tors .
I di heA lt th k d
. .
L AS S E N ( Prof C . . n sc er um s un e ” Th e Au th or .
M o a n n nA n ( C M D I t d t y L
. t , d li . . n ro u c or e c ure e
v e re d i th G t M di l C ll g t B b y
n e ran e ca o e e a om a ,
on th 1 5 th J
e 1 8 5 3 t th p i g f th une , a e O en n o e
—
Se ssion 1 8 5 3 5 4 .
MO R R I S ( J Se le c te d D ii e c s ons of th e Court of
1 8 48 Govt . of Bom by a .
O BS E R V AT I O N S m a e a t th e O se rvator d b y tH b a o art
T
own, i n V an Di e m an s
’
and, V ol L III d
. .
, un er Hon . C o urt of
P olice B ranch of th e J di i l D p t
u c a e ar m e nt,
V ol . I . Govt . of Bom ba y .
p asa Ts r o a Ta x m nu a r . 365
D O N O RS
Baron L it
.
F O RGSTA LI .
( von, e ratur e sch i ch te
g
de r Ara b er Von ih re m b gie nne b is zu En d e
J h h d t d Hid h t D itt
Zwoe fte n a r un e r s er sc re . r er
B d (V l III )
an o . . Th e Auth or .
ty l d S ji
s e by M lli h an v am a nat a Govt . of Bom by a .
RE PO R T, A l f th Elph i t I tit ti
nnua , o e ns one ns u on,
B b y f th Y
om a or e e ar Prof H k ar ne ss
t M di l C llg
.
, .
f th oG B b y
e ran e ca o e e, om a ,
from 1 st May 1 8 5 2 to 30 th A p il
r 1 8 53 ( 3
co pi es
) Gov t . of Bom by
a
J d
.
of th e Su dde r Dw e ane e A d wl t
a u .
Nos . I . and II .
III .
, IV .
, and V . Th e I nsti tuti on .
S M IT H S O N I A N I I
N ST TU T O N , I C atalogu e of W k or s
and Pa p e rs in th e Dp e artm e nt of Z l gy
oo o ,
Botany , and Ge o l gy f
o o
A BSTRAC T O R TH E soc nm r s p Roc BEU I Ne s . [
’
366 J A N .
DO N O RS
I Di ti n f ll t
.
S M I TH S O N I AN N ST ITU T O N , I re c o s or co e c
i ng, p re se rvin
g , an d t p ti g Sp i
rans or n e c m e ns
of Natural Hi t s or y p p d f th u
, re are or e se
Th e I nsti tu tion .
M orfit
F ifth Annu alRe p ort of th e Board of Re ge nts
of th e , sh owi ng th e O p e rati ons, Ex p di t en ure ,
No . 1
Bom by a , d
Me ical 8: Ph yi s cal, T ransactions o f,
1 8 52 . Th e Socie t y .
1 2 th M ay 1 8 5 3 Th e Socie t y .
and pp
7, w i th Su le m e ntal Noti c e (No 9) of .
Vol . XII
, for 1 8 5 2 No 1 of V ol
.
, for . . XIII .
on th e C e nsus of th e Il ds an s of Bom by
a
and C ola b a, ta k e n on . th e l st M ay 1 8 4 9,
by p
C a tai n E . Baynes , Su p e rinte n e nt of d
TH E ATM A-BO D H A, with its C om m e ntar , also th e y
Tattwa-Bodh a e ing tw o tre atise s of b
n i an Id E
[ q
s .
Panth e ism R. X . M ur h py ,
p a ES E NTs F O R TH E M U S EU M . 367
D O NO RS
W I di h St di Bit g f
.
E BE R ( Dr . n sc e u en e ra e ur
di K d d I di h
e un e Alt th Zw it
es n sc en er um s . e en
B d D i tt H ft (N 3 V l
an e s, r es e . o . o . Th e Au th or .
WI G HT I Pl t l di O i t li
cone s an aru m n se r en a s ; or
F ig f I di Pl t V l V I f
u re s o n an an s, o . . or Gov t . Of Bom by a .
W (M
Y ATT I d t i l A t f th Ni t th
. n us r a r s o e ne ee n
C y
e ntur S i f I ll t ti af th e r es o us ra ons o e
h i
c t Sp i
o ce s f P d by y
e c m e ns o ro u ce e ve r
N ti a Th i d d F h D i i i
on . f r an ourt v s ons, or
S pt b e dDem b 1 8 52
e r an e ce m er
Z - d
E I TS C H R I l T D t h M g l di h
‘
er e u sc en or e n an sc en
G ll h ft e se H ggb
sc a d G e rau s e e en v on en e
h ft fiih
sc a S h t B d H ft III IV
s re rn . ec s er an , e . .
d Si b t B d H ft I
un e en e r an , e . Th e Socie t y .
FO R THE M U SEU M .
Bri ck s
.
w i th i ts sh oo ts and le av e s i n th e fo rm of sc rolls,
li ons
’
h ea d s, th e lotus by it se lf, &c &c. . On
th e su rfac e Of one bikir c s afigu re of B u ddh a
47
’
368 A BS TRA C T OF TH E s o c rnr r s p RO O EEnI Ne s .
[JA N .
D O N O RS .
one on e ach si d e, th e ir b k ac s tu rne dtw d o ar s
lotu s .O th e r figu re s a pp e ar to h av e e x is te d
b u t th e y , wi th th e h e a d of Buddh a h im se lf, E
[ q
s .
h ave b een b k ff
ro en o . H . B . E . F re re ,
Burm e se M anus c r ip t pl y on a m ra le av e s ” Dr . J W lh . e s .
v z i . from fl
Port Ra le s, No rth e rn Au stralia,
Borne o ,
Il ds an s of Li ngui and Ju nkse y lan,
I ndram y a er Poi nt on th e North C oas t of J av a,
C oi ns, C e p p e r, ( 7 1 , b
e ari n Ara ic ch arac te rs, fro m
g b
th e Mah e e anta K C ap t R . . W ll a ac e
h
.
i n th e rui ns of th e old to w n of Sh a kp a ur H B E F re re ,
n
“ . . .
p
Ele h as Africanu s, craniu m o f, w ith ou t lowe r jaw Ca t p . C am pb e ll,
and tus k s I . N .
p
Ele h ant, e x ti nc t S p e c ie s of alv e ola r p roc e sse s
D O N O RS .
fragm e nts of, fro m th e Si walik h ills, consi sting
of 3 p o rti o ns o f th e lowe r j aw s, wi th m ore or
of 3 or 4 s p e c ie s of m asto d on 3 p orti o ns o f 2
sp e ci e s o f rh inoce ros ; front p art o f th e lo w e r
12 p o rti ons of
o th e r b o ne s . Dr A . . H L i th
. e .
pl a m -w oo d, ( 3 lar
ge s p e c i m e ns, ) from Prom e. Dr . J W lh
. e s .
and
ge ologi cal s e c im e ns p from som e of th e Li eu t . C G C on. .
and
ge olo
gi cal S e ci m e ns p from p art of th e
W e ste rn C oast of K atty awar
’
37 0 m an ne r o r r u n so orm s PROC EEDI NGS .
[JA N .
D O N O RS
y
.
C onsta le b .
g lcon t d t d
om e ra e , san s one ,h ll f th an s e s rom e
He R g ra l p i
an e ; f li d t d
a so s ec m e ns o c onso a e
d ft l y f
an so p t f th d fl i
c a rom ar s o e m u e
'
us ons,
g th
to e w i th py i
er t y t lli d fi b r l
e s, cr s a ze ro us ca c
p d
s ar, i t
an f l
a m d
x ure l o E
[ q c a careo us m u , su s .
ph d gyp
u r, an su m H BE F . . . re re ,
G ldo dt p i
san s one , f th ll d f
s ec m e ns o E
[ q e ao-ca e , rom s .
C t h i th n c , k l g th
n t
e c re e A D R b t
s a on e co as . . o e r so n,
Di tt di tt di tt
o ditt o o o .
G p f 75 Rh h ( B
rou o M k ) li t i g
a ans urm an on s , s en n
t th i oS p i e r p di g th B ddhi t
u e r or ex ou n n e u s
S i pt cr d g ure s,t f ld P g d i th
u ou o an o a o a n e
f fB
ort o i J ly 1 8 5 2
asse n, u D J W lh . r. . e s .
f Fig o i R li f i wh i t
u re s nbl f e e , n e m ar e, rom
H i d t pl i G t
a n u em e n R Willi E q
uz e ra . . s, s .
H bl d gorn en e , d id ( l) i g
re e n an l l oc ras e n ranu ar ca c
p s k f ar roc Ti ,
lly
rom ne ar M j G l C ll nne v e a . en . u en .
I p i
m f t
ress o ns f o dg pl t d
s em s o en o e nous an s, an
llsm a ll ( y
C
m o 2
usca, p i ) i d
re na s e c e s. n re
of th e flg st ff
a - a . H J
. . C arte r, Es q .
pi if
s orm , from Am ara ur p
Li h c en e ograp h ic us,
g on p e tro si le x , from th e
Gre at End C rag, Borrowdale , C um b e rlan d Dr A . . H L i th
. e .
M angane se O re ( P y rolusi te ) , p
s ec im e n o f, from th e
Se wajp oor h ills SE . of Powngh ur, and from
P RES ENTS F O R TE E M U S EU M . 37 1
D O N O RS .
J um boogaum p
; also s e cular i ron ore , s e cim e n p Ma or Gj . F ull
of, from th e Gh oor h ills . j am e s .
g rani te
p roto
gy ne and s e ni te . y O yt s e r sh e lls,
Mi cace ous , ar
gi ll -
o s i lice ous sandstone of v ari ous
p pl b w
ur e, ro n, v ari e ate d
g som e b e ari n
g v e ge
t bl i p
a i
e m re ss o ns ; one p orti on of a fe rn ( P e
cop te ri s ) fro m th e ne igh b ou rh o o d ( north ) of
y d
M onocot le o nous and dycoty le donou s si lic ifie d
w d p i
oo s, s e c m e ns of, b
e au tifu ll y cu t and
p li h d l
o s e a so c u t and p oli sh e d sili ci fie d fo ssili
of an e le ph ant s
’
tus k f i bl
, r a e, i nch e s i n i ts
wi d e st di am e te r
( so lid) ll ; a from th e ne igh p
C a ta in W T . .
im b dd d p
e e s eci m e ns of, in se m i-ch e rti fie d
’
A BSTR AcT o r TE E soe rm s PRO C EED NGS I .
D O N O RS .
Re m ai ns t k
a en from c ai rns a t d
An 51a , C h ikh nh alli,
M oul Ali , a nd Narkailp alli, allu dd
e to, and
d
figure i n C a tai n a lor s p Ty ’
pp a e r o n crom le ch s,
c ai rns, & c ( vide Nos X IV . . . and XV II . of th e
y J l ) i f d lt h
S o c ie t
’
s o urna b , v z. o a u u m an one s,
tw pp b ll
o co pp h i
er e t s, a co er c a n ornam e n ,
s p h d w h
ear- e a s, d t ip d p
arro - ea s
, a r o , s oon,
p tt y ( 7 l g d 2 6 ll l )
o er a r e an sm a v e ss e s . Ca t M p . . T yl a or .
Roc k p i
-s f
e c m e ns
g i t t p d t
ro m ran e, ra , an m e am or
ph i d t ti y li t i th R w
e an er ar m es one n e e a Ma j or G . F ull
K t an a j am e s .
ill t ti f th g l gy
us ra d ve o e eo o an
( )
2 4 s p e ci m e ns of b uildi n
g m ate rials, us e ful
Pu n jb a , s
q ua re d and p olish e d Lh a ore .
im l li k
ne ra b idi f h t h ll d
e o s an res wa e r s e s, an
p ti f th b
or ons o f li
e f th
o ne s o m am m a a, ro m e
pli d p it i th igh b h d f h
oc e ne e os s n e ne o ur oo o t e
N b dd er u a Re v J Hi l p s o
p y y
. . .
g h i t rai h i gh l
e t
n lli w h it
a cr s a ne e
g l l
ranu ari t f T i
m e s one lly rom nne ve Maj Ge nl C ullen
S d l p d
. . .
an a s , ( i ) f
a r, th l f th d t E
a m a e o e e av es o e a e
[ q
s
by th t ib f Byl
.
t wre e , orn e r es o e a .
H BE Fre re ,
S l i t p ti i ty f d
. . .
e en e, orf i th on o ,
g n li d e cav o a eo e ne
I
O R GI NA L C O M M U N C A T O NS I I . 37 3
D O N O RS
p p
.
Dr G . . Buist .
Ki h bl
Bm
s e n, Pe rsian sta e .
W ate r, p
s e ci m e ns o f, fro m th e Agh or riv e r, and
i n th e p ro vi nce of L uss H . B . E F re re ,
.
O R G NA I I L CO M M U N C A I TIONS .
C O M M U N I C AT E D
Africa, C o py of a M a
p ill us trati v e of th e T rav e ls of BY
th e Re v . D L . i v i ngstone , and M r O sw e ll.
,
th e C olon y of th e Ca p Good HO p e , e m
e of
1 5 th S ep tem ber 1 8 53 .
( ) a H W . . Re e ve s,
( ) a Rec orde d .
A BS TRAC T o r J
’
37 4 TE E S OC I ETr s RRO C E EDI NC S .
[ A N .
C O M M U N I C ATE D
Barr (C ap t . C . V oca b ular y o f Slang L an u a e
g g BY
u se d by th e M angs and Ram oose e s o f K olapore .
— 1 7th M a rch 1 8 53 .
( ) c Th e Auth or .
2 1 s t Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 . H . B . E F re re ,
.
M a la ba ri ca ( w pnei ) f th T i yS ec es , rom e e rt ar
tiv e of th e Spi l d t C
ra t i A an no o nce n r c r
ran e m e nt o
g f Ch b i D O big y d am e rs n
’
r n
’
s or e r
Su m m ar y of th e Ge olog of y I ndia b e tw e e n
1 8 th A ugus t 1 8 5 3 .
(f )
De C re sp igny ( Dr E N . . . Sh ort D esc ri pti o ns
1 7 th N ove m ber 1 8 5 3 .
F re re ( H . B . E, . Accou nt of th e Re m ains o f
( d) De fe rred .
( ) p 1 42
s . .
(f p 1 79
. .
(g) Re co rde d .
( ) Se e abstrac t of Procee d
h , . O flLi t
'
. . &c .
()
i Se e ne x t No .
O RI GI NAL C O M M U NI C AT O NS I . 37 5
C O M M U N I C ATE D
by W
C ole , Esq , e u ty C olle ctor o f K ur
. . Dp BY
rach ee , i n a Mou n 3 m iles e low Je rruc , on d b k
th e Id
n us, i n Lowe r Sc in e, wi th sp e cim e ns d
of th e Bricks and O rnam e ntal Parts, wh i ch
are all i n te rra cotta . Also co py of an I nscrip
tion iles ofl 1 9th M ay 1 8 5 3
— (j ) Th e Auth or
'
som e m . . .
F ulljam e s, M
( ja . A D esc ri p ti on of th e Salt
w ate r Lk a e calle d th e Null, si tuate d on th e
I th f K tty w
s ( w ith
m us oT p g p h i l a a ar a o o ra ca
Sk t h ) — 1 7th M h 1 8 53 ( h )
e c a rc . .
H i l p ( R S J G l gy f th N g St t e a ur a e.
p
s o e v. . . eo o o
— 1 7th M arch 1 8 53
h C
.
of — 1 5 th S ep te m ber
. 1 8 53 .
( ) n H . B . E F re re ,
.
L i th
e ( Dr A . . Note on an a pp are ntl y un e d
scri e Ge nus bd of Gas terop od — 1 7th M arc h .
1 853 .
( ) o Th e Au th or .
Ph illi p
(T ,sEs q ) M e m oran um. on t h e Ru i ns of d
Sh a a ur — kp
l 6th June 1 8 53 . .
Esq .
, form erly Pre si de nt of th e
Soci e t y — 2 0 th
. Ja nuary 1 8 5 3 .
(q)
S te ve nson ( R J ev . O n th e N é si k I nscrip
ti ons — l 7th F e brua ry 1 8 5 3 (r)
. . Th e Auth or .
y
th e G m noso h ists of th e Gree ks, igam p D b ar
Ji a ns. -2 0 t h Oc tober 1 8 5 3 .
( )
u
(j ) p 35 7
. .
( )p
a . we .
( I) p . as.
( )
m p see
. .
( )
it p 1 45 . .
( )po . 1 45 .
(p) Rec orded .
(q ) p . 96 .
( )p
r . 35 .
( s) p 1 5 1 . .
( ) Se e next No
t .
( )
u Soc next No .
48
A BS TRA C T o r r u n S O C I ETx s PRO C E ED NGS
’
37 6 I .
N AN .
C O M M U N I C A TE D
Sa u j ana ( P . D . T ranslati on of th e Pe h livi Bx
I nsc ri tion at p Haj -i -A b ad, ne ar Nu khiR
a -- us
T ranslation o f a Co pp pl t Edi t pp i
e r- a e c a o nti n
g a F ee
to be p aid fro m th e Pu nch anum and oth e r
S h a li c a h a n S h a ka 1 0 2 2 ( A. D. fou nd i n
th e p ossessi on o f a Gang of D acoi ts i n th e
Sou th e rn Mah ratta C ountr y — 1 7th
. Novem be r
1 8 53 .
( w) Gov t of Bom . by
a .
M y th olo
gy L a e tte r to th e Re v Dr . . Wil son,
H onorar y P si d re e nt of th e Socie t y .
— 2 ls t
Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 .
( )
a
I h i g b
T t t d by th
av n S t y th t Hi E ll
ee n s a ey th e e cre a r a s x ce e nc e
C om d i C h i f L d F d i k F it l
m an e r n wi h d b e , or re er c zc a re nce , s e to e com e
a M b f th S i ty th R
em er o D Wi l H y P e id t oc e , e ev. r. son, onorar r es en ,
d d by th R P A d
se co n e p p d h t d p t ti
e ev . . n e rson, re ose t a a e u a o n, con
for th e p p
u r ose of soli ci ti ng .
h im tob e co m e Vi ce -P a tron of th e So
c ie t
i
C ptain T . Barr s ’
le tte r i ntim ate s h is inte nti on to furni sh th e
y
S ocie t w ith a v oca b ular y of th e di l a ec t s p k by
o en th e M angs of
I C pt i Ni colls le tte r is d p
’
n a a n containe a sh ort ac cou nt of th e s ec i
( ) a Se e nex t Ne .
( ) Re corde d
w .
( )p
3 . 77 .
OF F C A I I L LITERARY,
, A N D SC I ENTI P l c . 37 7
sa m e ne i
gh b ou rh ood, and p tly by th
ar e sam e O fl
i c e r. p
C a tain Nicolls
s tate s th at th e yw e re found stre we d on th e surface of th e bl k (
ac g ) re ur
so il ne ar th e v illa e o f
g Narrai npoor, as soc iate d wi th sim ilar si ze d ie ce s
p
o f c h e rt,
‘
th e s am e locali t y .
Th e su rv e y of th e ri v e r Tap te e by T . E Edw ar
. d s, Esq .
, e x te n s d
o ve r 2 32 m ile s of th e ri v e r Tap te e , vi z . from th e Wanjore b ranch ,
th b k
e an s are 1 50 and 20 0 fe e t h igh . Th e be d of th e ri v e r i s grav e ll y
th e wh ole way On . em er i
g gn f rom th e D
aung ungle s into Guze rat, j
th e b k
an s are low . M r Edwards
. p ro ose sp to de e p en th e w ate r ove r
big
e n m ore use fu l . Th e Soc ie t y re
g re tte d th at th e re w as no t a y v ac a nc
conside rati on .
ex h ib i ti f th
on o p d t d e f t
ro u c s f I di wi h
an m anu ac u re s
g t o n a t a re a
I t i l E h ibiti t b h ld i D bli th i y
n e rnat o na x on o e ed q n t u n s e ar, an re ue s s
h S i ty t gi
t e oc e h o p b li
ve i ty t th
t e sam e i i t di d t u th c i g i l o s as o e or na
i t ti
n e n on Th S . t y w e di t dt
e cr e a r di gly
as re c e o ac t acco r n .
