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THIS IS A NEW SPECIFICATION
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE

BIOLOGY F211
Cells, Exchange and Transport
Wednesday 14 January 2009

*CUP/T77123*
Candidates answer on the question paper
OCR Supplied Materials:

Afternoon
None
Duration: 1 hour
Other Materials Required:
• Electronic calculator
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name clearly in capital letters, your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the boxes above.
• Use black ink. Pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
• Read each question carefully and make sure that you know what you have to do before starting your answer.
• Answer all the questions.
• Do not write in the bar codes.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided, however additional paper may be used if
necessary.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question
or part question. FOR EXAMINER’S USE
• The total number of marks for this paper is 60.
• You may use an electronic calculator. Qu. Max. Mark
• You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations.
! Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of
1 11
written communication in your answer. 2 11
• This document consists of 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
3 10
4 11
5 10
6 7
TOTAL 60
© OCR 2009 [K/500/8550] OCR is an exempt Charity

SPA (SJF) T77123/4 Turn over
2
Answer all the questions.
1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of an animal cell as seen using a transmission electron microscope.
F
20 µ m
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the structures of the cell labelled A, B, C and D.
A ………………………………………………
B ………………………………………………
C ………………………………………………
D ……………………………………………… [4]
(ii) Structures C and E are examples of the same organelle.

Suggest why E looks so different to C.
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© OCR 2009
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(iii) Calculate the actual length of structure C.
Show your working and give your answer in micrometres (µm).
Answer = .................................................. µm [2]
(b) Proteins are produced by the structure labelled F. Some of these proteins may be extracellular
proteins that are released from the cell.
Outline the sequence of events following the production of extracellular proteins that leads to
their release from the cell.
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[Total: 11]
© OCR 2009 Turn over

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows diagrams of four cells that have been placed in different solutions.
K L M N
Fig. 2.1
(a) In the table below, write the letter K, L, M or N next to the description that best matches the
diagram. One has been done for you.
description letter
an animal cell that has been placed in distilled water
an animal cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution
a plant cell that has been placed in distilled water
a plant cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution M [3]
(b) Explain, using the term water potential, what has happened to cell M.
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(c) Small non-polar substances enter cells in different ways to large or polar substances.
Outline the ways in which substances, other than water, can enter a cell through the plasma
(cell surface) membrane.
! In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
small, non-polar substances .....................................................................................................
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large substances .......................................................................................................................
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polar substances .......................................................................................................................
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[Total: 11]

6
3 The division of stem cells by mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical.
(a) (i) State what is meant by the term stem cell .
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name one tissue in plants that contains stem cells.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State three reasons why mitosis is important to organisms.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................
3 ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Traditionally, stem cells from bone marrow have been used to treat patients with leukaemia.
Recent studies have shown that stem cells taken from umbilical cord blood may be more
effective in treating leukaemia than stem cells taken from bone marrow.
Table 3.1 shows the probability of a patient remaining leukaemia-free for five years after being
treated with stem cells from different sources.
Table 3.1
An extract has been removed due to third-party copyright restrictions.
Source: Miami Herald, www.miamiherald.com
© OCR 2009
7
(i) Describe, using the information in Table 3.1, the evidence that perfectly matched
umbilical cord blood stem cells are more effective than bone marrow stem cells in treating
leukaemia.
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...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two advantages, other than an increased probability of survival, of

using umbilical cord blood stem cells instead of bone marrow stem cells in transplant
procedures.
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[Total: 10]

8
4 (a) Explain, using the term surface area to volume ratio, why large, active organisms need a
specialised surface for gaseous exchange.
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Table 4.1 describes some of the features of the mammalian gas exchange system.
Complete the table by explaining how each feature improves the efficiency of gaseous
exchange. The first one has been completed for you.
Table 4.1
feature of gas exchange

how feature improves efficiency of gaseous exchange
system
many alveoli
this increases the surface across which oxygen

