Introduction

The rise of China as an economic power in the 21st century has been one of the most
significant developments in global economics in recent decades. Over the past three decades,
China has undergone a remarkable transformation from a low-income, agricultural-based
society to a global manufacturing powerhouse and technology leader. This transformation has
not only had a profound impact on China's domestic economy and society but has also
reshaped the global economic order. The Chinese economic miracle began in the late 1970s
when the country's leadership embarked on a series of economic reforms that aimed to open
up the country to the world and modernize its economy. These reforms included the
liberalization of markets, the introduction of foreign investment, and the establishment of
special economic zones where foreign companies could operate with fewer restrictions. The
reforms were accompanied by a massive investment in infrastructure and education, which
helped to create a highly skilled and productive workforce.
The results of these reforms were remarkable. China's economy grew at an average annual
rate of 9.6% between 1979 and 2019, making it the fastest-growing major economy in the
world. By 2019, China's GDP had surpassed that of the United States, making it the largest
economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. China's economic rise has been
driven by a number of factors, including its large and rapidly growing population, its
abundant natural resources, its strong export-oriented manufacturing sector, and its massive
domestic market.1
China's economic rise has had a profound impact on the global economy. China is now the
world's largest trading nation, accounting for around 14% of global trade in goods and
services. Its manufacturing sector has become the world's largest, producing everything from
electronics to automobiles to steel. China is also a major producer of high-tech products,
including computers, smartphones, and solar panels. Its companies have become global
leaders in fields such as e-commerce, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence. China’s
rise has also been accompanied by a shift in the balance of economic power from the West to
the East. This has been reflected in a number of ways, including the rise of Asian economies
such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, as well as the increasing importance of emerging
markets such as India and Brazil. China's rise has also challenged the dominance of the
United States in the global economic order. China has become a major source of competition
for American companies, particularly in industries such as manufacturing, technology, and
finance. China’s economic rise has not been without its challenges, however. The country
faces a number of structural problems, including an aging population, rising inequality, and a
heavy reliance on investment and exports to drive growth. China's rapid economic expansion
has also had significant environmental costs, including air and water pollution, deforestation,
and desertification. These challenges pose significant risks to China's long-term economic
stability and sustainability. The rise of China as an economic power in the 21st century has
important implications for the global economy and for international relations more broadly.
China's economic strength has given it a greater role in shaping the global economic order,
including through institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International
Monetary Fund. China has also become a major source of investment and aid for developing
countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. China's growing economic and political influence
1
Zuliu Hu, Mohsin S. Khan,” Why Is China Growing So Fast?,” International Monetary Fund, accessed March
1, 2023 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues8/index.htm.
has raised concerns in some quarters about the potential for conflict between China and the
United States, as well as the implications of China's rise for global governance and human
rights.

Statement of the Problem

The rise of China as an economic power in the 21st century has been one of the most
significant developments in recent history. Despite its remarkable progress over the past
several decades, China faces a number of significant challenges in its continued rise as an
economic power. Understanding these challenges and the factors that have contributed to
China's rise is crucial for policymakers, business leaders, and economists who are looking to
understand the implications of this important development for the global economy. One of
the key challenges facing China in its continued rise as an economic power is a rapidly aging
population. As the country's birthrate continues to decline, the population is aging rapidly,
which is likely to have a profound impact on the country's economic growth and
competitiveness in the years to come. Additionally, China's labor force is declining, which is
also likely to impact the country's economic growth and competitiveness. This decline in the
labor force is particularly concerning given the country's rapidly growing service sector,
which relies heavily on low-cost labor to remain competitive. Another challenge facing China
in its continued rise as an economic power is increasing competition from other developing
economies. With the rise of other countries in the region, such as India and Indonesia, China
is facing increasing competition for investment and exports, which is likely to impact the
country's economic growth and competitiveness in the years to come. Additionally, China is
facing growing pressure from the international community to reform its state-controlled
financial system and address imbalances in the country's economic structure. Given these
challenges, it is important to understand the key factors that have contributed to China's rise
as an economic power and the challenges that it faces in its continued rise. This study aims to
provide a comprehensive analysis of the rise of China as an economic power in the 21st
century and to explore the key factors that have contributed to the country's rise and the
challenges that it faces in its continued growth.