F l i g l tt N 8 9 d t d 9th D b l t t t th t i
’
D r . em n s e er o. , a e e ce m e r as , s a es , a n
c om pli with th q t f th S t y t G
ance e re ue s rom t wi he e cre ar o ov e rnm e n t
th G e G
o v e rnor l i h i l tt N e ne ra 7 7 d t d 1 7th M
, n s e er h 185 1 o. , a e arc ,
an d wh i h w c d k w t th S i y th
as m a e no gn h S i
o H M e E l li
oc e tt rou r . . o
a b t th
ou tie h h
sam e p p d f th S i ty
m e, e as re are or e oc e
’
s m use um a
co ll i f p i
e c t on o i ll t ti
s e c m e ns f th g l gy us ra d ive o l w lh e eo o an m ne ra ea t
o f h S lt R g i th P j b
t e a an e nl e ll ti u n au f ,k & f
”
a so a co ec on o roc s, c . rom
th M e H
u rree , dC h usara, an h ill Th h d b as m e re f lly s.
”
ese a e e n care u
p kdi
ac e t b
n a s ron
g d f w d d fox , J
anh l or t h ar e2 8 t h rom e um on e
O t b l
c o t th
e r as t, f th S
o t y f th B d f Ad i i t ti
e c are o e e cre ar o e oar o m n s ra on
a t L h a f o re , wh D Fl i g h d
rom e nce i d d i
r . emf it d n a re ce ve a v ce o s es
p t
a c h t B o b y i d M
om lt a , d K
r h oo T h l
an an tt i urrac ee . e e e r s se
c om p i d by d ip ti t l g f th p i
an e a escr ve c a a o ue wh i h b o e s ec m e ns, c ea rs
ev id f th i f
e nc e o i g e r ti t orm ti g n d l bl
a m os t i b ti
n e res n an va ua e con r u on
t th S i ty
’
o e oc e s m use u m .
Al g ar ell f i p ro i of th i m ip ti
re ss ons oi th t J
e i
nscr ons n e caves a un r,
wi h t pl f th l tt by Li t
a an o e a B tt w l id th t bl
er e u e nant re , as a on e a e
l
a so l tt f
a e M B tt t ti g th t h w
er rom r. re , w t K li t k i g
s a n a e as no a ar , a n
i p
m i
re ss ons f th i i p ti
o i th e nscr f th t p l ons Th R
n e cav es o a ac e . e ev .
D Wilr. t t d th t th ti
son s a e ti d by th S p
a e m e sanc G o ne e u re m e ov e rn
m en t i , v zy f M Bett t t k th i p i h d ly
. one e ar, or r. r o a e e se m re ss ons, a near
d i g th
ur n wh l f th t ti
e o ey t o y i
a f t m e, i e i p ti
as m an , no m ore , nsc r ons
re m a nei d b t k to h th e f a e n, b itt d t h S i ty th
e e re ore su m e o t e oc e e
d i bl f gti g M B tt pp i ’
e s ra e ness o e tn t p l g d
r. re sTh a o ntm e n ro on e . e
C av e T
- p l emC i ie w om m q t d t
ss on i
e re ret th i ues ei w o com m un ca e e r v e s
on th bj t t G
e su ec t di
o t ov e rnm e n re c .
A t h d b
ccoun s i d f
a M F ll
ee n rece v e t K li t ti g th t rom r. a on a ar , s a n a
th t pla ace .
Th R e D Wil ev . r.d d by Th L J ki E q p
son, secon e om as . en ns, s .
, ro
p ose d h t
, t th a las d i e g h d b
o v e r an h
carr a ed d th a e e n so m u c re uce , e
su bj t f h i g th S i ty ppli f w d d by th i t i t d
ec O av n e oc e
’
s su es or ar e s ro u e ns ea
o f d th C p b b itt d f th
ro un e a e e su mi d ti ef th C or itte c ons e ra on o e om m ee ,
an db g h t
ro u f w d f d i or i ar t th or t ti
sc uss on a
g T h i w e ne x m ee n . s as
i
u nan m ou s ly g dt a ree o.
O F F I C I AL, LI TERA Rv , A ND S C I ENTI F I C . 37 9
N ti o f P i
ce s o d th L g g
e rs an, an ll d Z d e wh i h h d b
an ua e ca e en
”
, c a ee n
f w d d t hi
or ar e f p t ti t th S i ty by M R
o m or rese n a on f o e oc e r. om e r, or
m er ly P id t f th S i ty
re s en o k d th t th l g g
e oc e , t d
re m ar e , a e an u a e s conne c e
wi th I g i
ran, d p i
e nu ne an t w h i h tt t i
s ur ous, f l t y h d b o c a en on o a e e ars a een
di t d th Z d i wh i h th b k t d
re c e , are e en , n d by th
c e oo s es ee m e sacre e
P i ars s are f d d wh i h by
ou n , an th g h t cby b t B i ti
so m e ,h ou no ou r es r s
li g i t h d l g b
n u s s, a h ld t b th p
on ee n t f th e d P i ho e e are n o e m o e rn e rs an t e
l g g i wh i h th A h
an ua e n ci i ei p ti c t B itae m e n and th nscr ons a es uu an o er
p l aces p
are d w h
comi h i w
ose d , i t d by G
c p h i
s no l e nom na e e rm an o
l gi t th
o s a ld P i e o d f w h i h th Z d i
e rs an, an d bt dly t th
o c e en s un ou e no e
p t
are n t h gh
, i t i oui p t s g t th S
n so m e re s e c s co na ei d i w h i h e asan e n, n c
th i e i p ti
nsc r t H j i Ab d w h i h w ld p
on a a - - tly f
a , th bj t c ou rese n orm e su ec
o f ti
conv e rsa d i il i
on, an i p ti
so m e s m f th dy ty f S ar nsc r ons o e nas o asan,
t l t d by th B
rans a e d S y e p i
aron th P h li i i wh i h
e ac , are s e c m e ns ; e e v , n c
trans al ti f th Z d w i ti g
ons o e d f w th
en rw k f
n s, an di a e o er or s are oun n
th h e d f th P i wh i h i h ld by W t g d t b ly
an s O e ars s, c s e e s e r aar o e on a
di l ti
a ec f f th P i
ne orm io d by th P i i
e e rs an, m
q srea f e ars s n conse ue nce o
th f
e u se o i p f t an m d bi g e r ec lp h b t an d wh i h i d
am i
uou s a a e , an c s e nom
t d by Sp i g l th i d by h i
”
na e P i e e d e t b i t
ars , di an sa m o e n e rm e ate
b twe th l g g f th S
ee n e id i
an ua e o i p ti e d th t f th Sh h
asan an nscr ons an a o e a
N am eh f Fi d o i th A r aus i Z b f th D ti
e sm an w d itt d by a an o e e sa r, no a m e
all t b o f b i ti
e a d th P i
a r ca on p p ly ll d i wh i h ll
an e e rs an, ro e r so ca e , n c a
th w k
e f I
or s o i th d y f Fi d
ran s nce i pp e R p ti g th l t
a so r aus a e ar. es e c n e as
urge d
b h lf f th Z d h di p t
in e a O e en e s u e s, as re sti n
g on i nsu i c i e nt fl
g d p
rou n s,ti l ly t i g f
ari t c u ar as no ves es o as a la nguage e ve r s pk o e n c an
b f e d it h i t i l
oun :i s s o r ca connec t ons ca nnot be trac e d i
; ts struc tu re
and f ti ly d i
orm f th P
are e n re v e rse rom e e rsi an, e s p y
e ci all i n i ts h av i n
g
in fli e x ons, w h i le th e Pe rsian h as none ; i ts lite rature i s frivolous and
b
a s urd i n i ts ch aracte r, d bt d l ti t h S k it
and i ts u n ou e re a ons o t e ans r are
tas k of a ca re u f l i ti
t e-e xam f th p i t wh i h h
na ti fi d h i
on o e o n s c ave sa s e m
as to th e ge nu ne ne ss i f th Z d p ti l ly
o h h e d ll
en , ar cu ar as e as re nounce a
fai th i n th e au e n c th ti i ty f th P h li i di ti t l g g by gi i g
o e e v as a s nc an ua e , v n
in h is a dh e re nce t th o i w f W t g d
e v e D Wil t t d th t
s o es e r aar . r. son s a e , a
'
380 s um m er o r r u n soC I s rv s
'
F a o c ns m x c s. [JA IL
th o ugh h i s vi e w s o f th e Z d
en re m aine d unch an e
g d , and are founde d , no t
onl y o n th e analogie s wh i ch it b e ars to m os t of th e language s of th e
I ndo-Ge rm anic fam i l y b
, oth ne ar and re m ote , on v ari ous th o u h
g bif re
ha p py u ni o n of s p i it
r y
a nd co u rte s , w as re ce i ve d by h im w i th th e
g re a te st re s p e ct . He c onc u l d d by e m ov i n
g t
,h at th e S o ci e t y ex
p re u
Dr . Wil ’
son s m otio n h avi ng b e e n se c o nde d by A . Male t Esq , .
, Vic e
P r e side nt w as , unani m o usl y ado pt d e .
re
q u e ste d at last Me e ti ng to co m m uni ca te h is v i e ws re gar di ng th e
as to th e l
v a ue o f th e Dastur
’
s la b ours . As no au th ori ta ti v e translati o n
So c . vo l
. xii . pg
a e 2 63) ex p re ssl y state s th at no translati on w h ate v e r
h as b ee n m ade ,
— th e Soc ie t y re
q ue ste d th at th e Gu j arati v e rsi on fo r
w arde d by th e D astur th ro ugh Mr . Gree n sh ould b e re nde re d i nto
English , and s u b m i tte d to th e S ocie t y . A le tte r fro m M r Dh u nji bh oy
.
on th e pp a e r of M r Pe ston
. Be h ram ji , i n th e h o p e th at th e c om m uni
c atio ns f b
o o th th e se ge ntle m e n on th is di ffic u lt anci e nt re c o rd m igh t
u lti m a e t ly b e i nse rte d i n th e j o u rnal of th e Soc ie t y .
M r Gree n also
. state d th at th e sam e D as tur was p re ari n
p g a c ri ti ue
q
on p
Profe sso r S i e ge l s v e rsio n o f th e 1 9th Fargard of th e
’
V e ndidad, as
gi v e n i n Mr Mi tch e ll s
’
.a e r i n th e last nu m pp
e r o f th e ou rnal b J . Th e
y p
Soc ie t e x re sse d i ts re adi ness to re ce iv e th e c om m unicatio n .
m e ntione d (p , th t h h d b k
. it 3 f a e i a it ro th en 0 rom a m ass ns r on
a e
h igh t p i t f W l h ill f w y d th f th fi g t fi Th t
'
es o n o or es , a e ar s nor o e a -s a . a
th p d h b l i k th
e m ass re ose on t e d th i w d
asa t c roc p ig e re , an at t as ecom os n
i tn o d reth j e art th , us th t f th e b lt ly f d p
sam e as a o e asa , on o a ee er
l
co ou r, f th g rom t b d
e fi i it
re a e r a p i i Th w
un ance o ro n n s co m os t o n. e re as
no q ti ues f i t on o b i gg s noti l t i t e n d ll ld
e nu ne th t i w a er e , an a c ou se e a t as
i d ti l w ith th
en ca p i f l t it f
e s h S th
e c m e ns o M h ta er e rom t e ou e rn a rat a
C t y wh i h l y
o un r c th t bl a It w on p d j t th w f
e a e. as c om ose , us as e se e re , o
p li h d f i t lly d p y fill d wi h g y wh i ti h
o s e su r ace n e rna , an em t , or e t a reas s
y ll
e w o th — w
ear h i l h d th i t
eh g e re anl w pe ret fnb l e e ne ra m ass e re s o s o ue
iro n ore t th i
com m on k It ld t b f d d with th
o s roc . co u no e c on oun e e
ro ll d p i
e f l
e ces it f
o d b t th d li i ti d h
ate r e o un a ou f th e ec v es an s ores o e
i l d f B b y wh i h
s an o om y a , y t h
c m a f i il
or m a no av e co m e rom s m ar
source s, b th t p f W l
e ca use on h ill i t w t b f
e o o d t ly or e e as o e o un no on
e n m ass e , b ti it u p i g th b lt j t it d l wh
ns u re os n on e asa , us as oes e se e re .
Th p ti e orf on ok w ld b d p it d roc ou g th th e p ie os e am on e o e r s e c m e ns
ill t ti
us ra f th g l gy f th i l d f B b y
ve o e eo o o d igh t be s an o om a , an m e co m
p d by y
are an w ith th onep i f l t it f e th S th
s e c m e ns o a er e rom e ou e rn
M h tt C
a ra a t y i
oun r th g l , i n d i t ly
e pp i t 2
ass-cas eo th m m e a e o os e. -
Ja nua ry 1 8 5 3 .
l id
a on th e t bl
a e, w as or e re d dt o be p u t in a co nve ni e nt pl ace in th e
m use u m , and th e S e cr e ta ry re q ue ste dt k o ac nowle dge i ts re ce i pt , w i th
th e m ost
grate ful th an k s of th e Soc i ty t th
e o e Su p re m e Gov e rnm e nt,
Lie ute nant Bre tt s le tte rs, date d 2 3rd ulti m o, and th e 1 4 th and 1 5 th
’
d uring th e ti m e th at h e h as b een th us em pl y d
o e and a re
q ue st th at
th e a
p p li cati on for th e e x te nsi on of h is a pp i to n m e nt m igh t be with
d w
ra n, we re subm i tte d for th e d
consi eration and re py l of th e Cave
T plem e Com m i tte e .
’
38 2 A ns ra a c r O F r u n sO C I a rv s F noc s s m x us
' '
.
[Ja m
Th e Re v Dr S te v e nson, in h is
. . ppa e r m e nti one d (p
, . 37 state d th at
th e Presi de nt at first th in k th at th e dt a es w e re m e re l th e nu my b er o f
th e y ea rs of th e re i gn O f th e m onarch wh o cau se d th e p
i nscri ti on to b e
e x e cu te d . He fou n d ft a e rw ar s, d h owe v e r, th at a Dukh unee pi r nce , Gota
m ip utra, w as ce e l b t d ra e as th e re igning ki ng, wh ile th e dt
a e was i n th e
y e ar o f a Gu j arat sov e re ign nam e dPd a m a. Th i s is th e nam e of th e
son of th e m o narch wh o is su pp d t
ose o h av e insti tu te d th e Balabh i
e ra, and th e fath e r
’
s nam e , wh i ch on th e insc ri ti on is V asava, by p
th e ai d of F e rish ta, Aque e n Akbare e ,
th e and a i n u w ork H d
calle d th e Vi kram a U p akh y ana, quote d by
Wildford, h e i de ntifie with d
th e Sri dh ara of W th a en s
’
Guj arat CO pp e r- pl ta e i nsc ri tions p . Th e
cave s, th e n, th at b e ar th ese d t di
a e nscrip tions, we re all e x e cute d b tw e ee n
A. D. 32 6 and 34 3 .
ply t th l tt f th M g f th R y l I ti t ti
In re o e e e rs ro m e ana e rs o e o a ns u on
o f L d f w di g th
on on, ti d p t ti d (p
or ar n e no ces an re or m en one , .
d q ti g th t pi f th S i ty J l igh b p t d
re u es n a co es o e oc e
’
s ourna m t e rese n e
t th lib
o y f th I ti i th S t y w di t d t k w
e rar o e ns tu t o n, e ecre a r as re c e o ac no
l dg th
e eip t f th l tt
e & d t f w d by th fi t p p
re ce O e e e r, c . an o or ar e rs O or
t i ty
un pl t t f th S i ty J
a com l ld
e e se py f h o e oc e
’
s ourna ,
-
c ou a co o e ac
o f th b b p d
e num e rs e s are .
T h R y l G g ph i l S i ty th S
o t e o t y w
a l di t d e o ra ca oc e , e e cre a r as a so rec e
t o d th n b f th J l ppli d f i i d ii f l
se n e um e rs o e ourna a e or, v z . . an . o vo .
i .
, and x . of v ol . ii .
Professor H k ar ness
’
re p ort on th e Pe h li vi inscri tions p d i ph
ec e red
and trans l t d by M
a e e ssrs . Dh u njibh oy F ram ji and Pe stonji Be h ram ji
h aving b ee n read, i t was resolve d th at th e transc ri ts and English p
translations Of b oth sh oul d be pi td
rn e in th e ne x t num b e r of th e
Societ y J ’
s ournal.
OFF C A I I L L ITE RA RY, ,
AN D S C E NT F C I I I . 38 3
BE . . F re re , Esq .
, C S . .
, C om m issione r i n Sci nde
SI ,
n — I h av e th e h onou r to e nclose th e accom p yi
an ng transla tion,
wi th wh ich Mr . H . B Elli s
. h as fav o ure d m e, of a le tte r wh ich h as
ca u se d som e stir a m ong th e Mah om e dan pp
o ula tion of th is p rovi nc e ,
as it m a
y b e of inte re st to th e Soci e t y .
of th i s h ad b ee n l d by th
re v e a e e p
Pro h e t i n a i i
v s on to one O f h is
fai th ful disc i pl e s at M e cca . Th e Pro h e t attrip b u te d th e pl g a ue to th e
e v il liv e s of h is disci le s, p
di re c te d ge ne ral rom ulgati on o f an and p
p
e x h o rtation to re e ntance and re form ati on o f m anne rs h is le d to . T
th e i ssu e of th e le tte r no w forw arde d, w h i ch w as rou gh t to Sc i nde b
so m e m onth s ago, and h as b een ever y wh e re re c e i v
e d w ith re s p e c tful
th e M ah om e dan law to b e y
e nforce d, no t onl agai nst all i nds o f i m k m o
rali t
y , b ut agai nst i nfrac ti ons of th e ce re m oni al law, ne gle ct of p yra e rs,
b
and re ac h e s O f fas ts O ne . p ti i
e t one r off e re d, if Hi d n oos and n n c on
o -
2 8 th F e bru a ry 1 8 5 3 . i
( g )
S ne d H . BE . . F a u na .
F I R M AN .
49
’
38 4 a ns ra a c r O F
'
r u n soc ra rx s F aoc s s nuvo s
'
.
[Ja m
m e nt h y
i n th e grav e ; t e am use d th e m se lv e s with conve rsatio n wh ile th e
K oran w as b
e i ng re ad, and li ste ne d no t to i t th e co nv e rse d m uch i n y
th e m osq u e s, and did no t p a
y p p ro e r atte ntio n in sa yi ng th e ir p y ra e rs,
k
b ut w e re th i n ing at th e sam e ti m e O f th e w orld and i ts v ai n w e alth ,
d
a nd o f de e s of i nfide lit Th e Alm igh t y
o rd sai to h i m
. Mah o yL d
m e d, loo to th e k
eo le o f o ur se ct : th e p p
are i nde e d on th e wron
g y y
w ay , an dI d e si re to c h an e
g th e i r a pe arance p . He ( th e Pro h e t) th e n p
b gg d
e e th at ti m igh t be grante h im
e m d u ntil he c oul d gi ve th e m an
i j L d y did
’
i
n u nc t o n, and inform th e m o f h is ( th e or s
) ange r, and i f th e
no t atte nd to i t, th e L d or sh ould th e n carr y o ut h i s i nte nti ons . Th e
p
Pro h e t th e n id S h i kh H
sa w th p p l ta bti f u m za e re e eo e o a s a n rom
d i k i g wi f
r n n d i g f
ne , rom pp p i ti g f ibly h p p ty
m ur e r n , rom a ro ra n o rc t e ro er
o f ph or b ki g th ft b f i t w
ans, ac n e , a df use ll h t O v r uo us om e n, an ro m a t a
i f b idd
s or by G d w th t i it M b tt ti t p y
en o arn em o v s e cca , e a en ve o ra e rs,
an d gi l ve V i ly
a m s p th w ill
. er , th
u d y f j dg
on t em com e e a O u m en ,
wh i h i c t h
s d
ne ar a d th g t an f , p t will h tly b
an e a es o re e n ance s or e
s h t u j i th t f ll w th igh t p th d b t i f
: en o n em o o o e ril d d a , an a s a n rom ev ee s,
an d d thor e r t p t f i h i y th will t ly b
em o re en ; or y
n t s e ar e re ru e a ve r
g t
re a p l g d a w
ue , anill b gl
m entf l f i t T h i i e nel i ec u o . s s a re v e at o n to
p t
u t h th em i g on d d t
e r l t Iuarw i ll li,i t t
anh L d a th i b as so c e or on e r e
h lfa T ll th th y t k p f t f i d y d
. e em e m us eeh as s or s x a s, an on t e
se v e nth gi l di g t th i
ve a m s ac cor bili y d thn i t o h G d e r a t , an e n, n rut , o
w ill g h i w
ass ua e th w it h s th ra W h I w k I w th
emi w i tt . en a o e sa s r en
i d l
n re th
co ou rs on p l f y igh t h d A d it w w itt t
e a m o m r an . n as r en a
th l
e c ose ,th t i f y a f il tan
y h i p
one y y a h ld t
o sa s ra e rs, ou s ou no com
m uni cate w ith h im , nor v isi t h i m w h e n h e is ill, nor atte nd h is fune ral
w h e n h e i s dead ; and i t was w ri tte n th e re in, th at wh oe ve r p ro m ul ate
g d
th is notice from cit yt o ci t y , and from pl ace to pl ace , for h i m I will
m a k e solici tati on, and wh oe v e r, on re a di fails to p rom ul
ng th e no ti ce ,
g a te L d
i t, h is face th e
w i ll k b or m a e lac k i n th e day of udgm e nt I j .
i it
v s y i y d p lg t th i b d
ever c t , an rom u a e s a roa . Do you stri ve also , and
h p f g
o e th gh
orM h race d th P p h t
ro u a om e e ro e O f God 0 Go d !do no t
.
d ea th , be m e rc i ful to us wh e n y
d ing, and do not unish us afte r de ath p .