and carbon dioxide can diffuse
the epithelium of the alveoli

is very thin
there are capillaries running

over the surface of the alveoli
the lungs are surrounded by

the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
[3]
© OCR 2009
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(c) Outline how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles cause inspiration.
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(d) Fig. 4.1 shows the trace from a spirometer recorded from a 16-year-old student.
3
volume of air
in spirometer
(dm3)
2 Y
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (min)
Fig. 4.1
(i) Label on the trace, using the letter X, a point that indicates when the student was
inhaling. [1]
(ii) At the end of the trace the student measured his vital capacity. This is indicated by the
letter Y.
State the vital capacity of the student.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
10
5 Fish have a single, closed circulatory system.
(a) State the meaning of the terms single circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
single circulatory system ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
closed circulatory system .........................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The heart of a mammal contains four main chambers. The action of these chambers is
coordinated by electrical activity in specialised tissues.
Fig. 5.1 shows where these tissues are found in the heart.
Fig. 5.1
(i) Name the tissues labelled T, U and V.
T ……………………………………………………………
U ……………………………………………………………
V …………………………………………………………… [3]
© OCR 2009
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(ii) Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated.
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[Total: 10]

12
6 Translocation is the movement of the products of photosynthesis within a plant.
Translocation occurs in the phloem and involves sources and sinks.
(a) Using the outline below, draw in the position of the phloem in the root of a dicotyledonous
plant.
root
[1]
(b) Research using carbon dioxide containing a radioactive label, C14, has revealed the following
evidence about the mechanism of translocation:
A labelled carbon can be observed in the phloem soon after being supplied to a well-lit
plant;
B the rate of movement of sugars in the phloem is many times faster than could be achieved
by diffusion alone.
Different research has revealed that:
C an insect such as an aphid feeds by inserting its proboscis (mouth parts) into the
phloem;
D the pH of the phloem companion cells is lower than surrounding cells;
E the phloem companion cells contain many mitochondria.
Using the letters A, B, C, D and E, select two pieces of evidence from the list above which
support the theory that translocation occurs in the phloem.
………………………………
……………………………… [2]
© OCR 2009
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(c) State what is meant by the terms source and sink.
...................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) When the bark is removed from a tree, the phloem is also removed. If a complete ring of bark
is removed, the tree trunk can be seen to swell above the cut.
Suggest two reasons why the trunk swells above the cut.
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[Total: 7]
END OF QUESTION PAPER
© OCR 2009
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PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
© OCR 2009
15
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© OCR 2009
16
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (OCR) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES),
which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© OCR 2009

BIOLOGY F211
Monday 1 June 2009

*OCE/V00739*
Candidates answer on the question paper

Afternoon
• Insert (Inserted)
Duration: 1 hour
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
necessary.
FOR EXAMINER’S USE

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or Qu. Max. Mark
part question.
• The total number of marks for this paper is 60. 1 9
• You may use an electronic calculator.
• You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations. 2 15
!
•
Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of
written communication in your answer.
This document consists of 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
3
4
12
5 9
6 8
TOTAL 60

SP (CW/SW) V00739/4 Turn over
2
1 Fig. 1.1 (a) is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.
Fig. 1.1 (b) is an enlargement of part of the lining of the bronchus.
alveolus
wall
bronchus
wall
blood
capillary
Fig. 1.1 (a)
cell A
cell B
Fig. 1.1 (b)
(a) (i) Name the two types of cell, A and B, shown lining the bronchus.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe how cell types A and B work together to keep the lung surface clear of dust
and other particles.
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© OCR 2009
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(iii) The bronchus wall also contains smooth muscle fibres.
State the function of the smooth muscle fibres.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Explain why blood capillaries and alveoli are very close together.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(ii) The walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibres.
State the function of these elastic fibres.
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the structure of a plasma (cell surface) membrane.
glycoprotein
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name the components of the plasma (cell surface) membrane labelled D, E and F.
D ........................................................................................................................................
E ........................................................................................................................................
F .................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State one function for each of the components D, E and F.
D ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
E ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
F ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
© OCR 2009
5
(b) Glycoprotein molecules are positioned in the plasma (cell surface) membrane with the
carbohydrate chain outside the cell.
This is to allow the glycoproteins to act as receptors in the process of cell signalling.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term cell signalling.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how a glycoprotein can act as a receptor.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]