Motive force for economic growth

The motive force to promote economic growth has been a popular topic repeatedly discussed
in development economics and institutional economics. Economic growth depends on the
level and quantity of the software infrastructure and hardware infrastructure. Hardware
infrastructure refers to highways, airports, ports, and the like, while software infrastructure
refers to the legal system, rules and regulations, and the financial system of a country. It is
acknowledged that both the hardware and the software infrastructure contribute to economic
growth. The two only differ in their way of contrition. The hardware infrastructure plays a
fundamental role in economic growth. Infrastructure construction is a prerequisite for the
economic takeoff of developing countries.2
In the meantime, interests in framework have a quick impact for financial turn of events. A
few financial specialists hold that product conditions like establishment and framework are an
essential or intention force for monetary development. In any case, while seeing from the act

2
Wen Zhou, “Comparing the Economic Growth of China and India: Current Situation, Problems, and
Prospects,” World Review of Political Economy 5, no. (Winter 2014):465.
of the post-war monetary improvement in emerging nations, despite the fact that a few
nations have more powerful institutional game plans and have carried out the political
arrangement of Western vote based framework (like India), the states of the poor hard
foundation and absence of different fittings have become significant snags to advance
financial development; while in nations with cutting edge durable goods, however their
frameworks may not be great and, surprisingly, be regulatory, their financial development
will in general be exceptionally fast in a genuinely extensive stretch of time. For emerging
nations, monetary improvement lies in the determination of the most fitting foundation as
opposed to the most experienced establishment. As of late, the World Bank reports have
introduced agreement on the backwardness of the foundation as the main figure impeding
financial development non-industrial nations. For a fairly significant stretch of time, a
significant justification for India's monetary slump has been the way that the power and rail
and street foundation improvement are genuinely lingering behind. Truth be told, albeit the
Indian IT industry immediately created and has turned into the head of India's financial
development, its supportable improvement is likewise obliged by genuinely slacking
foundation. On one hand, even in Bangalore, the well-known programming community and
the "Indian Silicon Valley," the product business experiences the awful street conditions as
well as from continuous blackouts; the predicament of "two India" is especially unmistakable
there. Albeit the Indians are in many cases glad for the improvement of the IT business, in
China, where there is as huge a populace as India, the power creation is multiple times that of
India, and phone and cell phone proprietorship is multiple times that of India. Then again, a
more difficult issue is the lack of ability.
Although Indians enjoy two advantages, English proficiency and mathematical talent, only
5% of the population have higher education and are fluent in English, and those active Indian
talents in the Silicon Valley in the USA are just part of the elite, and this to a certain extent
also reflects on the “two India.” The development of India’s IT industry faces the problem of
insufficient personnel. Therefore, overcoming the plight of lack of infrastructure (education),
to a large extent, determines the future of the Indian economy. Otherwise, advanced
industries like the IT industry will be the new enclave in Indian economy.3

Literature Review
Beginning in 1979, China launched several economic reforms. The central government
initiated price and ownership incentives for farmers, which enabled them to sell a portion of
their crops on the free market. In addition, the government established four special economic
zones along the coast for the purpose of attracting foreign investment, boosting exports, and
importing high technology products into China. Additional reforms, which followed in
stages, sought to decentralize economic policymaking in several sectors, especially trade.
Economic control of various enterprises was given to provincial and local governments,
which were generally allowed to operate and compete on free market principles, rather than
under the direction and guidance of state planning. In addition, citizens were encouraged to
start their own businesses. Additional coastal regions and cities were designated as open
cities and development zones, which allowed them to experiment with free-market reforms
and to offer tax and trade incentives to attract foreign investment. In addition, state price
controls on a wide range of products were gradually eliminated. Trade liberalization was also