Th e b eare r of th is Firm an is S y d Ad ll K h
e O a oorsh an Hoosainee ,
wh o le ft d
Me ina i n Sh a b an 1 2 68 . C p i d by Abd
o e oorah m an at Me h ur .
O F F IC I AL, LI rs a Aax , A ND S C I ENT F I C.
'
I 38 5
True translation Si
( g ne d) H . B ELLI S
.
, Assistant Com m issione r .
l 7t/I M ar ch 1 8 5 3 .
Th e le tte r from th e p
Geogra h ical Socie ty, d tda e 1 2 th i nstant, i n
p y t th
re l o e Soc ie t y ’
s, dtd
a e 1 7th ulti m o, ode ri ng a
'
pl ace i n th e
lib yt h b p Bo ss Te stim ”
rar o t e glo e s wh ich fo rm art of th e onial, if
th S i ty
e oc e cons id d th e re e i r u se fulne ss w oul d be th e re by e x te nde d,
state s th at th e G g ph i
eo ra cal Socie t y will b e h a ppy t o t k a e advantage
’
p
Th e Ge ogra h i cal Socie t s le tte r, date d 9th i nstant, y m e ntio nin
g
th at a large co lle c ti on of ph il ph i oso cal instrum e nts h ad be e n re ce i ve d,
N XV II f th S i ty J l w pl d th t bl
O. . o e oc e
’
s ourna as ace on e a e.
D W il i l yi g P f W t g d l dp p ’
r. son, n a n ro e sso r th e s e r aar s e arne a e r on e
A i r an My h l gy b f t o o h S i y p p e ore d th t i t i
t e i t bl
oc e t , ro ose a , as s m ore su a e
for th t di
e s u p l f th i t li t th f h ty di g t
ous e rusa o e or e n a s an or a as rea n a a
i d ld b i b f th S i ty ’
h urr e ti g i t h
m ee n , d i th s ou t e nse rte n e ne x num ero e oc e s
J l It i th i id
ou rna . not ce s d th ti
e c o nc di p e nce , an at e sam e m e sc re ance ,
o f l f h Z d i w ith th
se v e ra o t e V di l g d en c d t e e c e en s e n e av o urs o
trac e th i i gi t t di i
e r or n f p i i ti o ra f ph y i l
t ons o d l
a r m ve e ra o s ca an m ora
bli d t pi ti f
ss, a n o as w l f h pp i
ra o ns b th i th p t
or a re ne a o a ne ss o n e re se n
an df lif
utu re dp i t e t th i
an b q t o n s ou pti i h i e r su se ue n corru on n t e nte r
p t
re ati f t
on oh h i t i eml i as f k i g h
s o r ca d p p h i l
not ce s O n s, e ro e s, an ro e t ca
p e rso na e s
g T h l
.d t f t h l
e o g d fl
es d i
O i gh t i te set h e en s a
'
or s an ns n o e
ante - hi t i l is or ca wh th J ph ti
t m e, ti fI
en d I di b g
e a e c na ons o ran an n a e an
t d
o l p th i
e ve o e ligi e rd i l re i t p tti g th i w
ous an so c a e x s e nc e , u n e r o n
i t p t ti
n e r re a th
ons ph on f t e d th w t e nom e na f th o na u re an e an s O e
h u m an so u l Th . d f th th gh till y i
e m ore m o e rn o em , ou s ve r anc e nt,
m ar k g wi g t g t f
a ro n e s ran e m e n th f th tw b h rom o ne ano er O e o ranc es
o f th A i e i
r an th I dinat on, dP i Th di
e n ian f th an e rs an. e sc u ss on O em
in a ca m l ph il ph i l pi i t w i h oso cak b l k wl dg
s r ,
f h t a re m ar a e no e e O t e
d t i w h i h th y
ocu m e n s n b di d d f th di i f wh i h
c e are e m o e , an o e sc uss ons O c
th y h
e
gi
av e i b h i E
v e n r se , p d h E
ot t t itn t l
u ro i e an t e as , c ons u es a c a m to
a tt ti en i b h lf f M W t g
on n e a d wh i h ll will willi gly
o r . e s e r a ar d c a n acco r .
Th P id t h i g p
e re s en d th g tit d f th
, av n ex i g f
re ss e e ra u e o e m eet n or
th i p s li ly
e cu l bl
ar i ti
v a ua d d th p p l f i t
e com m un ca on, se con e e ro osa or s
p bli ti wh i h w
u ca on, i ly g d t
c as u nan m o us a ree o.
’
38 6 m an ner o r r u n sO C I Isrv s P RO C EE D l NGS
'
.
[J A IL
b e w e ll w orth v is
g i ti ng, ch i e fly f ro m th e ir bi e n am o n
g th e fe w re m ai ns
O f anti ui t
q th y
at e x is t in th e ne igh ou rh oo d o f Sh ah dad o or
p b .
p
Th e lans O f th e vih ara cav e calle Gu ttoor Duz, i n th e Ci rcar d of
allu de dt o in p
h is de scri tions of th e e x cav ati ons re ada t last m ee ti ng,
w e re laid o n th e b
ta le .
M Fallo n il p i
- a nti n of th e i nte ri or of th e gr e at y
’
r. s O g ch ai t a ca ve
Th e S e cr e ta ry re
q u e ste d th e atte nti on o f th e m e e tin
g to a le arne d
pp a e r, wi th s k e tc h e s, by E . C . Bay le y , Esq .
, Of th e Be ngal C ivil
Se rv ice , i n th e las t NO .
( V I I .
) of th e J o u rnal O f th e Be ngal Asiatic
Soc ie t y , o n sc ul ture s p d
fou n i n th e distri ct o f Pe sh aw ur , si m ilar to th ose
w h ich Dr Arnott . and Ca pt ia n Sh aw h ad p re se nte d to th e So cie t yf ro m
p ider o to w h i ch th e se
figure s c an be assigne d is 2 8 7 B c , . . and th e
late st 2 0 0 B . yp bb y
c .
, w h i le th e re is e v e r
f th i ro a i lit th at th e age o e r
ti
e x ec u w bon 2 71 d 225
as p i d f ly 4 6 y
e tw e e n an D. c .
, a er o o on e a rs .
”
O h i
t e r ru ns of th ki d h d b i th e sa m e igh b h d n a e e n se e n n e sam e ne ou r oo ,
f ro mwh i h i t w h p d h
c till i f t y i f
as i o e t at s m ore sat s ac or n orm at o n
m igh t b b t i d p ti g h i h i t y
e o a ne re s ec n t e r s or .
D Bi t h
r. pl i d i
u s t i t
t en ex ti g d i t i a ne , n a m os n e re s n an ns ruc t ve
m anne r, th t d p ti d t g f
e na u re an l ki d f p co m ara ve a v an a es o se ve ra n s o o rt
a bl b e t i w h i h th
arom e e rs, p i ity f h l t ly i d by
n c e su e r or o t o se a e re ce v e
th G g p h i l S i y w
e eo ra d y id t H l
ca oc e t ti d as m a e v e r ev en . e a so m e n one
th e d t g
a d di d
v an a t g f th
es id
an d y pi t
sa v an a e s o e ane ro an s m e so m e e r,
l f wh i h w
se v e ra o l id th t bl c d th d w h t ti
e re a on e a e an en re t e a te n on
o f th ti g t th
e m ee w ki g f n pl i t o d th e f or n O a uv om e e r, an e m e a ns o
I I
O FF C A L, LI rnnA a r , A N D S C ENT F C
'
I I I . 38 7
g iave n e ri o p d
w ith th e sam e i nstrum e nt a d v e rt i ng i n
, co nclusi on, to th e u nsati sfac
tor ydt a a affo rde d by th e we t- u b lb h grom y e te rs . — 2 l st Ap ri l 1 8 5 3 .
fo r i t, or to an
y o ne to w h om th e So ci e t y , o u t o f re s p e c t, o r re turn for
fav o urs, igh t w ish to re se nt a c o m le te c o
m p p py . M r Fi rth
.
, th e Su p er
T L J ki
. . en ns, Esq uire , se c onde d by th e Re v Dr . Wil p p
. so n, ro ose d,
th a t as th e So c ie t y h ad no t de te rm i ne d on h av i g i b k
n ts oo s se nt o ut
as a m ore p re fe ra bl e arrange m e nt .
Th e follo w i ng is an b
a strac t o f a Th m H M S
le tte r from Dr . o , . . .
,
m e ntione d, ( p . 36 from t h M e i i By th C pt i f h S h h
au r t us e a a nO t e a
Allum I se nd y ou a p i f b l i k f h p k ll d h
e ce O asa t c roc ro m t e ea ca e t e
Po nce wh i ch , p osse sse s a h igh d g f p l i y
e
y p i
re e ow h o ar t , as ou e rc e ve en
you bi r n
g i t ne ar to a m agne ti c ne e dle . My atte ntio n was c alle d to
th is by a v agu e acco unt of th e com p bi
ass e n
g dis tu r bd e at th e su m m it
of th e Ponc e , and I de te rm i ne d to asce rtai n th e re al natu re of th e
b
dis tu r i ng c aus e , w h i ch se e m e d, by th e e x traordi nar y p re o rts w h ic h I
firs t re ad, to oint to som p e th i ng o f a n e le c tro -m a ne ti c c urre nt
g . A fte r
two asce nts to th e p k ea i n qu e stio n, w h ic h is a out fe e t h igh , b
g di re c tl e h i nd th e yb L
tow n o f Po rt o ui s, and te rm i nati ng i n a oi nt p
b y
are l accessi le , and not b m ore th an ei
g h t o r te n fe e t at th e s um m i t, I
w as e na bl d e to ge t so m e de fini te i de a p
of th e h e nom e na i n qu e s ti o n .
p t
ar of th e p e a k is ch arge d w i th m agne ti c fl u id, w h e th e r fo rm i ng a
p t
ar of th e ce ntral m ass, o n j utti ng angle s, o r i n de tach e d and b roke n
W i th ou t re m ovi n
g a ste p from a p p t by
articular s o , carr yi ng i n th e
Th e m a
gne tic force i s m os t p ow e rfu ll yd e ve lo pd e at th e p j
ro e c t i ng an d
h igh e s t p oi nts o f th e p k dd ea , an e c re asi n
g i n i nte ns it do wnw ards, y so
th at one d df
h un re e et b l w the o e su m m it all trace s of lo cal i n ue nce fl on
th e com p di pp
ass sa e ar, y e t th e w h ole of th e p k ea , and th e m o u ntai n
from w h ic h it sh oots u
p , is o ne , and a pp are ntl y Si m ilar m ass of
tra pb asalt.
re side nt m a ne ti sm
g wh ich ov e r ow e rs p th e arti fic i al m a ne t
g . Ye t th e
sam e incli ne d stratu m Of b asalt, w h i ch p h igh
osse sse s so a de gre e of
Of th e va lle y , b
ta le -land, and pl i a n o f th e i sland, wh ile e ve r yp e ak
e x ac tl y rese m ble th ose of Mau ri ti us i n ge ologi cal form a ti on, as p e ct, &c .
Po nce or oth e r ri d e s,
g i t w ould b e a c u ri ou s i nq u ir y to asce rta i n
no t also be found am on
g th e sh ar pp k ea s of th e form e r. Ih p o e
y o u
Th e large ie ce o f roc p k wh i h I c se n dt o y o u w as b k
ro e n off th e ver y
h igh e st p oi nt of th e Ponce , and i ts natu ral s truc tu re is ne arl y th at o f
p
C a tai n M e adow s T yl a o r sta tes, in h is le tte r ac co m p yi an ng th e pi e ce
I th i k i d i l with th f K
n e nt ca l wh i h C p t i N wb ld w t
at o u rnoo , c a a n e o ro e
u p Th b t p ti f it f fi h d g i d f i
on . e es or ons o are O a ne ar ra n, an O an ron
g y
re l d y
co o u r, an i i l t li th g p h i
are v e r t i d d I
s m t ar o o ra c s one s n ee . se n
a
g d oo y l t t C
m an p t i W iS a es
g t d t
o D B ia t f a n n a e, an som e o r. u s , or
th p p
e fb i g
u r ose O d i li th g ph y e n d b li h y
us e w dt
n o ra , an e e ve t e ans e re o
ar
g i llace o u s w i th a di re c t o ne Th e colo urs a re f ro m d a r -. luish
g re ,
kb y
ne arl y b k
lac , to ligh t e llowi sh and in ish gre y p k
h e re ve r th e y W .
“
Th e se h ole s are nowh e re fou nd i n th e lowe r strata or lam inae of
I h ave ne v e r b ee n a bl t fi d y f
e o n an ossil rem ains i n th e di t i t
s rc ,
bl i h
re d, u s ,
& c gre
. y g s, e ne rall y , (i nde e d i nv ari a l by , wh e re th e re i s no
di t bi g
s ur n cause at h and,) h oriz o ntal, agree in
g w i th th e li m es tone
b
strata a ov e .
“
Th e Sp e c i m e n I se nd y ou is of th e d k ar er li m e stone , b ut w h e th e r
i n th at or th e li gh te r k i nd I se nt to Dr . Bui st , th e p e rforati o ns are
th an o th e rs .
In m an yp t ar s ne ar grani te th e li m e s tone h as b ee n di t b d by
s ur e
p
.
Sh a kp a u r, c o py of wh i ch , wh e n re c e i v e d, w ill b e se nt to th e Socie t y .
- l gth M ay 1 8 53 .
Th e le tte r NO 1 4 3, date d Pi nd . D d Kh
a un an, 1 7 th u lti m o, from W .
O bt i
a ne d fro m th e Salt Range , and forw arde d to th e Soci e t y u nde r
O F IrI C I AL, LITBaAnx , A ND S C I S NTI F I C . 39 1
th p i e S e c m e ns .
P f L ro essor d t d Bn 5th A g t l t k w
asse n s
’
le tte r, a e o n, u us as , ac no
l dg wi th th k
e es th ipt f N an s XII X IV d X V f th
e re ce O os . .
, .
, an . o e
S i ty J l d ppli f N XIII Th i b t b
’
oc e s o urna , an a es or o. . s num er o e
f w d d by th
or ar e li t p p t i ty e ear e s O or u n .
M C S
anso n, th S i y
. b it d th R v G H W igl
to e oc e t , su m te to e e . . . e e
f t or l i d
rans at on, an w t d w ith h i no t d d Dh w 2 9th
re urne s no e ate ar ar,
Ap il l t M r W igl t t f ll w
as , r. e e s a e s as o o s
Th i “
i p ti e w nsc r
p t i t yon h d asb t y u
g d I
n o m an s a ou a e ar a o, an
di d y b t d iph
m estit b t f o d it i p i bl Th fi t li i
ec er , u oun m oss e. e rs ne s
e asy t d d t i w ll k w di ti h H i g g t th f
o re a , an co n a ns a e no n s c . av n o us ar
( b f h
e ore i i p ti w
t e nsc r p t d t th on A i ti S i t
asy ) I th
rese n e
gh t o e s a c oc e , ou
i t w ld b ou y t k t th t b t I g t t y I f d it
e e as o m a e ou e re s , u re re o sa oun
f th wi
ar o i th
er I se : ne
y f th er N
, t i
nor an w h I o e num e rous a v es om
consu lt d ld e k t, cou th f w l tt
m a e ou h d th
m o re I an a e e e rs e re an e re .
se n t th i ip ti e t Mnscr g l w hon i t wo i d by
an a ore ,th R e re as e x am ne e e v.
H M gli g d by h i M h wh I
. oe n an si d thoons t e es, o, am co nv nce , are e m os
l earnedC t b f
anare se m e n d t th p t d y b th o e lt
ou n a e re se n a , ut e resu
was th e sam e .
d
Th e tra i tional h istor y Of Sh a kpa ur is, th at th e p rese nt v i lla e
g
w as nam e d ft
a er th e fam ous C utch Sai nt Sh ah pntti , wh o trav e lle d
i n th at di re ction a ou t b 2 00 y ears si nce th at Me h m e tp oo r was foun dd e
L w S i d (14 h
o er c n e t or earl yp art of th e 1 5 th ce ntur y) , w h e n th e pre
se nt dry wate rcourse was th e b e d of th e Id n us . Th e ne x t C hie f
nam e d is U m e er Soom ra, by w h ich title th e large m oun d O f ruins
th e n re i ni
g g n Em p e ro r at D lh i
e , Allah odee n, th e latte r se nt a force
b k wi th h i t
ac h i p p ty wh i h D d
m o t t pl
rec ov e r s ro er , c o a m e a a ace
ll d K
ca e 10 il f M h tp
e ree , H mb ttl d i
es rom e m e oor . e re a a e e nsu e , n
wh i h b th th
c b th w l i d th S
o e ydf td
ro e rs ere s a n an e oom ra arm e ea e
aft wh i h th D lh i f
er c pl d d M h tp
e e d t it fi orce un e re e m e oor, an se on re .
1 6th June 1 8 5 3 .
O
p p t ni
or uty .
niar y blig ti
O a ons u n e r d wh ich th e B b y S i ty l b
om a d f thi oc e a oure or s
p u bli ca ti on, d
i nte n i ng h e nce forth to p rese nt th e m in e x ch an e
g for
th ose y p
w h i ch th e at rese nt re ce ive from th e Socie t y Of Bom by a .
li f w di g p i t d
u t m o, or pi f d p t h N 30 d t d 2dtb
ar n r n e co es o a es a c o. , a e
M y l t t g th wi th th
a as , o e p d f th H bl th
er o e r corre s on e nce , rom e onora e e
C t f Di
our t o p ti g U i l E h ibiti f Ag i lt l
re c ors, re s ec n an n ve rsa x on o r cu ura
and I d t i l P d t t b h ld by th E p
n us r a ro f th Fuc s h t o e e e m e ror o e re nc a
P i i M y 1 8 55
ar s n d q t
ai g th S i ty t gi , th
an g t t
re u es n e oc e o ve e rea es
ec .
Th e Re v Dr S te ve nson s
. .
’
pp t i d
a e r con a ne a translati on, with note s,
of a Buddh ist i nscri tion p p bli h d i F
u s e n or tune s Te a Dis tri c ts of
I ndi a a nd Ch i na
”
pg
a e 32 4, i n w h i ch h e sh ow e d th at th e fore ign
ch arac te rs th e re gi ve n are T ib t e an le tte rs ; th at th e i nscri ti on contai ns p
th re e Buddh ist sac re d form ularie s, th e m i ddl e one th e fam ous 0 m
M a ni P a dm e H um /I . Dr Ste ve nson gave
. reasons for b li
e e vi ng th at
th e se form u lae h ad b e en b
d f I di th t th y w igi llyorrowe rom n a ; a e e re or na
T ti l
an r c a d ft w d
, an d p t d t B ddh i
a er ar s d th t th y w
a o e o u sm ; an a e e re
p ti ly i ti t th D i ty fi t th C t
re s e c ve nv oca ons o w th
e e as rs e re a or, no e
P d fi lly b t t b th D t y
re se rv e r, an na a ou f th U i o e e e s ro e r o e n v e rse .
With f t th
re e re nce pi f h H j i Ab d i i pti
o e Co es o ti d t e a -- a nscr on m e n one ,
( p . th th D h jib
e au h y F or, ji E q t tun th t ft h o ra m , s .