6
(c) A student investigated the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from pieces of
beetroot.
She cut a fresh beetroot into four pieces and placed each piece into water at a different
temperature.
After 10 minutes she removed the beetroot and used a colorimeter to test how much pigment
had entered the water.
She placed the coloured water into the colorimeter and measured the percentage transmission
of light through the water. Her results are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
temperature of water (°C) percentage transmission of light
10 85
30 87
50 78
100 0
(i) The results show that below 50 °C little pigment had entered the water.
Explain why there was no transmission of light after the beetroot had been placed in
water at 100 °C.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest three ways in which the student could have improved her investigation.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 15]
© OCR 2009
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3 (a) Complete the following paragraph about the loss of water from plants.
The loss of water from the aerial parts of a plant is known as .......................................... .
The majority of water is lost from the leaves. Water is transported up the stem in the
.......................................... and passes into the mesophyll cells of the leaf by
.......................................... . Water evaporates from the surface of these cells.
From the air spaces in the leaf, the water vapour diffuses out of the leaf through the
.......................................... . [4]
(b) (i) Explain why water loss from the leaves of a plant is unavoidable.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the type of plant adapted to reduce water loss from its leaves.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State and explain two adaptations of leaves that reduce evaporation.
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[Total: 12]

8
4 (a) Table 4.1 compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Complete the table.
Table 4.1
prokaryotic eukaryotic
no true nucleus genetic material held in a nucleus
genetic material consists of ‘naked’ DNA
average diameter of cell 0.5 – 5 µm
ribosomes about 22 nm in diameter
cell wall sometimes present
[4]
(b) The cytoskeleton is an important component in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
(i) Name one structure, associated with the cytoskeleton, which can bring about cell
movement.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two processes inside cells that rely on the cytoskeleton for movement.
...........................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 7]
© OCR 2009
9
5 (a) Fig. 5.1, on the insert, shows some drawings of a cell during different stages of mitosis.
Place stages P, Q, R, S and T in the correct sequence.
The first stage has been identified for you.
S
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Mitosis is part of the cell cycle.
Fig. 5.2 shows a diagram of the cell cycle.
INTERPHASE
G1
S
is
in es
ok G2
sis
t
Cy
ito
M
Fig. 5.2
(i) Name one process that occurs during stages G1 and G2.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) During stage S, the genetic information is copied and checked.
Suggest what might happen if the genetic information is not checked.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]

10
(c) During meiosis a cell undergoes two divisions.
Suggest how cells produced by meiosis may differ from those produced by mitosis.
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[Total: 9]
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QUESTION 6 STARTS ON PAGE 12

12
6 (a) (i) Name the type of muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the process that creates pressure inside the heart chambers.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in pressure inside the heart chambers during one heart beat.
16
14
12
10
8
pressure 6
(kPa)
4
X
2
–2
0 0.80
time (s)
Key:
aorta
left ventricle
left atrium
Fig. 6.1
(i) Calculate the heart rate from the information in Fig. 6.1.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Answer = ...................................... beats min–1 [2]
© OCR 2009
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(ii) Describe and explain what happens immediately after X on Fig. 6.1.
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[Total: 8]
© OCR 2009
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© OCR 2009
15
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© OCR 2009
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Copyright Information
OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders
whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright
Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations, is given to all schools that receive assessment material and is freely available to download from our public
website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series.
If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible
opportunity.
For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1PB.
OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a
department of the University of Cambridge.
© OCR 2009

BIOLOGY F211
INSERT
Monday 1 June 2009

*OCE/V00739*
Afternoon
Duration: 1 hour
• This Insert contains Fig. 5.1.

SP (CW/SW) V00739/4 Turn over
2
P Q
Fig. 5.1
OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid
the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations, is given
to all schools that receive assessment material and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series.
If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity.
For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1PB.
OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© OCR 2009 F211 (Insert) Jun09


BIOLOGY F211
Tuesday 12 January 2010

* O C E / 1 0 4 7 6 *
Candidates answer on the Question Paper

Morning
None
Duration: 1 hour
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
necessary.

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

•
Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in
your answer.

DC (SJH/CGW) 10476/5 Turn over
2
1 (a) State the maximum magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope and a
transmission electron microscope.
Select your answers from the list below.
10x 40x 100x 400x 1500x 25 000x 50 000x 500 000x
light microscope .......................................... x
transmission electron microscope .......................................... x [2]
(b) Describe what is meant by the term resolution.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of xylem tissue in the stem of a plant.
pit
spiral band
Fig. 1.1
(i) State one function of xylem tissue.