3
Zhou, “Comparing the Economic Growth,”465.
a major key to China’s economic success. Removing trade barriers encouraged greater
competition and attracted FDI inflows.4
The rise of China as an economic power in the 21st century has been a topic of great interest
among scholars, policymakers, and business leaders. Scholars have identified several key
drivers of China's economic rise. China's large and rapidly growing population has provided
the country with a significant labor force, which has helped to drive its economic growth.
Additionally, China's population has provided a large and growing consumer market, which
has contributed to the expansion of its domestic economy. Another important driver of
China's economic rise has been its focus on export-oriented manufacturing. China has
become the world's largest manufacturer, producing a wide range of goods, including
electronics, automobiles, textiles, and steel. This focus on manufacturing has been supported
by a number of factors, including low labor costs, a highly skilled workforce, and a favorable
business environment. China’s investments in infrastructure and education have also played a
significant role in its economic rise. The Chinese government has invested heavily in
transportation, energy, and telecommunications infrastructure, which has helped to facilitate
trade and economic growth. China has also made significant investments in education, which
has helped to create a highly skilled and productive workforce. However, there are also
significant challenges that China faces in its economic rise. One of the most pressing
challenges is income inequality. Despite its rapid economic growth, China remains a
relatively poor country, with significant income disparities between urban and rural areas and
between different regions of the country. Another challenge that China faces is its heavy
reliance on investment and exports to drive economic growth. This model of development has
been successful in the short term, but it is not sustainable in the long term. China needs to
shift towards a more balanced model of growth that emphasizes domestic consumption and
innovation.
China also faces significant environmental challenges. Its rapid economic growth has been
accompanied by significant environmental degradation, including air and water pollution,
deforestation, and desertification. These environmental challenges pose significant risks to
China's long-term economic stability and sustainability. The rise of China as an economic
power has significant implications for the global economy and for international relations
more broadly. China's economic strength has given it a greater role in shaping the global
economic order, including through institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the
International Monetary Fund. China's growing economic and political influence has also
raised concerns in some quarters about the potential for conflict between China and the
United States, as well as the implications of China's rise for global governance and human
rights. Some scholars argue that China's rise represents a challenge to the existing global
order, while others suggest that it offers opportunities for cooperation and collaboration.
Overall, understanding the drivers, challenges, and implications of China's economic rise is
of critical importance to scholars, policymakers, and business leaders alike. As China's
economy continues to grow and evolve, it will be important to closely monitor the changing
dynamics of this phenomenon and to explore strategies for promoting sustainable and
equitable economic development in China and beyond.