, s a es a a er av
i g
n f lly
care u i d th h th i k th t th
re -e x am ne py wh i h pp
em , e n s a e Co c a e ars
i P f
n W t g d
ro e ssor di ti f th B dh h h b
e s e r aar
’
s e t on o e un es as e e n m os
f lly t k
care u f th
a en igi l rom d th t i t i e ly i or t i na , an a s on nacc ura e n a
f w h
e c t th t th
arac e rs ; S i l p i d y P h li i i
a e i p ti
assan an i Si a ar e v nsc r on n r
K P t
er T li l i
or e r s
’
rav e s p ti s a so t d th P th i
n som e re s e c s ncorre c , an e ar an
or m os t i t P h li i i
anc e n i p ti pp t b ti ll
e v nscr whi h on a e ars o e s m ore so, c
m a
y h i
av e f th
ar se n d i ffi lty w
romi th wh i h i t w e b t i d f cu c as o a ne , or
Si K r P ter t tor e r I pi d th wi th ll th
s a es coyi y e em a e acc urac n m
p w b i g h i p d d by th h igh t d d k
o e r, e n m uc m e e f th i p i e e an ar ness o e r os
ti on . O p ti f th th pp li I ld t k t i
ne or on o e re e u er ne s cou no m a e ou n
th e least .
”
Be twe e n Sir K e r Porte r
’
s and Profe ssor We ste rgaard s ’
e re nce in
th e de ciph e ri ngs w as of no great co nse ue nce .
q
Wh en M r Dh unjibh oy F ram j i first
. d i ph d
ec e re and translate d th i s
i p ti py d d bt p t
’
i nscr on from Sir K e r Porte r s co , be e nte rtai ne ou s re s ec
p
i nscri ti on, because h e is sti ll d b tf
ou ul of th e orth o ra h i cal a nd i nte r
g p
ch ange a bl e v alue Of som e O f th e c h arac te rs, wh i ch h e w ill b e b tte er
abl pl i i h p f t
e to ex a n n t e re ace o h is Ze nd Di ctionar y , w h e re h e h om es
t p bli h h P h li i lp h b t
o u s t e e v a a e s, wi th b
o se rv atio ns on th e i r p
la idar , y
cu rsi v e , and nu m ism atic form s, to faci li tate futu re investi gati o ns i n th e
p
de c i h e ri ng of th i s c h aracte r .
Th e p i llustrati v e o f Dr
m a Li i g t d M O w ll
. t l
v n s one s an
’
r. s e
’
s rav e s
Re e v e s from th e C p fG dH p
a e o d f w d d by h i w i h
oo o pye , an or ar e m t co
“
You w ill b
o se rv e i n th e u pp er le ft h and corne r Of th e m ap, a
ec
b
a out 2 00 slave s. By th e i r sugge stion th e Makololo we nt on a foray
agai nst th e Bash ukulom o— th e Makololo to rec e i ve all th e cattle , th e
p
M e m b ari all th e ca p ti v e s, in consi de ration of th e use of th e i r g u ns in
th e attac k .
’
of th e m a
p i s , th e ch ie f w h o r ule s ov e r th e we ll-wate re d c ountr y Sh ow n
la k bye m e ans O f th e Z b
am e zi
’
ri ve r, a m agni fice nt stream , w h ic h ,
a fte r re ce i vi n
g th e wate rs o f m an y ri v e rs i n th e ne igh b o urh ood o f th e
la k fl e, ows ac ross an u ne x pl ore d tract of cou ntr y , and i t is con ec turej d
falls i nto th e M ozam bi q ue a li ttle to th e no rth o f So fala .
It a pp e ars p b ro a ble th at M a j H
or a m e rton, Politi cal Age nt at Z anzi
b ar, m a
y th r
,ou h
g His H igh ne ss t e h I m am Of Musc at be , a bl e to p rocu re
m andi n
g at th e C a e o f Go o p d H p ill bl o e, w e na e fl
th at o i ce r to ch e c k
th e i r ne fario us tra fl P h p
i c. h I er a s, to o, t e m am m a
y h ave i t i n h is
p ow e r to i nte rfe re ti ly f
ac h p ve i or t e re v e nt on Of th e slav e tra d e
h im se lf .
Su b idi y t
s ar o th e b
a ov e O bj ect, accurate i nform ation is re
q u i re di n
g re at la k e. Th e ri ver Z b am e zi
’
p yi
e s e ciall s an O bj e ct o f th e gre ate st
i nte rest . It is a b ranch of th e Z b i
am ez
’
se t dow n i n o ur m a p s
b w th
et ee n e 1 5 th and 2 0th p aralle ls of so u th latitu de . If M j a or
H t a m e r on c ould de te rm ine t h is, and lay down with any acc u rac v th e
pi t fj
o n o unc tion o f th e b ranc h wi th th e m ain stream , or p ro c u re an
y
i nfo rm atio n on th e m eans affo rde d b v th e se stre am s fo r na vigatio n, and
b
a ov e inform atio n re
g a rdi n
g th e Z b am e zi
’
is no w all th at i s re q uisi te
Th gh th e
ro u i n ne ss k d of Li e u te nant C lose , of th e Engi ne e rs, a
w as l id b f
a e ore th e Me m b e rs, and m uch adm i re d — 1 5 th S ep tem be r 1 8 5 3 .
ci t y igh t b e gi ve n to th e sam e , th e
m S e cre ta ry w as dire c te d to h av e
re co urse to th e b
e st m e as u re s i n th e So c ie t y p ’
s o we r fo r c arr i
y gn th e
re
q ue st of Gov e rnm e nt i nto e ffe ct .
Ji
a ns, th at th e w or k ll d th K lp S
ca e e a a utra, th e m ost sac re db k f oo o
dt
a es and te rm s of life b k B
ac to . c . 5 69 d pl
, an ace s th e p i g t
re v ous re a
b
i llim ita le dis tance , and th e re fo re th at th is b ook h as m ore i nte rnal
Th t th Tith y
a e as agree d wi th th e G y ph i t i j
m noso s s n re e c ting all
ar ti l fd
c es o th ress, at th e usage is com m en e d d i th J in b k
n e a oo s, wh ile
A BS TRAC T O F TBB S O C I B
’
396 Tv s F ROC BBDI NC S .
[JA N .
re m o v e hi p t h I hs re t p d t
roac d i p h, th P h li
ave ai i i
te m
p te o ec er e e v nscr
ti on at H j i Ab d a -- N k h i R t a i P i
, ne ar u a - - ns a m , n e rs a .
Wh I fi t t p t d th i i J y l t I h d
en rs at e m e t lys n anu ar as , a ac ce ss o on
o ne co py p bli h d i Si R K P t T l wh i h pp
, as u s e n r . . or e r s
’
ra ve s, c a ears to
b i p f t
e m d
er ec i an y pl b t h
e rro ne ous g h h k i d
n m an ac e s u t rou t e n ness
O f M Dh jibh y F
r. j un h b tt o d ram t py
i , a m uc e e r an m ore corre c co , as
re ce ntly t k d w a pp ly i h g t
en o n, a d tt ti are nt by P w t re a care an a en on, ro
f W t g d
e asor d p bli h d l
es e r aar y t th d f h i li h g p h
, an u s e as t e ar a e en o s t o ra
e di i f h B dh h w
t on o t e pl d un e
y d i p l
es i J as l t ace at m s osa n u ne as .
Th i h l d p
s as l
c e are big i i u dh bl d t k
se v e ra am u t e s, an as e na e m e o m a e
l
se v e ra difi ti
m o d ti ca i i
ons an
y g i l d i p h corre c t d o ns n m or na ec e rm e n an
translatio n .
Ih av e not s are d an
y p p ains d
to re n e r m y de ci ph e rm e nt and v ersi on
i n th e ne x t nu m b e r of th e Soci e t y J ’
s o urnal .
y
Th e fossil o ste r b e d i n th e li m e stone at Minora Point, K urach e e i n ,
b
C ntch , and on th e Ara ian C oast, see m s e qually to ch aracte rise th e ,
O F F C IA I L, LI TE RARY ,
A N D S C E NT F C I I I . 397
of K attyawar .
Th e sm all, b ut e x tre m e l y
fossil sh e lls p re
i nte resti ng collec ti on O f
s e nte d by j
Ma or Ge ne ral C ulle n, also e longs to th is te rtiar form ati on b y .
Se v e ral are ide ntical w ith th ose figure d and descri e Sowe r in b d by by
th e wor kj
ust m e ntione d T y
h e are in an e x quisite state of rese rvati on,
. p
b
not h avi ng y e t e c om e conne c te d w ith th e m ate ri al i n w h i ch th e are y
im b dd d
e e , and ne v e r h av i ng b e en worn by th e ac tion of th e wav e s . Th e
fac t of th e ir u nde rl yi ng th e late ri ti c cliffs and bd e s Of li gnite , m ine ral
co pl a , &c . Of Quilon and th e ne igh b ouring coas t p , rov e s th at th e latte r
are not so Old, ge olo i call
g y conside re d, as th e te rtiar y f ti orm a on.
p
C a tai n Nicolls
’
b eauti ful colle c tion O f cut an d p li h d w
o s e oods, as
l s O f m ari ne ori i n.
g Th e se c ti on O f th eph e le ant s
’
tus k i b dd d
m e e In th e
b dd
Ne r u a calcare ous c onglom e rate p b bly
ro a ca m e fro m th e sam e s e ci e s p
asth t p a rese nte d to th e Soci e ty by D r. Bradle y , w h i ch h e o bt i a ne d from
th e rn b d y
oun ar Of th e great b asaltic re
gi on o fW t I di Li
es e rn n a . m e
j
Ma or F ulljam es, w h o, led on by th e ri ch m ine ral s p e cim e ns afforde d by
th is inte resti ng district of wh ich h e was Political Age nt, probably
’
398 A BS TRACT o r r u n S O C I ETv S F RO C EEDI NO S .
[JA N .
Gove rnm e nt a n o fl
i ce r wh ose lov e fo r ge o logi cal and m ine ralogi cal
re se a rc h w oul dh av e soon te ste d th e e co no m ical re sou rces of th e Re wa
K anta i n th is p
res e c t to th ei r u tm ost — 2 0 th October 1 8 5 3 .
th S i y J l i i t f hi b h ip i w l d h t
’
e oc e t s ourna n v r ue o s m em e rs , t as re so v e t a
at t h A i e y M i g p p i i h ld b b gh t f w d
nn ve rsa r eet n a ro os t on s ou e rou or ar
to i l
e nt M
t e an
y b f I d i
em t t
erh t l
out Oi p y n t f tha o a c a m on a m en O e
annua l b ip i
su f
sc r id t M
t on o b i R 15
no n-re s en em e rs, v z . s . .
Th p i
e CO f h S
eS oi y J t el pp li
oc e td f
’
b
s
y P fourna a E t i k e or ro e s sor as w c
f th p bli L ib
or e u y B li h Lib y f h E I di C ll g
c rar at er n, t e rar o t e as t n a o e e,
an d f hi or lf h d b
m se f w d d by th l t
, a ee n or il ar e e as m a .
O f th p lh l p
e se u c d by M B k h t t th t th y
ra u rns rese nte r . ar e r, e s a es a e
w f di d ll d T t B l i i h i i i ty f Bgd d n t e
’
e re ou n n a m o un ca e e a ar , v c n O a a ,
wh i h w c as t d d h i di ti Aft h i g d g l g
e x cav a e un e r s re c on . er av n u a ar e
tu nne l f 60 f t l g
O d bee 20 f on , b l w th f h
an a ou t ee t e o e sur ac e , e ca m e
u p w ll p d f kil b t b i k f th
on a a co m ose O i
n- u rn h r c s, o e sam e s ze as t ose
b the id f
e s p lh l l
e o a se i i g b t 1 50
u c ra v au t, c onta n n p il d p a ou u rns, e u on
o ne h b t f td p i
anot e r a o u t en i i ee l f ee S , f n a se m -c rc u ar o rm . om e o
th t i d
e se c o n a ne l i d b d h
ca c ne l pi o ne s an f it i fi d h as e s, a so e ce s o v r e e art ,
g l ass, an d h d h w fill d
e a s ; ot e rs w i th fi p d
e re d w
e ne ow e r, an som e e re
em p ty All w li d wi h b i
. e re ne Th t dhd tb tu m e n . e m o un a no ee n
p i ly p d — 1 7th N b 1 8 53
re v ous O e ne ovem er .
M O N DAY, 2 8 TH No v . 1 8 53 .
in e ve r ydp e artm e nt o f th e So c ie t y .
Me m b e rs.
O F FI C A I L, LI TERARx , A ND S C ENT F C I I I . 399
Eg i h t - y p p
two am h le ts and oo s h av e ee n re se nte , twe nt ori b k b p d y
gin al co m m unications, and six t dona tio ns to th e m use um , am ong y
w h i ch are u wards O f p
m ine ralo ical and ge ologi cal S e ci m e ns
g p .
b y k
To th e li rar 1 38 wor s, co m rising 2 2 7 v olum es , h ave ee n a e d p b dd
by p u rch ase, and th ese h av e not b ee n so e x clusi ve l y confine dt o tyre
i ncrease d by 8 , m a ki ng i n all 2 1 .
Th e ch i e f im p rov e m e nt th a t h as ta k pl i
en ac e n th e librar yd uring
th e p ast y ear is th e n um b e r of w or k th t h
s a ave been b d oun and
th e larges t b k
oo s i n th e li b y
rar .
Th e fram e -wor k f th
or e ne w p p s a e r room sancti one d by th e Socie t y at
of a fe w files, th e w h ole of th e p
ne w s ape rs are now ti
s tch - b ound,
w h i ch i t was h o p d w ld h b
e ou av e ee n co m pl t d by J ly l t
e e u as , h as, u ntil
late l y b , ee n v e r y l w i it p g
s o n s ro re ss, bu t now th at th e p lan i n wh ic h
th e b k oo s sh ould be arrange d h as b een lai d d own, fou r cases h ave
b ee n num b d d l tt d i
e re an e e re n accor ance d w ith it, and th e rest m a
y
be e xp e c e t d t p dily f ll w
o s ee o o .
b th
o num e rous and v e r y v alua bl e. C e ntral I ndia, Sc inde , th e Re w a
K t th
an a, e South e rn M ah ratta C o untr y , and th e Salt Range of th e
P j b h
un a , av e all affo r e dd ri ch illustra tions of th e i r m i ne ralog y and
geo lo
gi cal form ati ons , th rough th e ki d n ne ss of th e ge ntlem e n wh ose
nam e s are m e ntione d a fte r re s e c tiv e p p re se nts i n th e list of donations to
th e m u se um , wh e re th e latte r will be fou nd m ore p arti cularl y d t il d
e a e .
Th e re p o rt of th e C av e - T pl C
em e om m ission i nfo rm s us th at se v e ral
51
’
40 0 A BS TRAC T O F T R E S oc I ETv s F RO C EE D I N GS .
[JA N .
p bli h d i N XVIII f th S i y J
u s e n l O d th
. th p ti . O e oc e t
’
s ourna , an e o er ar s
inscr ip i h w t i diff
o ns, t p t f h o P id y fB b y
e v e r, n e re n ar s o t e re s e nc o om a ,
wh i h h c t b t k
av e b t th C no T pl C i i een a e n, u e av e - em e om m tte e s not
O f h t l w ill h
e se ly b a so b t i d M F ll h ti t h s ort e o a ne . r . a o n, t e ar s , as
c om p l d h ill i e te f th t e f El p h t d i
ustra t o nsw f o e cav e s o e an s , an s no ar
a d d i h h
v a nc e f K l w t t ose o ar e e .
Th S i ty h e p bli h d th
oc e l b f i J l f 1 8 52
as u s e e u su a nu m er o ts ourna or ,
i N X VII
v z . O l . h N i XV III i J ly l t
.
, a so a no td h er O . v z. .
, n u as , an t e num
b erf h p ty
or t hi h i e w i h p
re se n w ill pp i e a r, w c s no n t e re ss, a e ar n
J y t I i
anu ar ne x f h g tifi ti
. t y t C i t
s a source O m uc ra ca on o our om m ttee o
b bl t i gd df h S i y J l b th
’
e a e th th io state , at e nc re as n e m an or t e oc e t s ou rna o
i I di
n n dE p p i f
a an bly f i t i uro i g f l
e rom se s av oura or s ncre as n use u ne ss .
Th b l e i f f h S i ty
a a nce d th f l t y
n a vo u r o t e oc e e x ce e s at o as ear .
Th i R p w s i d
e d th b t h k f h S i ty
ort as re c e v e t dt th , an e es t an sO t e oc e vo e o e
C om mi t fM gt ee f h o l b l i d i g th p
ana e m e nt or ty t e i r v a ua e se rv ce s ur n e as ear
Ele c ti on o f Vi ce P re s ide n t .
e le cte d Vi ce -P r e m de n t .
C om m i tte e o f M a nage m e nt .
Willi H d E q am o w ar , s . p J G F b
Ca t . . . or e s .
Li t C l J H ll d
eu . o . . o an . Th L J k i E q os . . en ns, s .
A H L i h E q
. . e t , s . J h Ri h i E q
o n tc e, s .
Re v . P Ande rson, A M
. . . M Stov e ll Esq
.
, .
Jh H k
o n ar ne ss, Esq .
, A M . . C . J . k
Ers i ne , Esq .
M use um C om m i tte e .
J H k. ar ne ss, Esq .
, A M . H J C arte r, Esq
. . .
BO M BA Y BR A N C H
OF TH E
ROYAL A S I A TI C S O C I ETY .
J ANU ARY ,
1 855 .
J STEV ENS O N D D
.
, . .
,
Preside nt
p
e s ec iall yi n re fe re nce to i ts ri se , and th e re latio n i t h olds to oth e r
yt
s s em s now p re v ale nt in I di
n a,ligh t h as of late bg e un tob ki re a n
up o n th i s inte res ti ng su bj e ct . pb
Th e u licati on of Burno u t Hi t y
’
s s or
by M r . H dy ar , furnish un ue stiona
q bl pe roof, th at wh e n Buddh ism
S p
g p , fi
ru n
v e a nd auh alf c e ntu ri es bf e ore th e C h ristian e ra, th e w h ole
I
of ndian soci e t was un e r th e in y d fl ue nce of th e p re se nt Brdh m ani cal
Slave s as H
th e indus at first si gh t a pp t
ea r o b e to pi r estl
y dom i nati on,
th e re h as alw y ba s ee n, and still i s, a p ty
ar am ong th e m opp d t
ose o th e
52
402 TI TR YAS O R TI RTR A E AS O F TH E BU D D E I STS, [J A N .
di t ti
c a on of th e Bré h m ans, and se e ki ng som e th i n
g m ore s p i it
r ual and
li b l th
e ra an th e i r ri tual a fld '
or s .
bl e on e d
g to h i m ,
w ith h is b dyo na e d, k h is h ai r di so rde re d, and li k e
Th e Ji
a n account o f Rish abh a, i n th e K lp a a SIi tra, is th at h e was
th e first ki ng, th e first m en di cant, and th e first Ti th k r an ara.
”
1
'
I t is
also sai d th at Ach ai laky a (w ant O f cloth i n
g) i s th e attri b u te am ong
e ff t d by th
ec e M d o Hi du w i t h w h d
e rs . o e rn d n r e rs, o e v e r, av e e nou nce
hi y t
s s s em i wh i h y th i g i d d d f
, n c t wi h
e ve r t th n s e uc e rom na ure , t ou e
i t ti
n e rve n on f d i y d go da ll d i t th
e t , h i ti l
as an e rous, an ca e e at e s ca
S kh y
an Th i i h h
a. f p h il
s ph y th t w
s i tly
t e sc e m e o oso a as anc e n so
ppl o u ar g th B ddh
am o n i t d J i d he B ih u i d s s an a ns an t e rI m ans, n or e r
t d p t i t t th i
o a a dd d d i y t wh
o h y
e sm ig d th h
, a e t a e t , o om t e ass ne e ear
le sst k f l ki g
as o oo d wh il t w
n l i gf
on u nconce rne h e na u re as e v o v n rom er
f til w
er e b th l t f th i g
om e e em en s o n s .
-
3 Translati on of K alp a suna, I ntroducti on, p 3 . .
A N D GY M NO S O PH I B
TS O F TH E O RBEx s . ,
403
y th i d i th
tw e nt - r n e num b f th i Ti th k
er o e r r an aras, h as te m pl es S p i llyec a
d di t d t h i
e ca e o m , and is h e ld, with Ri sh abh a and Mah av ira , still i n
p il
s ec a ti v e ne ra on . Am o ng th e Hi ndus g e ne rall yh e is m u ch b tt e er
k w no th bj
n as e O e ct o fJi a n re v e re nce th an any O f th e re st of th e ir
sage s, and i s alo ne s e c a p i lly i k d i nvo e n th e i ntro d u cti on to th e m ost
sacre d Of Ji a n wor k th K lp S t
s, e a a
’
II ra ; d
le a i ng to th e i d ea th at h e is
th e rea lf d o un e r of th e se ct .
j f K dgé
ra a o t w
u n a r m a, a d di t i t i Bh é o Hi d h t k
n an s r c n e r. s e at oo
p l B
ace 5 .6 9 t
c. h g f , a ty H i h
t e a e o i f d i i p l t
a ve n th t t i . s c e sc e a a m e
w asG t I d t i i d ti d t b
o am a n ra th f
t , es B ddh
ne o d e co m e e am ou s u a, an
t p d th ligi f h
o s rea e re on Od ti i um an wid ly i
re ason an asce c sm m ore e n
E t as e rn A i th h
s a h pp d t
an
y th
as alig i e ne y o an o er re ous s ste m .