...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2010
3
(ii) The spiral band in the xylem vessel shown in Fig. 1.1 contains a substance called lignin.
State the function of this spiral band of lignin and explain why it is important that the
xylem vessel becomes lignified in this way.
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(iii) Explain the function of the pits seen in Fig. 1.1.
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[Total: 10]

4
2 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term tissue.
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name one type of epithelial tissue found in the lungs.
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(b) Explain why the lungs can be considered to be an organ.
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(c) In the lungs, goblet cells secrete mucus. The mucus is then moved by cilia.
Name one cellular structure from the list below that is associated with each of the following
functions. You must select a structure once only.
mitochondria ribosome Golgi vesicle centriole nucleus cytoskeleton
(i) release of energy ..............................................................................................................
(ii) movement of cilia ..............................................................................................................
(iii) secrete mucus ............................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
© OCR 2010
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3 (a) Complete the passage below.
Membranes have a variety of functions in cells. All membranes are .....................................
permeable. This means that they allow the passage of certain substances by processes such
as active transport or ..................................... through the membrane. The cell surface
membrane, also known as the ..................................... membrane, surrounds the cytoplasm.
The cell surface membrane consists of a bilayer of ..................................... . To stabilise the
structure of the membrane and keep it fluid, molecules of ..................................... are
also found in this bilayer. [5]
(b) Membranes contain a variety of proteins. Some of these proteins are combined with
carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.
Describe the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane.
In your answer you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
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[Total: 10]

6
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a potometer, a piece of apparatus used for estimating the rate of transpiration.
leafy shoot
water
reservoir
capillary tube screw

clip
air-water rubber tubing

meniscus
Fig. 4.1
(a) State one essential component of the apparatus, not shown in Fig. 4.1, that must be added
before any results can be recorded.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe three steps a student should take when setting up the potometer to ensure that the
apparatus works correctly.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© OCR 2010
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(c) A student used the apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 to investigate how transpiration rates vary
during the day. The student placed the potometer on a window ledge in the laboratory and
estimated the rate of transpiration four times during the day.
The results are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
rate of transpiration (arbitrary units)
time of day
replicate 1 replicate 2 replicate 3 mean
10.00 32 29 31 30.7
12.00 37 35 38 36.7
14.00 23 26 25 24.7
16.00 25 27 24
(i) Calculate the mean value for the rate of transpiration at 16.00 hours.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
Answer = ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why, for each time of the day, the student carried out three replicates to calculate
a mean.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest two possible reasons, other than light and temperature, why the rate of
transpiration was lower in the afternoon than in the morning.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain why the potometer only gives an estimate of the rate of transpiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]
8
5 (a) (i) Fig. 5.1 represents a transverse section of an artery and a vein.
Draw a line to show the relative position of the endothelium of the vein.
endothelium
artery vein
[1]
Fig. 5.1
(ii) State two other ways in which the wall of an artery is different from the wall of a vein.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) Blood in the arteries has a high hydrostatic pressure.
State how this hydrostatic pressure is generated in the heart.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the hydrostatic pressure of the blood drops as blood moves away from the
heart.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© OCR 2010
9
(iii) Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick.
Fig. 5.2 shows how the hydrostatic pressure of the blood changes as it moves through a
capillary.
Fig. 5.2 also shows the water potential of the blood, due largely to the plasma proteins,
which tends to move water into the blood.
relative pressure
A
distance along capillary
arterial venous
end end
Key:
hydrostatic pressure
water potential of blood
Fig. 5.2
Describe and explain what happens to the blood plasma at point A along the capillary in
Fig. 5.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

10
(c) Carbon dioxide is produced in tissues as a waste product of respiration.
The majority of carbon dioxide is carried as hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3–) in the plasma.
Fig. 5.3 shows the chemical pathway in which carbon dioxide is converted into HCO3– in a red
blood cell.
red blood cell
capillary
wall
CO2 + H2O
CO2 in X
tissue
Y
HCO3– in
Z + HCO3–
plasma
Fig. 5.3
Identify the following:
enzyme X ............................................................................................................................
substance Y ............................................................................................................................
ion Z ....................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]
© OCR 2010
11
6 Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of a spirometer, a piece of apparatus used to measure some aspects of
breathing, such as breathing rate and vital capacity.
chamber of air
T
hinge mouthpiece
water
valve
direction of
air flow
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) Outline the mechanism of inspiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) A person breathes through the mouthpiece of a spirometer.
State what happens to the air chamber in Fig. 6.1 during inspiration.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Chamber T contains a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide.
Suggest a chemical that could be used in chamber T to absorb carbon dioxide.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
QUESTION 6(b) STARTS ON PAGE 12

12
(b) Explain why a person using the spirometer to measure their vital capacity should wear a nose
clip.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) State two other precautions that should be taken when using a spirometer to measure vital
capacity.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
opportunity.
For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1GE.
© OCR 2010

BIOLOGY F211
Tuesday 25 May 2010

* O C E / 1 3 3 9 5 *
Candidates answer on the Question Paper

Morning
• Insert (inserted)
Duration: 1 hour
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. Additional paper may be used if necessary but
you must clearly show your Candidate Number, Centre Number and question number(s).