4
Wayne M. Morrison, “China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United
States,” Congressional Research Service, June 25, 2019, 4.
China‘s economic reform process was initiated in December 1978 when Deng Xiaoping‘s
economic proposals were adopted at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee of
the Communist Party. In 1979, China began implementing its economic reforms. Since then,
Chinese economy has been growing fast and firmly. Before the economic reforms and trade
liberalization, China had an inefficient and centrally-controlled economy. With China's
opening to the global economy, foreign trade and investment flows, China has been ranked as
one of the world's fast-growing economies. China's real annual gross domestic product (GDP)
averaged nearly 9.71% from 1989 until 2017. It is recorded by the World Bank as ―the
fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in history. Between 1981 and 2010, about
679 million of Chinese people were lifted above extreme poverty line. China is now seen as
―the world's largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis) manufacturer,
merchandise exporter and importer, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. China's fast
economic growth has led to a huge rise in bilateral trade relations with the United States.
According to U.S. trade statistics, total trade between the United States and China rose from
$5 billion in 1980 $578 billion in 2016. 3China is currently the United States’ largest goods
and trading partner. Especially, Chinese economic growth has allowed Beijing to gain all the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and contributed significantly to the global
achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. China‘s national wealth is impressive.
It is the world leader in gross value of both agricultural and industrial outputs. In 2016, China
had the world‘s largest reserve of foreign exchange and gold at US $3.01 trillion.5
Novel variables behind China's financial accomplishment Throughout recent many years,
China's two noteworthy changes, from a rustic, horticultural society to a metropolitan,
modern one, and from an order economy to a market-based one, have joined to yield
staggering outcomes.In spite of the fact that development rates contrasted across China,
development was quick all over the place. To be sure, in the event that central area China's 31
territories were viewed as autonomous economies, they would be among the 32 quickest
developing economies on the planet Such fast development has been joined by numerous
different accomplishments: for instance, of the world's main 10 banks are currently Chinese;
61 Chinese organizations are on the Worldwide Fortune 500 rundown; and China is home to
the world's second-biggest parkway organization, the world's longest ocean scaffolds, and 6
of the world's 10 biggest holder ports.6
The nation has likewise taken enormous steps in wellbeing, training, science, and innovation,
and is rapidly shutting the hole on this large number of fronts with worldwide pioneers.
Numerous exceptional elements lie behind China's amazing development record,
remembering the underlying states of the economy for 1978 that made it especially ready for
change. The flash came as agrarian changes, including the family obligation framework that
foreshadowed supported changes in this and different regions over the course of the
following 30 years. To sum up, key elements of the changes included: Even minded and
viable market-arranged changes. China's uniqueness among agricultural nations isn't how it
made progress, yet the way that it got it done. China adjusted a system known as "crossing
the waterway by feeling stones," which urged neighborhood states to embrace intense pilot
tests. By presenting market-situated changes in a continuous, exploratory way and by giving
5
Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, “The Rise of China: Challenges, Implications, and Options for the United States,”
Indian Journal of Asian Affairs 30, no1\2 (June-December 2017): 48-49.
6
Chenggang Xu, “The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development,” Journal of Economic
Literature 49, no.4 (December 2011):1077.
motivators to neighborhood states, the nation had the option to find serviceable temporary
organizations at each transformative phase. One vital component of these changes was their
"double track" nature supporting state-owned firms in old need areas while changing and
empowering the advancement of private ventures. The economy was permitted to "outgrow
the arrangement" until the regulated material arranging framework steadily wilted. Because
of ceaseless and decentralized preliminary by-blunder investigation, institutional game plans
advanced as new and various difficulties required goal. To be sure, various territories
frequently embraced their own extraordinary establishments customized to their particular
circumstances. Offsetting development with social and macroeconomic soundness. The
troublesome financial circumstance toward the beginning of changes in 1978 focused on
monetary development. Early change triumphs immediately changed this need into a public
objective that was really used to prepare all quarters of society people and firms as well as
nearby legislatures to zero in their aggregate endeavors on monetary turn of events. The
public authority utilized a blend of financial, regulatory, and work strategies to keep up with
social security during a time of quick monetary and primary change. This was no mean
accomplishment, given the need to utilize an extra 9 million new contestants into the
workforce every year while additionally retaining laborers impacted by strategy shifts, (for
example, the 1998 changes of state-claimed ventures, or SOEs), frictional joblessness, and
infrequent outside monetary shocks. Quick development and primary change likewise
introduced macroeconomic difficulties. The economy experienced periodic episodes of
serious expansion, for example, in the last part of the 1980s and mid-1990s. Yet,
macroeconomic soundness was really reestablished through a blend of customary financial
and monetary strategies, as well as managerial means when important.
China built on its strong local governments at various levels by allowing them to compete in
attracting investment, developing infrastructure, and improving the local business
environment. Decentralization policies, including fiscal reforms in 1994 (which significantly
increased resource transfers from the central government), gave subnational governments the
incentives and the resources to aggressively pursue local development objectives. Increased
factor mobility meant that resources flowed to jurisdictions most supportive of growth.7
At long last, China's immense size and provincial contrasts implied that neighborhood states
could explore different avenues regarding and champion explicit changes fit to their
conditions, while working inside the boundaries laid out by focal specialists. Authorities were
compensated for conveying key change objectives: development, unfamiliar direct
speculation (FDI), business, and social steadiness. The subsequent contest between
neighborhood legislatures and districts was savage and turned into areas of strength for an of
development a long ways past the assumptions for the specialists. In any case, the rise of
China as a significant monetary power has raised worry among numerous U.S. policymakers.
Some case that China utilizes uncalled for exchange rehearses, (for example, an
underestimated cash and endowments given to homegrown makers) to flood U.S. markets
with minimal expense products, and that such practices compromise American positions,