M h i h di
a av ra t da h y t f hi p d
nnova e on t e s s em dt h w o s re e ce ssors, an o S o
hi s tien f d re f re e h om p i di p d wi th th
ro m u m an ass ons, s e nse e m ean
a pp l wh i h f th k f d y
are c , or eti sa till the o i
e ce nc d , as ce cs e n cont nue
t w o Aft h i d h
e ar . erpli t k pl s e at g t ha s b
t oo f h ace am on e m em e rs O t e
Ji an i ty th
c om m u n j i ty dh i g wi th S dh
, e m a or t th
a er n u arm a o e
t
s s em
y f h i O p p
t e t b r t i fl
re ce ti l i or, it y uw i th anG t n ue n t a m nor , o am a a
th i h e r d t i g t th i tit t f P h é th i p t f
ea , re urn n o e ns u e o ars v an n re s e c o
d t pp
e ce n a l are .
Li t f th h d t h
s s o e f th di i pl
ea fM h i
eac e rs o eigi l sc es o a av ra, or or na
J i h b h dd dw t
a ns, av e een f an et tw hy
o n h o us, o so ru s ort a c arac te r,
an db i ge ar n h i t l
so m uc id f t th th t i t i i p
n e rna ev ibl
e nc e o ru , a s m o ss e
t d y h i
o en g i
t e r e nu ne ne ss, as
y y ti fy h i lf by
an lo nek i g m a sa s m se oo n
i t th
n o Sth i a li f h K lp S i t
e r va b t wi g t th p
O t e a a l l ra u o n o e re v a e nce
o f B dd h i
u f sm l i ft i t i
or se v e ra J i i th gh t
ce ntur e s a er s r se , a n sm , ou no
ex ti t nc ki t
, san p ti b ity
n o c om ara ve O sc u r .
G t th
o am a, Ji i t i
e w igi lly
a ns m a n a n, Bé h b t th as o r na a r m nn, u e
404 TITII Y AS O R T I RTIIA x A S O F TE E BU D DR I S TS , [JA N .
Buddh ists afl
i rm th at h e was th e son O f S uddh odh ana a pe tty , ra aj in
Be h é r Howe ve r th is m ay be we cannot allow h i m th e m
.
, e ri t o r
wi d ly p p g t d Th B ddh i t th l
e ro a a e . e u ti fi s s th e m se v e s m e n on ve o er
i
asce t cs, no d bt b l gi g t th J i i ity wh
ou e on n o e t d wi th a n m nor , o c onso r e
G t o am a bf h b e ore B ddh e Th it i t f ti d t d
e cam e u a . ese , s rue , or a m e ese r e
hi m b t th y ll t
, u e d a hi tt i i g B ddh h
re urne on ds a d p a nnd u a oo , an rov e
e x cee di gly f l t h i i th p p g ti f h i y t
n use u o m n e Thro a a on O s s s em . e
esse n ati l l t f b th h i
e em en s o yt d th t f th
o s J i i th
s s em an a o e a ns s e
ph il ph y f K pil — th d ifi ti f t
oso O a a e e pi it t i l
ca on O na ure ; a s r -
u m a er a
p anth i e sm w i th
, t h p li i ty th e t t i
ec u ar t l l t a ce r a n na ura
p e e m e n s are ca a
bl e f p
O i g th
re ss n l f w d e m se v es t q ori ar i i , so as o ac u re om n sc e nce .
Th t
ese e x raor di y b i g nar ll d by th J i
e n s are ca e Ti th k d by e a ns r an aras, an
th e o th B ddh
e rs u as .
I th n d pti g i th i th J i
us a o n n t
e m a n th t b de f t
a n accou n as a ase on ac ,
in o pp iti t th
os on o t f th i
e accoun f B ddh i O g i eby i t
r se o w u sm ve n s o n
a dh t I w g id d t fi t l ly by th
e re n s , as u e a id rs ti th t
so e e co ns e ra on a
th J i
e a ns
g i p b
ve b l f us t d
ro a d t d e t ac s, an f h li f a es, an e rm s o u m an e,
b k t B 8 2 8 wh il th B ddh i t d
ac o . c .
, e ly t B
e u 5 43 b t s s o so on o . C . u
h f ll wi g
t e o o id
n ti cons t k f e ra B ddh i t d
ons, a en th rom u s oc um e nts em
l
se ve s, will f lly fi u th p i
con rm i t f th
e Ji
re v ous e x s e nc e o e a ns as a
re li gi ousp ty ar .
I th B ddh i t d
n e u t p s d i th th f I di d
oc um e n s re se rv e n e nor O n a, an
ana ly d by B
ze f d i th C yl
urnou , an w i ti g t n l t d by
e e one se r n s rans a e
H dy f q
ar , re t ti
ue n i d f l
m e n on s m a e f pp t o t d
a c ass O o one n s e ncoun e re
by B dd h u a, lly u suad Ti th y Ti th k
nam e Th i w d as or r a as . s or ,
h w o i
e v e r, s use d y y ly with Ti th k th S k it f f th
s non m ous r a aras, e ans r orm o e
w d Ti th
or r k an ara, a nam e pp p i t d by th J i t th i d i fi d a ro ra e e a ns o e r e e
re ligi ousl gi l t e
* I
s a ors . lp g th T i t h
n se v e ra
y di ti g i
assa esh d e as are s n u s e
b th f
o rom Bé h r d B ddh i t
m ans an Th R kt k h i i d t h
u s s . us a a s a s sa o ave
asce ti cs and di t d
m en N t h i g th
can s
'
igi l b f o av nI e or na e ore m e, c an
on ly j t th t th tw l t ti d p ti w Vé p th
con ec ure a e o as m en one ar es e re n ras as.
an d S yh i an d th th i d
s s, an eBah rh h ld
com m on Th r m an ouse o e rs . e
se co n dw t i ly B ddh i t
e re ce r a n ti u d it s t asce th cs an see m s o m e e re can
b e as littl d b t b t th t th fi t w
e ou u J i I th a e rs w y i e re a us . n e sam e a , n
th L lit Vi t
e a a th Ti th k
s ara, e ti d r a g t h d
as are m e ni t f one am on e au ors o
B ddh t di fl tf th Bé h i p g i wh i h
'
p h p
e r a s, th ig i e l t or t h
na t h
e rm s are f t h p ge i t d
sam e as ose O e assa e c e
Burnout Histo i re ,
da Buddh i sm , v ol. i p 5 1 5 , and onward
. . .
t Burnonf p 1 7 2 ,
. .
1 8 55 ] A ND O Y II NO S O F BI STS OF Tu E C REEII S . 405
b
a ov e .
* I n Turno ur s Ph li
’
Buddh istical Annals th e Tith yas are also
ne x t see h ow th e y d ib th Ti th k
e sc r e e r a as .
O ne Of th e p i ip l Ti th k pp
r nc a r a a O one nts of Buddh a is th us ce nsure d
by f a av o ure r O f B ddh iu C sm om m e nt p e ut-il etre sage ce lui q ui ,
p t l
or ant e s Si ne s
g de la virili té, & c p ro m é ne nu dans le v illage , aux e u x . y
d p pl p
’
u eo e ? C e lui q ui sui t la lOi couv re ls de vant de son cor s d un
In H arv e y ’
s Manual o f Bu ddh i w sm e are tol d th at th is Puri na w as
calle d also Pur ué K y p B d dh
- as a a- b u a, ecause h e h ad o v e rc om e all
ev il d esire .
”
F urth e r, i t is sai d Th e p pl b
eo e rou h t
g him cloth e s in b
a undance ,
cov e ri n
g o f sh am e sh am e is th e e ffe c t o f sin I am a ra h a t, an d as
I am fre e from e v il d e si re , I k now no sh am e .
’
Th e p pl b li d
eo e e e ve
b e ca m e h is di ipl
sc e s, and i t w as p roclai m e d th rough out all Jam
b udvip a th a t h e w as Buddh a .
I]
I t is notice d p arti c ularl y O f anoth e r Ti rth aka o pp one nt of Buddh a ,
t J o u r As So c
. . . Be nga l ,
v ols. vi . and vi i . Burnout p p 1 8 7 , 1 88
,
. .
t Burno uf , p
2 75. . Harve y , p 29 1 . .
406 TI TII YA S O R TI RTR AR AS O F TH E BU D D R I S TS [J A N .
b ti
a s ne nce fro m ani m al foo d . Ne ith er of th e se ar e a ppli bl ca e to e ith e r
fatua t d by
e nece ssi t y , d
un e r th e e vil in fl ue nce of th e K ali a e .
g I
Th e Vish nu Puri na, wh e n i t descri b es Vish nu as assum ing th e form
of a sage to d ece i v e m anki nd, describe s h im as a Dig b J i
am ar a n, in
th e se m bl ance of akd di na e m en cant, wi th h is h d h
ea S av e n, and
carr yi ng a b unch o fp k f th
eacoc s
’
ea e rs .
§
Th e Ji a ns are ev id tly i t d d i
en n en e n th is p assage , th ou gh i t i s usual
d
foun th e m wi th th e uddh ists B .
k wl dg d
sage s are ac no e e am on
g th e p ure B ddh i t f th p
u s s o e re se nt da
y
and h dpi f
t e a o t on o such a u sage is ti ly i
en pp i ti
re n o os on to th e
p ti
rac d pce pt an re ce s Of Bu ddh a , t i d i
as c o n a ne th d n e oc um e nts
Buddh a would not kill an anim al, i t is true , for food, bu t h e w ould e at
fl
,
by d i ipl
a sc e nam e d Ch undo Accor di g t n o Mann th e feast in h onou r
,
Of d d
ec e ase ance stors coul d not be b y l b t d with
h onoura l ce e ra e out a num
be r O f ki d n s of fl e sh , and th e f tt d lf w k ill d t
a e cat t i as e o en e r a n a disti n
uish e d u e st am o n th e anci e nt Bré h m ans as we ll as am ong th e J e w s
*
g g g .
h av e b Bi b een r B ddh i t b t
m ans no r h u
g s s, d i b d
u suc sa e s as are escr e
i th K lp S i t
n e a a d th l ta Ji w kan o er a nf wh till
or s, su cce ssors O om are s
m e t w i th M ont A bu ou nd th di t i t dj i i g C l t f
’
, an e s r c s a o n n . e m en o
Al e x and i th r a, t e m os G k w i accurate f ig tt
re e r te r on ore n m a ers, e x
p ly di ti g i h th
ress s n u s es B ddh i t f
e Sq th
ua t o r
du s s rom e
‘
I vp m o im au
or na kd g e d th gh th
sa e s, an w itou f o d th th t will
er r e rs con ou n em , a
no t i tp
ex c h p i i th i d f y wh k w wh t
m uc sur r se n e m n o an one o no s a
cru d e ti no ons y I di
on m an bj t ft n an l g su d l e c s, a e r so on an c ose an
Th ly p
e on t ll w i th i
e rsons a h p l a f Hi d i wh
n t e d p t tha e O n u sm o a o e
p ti f g i g b t k d
rac ce O o n a ou t f K p lé i k G
na e are a se c i t o a a osa ns, e x re m e
t i
v o ar es o f Si wh va, id o ared hicons ti by h Bé h
e re as sc sm a cs t e r m ans,
an d wh o are fi d t thcon ne t d
o th f I di
e eas d an k w i sou O n a, an un no n n
th w t wh
e es , th G e re k e i re e t t wi h th
s cam e H i d Th i
n con ac t e n us . e r
W t I di wh il th t f th J i
e s e rn n a, e a oby t diti e d w i ti g
a ns can, ra ons an r n s
as w th y f
or di to cre y t h t i
as a n i t h t
a y e x st n e c oun r .
A s, th b th B ih
e n, o d B ddh i t
ri m ans an t ly by h i p u t
s s , no on t e r re se n
p i
rac t ce , b t i l
ul th i n a t t w i ti
e r e x an
g d th p rt i f
n s, con e m n
g e rac ce o sa e s
g g i
o n b t
a ou l th d unc o th i e , t asth l te re i d s f no y h e e as ev e nce o an su c
usa e g h i gav n p il
e ve rd i
re v a e
g h th p
am on ty t h e h
t er e one ar or e ot e r
as th J i e h
a ns i th i av e d b k l id d w h w t f l h i g
n e r sacre oo s a o n t e an o c ot n
as th e h c t i ti f th i fi t
arac e r s c o d l t d ifi de r rs ligi an l gi l t as e e re o ns e s a ors,
an d as a se ct f D ig Ob h am ti dt it
ara as con g th f
nue f o ex s am on em rom o
o ld t h o t e p t d y h ly re se n a , l i
t e on th t i l ft t i th t
conc us o n a s e o us s, a
th e Gy ph i t wh h G k f d i W t I di wh
m noso s s om t e ree s oun n e s e rn n a, e re
Dig b i am t p
ar sm t p
a il w
re se n Ji re v a s, d i th Bi h
e re a ns, an ne er r m ans
nor B dd h i t
u d th t i t w
s s an ap y f Dig b f th i t
as a com an o am ars O s se c
th t Al
a d f ll i wi th
e xan e r e nT il f wh
near C l ax es, one o om , a anas,
f ll w d hi t P i
o o e m o e rs a.
Pre se nte d S e p te m be r 1 5 th 1 85 3 .
of w h ic h , no t h av i ng y e t se e n any e x lanati o n, p I be g to su b m it a
w h i ch w as ge tti ng a e cte d fl ’
o b se rv e d on a form e r occas i on . Wh e n I l dd I an e , w al kd e ov e r th e
carv e d Th
. e re we re two Of th e m th e y l k d lik oo e e little grav e stones,
and, as usu al in su ch case s, each ha d ll p l
a sm a ace ne ar i ts ase for b
b u rning ince nse .
co uld read th e m . I p p li d t
a e o som e Of th e m os t te a m ed pi
r ests in
POO -too, bu t w i th o ut succe ss . Th y e coul d ne i th e r re ad th e m , nor
c ould th e y gi ve m e th e sli
gh te st i nfo rm atio n as to h ow th e y ca m e to be
p lac e d th ere .
I n th is th e k
u n nown ch arac te r w as pl d l ace a on
g th e top , and a ro w O f
th e re , i t is difficult e ve n to form a j
con e ctu re . Buddh ism we k now
of th e m m a
y be rea d as follows
m i Blam .
am f
u vrm lt l J
’
Om .
— Mani p adm e Hé m .
i n I W -Wfi f |‘
a
Om .
— Vajrap ani H u nh .
In a T antri k a tract, th e 1 !t
! Nandrnany as a) , wh ich Ih av e now
be fore m e, Ifi nd a
“
? ve r y y d
fre que ntl use , and am ong oth e r s y bl m o s also
i f and
K I kdas e a Bré b m an to w rite dw o n th e Hi du y
n s m bol »
x
0
ex
Th e corre sp on e nc e d Of th e se w ith th ose in our i nscri tions is p
stri ki ng, and pl i ly p
an oints to th e source wh e nce th ese sacre d y bl s m o s
53
410 BU DDH I ST ANT I QU ITIES I N C H N A. I [JAN .
v i sar
g , a com bi nati on th at ne i th e r i n th e anci e nt Ve di c nor m ode rn
flT , m eaning ve rily , a m e n.
he original se nse , T t ik y b l t th d f h
th e n, of th ese an r a s m o sa e en o eac
Of h li t e w ld bnes, p d di g t th l ft h d d h by
ou e ex resse accor n o e e - an e sc em e
m i n
g - ufi r i . th ig h t h
r, d d y t by ;S k tin G e rd - an e s s em a , am es, an
B ddhu th a Ii H or d O i i f th
e s s,i t Egyp ti orns, an s rs o e anc e n a ns,
whi h w c igh t i t p t N t
e m th W ld d G d wi th
n e r re a ure , e or , an o , som e
d ti f th t
accom m o a ont o d f th i ki g th
e e rm s o our m o es O n n , as ose
ac q i t d w i
ua n e th H i d ui w ill i ly p i Al
n l th T
sm t i k e as e rce ve . e se an r a
y bl t b
s m o s are id d o i th
e cons ti i t j ti
e re as nouns n e v oca v e , or n e r ec ons,
h avi ng no v ar ati on on account o
i f case .
I t is y onl y t ti i p i g th t th i iti l i h i th
ne ce ssar o no ce n ass n , a e n a s e
p p l Hi du y b l f Béh Vi h
o u ar n s m o d Si ar th B ddhi t
r m a, s nu, an va e u s
if t d
u nm an e s e f d ity f wh i h ll l
esse nce o i epp d t h , rom c a e se s su ose o ave
p g d wh i h th y d i t O ké
s ru n , an c e Bé h e nom na e m ra or r m a.
I pl i i g th w d i th b dy f h f th f l w
n ex a nn e or s n e o o eac o ese orm u ae , e
i p t t
m or an d th , th t i
an p td e one p t t with th a s re ea e on a se ara e s o ne e
Ch i b l w it
ne se e o .
It i M ip ds anOh j w l d l t ! w d wh i h
a m e, e
g i e an
y o us or s c , a a n, e v e r
p ty y pl i
ar m a di g t h i w p li y t
ex a n accor n Th t o s o n e cu ar s s e m . e e rm
i I
s, i
conce v e , p d d i th a com ti oun d p b b ly i
, an n e v oca ve case , an ro a n
h d l
t e ua b th gh h i i t q i t
num er, ou i l b t h l t
t s s no b u e e sse nt a u t e as m em er
e asily g t h e pl ti f Si d S k ti i I di gi by Kl p th
t e ex ana on o va an a n n a, ve n a ro ,
an d by p i ty f ar i g Vi h o d Ldk h i
re ason n d Adi B ddh
, s d
nu an s m , an u a, an
Adi P d y é ra n d t i p b bly i th
; an no y ti l y t th
m ro a , n e m s ca s s em , e com
p di g f th tw w d y b t k t ig ify S g ,wh i h
oun n o e o or s m a e a en o s n an a c
m eans i A
un on. di g t H dg ccor d Kl p th i th
n o p p l o so n an a ro , n e o u ar
B ddh i t y t
u s f N p dl
s s em d Tib t th i f
o e l i ppli d t th
an e , s orm u a s a e o e
Bddh i tw P d P i wh i pp d t p
o -sa a a m a an tt p
,
id o s su ose a re se n o res e ov er
g i i
v e n r set th o b t i t
e c om m on d i g m ui P d
ncorrec re a n , s nc e a m a
P ii l k d
ag s oo e l d t f
on as a m a e, an l T i d af r“ no as a em a e. o cons er a
BU DDH I ST ANTI Q U ITI ES I N C H I NA . 41 1
g tly
re a d i fi d by
m o t h i fl e f B ah ie A t th
n ue nce oti f th r m an sm . e m e o e
fi t i t d ti
rs f B ddh i
n ro u c on o i t Ti b t th t i d y t
u sm w ppl n o e , e r a s s em as o u ar
i I di
n n w a, as f th e se e f El p h t
rom d Ell d it w
e cav es O e an a an ora, an as
th i yt I
s s s em i th t w fi t
conce v e i d b y d h Hi a ly as rs carr e e on t e m a a as
an d d p t d t B ddh i
a a e o Th Hi du Q i t i
u sm f Si
. Vi h e n u n an o va, s nu,
S y Lé k h i
ur a, dBs h d i did
m , t an i till ft w d av n d it i
, no ar se a er ar s, an s
th i wh i h
s t
see m s
c t h gi io m et th fi o D h é
av e
y i B dd h v e n r se o e ve n u as.
A k h I pp th t f t th C t i th Hi du
ra ac ana,
”
su ose , e n, o re e r o e rea or n e n
se nse o f hi if ti g s m an esb i gi g th w ld t ligh t
n or r nM ip d n e or o ; an a m e
”
I id t b th p
cons er o i g dg
e e ti pw
rese rv n d V j p i an e ne ra ve o e r, an a ra an ,
li t lly h w h i
e ra e d wi th h h d b lt t f t th d t
o s arm e t e t un e r o , o re e r o e e s ru c
ti p w f th D i ty d t d i h g lly i r f
ve o er o e e , un e rs oo t h , e t er e nera n e e re nce o t e
d l ti f th p t w ld i di id lly d yi g th
eso a on o e re se n or , or n v ua as estro n ose
b d f w dly d i wh i h p t th
on s O or e s re i p ti cf th pi it
re v e n e e m anc a on o e s r .