7
“ China 2030:Building a Modern, Harmonious and Creative High Income –Society,” World Bank, accessed
March 1,2023,

https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/China-2030-overview.pdf.
wages, and expectations for everyday comforts. Others fight that China's developing
utilization of modern arrangements to advance and safeguard specific homegrown Chinese
ventures or firms leaned toward by the public authority, and its inability to make a viable
move against far and wide encroachment and robbery of U.S. licensed innovation privileges
(IPR) in China, take steps to sabotage the seriousness of U.S. IP-concentrated enterprises.
Likewise, while China has turned into an enormous and developing business sector for U.S.
sends out, pundits fight that various exchange and speculation boundaries limit open doors
for U.S. firms to sell in China, or power them to set up creation offices in China as the cost of
carrying on with work there. The Chinese government sees a developing economy as
imperative to keeping up with social soundness. Notwithstanding, China faces various major
monetary difficulties that could hose future development, including distortive financial
strategies that have brought about overreliance on fixed venture and commodities for
monetary development (as opposed to on customer interest), government support for state-
owned firms, a powerless financial framework, extending pay holes, developing
contamination, and the overall absence of law and order in China. The Chinese government
has acknowledged these problems and has pledged to address them by implementing policies
to increase the role of the market in the economy, boost innovation, make consumer spending
the driving force of the economy, expand social safety net coverage, encourage the
development of less-polluting industries (such as services), and crack down on official
government corruption. The ability of the Chinese government to implement such reforms
will likely determine whether China can continue to maintain relatively rapid economic
growth rates, or will instead begin to experience significantly lower growth rates. China’s
growing economic power has led it to become increasingly involved in global economic
policies and projects, especially infrastructure development. China’s Belt and Road initiative
(BRI) represents a grand strategy by China to finance infrastructure throughout Asia, Europe,
Africa, and beyond. If successful, China’s economic initiatives could significantly expand
export and investment markets for China and increase its “soft power” globally.
China is a growing influence on other developing economies through trade, investment, and
ideas. Many of the complex development challenges that China faces are relevant to other
countries, including transitioning to a new growth model, rapid aging, building a cost-
effective health system, and promoting a lower-carbon energy path. Amid multiple domestic
and external headwinds, China’s GDP growth is expected to slow sharply to 2.8 percent in
2022, from 8.1 percent in in 2021. Wide-spread Omicron outbreaks and extreme weather
have weakened economic growth. The external environment has also significantly worsened
in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with global growth slowing, inflation soaring,
and financial conditions tightening. The property market slowdown, triggered by regulatory
tightening that led to a liquidity squeeze for developers, has further weighed on economic
activity. Housing demand remains subdued due to weak homebuyer sentiment amid repeated
COVID-19 outbreaks and mortgage boycotts by owners of homes still under construction. In
response to these headwinds, the authorities have stepped up macroeconomic policy easing
with higher public infrastructure spending, tax rebates, policy interest rate cuts, and a
relaxation in local purchase restrictions in the property sector. However, resurgent COVID-
19 outbreaks and associated public health measures have limited the effectiveness of policy
stimulus. Over the medium term, China’s economy continues to confront a structural
slowdown. Potential growth has been on a declining trend, reflecting adverse demographics,
tepid productivity growth and rising constraints to a debt-fueled, investment-driven growth
model. In the face of these challenges, macroeconomic policies need to be carefully
calibrated not to exacerbate financial risks. Structural reforms are needed to reinvigorate the
shift to more balanced high-quality growth.8

Based on the literature review, several research questions can be formulated to further
examine the rise of China as an economic power in the 21st century. These questions may
include:
1. What are the key factors that have contributed to China's rise as an economic power?
2. What are the challenges faced by China in its continued rise as an economic power?
3. What are the implications of China's rise as an economic power for the global
economy?
These research questions can guide further study and analysis of the rise of China as an
economic power in the 21st century, providing a deeper understanding of the factors and
challenges that have shaped its growth and competitiveness.

Hypothesis
Rise of china as an economic power in the 21st century is a complex phenomenon that can be
attributed to a wide range of factors, including economic liberalization, globalization,
investments in human capital, strategic planning for technological advancements, favorable
demographic trends, and government policies that have enabled the growth of a robust private
sector. China’s economic growth over the past few decades has been nothing short of
remarkable, with the country transforming from a primarily agrarian society to a
manufacturing and technology hub that has achieved significant levels of economic and
social development. The hypothesis suggests that this growth is a result of a combination of
factors, each of which has played a critical role in driving China's success.
Firstly, economic liberalization policies that were introduced in the late 1970s under Deng
Xiaoping have been a key driver of China's growth. These policies allowed for the expansion
of the private sector, foreign investment, and international trade, which has led to a surge in
economic activity and has opened up new opportunities for Chinese businesses to expand
their operations overseas. Secondly, China's integration into the global economy through
initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative has been instrumental in providing the country
with access to new markets and resources, which has further fueled economic growth. This
has enabled Chinese firms to access global markets and has allowed China to become a key
player in global trade. Thirdly, China's investments in human capital have also played a
crucial role in driving innovation and technological advancements. In particular, the country's
focus on education and research and development has enabled it to become a leader in
various fields, including 5G technology, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. This
investment in human capital has also helped China to develop a highly skilled workforce that
is able to compete on a global scale. Fourthly, strategic planning and government support for
industries and companies have also played a crucial role in China's economic success. The
government has identified key industries and sectors for development, and has provided
8
“China Overview: Development News, Research, Data,” World Bank, accessed March 2, 2023,

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview.
support in terms of financing, infrastructure development, and other incentives that have
helped companies to grow and thrive. Fifthly, favorable demographic trends in China,
including a large and growing middle class, a highly educated workforce, and a rapidly aging
population, have also contributed to the country's economic growth. These trends have
created new opportunities for businesses and have fueled domestic demand for goods and
services. Finally, government policies that have enabled the growth of a robust private sector
have also played a crucial role in driving China's economic growth. In recent years, the
government has introduced a range of policies designed to encourage entrepreneurship,
innovation, and private investment, which has helped to create a more dynamic and
competitive business environment.
Overall, the hypothesis suggests that China's rise as an economic power in the 21st century is
a result of a complex set of factors, including economic liberalization, globalization,
investments in human capital, strategic planning for technological advancements, favorable
demographic trends, and government policies that have enabled the growth of a robust private
sector. Each of these factors has played a critical role in driving China's growth and has
helped to create a unique set of conditions that have allowed the country to become a global
economic powerhouse.

Research Methodology
The research will employ a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and
quantitative methods. This will include a thorough review of existing literature. The literature
review will be used to identify key factors and challenges in China's rise as an economic
power and will allow for a deeper understanding of the relationships between these factors
and the challenges faced by China.

Data Sources
The data sources for this research will include a wide range of published materials, including
academic journals, books, government reports, news articles and case studies to provide a
more in-depth understanding of the rise of China as an economic power.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the rise of China as an economic power in the
21st century and to understand the key factors and challenges that have shaped its growth and
competitiveness. This research will seek to identify the strengths and weaknesses of China's
economy and its impact on the global economy, and will analyze the implications of its rise
for the future of economic growth and competitiveness.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it will provide a comprehensive understanding of the rise of
China as an economic power in the 21st century and its impact on the global economy.
Affecting global trade patterns, investment flows, and financial markets. As China becomes
more economically powerful, its influence on the global economy will continue to grow.
China’s rise as an economic power is also creating geopolitical tensions, particularly with the
United States. China's economic growth has brought significant benefits to its citizens, lifting
millions of people out of poverty. The topic of China's rise as an economic power is of
significant academic interest. It is an evolving field of study that requires ongoing analysis
and exploration. The research conducted in this field has the potential to deepen our
understanding of the economic, political, and social changes occurring in China and the
broader implications for the global economy and international relations. However due to its
global economic implications, geopolitical tensions, domestic implications, and academic
interest Understanding the factors driving China's economic growth is crucial for
policymakers, businesses, investors, and academics.

Organization of the Study

This study will be organized into several chapters. The first chapter will provide an overview
of the research and its objectives, while the second chapter will examine the china’s
economic development and growth a historical background. The third chapter will discuss
china economic rise: actors and factors, while the fourth chapter will describe the role of
china in global economy and its challenges and concerns. The final chapter will provide a
conclusion of the thesis and open a discussion for future researchers.