I thn b f
e a se nce O th ity h w au i t t th i
or ,pl ti o
y e v e r cons s e n s ex ana on m a
b with
e t d f th i ki g it igh t
eas e rn m o es O f p iti ly t
n n , m se e m unsa e os ve o
affi th t th i i th
rm a t s i t p t ti
s e f th rue y bl ytI n e r re a on o ese s m o s e
th i k i t
n fli i tly p b bl t f
su c en i t th t
ro a l ti e I h gi
o orm on e rans a on av e v en
be low .
Ih av e sai d p Ti b t w d
noth ing of th e ure e an or at th e h ea d of th e
table t trans l t d by C
a e d K p isom a e o ros, a su e r or, or h igh pi
r est, as it
d
e vi e ntl
y f
re e rs t th h i gho p t i wh i h th p
e re u e n c e ray e r was h e ld .
T L I RA N S AT O N .
Th e Ch i ef of Pr ay e rs .
d
O Tria ! O Bi g f th W ld t ligh t ! 0 r n er o e or o Nature !
0 T i d ! 0 Effi i t d M t i l G
ra ti C c e n an a er a e ne ra ve ause !0 U niv e rse !
0 T i d! 0 A d f th W ld D t ti on ! 0 God !
’
ra rm e or e or s es ruc
4 12 BU DDH I ST A NTI Q C I TI BS I N C H I NA. [JA N .
As th e Buddh ist re li
gion w as o n l i ntroduce i nto y d
Tib t b t th e a ou e
se v e nth y
ce ntu r o f our e ra, afte r i t h ad e gu n to b d li d h d ec ne, an a
be e n co ns id bly
e ra co rru pt d i
e n India, w t l k f
e m us p id
oo or som e er o
th e Tb p
i e tans we re ow e rful on th e north ern fronti e r, and h ad osse ssi on p
of som e p
arts O f th e co untr , i t was li k e l y
during th at e rio th at a y p d
sm all c olon y fp i
o r es ts p e ne trate dt o th e islan di q n uesti on, and th e re
esta bli h d
s e th e worsh i p Buddh a
of , and ex ecu e t d th e p
inscri tion wh ich
Mr Fortune
. h as cOp ie d * .
DSSguiguss ,
v ol . 1 p l
. . arti cle Ti be t, p 1 65 . .
A RT —
[ I L An A ccount of th e A nci e nt a nd Ru i ned C i ty
. o
f
Bra h m i na b a d, i n S i nd . By A . F . BELLA S I S , Esq . W
[ ith a
Plan ] .
Re ad Apri l, M 5 4 .
BR A H M I N ABAD , or B ke -
um b ra -
*
Th ool its m , ore m o e rn and d Sin d ee
b u ilt e nti re l y fb k db i
o a e r c ks . I ts p re se nt a pp e arance is one v as t m as s
o f ru ins, d
form ing irre gular m ou n s, v ar i ng in siz e ac cording to th e siz e y
of th e ori i nal h ou se s, o f wh i ch th e se ru ins are th e h u m
g le r re re se nta b p
tiv e s . So m e ide a y b
m ae fo rm e d of th e e x te nt of Brah m inabad, w h e n
I s ta te its ci rc um fe re nce is wi th i n a fe w y ards of fo ur m ile s, m e asu re d
O n first e nte ri n
g Brah m inab ad, so e x te nsive and so com pl t e e are its
ru ins,
y o u fe e l lost i n c o nte m pl ti
a ng i ts utte r de solati on ; and it ta k es
54
414 A C C O U NT o n r u n BU l NBD cm or [J nu
di d th t
so r e r a ch a rac te rise th e pl ace . Afte r a little e xam ination, th e
tp
m os i rom ne nt o bj ect th at p re se nts i ts e lf is th e rui n of a h i gh towe r
ofb i k w k rc - or stan di ng isolate d on a large h e a p of ruins, clearl yi ndi ca t
d
Am i th e ch aos of rui ns y ou m ay fu rth e r o b se rve se v e ral o p en
fo r troo p s; th at i n th is p p
O e n s ac e th e yw e re w ont to h ol d th i p d e r ar a es
wate rs t dd d
s u e , y b t d
as at p re se nt, with m an a oa , an m an y q it t a ua n cu
sail , an d y
P ll fi h
m an gi
a i gp u p t i
a t s e rm an v n e rs e c ve o th l d e p It an sca e .
w i till t p i t
e re e as e r s l g th b k o f th i c u re a on e an s o e r v e r, an di di t ly m m e a e
d th
un e r i ty w ll th b y h
e c t a ft d s, h y eigh t y wi
usth aun s o ra e e re ou m sa
t i ty w
ce r a n th tie re ft d t th b k h pil f g d
e na v e c ra m oore o e an e re es o oo s
an d h di w ft h p d d th t y igh t f ly y
m e rc an ze e re o en ea e ; an e re , oo, ou m sa e sa
w wd f
e re c ro i y so y ki g H i d h tt i g b i g d
no s , m one -m a n n oos, c a er n , arte r n , an
w ranl
g gi f t tnh a t pp er d f h i f
e m os d ti Ta i g rov e as on o m o e rn m es . urn n
from h t pl ti f wh t y h b t th h
t e co n e m a on o f a m a av e ee n o e c aos o su r
ro undi g i n th ly
ru ns, i l f th
e p t i l dt i q i
on m e m or a s o e as , one s e o n u re
wh t a ld h
cou d th tt
av e d t ti f ity l g d
cause e u er e s ruc on o a c so ar e an
so stron
‘
g .
e ve n b
fa le h as its v a ue .l Th e ppl o tu ar accoun of Brah m inabad, as far
as Ih b av e e en a bl e to p roc ure it, is as follow s
Th b at a o ut se v e n or e igh t c e nturi e s ago, Brah m inabad was a ri ch and
fl ourish i ng ci t y Th t i y wi k d Ki g
. a dD ln th ose da y s a ver c e n , nam e o ora,
th t a all y g whi d
oun i d y f
m a h i bj t w
e ns, t p o m arr e an o s su e c s, e re o ass
th w ddi g igh t i h i p l
e e n Th b n h f th i l w w n d th s a ace . e re ac o s a as ea .
N w o t i i h bl h d d gh t b tif l d f i d h
a ce r a n r c no e a a au e r, e au u an a r, an s e
w b tt b
as a ou i d B t th i l w w
o i
e m arr e p bl b t l t . u s a as an nsu e ra e o s ac e o
th f h
e wi h
at I h i di ffi lti
er s
’
h W tf
s es .i t t pi t
n s cu e s, e en or ass s ance o a r es
ofg t ti y wh w
re a pp d t h th p w f
sanc t , o i tas su ose o av e e o er o com m un e n
i g ih b h H
n w t d H ll ot d k d f d i Th p i t t ld
e av e n an e , an as e or a v ce . e r es o
Bm m ua na n, I N s m n . 4 15
di d t by
no a c e rtain day b
a ro ate
g th is ini quiti ous law Th e . ri ch m an be
sou gh t th p i e r est v e ry e arne stl y to save th e ci t h e offe re y d hi j w l m e e s,
and silv e r and gold, tod i e v se som e oth e r m e ans ; but th e pi r est was firm ,
l i i g t ll th i h bi t t th t if by
c a m n o a e t i d y Ki g D l
n a an s, did a a ce r a n a n o ora
no t b g t th i wi k d l w B h i b d w
a ro a e s c ld b e tt ly d t y d
a , ra m na a ou e u er es ro e ,
an d w i g ll f i th f l p pl t fl th
arn n a a i ty b f th
u i p di g
eo e o ee e c e ore e m en n
l ity
ca am t p
cam e Th Ki g t k o h d ass d
. ti d i hie n oo no ee , an con nue n s
wi k d w y li i g i pl
c e a s, dl
v n y i th id t f h i l i i
n eas ure an ux ur n e m s o s asc v ou s
C t
ou r Th d y
. d wi th it
e a t wf l t
cam e , an p t f ll w d by a m os a u em es , o o e a
i l
v o e nt eart hq k Th i y f B h i b d w l i d l w i
ua e . e c i t d o ra m na n as a o n ru ns, an
i i t f ll Ki g
n s a , ti d b li
n , w
cou r b id e rs, an un e e v e rs e re ur e .
Th wh h d b li d th p ph y f th p i t d h d d
ose o a e e ve e ro ec o e r es , an a m a e
th i p f th ity b f th i l i y t k pl
e r e sca e rom e c ide ore s c a am t oo ace , are sa to
h w d
av e d b t Si d f
an ere wh l ya ou ki g f p t wh
n or a o e e ar, se e n or a s o e re on
th y e igh t ttl
m d b ild th
se th e an i ty Th y u h di i em ano er c . e se arc e n va n
for a s it b ti f l th t f th i i d B h i b d f l d
e as eau u as a o e r ru ne ra m na a ; or an s as
f til
er d i h f t d
e an rc g t d fl or i h i g A t l
ra e as t t h y t rea an ou r s n as e cam e o
*
, .
N ussur oor,
p d th b i g h anb t p l th y hatd i e n th y h d
t e es ace e a see n s nce e a
l ft th i
e b tif l ity th y ttl d th
e r own eau u d b ilt th
c , th e se e e re , an u em ano er
b i k ity d th th y dw lt Th i t h di pp d d N
rc c , an e re e e . s oo as sa e are , an ussu r
p i w
oor s no d b ilt t w lik
a m u ll th t f th t w
- u i Si d b t
o n, e a e re s o e o ns n n u
th i
e re m a ns of th ld b i k ity t b e o t th i d y r c S h i c are o e se e n o s a . uc s
th l g d f B h i b d
e e en o d i t i h b it t
ra m na a an s n a an s .
Ih av e lt d Sy d S b i Ali Sh h
consu e l d Sy d f T tt
u a r a , a e arne u o a a,
an dh f
av e d t th f w Si d b k th t gi
re erre o e
y e t n ee oo s a ve an accou n
o f B h i b d
ra m df na a th th iti
, an I g i th f ll wi g p
rom e se au or es an e o o n ar
Brah m in Ki ngs wh o
at Alore , and em pl y d h i lf i
o e m se n arranging th e b d ou n aries of h is
ki gdn om , h avin g bd d
su M h h ue a , t e C h ie f of Se h wan, and Agh ee r,
th e C h i e f of Brah m i nabad . F rom th is th e S yud infe rs th at th e city
w as p b bly f d d d i g th ig f th R j h b f th B h
ro a oun e ur n e re n o e a a s e ore e ra
m i dy n ty nas .
Th Sy d l e t t th t h
u ity t h
a so s a e s b i d b f th a t e c m us av e ee n ru ne e ore e
ex pi i f h f h Hij
rat on o t y
t e b t o u rt 1 020 h fi d re e ce n ur , or a ou A . D .
, as e n s
it ti d i th T h f t l Ki i th
m e n one n e ti f h S
oo u -oo - ram , n e narra on o t e oo m ras .
th t Ch t A
a o a b h fD l A m ranee , d p d t Bgd d
rot e r o o ora m ranee , e arte o a a
t f h i b th i j i Th i C h t A b d ’
o n acco u n o s ro er s n us t ce . s o a m rane e e m rac e
Il is am d sm i d th
,
d gh t
an f
m arr elb d A b wh h e au er o a ce e rate ra , om e
b gh t t Si d i h f th
ro u o ny t g h i th
nt e b fA b
o ur ce ntur , o e t er w a num er o ra s,
wh i o, p y wi th Sy d Ali M
n com an h db d hiu oo sonee , a ee n m a e ove r to m
by h Kh lif f Bgd d
t e a o a a .
Th C h h e iuc Hi t y f Ch h th fi t f th B h
nam a c onta ns a s or o uc , e rs o e ra
m i Ki g f Si d
n d fhi d i i
n s o It w w itt
n , an i th o igi l s om n ons . as r en n e or na
A bira b t c, a ou 700 Th i i ti d f B h i b d th
A . D . . e re n s m en one o ra m na a as e
ch i f i ty f
e c f th di i i
o f h Ki gd
one o f Cy bi S h
e v s ons o t e n om o rus n a ee raee ,
w h li d b fo th ti
ve f M h
e ore d I l ei m e o t f a om e . t a so c onta ns a n acc o u n o
th b t le f gh t th
a t es b t ti
ou ith th d t f it f
e re , d ti u m en ons ne er e a e o s ou n a on
le nd, son of b
A dool Mulli k of Bagdad . Mah om e d K i d f as s m e e ate d
D h i th
a r e son of Ch uch , con u e re
q d Si n d , and overth re w th e Brah m in
dy y nast of ki ngs in 7 1 1 A . n .
M Rich ar
. d son, v isite d th e rui ns of Brah m inab ad .
A fe w office rs ha d p i
re v ousl y v si i te d , at diff e re nt tim e s, th ese rui ns,
full y re m ovin
g one of th e h ea p s of ru bbi h s , to di sclose any re m nants of
th e pi r nci
p al baaar or squ are . We h ad not com m e nce d m an y m i nutes
be fore we cam e u p on th e e dge of a wall : cle ari ng i t, we soon cam e u o n p
a c ross wall, and th e n u p on anoth e r, and anoth e r, u ntil a h ouse wi th a
bone s As far as
. could ud e , m an
g w I
e re unde ni a l h um j y by an b o ne s,
som e we re u p igh t
r , som e re c um b e nt, with th e ir fac e s down, and so m e
th e re by can y
e as i l te ll th e p i ti os on of b dy
th e o .
a nd m uch o f i t of a ve r y p
su e ri or de scr on ip ti t y I o an se e now-a- a s dy i n
Si n d . A goo de al o d f th p t y w
e o te r asglaz e d i n colo urs, of
great r b illi
anc y , and so m e of th e v esse s are l of a fine k
ind o f e arth e nw are or
y
disp la i ng a h igh standar of art in th e ir m anufacture d
Stone s for grind .
i ng grai n oth e rs fo r gri nding curry stu , and so m e for m ix ing aints ; a fl ‘
p
se ve ral sto ne s fo r sh ar pe nin
g k i n v es and tools ; se v e rals large pi e ce s of
p ty
re t stones b ll b a s, eau tifull yt urne d , of i v or y , agate , and m ar bl e
coins, c h i fly f
e pp o co e r, som e few of silv e r ; b d
ea s and ornam e nts o f cor
grain
j
ar, ribb d
e in circle s ; i ts m outh was arch e d ove r with b i k w k rc - or .
Th e c i y
t th m us av e be e n fam e d, li ke th e p rese nt citi es of Ah m e dbd a a ,
and C am b yi G a n uz e rat, for its wor k s in corne li ans and agate s ; and it i s
p b bl
ro a e th at i t w as fro m th at p rovi nce th at a tra d e was carrie d on for
th ese stones . Th e re are no corne lians of th e kin df ound in ige nous i nd
th e alluv ial pl i dB h i b d
a n aro un ra m na a , and th e m i nes o f K u p pe rwu nj i n
im p o rte d . F h q i ty f
rom li t e uant o corne ans, ch i p s, &c .
, b id g i di
es es r n ng
h
t at th h e t d th
ouse e x cav a e b i h bit d by l pid y
m us av e ee n n a e a a ar .
A t
m on
g h pp i e co y f lili p ti
e r co ns are m an i — ll th t o u an s ze , ao sm a a
th i e r l i th p
v a ue t d y w
n ld h dly b
e rese n l l bl
a I
ou i ty ar e ca c u a e . n a c
wh h
e re s uc i pl y d i th
co ns w e re e m di y d d ily
o e n y
e m ost or nar an a m one
t ransac ti h ons,h p h
ow c b h p i ff d?
ea m ust ave een t e r ce o oo
A g t
m on h i i ti f d
e cur os t B h i esb d h
ou n w i g a d ra d m na a , s o n an a v ance
t t
s a e f t o ar b if l g i g
, a re som e e au t li u d gt
e n rav n s on corne ans an a a e.
M y f h an o p f t g f t d lik th i t gli f R
t em are er ec em s o ar , an , e e na os o om e , are
p li h d h i id f th d i
o s e t on e —
ns e ot I b li e wl t
e v ce , S an ar , e e v e , no os . om e
th t w
a f d h d p th
e re oun b ll d th
a u on liem a u ly , an o e rs a on ; som e m e re
S k it
ans r t f th m os pp d i l d i l d w ld b
o e se a eare c ut n ov a s an c rc e s, an ou e
w ll e it d f su th p p
e or f ig t i g
e th
u r ose o a s w dy t i t
ue r n ; o e rs e re re a cu n o
th e se h p s b t wi th t
a e s,
y i u i p ti d
ou i an if h nscr g on or e v ce , as t e e n raver
k pt e an t tf th
assor m e n h i f hi or t e c wh h d
o ce o ly t s cus om e rs, o a on o
ex p th i wi h wh t d i wh t
res s — e r s a— d th h d f th
e v ce , a nam e an e an o e c un
nni g ti t w ar p p dt k y g i g d d
s as re are o m a e an e n rav n o r e re .
I am t w no th t l p i d i
a are f th p a td y
a bl t p d
ar e s o e re se n a are a e o ro uce
fig d p tt
u res an p a li wi th
e rns u t
on ki g i i i i th
corne ans ou m a n an nc s on n e
t
s o ne , — p no fb i g
roce ss o ppli ti f i d will l
urn n , no a p ca on o ac , eav e a e rm a
ne n t k p
m ar li
u b t y t t B h i b d
on a carne an uy f th e a ra m na a m an o e
c orne li t
an ornam e n s f d fig d with i p tt i whi t
are oun ure v ar ous a e rns n e
li ne s, on a p f tly the r ec f d ft
sm oo h i g wi th t d th
sur ace , an , a er av n s oo e
d p f g
am o wh d g p q it f h
a es, are , en u u , u e re s .
A g t
m on h g l d i e d w ass l p i
scov e re i t
, t f d
e re se ve ra e ces n a s a e o ecom
som e th h d b at
q ai t p q e com e d th u p i w
e o a ue, i th b th i d an o er e ce s o s es
i th l
n e t g fd
as t s a y d ly th i fib f gl i th
es o e ca , an on t a n re o ass n e ce n re .
T d o ib th p
e scr e f d e p iti i gl I nn t d b tt
roce ss o e com os on n ass, ca o o e er
s na n m NA BAD , I N s I Nn . 41 9
th an give Sir D id B w t
av re s er s o
’
pi nion on sim p
ilar i eces of anci ent glass
foun d by M r . L y d t Ni
a ar a ne ve h .
*
Fi di g gl
n n ass in th is de com p dose state is testim on y of th e anti qu i t y of
, ,
c om b i nati on . In quartz ,
or roc k cry stal, w h i c h is p ure sile x , and i n o th e r re gula rly
I n th e case of glass ,
h o w ever, th e ai lex h as be e n m e lte d and f orce d i nto uni o n
sam e th ro ugh out th e m ass, and co nse q u e ntly i ts p arti c les are h e ld togeth er b y
di ffe re nt de gre es of force , v ary ing i n re lation to p o ints , li nes, and surfaces No
fi
.
ro d n i t fa ll th b a ti f l lo urs of th e soa -b u bb le
p u c es u p o s su r ce a e e u u c o p .
In dry loca li ti es, wh ere Rom an, Gree k , and Assyr ian glass h as bee n found, th e
oce ss of de co m p osi ti o n is e x ce e d i ngly i nte re s ti ng, and i ts res u lts si ngularl
p r y
be auti ful At o ne or m o re po i nts in th e su rface of th e glass th e de com p os i ti o n
fi
.
s im i lar m anner, till pe rh aps tw e nty or th i r ty are cro wded i nto th e te nth of an inc h .
I am aw are th at i n b i y
ce rtai n soils th e de com p osi tion Of one s ve r
ra pi d th : i g us y d wh th il i t d l y y i t
n rav e ar s, e re e so s we an c a e , ns a nce s
are no t th t ft
u ncom m o n b dy h d b b i d f ty fifty y
a a er a o a ee n ur e or or e ars,
no t ti g
a ve s f b ld b di
e o a d one cou pl t d p i d h d e sc ov e re , so com e e an ra a
b ee n th p e f d y b t i il lik th t f B h i b d d y
roce ss O e ca u n so e a O ra m na a , r
all i luv a d p wh i h i
san , u ly f ll I p
on c d p iti
ra n rare a s, res um e ec om os on
w ld b
ou yg d l
e ve r ra ua .
O f th b f d e yw
o ne s
qoun ti b ly
, h m an th th
e re un ues o na u m an, o e rs e
b one s O f l h cam e s, d g d f wl
orse s, I f th
ox e n, o s, an o s . n one o e room s
t d
e x c av a e g , b
a m on f b w a num p q er o i t y f t fl
o ne s, e ca m e u on a u ant O s u
'
th l k d
at oo y lik h b t h i h I b li t h th
e ve r e as e s, ui w f c e e ve o e e re m a ns O
sm a ll b er wh h o ne s, f i l
et d dt d t A b h l
er o m e n or an m a s, re uce o us . us e
o fi igh h
tm b t ll t dav e d th e e n co
t b l f ll f it
ec e , an
g e re are wo ott e s u o am on
m
y ll coti fec B h
on i b d
rom M y f th
ra m h f d
na a i
. an o e te e t o un are c u r o us,
an d h w h s o ig f g t
t e tiq ity
s th
ns O l rea i p tty
an u e e nam e o n so m e s re
p f t b i y li bl t p l f wi h th ligh t t p
er ec , ut s v e r a e o ee O t e s es re ssu re .
i y f w b gl b lt w l f d ’
A v ar e t o om e n s an es orf race e s e re a so o un ; so m e o
g l ass, h f
ot b e rs O d pp d
rass an b f i y w
Co k d e r, an a num er o vor , or e over
i p t
n a te rns .
A t
m on
g h ll ti tw
e co d li
ec d b ll
on are f p ott y th o ro un f so a s o er , e use O
w h i h i i difii l t i
c t s
g i T h
cu t t p
o b b l
m a pp ine i . i th t e m os ro a e su os t on s a
th y w e d
e re u sei il d h
as m
y b ss p l y d
e s, an by h d f
m a d av e een e m o e t e e en
e rs O f h ity g i t
t e c i di g f
a a ns an nv a n orc e .
Th t
e m os i li * I f d w h g l yli d f wh t I
c u r o us re c ou n as a e x a ona c n e r, o a
l
g ass , we se e b ri lli ant colo urs of th i n p late s w h e n w e loo down th ro ugh th e ir e dges , k
w h i ch form th e surface of th e lass th ese th i n e d e s h o we ve r be ing e x pose d to
g g , ,
th e e le m e nts de c om p se d
o — L a p a r d a N i neve h
.
’
a nd Ba by lo n .
im agine to be woo d , or p e rh a s
p i vory , wi th an p
inscri tion in Ara ic in b
c ufic ch aracte rs on each si de . It is th ree i nch es in le ngth , and tw o
g i ve a ro ugh s e tch O f th e f k
ront e le v ati on of tw o Of th e h ouse s .
pp
Again, it m igh t a ear strange , to a e rson not acquai nte with in oo p d H d
b
h a its and custom s, to find th e ones O f cam e ls and cattle insi e a h ouse ; b d
but th ose wh o h ave live d i I di
di t ly g i n n a willin th at fact im m e a e reco n se a
t
c us om t b i
o e see n M l ity f th p
n e ve r y Hi d td y n oo or ussu m an c o e re se n a .
t d h y M Ri h d i h i ”
Th w ll f th
e a s o e e x cav a e ouse s, sa s r. c ar son, n s
t
no e s on Bh i bd raw ll md b t ti lly b ilt — b g i
na a , are e an su s an a u , e re a a n
sh wi g th
o n p i ity f th e f ld t th
su e r or f th p t d y
o e m en O O o ose o e re se n a .
Th w lle ll t
a s are a d t igh t gl t h th
rue , an if b i lt waith r an es o eac o e r, as u
th ple b d li
um d t an i gi d t wi th
ne , an t g d tno runn n
y n an ou , ou re ar o s m
t y
m e r w
, b ildi g w d y i Si d Th w ll
as e se e u n s no f -a- a s n n . e a s are rom a
f t
oo d h lf t th
an a f t th i k
a d h o li
re e i di h i
ee c , an no c unam or m e s use nt e r
t
co ns ru c ti — th i g b t
on, d th fl
no n pp t h u com m on m u e oors a ear o av e
b til d
ee n d th wh l b ildi g b ilt p
e , an e i d pl tf o e b t u n u u on a ra se a orm , a ou
th e y are
qui te e nough to sh ow th at th e c it yw as w e ll and su stantiall b y
b uilt -so m u c h so th at I am convi nce d th at no th i ng b ut th e h a nd o f
God cou ld h av e cause d such an ove rth row . Th e rui n O f ancie nt Babylon
is not m ore com pl te e .
55
42 2 AC C O U NT or r u n a U I Ns D C I TY o r [J o n
of th e fragm e nt of th e tower h e fm e
'
d esc ribe d , noth i ng a pp ears to h ave
p
e sca e d utter d estruction . Th i s fact, a dd d t
e o th e num b e r of p e rsons
Nor do I b li e e ve th at th e cit yw as d t y d by fi
e s ro e re . Th e w alls h ad
not th e a pp e arance of a confiagrati on .Th y d li
e m an e cate articles ev e ry
Mr .Ri h d c ar son on th i s pi
o nt O se rves b We found no re m ains of
woo d , wh ich m b d
igh t h ave e e n use in th e construction of th e uil i ngs b d
and, save on y
th e floors, and th e re onl in sm all quantitie s, no ch arc oal, or
rem ains of b urnt woo d ; so we m a
y fai rl y conclu e d th e c it y was not
burnt Ne ith e r do th e Old walls we h ave excav a e
. ear th e e vi e nce Of t d b d
h aving be e n unde r th e action of fire A fe w Old iron nails were foun , . d
d p d
but quite ecom ose , re taining noth ing but th e form of a large s ike p
nail . Th e alm ost e nti re abse nce of ch unam see m s strange , it bi e ng so
b
su stantial b uildi ngs . Th ere is, h owe ve r, no lim estom to be found
wi th i n for ty m iles of th e pl ace , and th is m ay account for th e want
of i
Under all th ese ci rcum stances, I th i n k i t h igh l yp robable th at th e
p p
o ular account th at Brah m inabad was de stro y d by
e an e arth quake is
true . It m ust h ave b ee n som e such convulsion of nature to h av e e ffecte d
th e compl t e e and u tter d estructi on of a ci t y so strongl y b ilt u as Brah m in
a a b d d I ; an furth er thi nk it p robable th at th e sam e convulsion th at
naAII II I NA BA D, I N sI ND . 423
ti ring m
y reade r with a re e ti tion p . He says h at th e ci ty was T
destro y d by
e so m e terri le b convulsion of nature is, I th i k n , sufi ci ently
e vi d e nt,
lst — Be cause th e
. d pl t t h b th w k
estruction is too com e e o av e ee n e or
h d a f w b ildi g i
so m e e u t l bl t t f p
n s n a o e ra ti d l f
e s a e O re se rva on an a so ro m
th h e i
u m an re m a ns f di f th b ildi g wh i h w
oun n one O et d u n s c e re e x cava e .
Th i
ese re m a ns w f d i th e re ou n f th n Th w t h d
e corne rs O e room s . e re c e ,
t t i k
e rror-s r c i h bi en t fi di g th i h
n a tan s, f lli g b t th
n n e r lik ouses a n a ou em , e
an
y th o i l
e r an m a h d i t
, h c rou c d
e th nf lli g t i
e corne r, an l b i d e a n m a er a ur e
th em Th
. i (
ese re m a ns ly b ) w i
m e re y d ones p d t t e re n a ve r eco m ose s a e,
— f
ao so t b t as ily o h d t d t i th fi g
e eas c rus e w w o ust bl n e n e rs ; e e re no a e
to g t e
y tian b en I
ret i t p
one s .b b l th b d i
s no w g l
ro l y a e ese o es ere re u ar
b i d i th pl w f d th h d th y b
ur e n e ace s e oun th
em : i i lla e e e n so , e rem a ns n a
p b bility w ld h b f d i
ro a ou ave ee nb t p iti oun d
n a recumt ll en os on, an no a
c rus h d i e h p na th y pp
ea , as w I pi k d t b i k wh i h
e a e ar no . c e ou one rc c
t
e n e re d w y i t
corne r- k ll d wh i h wh t k
a s n oas u , an h d p c , en a e n ou t, a a or
ti on O f th b dh i g t it b t i t w f gil th t I f i t
e o ne a er n o , u as so ra e a ear can
no tb p e d rese rve .
2 d — H d th
n . i ty b
a d t y d by i di g y th
e c ee n es ro e an nv a n arm , e
d t e s ructi w ld h dly h
on ou b ar pl t h d tw ty b l f
ave e e n so c om e e : a en arre s o
p wd b pl d d h i di id l b ildi g th i ld h dly
o er een ace u n e r e ac n v ua u n , e ru n cou ar
h ave b p f t b i d wh t
e e n m ore e r ec ; i hi f th
es e s, ldi y f a e ve r m sc e e so er O a con
q i
ue r n
g y igh
arm t h m i tt d b i ld i
ave com m
g d th pe p t
ony u n s an o er ro e r ,
th y w
e ld ou ly h sure i d f? i d th
av e ca rr e l blo wh i h
co ns an o e r v a ua es, c are
no w f d i i fi it b
oun n n n e nu m th f b t g
e rs on lly p k i ge su r ace , u , e ne ra s ea n , so
d p df
ecom ose p, rom t t h l
e x osure t t h t tho l g d
e e e m e n s, b li t a e e e n s are o e
t d
ra e Hw
. o f l
e v e r, d dilig t
a care u h igh t b
an f li
en sea rc m e succe ss u n
p igrocu r n p f tp i
m ore th
e r ec th s ec m e ns
y t d ig h tanth w ose e see n, an m ro
som e ligh t th h i t y f th
on e i y & &s or o e c t , c . c .
3 d rH d th .
- i ty b
a g l
e c l y d t d
ee n re th i h b i
u art t w ld ese r e , e n a an s ou
sure ly h i d th
av e carr e i l b l wi h th
t e r v a ua — y i p ti l d
es em , m one n ar cu ar, an
ornam e n s t Th p l . th e b i h bit d h i fly by Hi d
ace m us ave een n a e c e n oos, as
it s O ld B h i b d w ld i m y
nam e, ra m na a d l
, th
ou Hi d f m ; an un ess e n oos O
fo rm er dy w a s y diff t p pl f th p t
e re a ver e re n eo d e rom e resen race, an
42 4 A C C O U NT O P r a n nU I NnD I
C TY o r [J U LY
su pp osi ng y h dh
th e a ad ti m e and O pp ortuni t y , th ey woul h ave d c arri e d
off all th e ir p p ty
ro e r , eve n to th e last pic .
”
I d t th i k th t y bj
o no pp iti th t B h i b d
n a an O ecti on to th e su os on a ra m na a
w d t y d by
as es ro e th q k b f d d th f t th t l g
an e ar ua e c an e oun e on e ac a a ar e
p ti f th t w h
or on o i d t di g e l g ft th
o ity i t lf
er as re m a ne s an n so on a er e c se
h dba d t d It y w it p ti l p
ee n ese r e ti t it
.
p i m a o e s ar a rese rva on o s su e r or
i d li dity
s ze an d th f g
so t wh i h h b t di g wi th i th
, an e ra m e n c as ee n s an n n e
y f h p t i h bit nt i i d tly b t y ll p ti
m e m or O t e re se n n a a s s ev en u a ver sm a or on
of th igi l difi
e or na e ce .
d d th
or e re e dem oliti on Of th e ste p s d
lea ing to th e top , for th e p u rp o se
b
O se rvation, from wh i ch to watch trav e lle rs as a p re lim inar y t pl o unde r
i ng th e m p
A large orti on of th e towe r, wi th ou t th e ste p s, was sta n i ng
. d
till a b out th irt -five y y
ears ago, wh e n i t fe ll, and h as since re m aine in d
m u ch th e sam e state as i t is now —a m e re fragm e nt .
wh e n th at fl w d by O
stream o e m e rcote into th e Gulf of K u tch , th is
O lde r v a e ll y f th I d w O f e n us as a e rtile and pp
o ulous cou ntr y .
Th e re i h n i t i ty f Al
s t e a c en c o ore , near Roree . O f h is High ness M ee r
Ali Moora d t i t y whi h i nte rve ne s, little is known ; but di
’
s e rr o r , c nex t
rectly y ou r e nte r
e - British te rri tor y ,
th e re m ai ns O f anti
q ui ti es agai n
b tw
e ee n Ki pp ra and Om e rcote ; Ih av e h e ar d of oth e r ruins, an d th e
re m ai ns of Ci ti e s ; and again, near th e b orde rs O f th e Runn of K u tch ,
are th e ruins Of Old Buddee na B id
es es th ese th e re m ay be oth e rs,
*
.
y ou can trace th e dr be d of
y a large ri ve r . Th e m ai n stre am Itk a e to
h av e b ee n th e Easte rn Narra, *wh ich fl wi g p o n ast O m ercote and th rou h
,
g
K utch , fo un d an outle t into th e G lf f K t h
u o u c , or p e rh a s at p Lukput,
and i n m ore m o e rn tim es lost d itself in th at v ast lagoon th e Runn . Th i s
I gi ve b
th e se e x tracts ecau se th e th row som y e ligh t on a v e r yi nte re st
be glad of th e com p y
an of an anti
q ua r y , w h o is i ncline d to j oi n m
y
cam p , and to dig am on
g th e rui ns of th e S i m ) Po u r s “ .
IN a j ourne
y to and from Ah m e dnu u
gg ,
r wh ich Ih ad late l y occasi on
Th e bj t I h
o ec ad in vie w was to asce rtai n h ow far th e lith ogra h e p d
pi
co es o f th e C ave - nscri ti ons, late l I p y p bli h d by
u s e our Societ y , we re to
b d p
e e e nde d on and wh e th e r th e h g I h d
c an e s a ve nture d i n som e in
stance s to m k
a e we re warrante d by th e ori
ginals e ngrav e d on th e roc s k .
of th e i nscri ti ons p are e ntire l yp e rfe ct, nearl y all h aving sufie re d m
'
ore
as th e y ori
gi nall stoo y d C k i th t
. rac s i t k f p t
n e s ones are m s a en or ar s
ap t to b e p asse d ove r a lt g th
o e bl i h i th t
e r, as m e re I em s es n e s one . n
re m ai n y e t, as far as I j dg M B tt h
can u e, i d j t di
r. re as e x e rc se a us s
p
I n th e first K arlen inscri tion w e h ave th e nam e of a m onarch , w h ose
son e x ecu te one of th e d p
illars outs i e th e e ntrance of th e Grea t C av e d .
Accordi ng to our p
th e sove re ign i n q uesti on
li th ogra h th e nam e of
a 6k
( ) In th e cave ch arac te r I is a se m i -ci rcle , wi th i ts conv e xi t y
turne d pw d
u ar s, and n is th e v e rti cal se
gm e nt of a b ttl
o e wh ose ne c ki s
b
a out th ree -fourth s th e le ngth of its b dyo . On e xam i nation, th e n, I
f oun d th e ne c k of
th e le tte r in questi on we ll e x resse , and quite dis p d
p p
tinct, and as long in ro ortion to th e wh ole le tte r as th at of th e n i n th e
d y b
th i r s lla le from th e e nd, a out wh i c h all are a re e , th ou h th is lat
g g b d
te r is altoge th e r a lar e r le tte r th an
g th e form e r . Th e re adi n
g I ado te p d ,
In No . V .
, m ar e kd in th e lith ogra h , p by a confusion of figures,
No . III .
, th e re is a m ista k e at th e b gi i g f th
e nn n o e secon d line, wh e re
th e first yll bls th a e on e stone i pl i ly fi
s an t, as form e rl y j
con e e
ture d . I h ld ti h
s ou no ce e re , also, th t N
a III f th o . . o e te x t is No I V . . of
th e lith o g p h
ra d g i , an , a a n, No I V . . of th e form er No V . . of th e latte r .
In re fe re nce to No X . .
, j I
th e con ecture m ade regardi ng its p osition
is incorre ct . It is ov e r a bl k d p d
oc e -u oo r, to th e le ft of th e e ntranc e of
containi n
g no inscripti ons a se con d m onaste r y
cave on th e sam e si e , d
of two storie s, in th e u pp p er art of wh ich i s i nscri tion p No . XVIII .
At J i th
un r, p i f th e com ar son o e li th ogra h s with th e p original rock
be m ade .
I n NO VI I . .
, th e transcri t p Of th e two las t le tte rs into i fiti is wrong .
I n NO . XII .
, th e Vigabh or v e ran a d th e re m e nti one di s no p art of
I n NO . XIX .
, p
th e trans cri t O f th e nam e Of th e village sh oul db e
wh ich cannot we ll be ex pl i d i
a ne d
n wor s, and th ere fore I bti a s a n from
furth e r re m ar s k .
re fe re nce to it, m
y j
con e cture s h av e p rove d
unfortunate Th e fourth .
syll bl f th f th li
a e O e our ne is not I
“
th p di g l t l i
e re ce n e t e r a so s n, and th at wh at a pp e ars a p art of Q is but a
crac k in th e stone . Th e nam e Aso k a, th e n, coul d not h ave form eda p art
b i d ti fi d
e en d th i e wi th A k
un e r y t h i
s nam e
g f th so a, or an o e r sov e re nO at
p idI
er o td t
, i Th Sfi ti f th P é
canno i t
e e rm ly f
ne . e n o e ur ns s OO ear o r us,
an d I h tb bl t
ave t i
no wh t i th een a Hi d e f tho asce r a n a s e n u nam e O e
Se ti f th J i
n O e a ns .
A I s
y t g i
m a h ppno t i ty f d d
a an i g th S i t
av e an Oy I or un O a re ss n e oc e ,
em b th p trace i t e p re se n y g ti t d t th
occas on b o ex ress m ra u e o e m em e rs
for th f bl
e pti th y h gi t y p p
av oura e rece I di
on e av e ve n o m a e rs on n an
an ti q i i With t th d t g f th Lib y f th S i ty
u t es . ou e a van a e s O e rar O e oc e ,
h w th ti l fi d d by th f y f ll w l b
'
o e ve r ; e s m u us a or e i e succe ss O m e o -a oure rs n .
th i di
s an th d p t t p i lly th g l gi l d th d
n o er e ar m e n s, e s e c a e eo o ca ; an e a v an
t g
a f
e O h di f
suc i ti with th p bli
a m e um th S i ty
O com m un ca on e u c as e oc e
’
s
J l f i h it i t lik ly th t y tt ti w ld h b
ourna urn s e s, s no e a m a en on ou av e een .
di t d t h bj t t ll if di t d th t I h ld h b
re c e o suc su ec s a a , or, re c e , a s ou av e ee n.
a bl t pe o i th i f lp
e rse ve re ti n e r succe ss u rose cu on.
”
A nr V — Notes F res h wa ter I nf usoria i n th e I sla nd
on
f
'
. . o
Re ad February , 1 8 6 6 .
11 y m a pp
a ear, at fl
first, tri ing to e ngage i n th e stu dy f b i
O e ngs to o
sm all to b e vi e we d by th e u nassiste d e y e ; bu t i t soon ce ase s to do so,
such b
e ings ; th at e v e r organ h as i ts e culia r y p bi e n
g wh,ic h diff e rs as
as
of th e difie re nt
'
so ldi e rs O f an arm y Wh
. a t sh o uld we say o f a ge ne ral
wh o co m m e nce d a cam p ai n
g with no oth e r k nowle dge Of h is soldie rs
th an th at o ne g roupw till y
e re th
ar ly th i d i f t y
er , ano e r cava r , a r n an r ,
&c .and e t th e
y ph y i i t t h i
s c an se s ou p ig g i t di on s cam a n a a ns se ase
i gnorant Of th e w t h b it
an s, f a d f ti f th
s, big orm s, an u nc ons O e e n s
p ec uliar ca p bili ti
a e s Of th e sol die rs bl i
e on
n
g g to h is diffe re nt re gi m e nts .
o ut consta nt re fe re nce to th e si m
g Hpl t f
n it es orm s Of o r ani c life . e ce
by su ch a s u t dy w y h p t
e m a dd th t k wl
O d g t e p o t a a no e e o our rese n
ac
q uai nta nce wi th h h ft e wh i h will
u m an bl th ph y i iram e c e na e e s c an
to p rac ti se hi p f i
s with t i ty i t d f
ro e ss on py i i d
ce r a nt h ns ea O em r c sm , an us
56
430 o nc a m sar wn or rnr v s o nra .
[J e w r
pi t b t i
as re o O a n .
I fl d by th
n uence ese v i e ws, Ih ave not h e si tate df or som e tim e p as t,
m u ch in p
s e cific de scri pti on, w h ile th e y h l ft av e e m e com p arati ve l y
uni nte rru pt d i e n th e ir structural and p h y i l gi l b
s o o ca O se rvati on . How
m u ch h as b ee n gai ne d by th e latte r th e following sum m ar y Of m
y
”
Note s will sh ow .
”
Ve si cula , or C ontracting Vesi cle .
Sp erm a tos oi ds . l
()
De ve lozm e nt o f Ova ls .
P e lli cu la .
- Th i s
‘
D j di
u ar n,in allu sion to th e te gum e ntary cov e ri ng O f Am oe ba , & c li . k e ns
re tains
gre at te nacity ; and th us th e ex
p ansi ons of th e su bj ace nt tissue
foot-note .
— May 1 8 65 .
ne igh b ouring Ob e ct
j p d i l p l g t i f h
th rough
t p lli l ) a e c u ar ro on a on O e e cu a ,
a ne w l y f h l tt
a er O i f d b l w th ld
t e a d th
er th
s orm e e o e O o ne , an us e
p l i f d d th p lli l pl d h b dy f th
c a su e s orm e , an e e cu a re ace on t e o O e
A mb til th l tt
a, un b fi ly ye t d a T w h t
er p t f th
e com e s rm e nc s e . O a ar O e
b dy f th A
o O b th p di l p
e m oe a p d I ig t e e cu ar roce ss co rre s on s am noran ;
b t it i i t
u ti g t
s th t i
n e re s n E gl wh i il
o see p a n u e na , e re a s m ar rocess
t k
a es pl it i th t i ace , t ity w h i h i
s t th
e p di
an e r or e x re m c s ne x e e
l
c e M y f h w t Rh i p d
. an re s t t t a er i g wh i h zO O a sec re e a es ace ous cov e r n , c
i i i
ncre ase s n s ze with th i l b t th fl h y p t f th b dy b i g e an m a ; u e es ar O e o , e n
for th t p t fr
e m os i f till
ar d wi th p lli l
ee , Th
s o co u rse s cove re e cu a . e
th at Of all th e h alo p oly dip lo and m ono ciliate d fl ibl ex e anim alcules
on wh ich th e p lli
e cula rests . In Am wba, wh ose pi r m ar y figure is
sph erical, i t h as th e pw o e r O f ch angi ng th is i nto an alm ost u nlim i te d
num b f d yf
er O f wh i h b i g tt d d wi th
se con ar t orm s, m ost O c , e n a en e roo
h p d p l g ti
s a e j tly titl th i i f i t pl
ro on a ons, g th us en es s n usor um o a ace am on e
Rh i p d Th t th di ph i t t l d t p t f
zo o a . a e a ane s s ruc ure ess an rans are n , so ar
as our mi p i p w t d
croscO
y b by th t lli
c g f o e rs e x e n , m a e see n e rave n o som e
ki d f A b
n s O th fi ld f th
m i p i wh i h th ti g
a ac ross e e O e m crosco e, n c e coa n
i n classi fi cati on , one sh ou ld be on th e ani m al, and th e oth e r o n th e vege tab le side
of Am ba ; for A storia p osse sse s a m o nth and com p li cate d b ucca l ap paratus for
a
nou ris h e d by e ndosm osis Th e h alf-de v e lope d cili um , too, i n E ugleaa , com p are d
.
or , as re ve rse .
432 I
O RGA N S AT O N o r rs ru so ara I .
[Ju n
Of p
th e di a h ane , th ough b roade r all roun d th an th e di am e te r Of th e tur id b
m ass of conte nts in th e ce ntre , onl y now and th e n, wh en th e ligh t is
favou ra le , b com es into vi e w . Th e radi i in Actinop lrry s are w h oll yd e
f r he
o t .
ca pt u re O f its food ; in d ee d th e se are th e tw o great m o d es in
w h i ch all vi ta l m ov e m e nts are e flt d'
ec e .
er
of p
th e dia h ane is di m inish e d ly by th
on e th i k i g
c d en n an co nso lid ti a on
of th e y
c st, u nti l th e latte r s i f lly f u orm e d, wh e n i t ce as e s alto e th e r
g .
Su b q tly h w
se ue n , o e v e r, in Euy le na, wh e n th is anim alcule e co m b es
tem p ily y t d th
orar e nc s e , p p
e dia h ane se arate s i tse lf from th e last la e r y Of
p lli l wh i h pl t
e cu a c com e es th e c yt s , and th us th e Eugle na b ecom e s fre e
w i th in i t ; afte r wh i ch i t will force 03 th e c o nstri c te d pd e uncle O f attach
m e nt from th e Obj y e ct to h wh i ch th e
b nfi d d p j t c st m a
y av e ee xe , an , ro ec
i g it ili
n s c th gh t
um h b k p
rou t w i b t f
e ti
ro til
en ar , s m a ou or som e m e , un
( p h p by
er a s i f i ) th
ncrease o y t i lt g th b
s zet d i t lib e c s s a o e er urs , an s er
a ti t d Y t it igh t till b b d th t th i i p f f
on re s ore . e m s e o se rve , a s s no roo O
th y t d di ph h i g b
e c s an a igi lly di ti
ane av n t — th e e n or na s nct struc ure s, e
di ph
a h
ane m a
y b f d i
av e w hi h I
e e n re - o rm e ly f t ; n c case c an on re e r o
wh t I h
a
q ti
ave d p
ues onei g th i gi f th p lli
re s e ct n l d dd th t e or nO e e cu a, an a a
s a a c o ns . 433
structu re dp
e e nde nt on th e p re se nce Of its p p
ro er organism ab i ni tio
th at is, th at th e structure d oes not a pp ear bf
e ore i t is ac com p ani e d by
th e full de ve lo p dfe orm of th e ce ll or o rgani sm w h i ch p d ro u ces it . I
do not q u e stion th at, un d er th e laws O f vi talit y , one organism m a
y occa
laws, m ay p
be ada te d to th at wh i ch is p articu larl y re qui re d of th e m bu t
th at wh e n once bi a e n
g i s fu ll de y
ve lo e d, p each or an
g Of wh i c h
it m a
y b e co m ose p dh as i ts p
e c uli ar or ani sm ,
g and th a t organism i ts
p e culiar du ti es , wh ich , e x ce pt i n unusual instances, are th e onl y ones
th at it is p bl f p
ca a e o e rform ing . Th at th e di ph
a ane , th e re fo re , sh oul d
p ass in t th
o p lli l e e cu a, or th e p lli
e cula be sec re te d by th e di pha ane ,
see m s un e na t bl e .
I pi by d by p
,
o cc u pi es a
goo dp o rti on, if not th e wh ole , O f th e inte rnal or a bd om inal
cav i ty of As tas i a and Eugle na , Vor ti ce lla, P a ra m e ci um , and th e
i nfusori a of th is class . Wh en de ath is b
a out to tak pl e ace , it com es
0p . ci t .
p 35
. .
434 O RGA N S AT O N o r I I rx r us o a ra .
[J o u r
wi th out an
y a pp are nt i n ur j y to th e anim alcule .
* O tostom a d
‘
also ,
th e ov ule s h av e b
d l p d d th di ph
e com e e ve o e , an e a ane and oth e r conte nts
Of th e sarco e d h di d flb av e t p t b
e o
'
di a h ane p an d th oft p t d h i
e r sod h l ar s, e sc e , an t e ov u e s are se t a t li b ty er .
alth ough it m a
y no t b lw y
e d w d wi th
a a s en o e bility
m o . In p
a s eci es
Of P a lm e lle a li k
Gloeoc ap sa granos a K g I
e . w hi h I h
c av e h ad un e r d
O b se rv ation, p
th e trans are nt e xte rnal cov e ring l p
e nv e o e ce ll, of Coh n)
not onl y at one p idp
er o re se nts an ac tino ph orous form , b ut also m oves
b
a out u nde r th is condi ti on, b e ari ng th e gre e n e lli pti cal ce ll wi th in ( y
sin
gl ,
u p th p
on e re se nce O f a m o re or le ss firm coat, th at co rres on s i n p d p iti
os on
and O ffice to th e s p
iral coat in Eagle- 7m and silici ous frus tule in Navi cula ,
ca nnot be se e n,
y e t, wh e n w e O bse rve th e w h ole ch ain of a fragm e nt
m o vi n
g y b k w d
slowl ac ar s and forwar d s with in its sh eath , and e ve n
t di g b y
e x en d it
n e on , so as to force out th e loose ne d ce lls at e ith e r e nd
( p b
ro b ly f ath f tior e orm a o n of ne w filam e nts ) , we can com e to no oth e r
l i
conc us on, th t I h a see , t an th at each ce ll, wh ich corre s on s p d in O fl
i ce
ti s ons b
su stance , e n owe d d with m oti on, and th at, e n m ass e , th e y p e r
th fi t b di
e rs th pp o i i t
es b t w h th
at a th y b f d if
e ar nf t ki d
; u e er e e O ere n n s,
h av e an
y p t i l m ar d g
cu ar O y f t h d l p t I
oe , or un e r o an t ur er e ve o m e n , am a
p t i g t A b A t i d E gl i th li p t f
re se n noran . m a, s as a, an u e na , n e ear e r ar o
th i i t t
e r e x s e nce , res ec
p i ly t t i th i g l ve b t h i
se e m l o con a n no n e se u t s m o e
l
on ar sarco e ,d th l d t eti g i l
nu c e us, ft w d th an con rac n v es c e a er ar s e
g l
ranu e s
”
pp
a d l t f ll th
ear, an l b t h f w h
asi h o d a e ov u es, o O c are eve
l p d i th
o e n d g
e t th l
sarco e am on s l B y t h ti t h l e m o e cu es . e m e e ov u e s
h b
av e f lly f
e com e d th u d d it l
orm e l h , di d ff
e sarco e an s m o ecu es av e e o ,
or di pp d sa e are .
G l —
ra nu esTh i .i i t ddf ti l g g
s nam e s l wh i h
n en e or cer a n ar e ram r e s, c
k th i pp
m a e e r a g th l lw
earance a m on d i l t d d th
e m o ec u , an are c rcu a e ro un e
a bd i l ity i th
om na cav f h dig ti n g l b e l d
m anner o p ti l t e es ve o u e s an ar c es
O ff d oo Th y f diff t i b h i fly h t i d by b i g
. e are O e re n s zes, ut c e c arac er se e n
m uc h l g th th
ar e r l l f wi
an b f i l llipti l
e m o ecu es, e n num e r, o a c rcu ar, e ca ,
l g td
e on a e b d i g l h p with th i k d k dg pp
, su -roun , or rre u ar s a e , c ar e es, a a
re n l
ty p d d by b t
ro uce ti t th p g f l
O s rucig h t — l lon o f e assa e o co ou r e ss, or O a
y ll wi h g ti t Wh l g d with th g l tt
e o s reen n . en ar e , an no o er ranu ar m a e rs
p t b t th l l th y f
rese n u e m o ecu es, t ik i g f t i th i t i e f
orm a s r n ea ure n e n er or O
q u e ntl yi gl rre u ar e d es
g and colo urless state O f th e form e r, contrasti ng
and of wh i ch Ih O e
p d
to giv e a de taile accou nt h e reafte r) , th e se granule s,
du ring th e form ati on of th e
glo ular ce ll with in th e b o d , wh ich e n b y
close d th e m ate rials from wh i ch th e Plees coni a was u lti t ly d
m a e l p d e ve o e ,
I n th e de v e lo p m e nt O f p
th e s onge -ce ll, a sim large granules
ilar se t Of
At th is ti m e th e y b
are a out r a im-
, of an inch in di t
am e e r, of lli p ti l an e ca
Am oe ba since th e m y a
y b e see n i n m ono —
and dip lo ciliate d m ounds,
wh i ch , on pp d g b
losing th ese p ly ph i d
a e n a e s, ll e com e o m or c, an assu m e a
th h
e c t fA
arac e rs o b i y g t t H th y t ly
m oe a n a oun s a e . e re e no on rese m
bl th g
e le f th p g ll b t t th
ranu es O e s ti pp t b f
on e -ce , u a e sam e m e a ear o e o
p ly ph i ll p i ly li k A b b i g g l l d
o m or c ce s, re c se e m oe a , ear n ranu es co oure
lik h e tf th
ose o
p g ll b et th b l
s on e -ce b tw th
; tw u e re se m ance e e en e o
i
or an sm s
g i g t w h s thso l t t i f
rea ,t h t i t i i
en p i bl et a er s re e , a s m oss e o
sa y w h i h i w h ich h w
s th y c g i h oy ll w d
e v e r, lli p ti l e are ree n s e o an e ca
fl
, ,
is sufficie nt to de te rm i ne .
less foo d Th y
. e are form ed in Vor ti ce lla and P a r am e ci um in th e fol
lowi ng way, viz . as th e p arti cle s of nu tri tive m atte r are d raw n into th e
vorte x Of th e b uccal ca v it y by
, th e ci lia wh ich are dis po se d arou nd its
o ri fice for thi s p p u r o se , th e y are force d dow n, with a c e rtai n am ount
tim es th e gl b
o ule a pp
e ars to contai n noth i ng but wate r . Wh en i n th e
sarco e, d it is c onti nuall y d
u n e r oi n
g g ci rcula tio n ro und th e a bd om inal
c av t i y , until th e wh ole Of its c onte nts are di ge ste d, and re solv ed i nto a
of d fo o are alm os t lw y p
a a s rese nt, wi th ou t an
y g lobu le round th e m ;
a dd d t e o wh ich , i yi
n m an nstance s b odi e s p
ass di re ctl i nto th e y
sarcode wi th out an y gl b l t o u e a all . I cannot th i n k , wi th m ost oth e rs,
th at th e re is an
y i nte sti nal canal i n th e a do m i nal cavi t , b y b e cause th e
dige stive glo b ules and o th e r arti cle s of foo p
a re cons tantl d y unde r oi n
g g
c i rc ulati on rou n d th e wh o le of i ts inte rior . In Vor tice ll pa, arti cle s of
food m a
y oc casionall yb e se e n to circulate th rough out, and accu m ulate ,
in e ve r
y co rne r Of i ts inte ri or, p articularl y th ose wh i ch do not h a pp en
to be i n glo ules
e nc lose d b
More ove r, th e intim a te re se m lance wh i ch
. b
e xi sts be twee n th e alim e ntar o r ans of h i h e r i nfus o ria, viz
g g N asm ly
a ,
.
wi th y
a la e r Of m ucous sub stance ( sarco d e l), ch arge d wi th th e “
s ph e ri cal
cells
”
b
a ou t to b e d e sc ri e d,b is so
g re at, th at wi th su ch a sim pl e gastri c
67
438 o a o am s a r ro n o r rx s v so a u .
[J U L Y
o ne occas on, i wh e re th e p ti l b
ar c e a ou t to be e nclose dw as a sm all Am oe ba ,
glo b ule .
* Th at th e foo d is b k d w by dig
ro en o n a e stiv ep rocess in th is
w ay m abe see n i n th e Am b a , wh e re it fre u e n
q tly pp a ears in all
y
d e ree s of solution i n th e sam e in i vidual ; v iz from
g d . pq an o a ue , cru d e
Sp h e r ica l Calla — Th
e se ce lls, to w h i ch I h ave dd b d j us t allu e , a oun
d
in th e sarco e of 0 tos tom a , 1 and a are ntl in m pp y y f Eh b g
'
an o re n e r
’
s
th y f diff b th y
~
a ll t t
o re a I Ot t
. n os om a t i e are o i e re n s zes, e caus e e are n
a ll t gs a es o fd l p t d t k p p th i
e ve o m en ; an b with t di , o ee u e r num e rs, ou s
t di g th
en n i l l th y
e an m a cu e , b ti lly e d g i g m ust pi d e con nua un e r o n ra
d y w ll p d ti
e ca , as e as re Th rot uc k bl f t i th
on . e m os re m ar a e ea u re n em
is, th t th a l g b id th g l b di
e ar es t, es es t i o ler ranu a r o e s, con a n se v e ra
sm a ll ll ce fill d with
s, b w i h y ll w fl id d th
e a ro ll
ns e o u , an ese ce s
are l a sof d f o un g th re e am on
g l g p b t w h th ei lti e ne ra rou u at e r u m ate
d i i i
e st nat on s, as th y d pp t g w l g e o not a t b e ar o ro ar e r, or o e co m e te
p d
ro t i uc I i
ve ,
g I
am th P l i
norant t w
. h i h I h n ll d d e a na r ce o c ave a u e ,
as w ll e i R if
as n h ll
ot e ra, su c ly fill h t hce d h l g s near t e s om ac , an t e ar e
o ne s big e n l p
m ore o r
g d t g th i
e ss t h rouf t he ti o e er n e orm e r, a t e sam e m e
t h t th y h i fly
a e t i
c h y ll w ll gi
e co n a n th w h l
t e e b i o ce s, ves e o e a su -ac nous o r
g l d l
an u ar pp a y li k th h
e arance , v e r p ti l t d ie
g th e e a c e em e n su rroun n e
a li t y
m e n ar l f cana f th l w w
o som e o It i l i e ti ng t
o er orm s . s a so nte re s o
fi d h
n h t
e re h p t a e ac l h f ili ( b t 5 0) p j ti g
o sse sse s a as o c a a ou ro e c n
from p t f h ll wh i h f
o ne ar o t e ce ti , ft th y c f , d or som e m e a er e are orce
i t th w t
n o e h g h
a erth l
t ro u i fi p te ana o rf th b dy t by ce , or a ru u re o e o , ac
h i wh ippi g
t e r n i p f l
m ov e m e nts as ti g w h i
m l w h e r e ct
n ocom o ve or ans, e, e
th e se ll ce fi d is it
a re th xe m w h i ppi ng
n s u, nt t e sa e m ov em e m us
ke e p u
p a continue d agi tation of th e gas tri c conte nts, wh ich , if not con
d ucte d in a sim ilar w ay i n th e i nfusoria, h as i ts analogu e th e re i n th e
c irculati on of th e d
igestiv e glo ule s, and granular m atte rs of th eb
sarco e d . Alth ough ov ules m a
y occasionall yi ssu e toge th e r wi th th ese
ce lls from O tos tom a, &c . as from th e P la narice , y e t th e two can h ardl y
be confou nde d wh il i
; e n th e P la nari ce th e eculiar ch aracte r of th e p
o v ule not on ly di ti g i hs n u s es it, bu tby f l care u m ani p ulation th e wh ole
ge ne rati ve a pp t y b
ara us m a e ex p d t id th
ose ou s e e stom ach .
Ih y ll f th i k i d
ave ne v e r see n ani A b ce so s n n m oe a, unle ss
g th e “
ranule s
”
l dy d
a re a i b d b th i l g
e sc r It pp
e e e r ana o ue s . a e ars d
e vi e nt th at th ese
b th i A b d th p g ll th
o n m er an e s on e-ce are e sam e , and th at th e y are
th e se at of th e
g ree n colour in th e latte r . Are th e gre e n granules of th e
s po nge -ce ll analo ous to th e
g p arts or c e lls re s e ctiv e lpw h ich h ol y d
th e colouring m atte r or e ndoch rom e in th e Di a tom e ce , C los te ri um , Sp i
r oy
y ,
ra Cladop lw r a , & c . and
(th rou h th e latte r) , to th e
g
“
gre e n di k s s
”
or
p p h
e ri
r y
al la e r of ch lo ro h ll- earin ce llule s in th e i nte rnode
g py b of Ni te lla ,
and th ose whi ch , scatte re i rre gularl th rough i ts m ov ing d y p roto pl asm ,
”
w h o h as fo llowed out th e Em b ryoni c De ve lo p m Planocera e lli p ti ca , w o uld
e nt of
4to , Ph i lade lp h i a, 1 8 5 4 .
to th e gre e n S pi l b d th
ra - an s, p di g i us corres on n , n one i d e nti call y , and in
colour be arin
-
g ce llulse of th e s ph e ri cal cells are p d d
ro u ce in O tos tom a
-
and Plana r i s I am ignorant ; bu t in som e Ro ti fe ra (
ex .
gr . Brae/tion s
Pa la Eh r , .
) th e yp rese nt th e m se lv e s at an earl yp i di er o n a circular or
di id g p
sco rou , attach e d to th e ce ll-w all, and th us, w i th th e b
a se nce of
th e nuc le us, bl g l t d t t f th t g
close l y rese m e a ranu a e s a e o a or an .
Vd t — I w ld p p
e an a th i f th C t ti g V i l
ou re ose s nam e or