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

•
Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.

DC SJF5502/KN 13395/3 Turn over
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a bacterium as seen under an electron microscope.
cell wall made of

mesosome peptidoglycan
Fig. 1.1
(i) Name the structures labelled A and B.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) It has been suggested that the mesosome has the same role as mitochondria in
eukaryotic cells.
Suggest the role of the mesosome in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Eukaryotic cells, such as Euglena, contain membrane-bound organelles. Each organelle
has a specific function in the cell.
State the process that is carried out in each of the organelles listed below.
ribosome ...........................................................................................................................
chloroplast .................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why a single-celled organism, such as Euglena, does not need a specialised area to
carry out gaseous exchange.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© OCR 2010
3
(c) The mammalian gas exchange system contains a variety of types of cells and tissues.
Complete Table 1.1, stating the function of each of the cells and tissues. The first row has
been completed for you.
Table 1.1
cell / tissue function
to provide a thin surface for a

squamous epithelium
short diffusion distance
………………………………………………………
elastic tissue
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
ciliated epithelium
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
goblet cells
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
smooth muscle
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
[4]
[Total: 11]

4
2 Fig. 2.1, on the insert, is a photomicrograph of a blood smear. The smear has been stained.
(a) State two reasons why the blood smear has been stained.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Suggest one detail that would be made visible if the micrograph were taken using:
(i) a scanning electron microscope
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) a transmission electron microscope.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The red colouration of the red blood cells is caused by the pigment haemoglobin. The main
function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.
Fig. 2.2 shows the dissociation curves of adult oxyhaemoglobin (curve A) and fetal
oxyhaemoglobin (curve F).
100
80 A
saturation of 60
haemoglobin (%)
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
partial pressure of
oxygen (kPa)
Fig. 2.2
© OCR 2010
5
Explain why the curve for fetal oxyhaemoglobin is to the left of the curve for adult
oxyhaemoglobin.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) In high partial pressures of carbon dioxide, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve undergoes
a change known as the Bohr shift.
(i) Draw a curve on Fig. 2.2 to show the effect of the Bohr shift. [2]
(ii) Outline the benefits of the Bohr shift to actively respiring tissue.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]

6
3 A student carried out an investigation involving uptake of the stain methylene blue by yeast cells.
The investigation involved adding methylene blue to a suspension of yeast cells. Samples of the
stained yeast cells were heated to different temperatures.
The student then observed the cells at high power under a light microscope.
Table 3.1
temperature (°C) cells observed colour of solution

stained blue surrounding cells
(%)
10 98 colourless
20 96 colourless
30 97 colourless
40 96 colourless
50 73 colourless
60 12 light blue
70 2 blue
80 0 blue
(a) (i) Yeast cells take up methylene blue by active transport.

Using only the information provided in Table 3.1, outline the evidence that supports this
statement.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why some cells did not stain blue at 20 °C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2010
7
(b) (i) Suggest one change that occurred to the plasma (cell surface) membranes of the yeast
cells at temperatures above 60 °C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the stained yeast cells lost their colour at higher temperatures.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The student concluded that yeast cells are killed between 50 °C and 70 °C.
Suggest one way in which the student could have improved the accuracy of this experiment
and one way in which he could have improved the reliability.
accuracy ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
reliability ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

8
(d) The student placed a small sample of the yeast suspension on a microscope slide and
observed it under high power.
Fig. 3.1 shows what the student observed.
Fig. 3.1
Cell Z is undergoing a process called budding.
Outline the process of budding in yeast.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
© OCR 2010
9
4 Fig. 4.1 shows diagrams of two different types of cells, X and Y.
The cells are not drawn to scale.
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) State, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, two differences between plant cells and
animal cells.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cell Y is a guard cell.

State, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, one adaptation of this cell and explain how
the adaptation allows the cell to carry out its function.
adaptation .........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

10
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows drawings of the six chromosomes inside an animal cell viewed during late
prophase of mitosis.
Fig. 4.2
(i) Identify one pair of homologous chromosomes in Fig. 4.2 by drawing around each
chromosome in the pair on the diagram. [1]
(ii) The nucleus of a sperm cell is produced by meiosis.
Draw a diagram in the space below to represent the chromosomes that are present in
the nucleus of a sperm cell from the same animal.
[2]
[Total: 7]
© OCR 2010
11
BLANK PAGE

12
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the possible pathways taken by water across the root of a plant.
Q R S T
xylem
Key:
pathway 1
pathway 2
pathway 3
common pathways
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the process by which water enters cell Q from the soil.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Pathway 1 is known as the vacuolar pathway, as the water passes into and through the
cell vacuoles.
Name pathway 2 and pathway 3.
pathway 2 ..........................................................................................................................
pathway 3 ..................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State which letter, Q, R, S or T, on Fig. 5.1, represents the endodermis.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2010
13
(b) Describe and explain how water is moved up the xylem from the roots to the leaves.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) Table 5.1 shows a comparison of xylem vessels and phloem sieve tube elements.
Complete the table. The first row has been done for you.
Table 5.1
feature xylem vessel phloem sieve tube element
cells living or dead dead living
bordered pits
present or absent
lignin
present or absent
substances
transported
direction of
transport
[4]
[Total: 13]
14
6 Fig. 6.1 shows two electrocardiogram (ECG) traces.
• Trace A is a normal trace.

• Trace B is a trace from a heart after treatment with the drug digitalis.
Trace A – an electrocardiogram from a normal heart
potential
difference T
P P
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
time (s)
Trace B – an electrocardiogram from a heart after treatment with digitalis
potential
difference
T
P P
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
time (s)
Fig. 6.1
(a) Calculate the heart rate using the information in Trace A.
Show your working.
Answer = ............................. beats per minute [2]

© OCR 2010
15
(b) Using the information in Fig. 6.1, state two effects of digitalis on the activity of the heart.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Describe the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) in
coordinating the cardiac cycle.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
© OCR 2010
16
opportunity.
© OCR 2010

BIOLOGY F211
INSERT
Tuesday 25 May 2010

* O C E / 1 3 3 9 9 *
Morning
Duration: 1 hour

• This insert contains Fig. 2.1.
INSTRUCTION TO EXAMS OFFICER/INVIGILATOR

• Do not send this Insert for marking; it should be retained in the centre or destroyed.

DC SJF5501/KN 13399/3 Turn over
2
Fig. 2.1
opportunity.
© OCR 2010 F211 (Insert) Jun10

BIOLOGY F211

* O C E / 2 5 7 6 7 *
Candidates answer on the question paper.
OCR supplied materials:

Morning
Duration: 1 hour
Other materials required:
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
• The insert will be found in the centre of this document.
• Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write
clearly and in capital letters.
• Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting
your answer.
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required,
you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must
be clearly shown.

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
• Where you see this icon you will be awarded marks for the quality of written
communication in your answer.

DC (NF/JG) 25767/4 Turn over
2
1 (a) Name the type of nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) There are a number of stages during cell division.
The list, J to N, describes some processes that occur during the division of an animal cell.
J the cell surface membrane is constricted
K the nuclear envelope reforms
L sister chromatids are pulled apart
M the chromosomes condense
N the chromosomes move to the equator
Match each letter, J to N, with a stage of cell division in the list below.
The first one has been completed for you.
prophase M
...................................
metaphase ...................................
anaphase ...................................
telophase ...................................
cytokinesis ................................... [4]
(c) During interphase the genetic material is copied.
State two other processes that occur during interphase.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© OCR 2011
3
(d) Suggest two ways that cell division in plants differs from cell division in animals.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a drawing of a part of the lung.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the structures labelled A and B.
A ............................................................
B ............................................................ [2]
(b) State two features of the structures labelled B that enable efficient gaseous exchange.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© OCR 2011
5
(c) As part of an allergic response, certain cells in the lungs release histamine.
Histamine is a cell signalling molecule that stimulates smooth muscle in the wall of structure A
to contract.
Suggest how histamine stimulates smooth muscle contraction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Another action of histamine is to make capillary walls more permeable.
Suggest two effects this increased permeability may have on the surrounding tissues.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]

6
BLANK PAGE
© OCR 2011
7
3 Read the following passage and complete each sentence by writing the most appropriate term or
phrase in the spaces provided.
Large, active organisms need a circulatory system because they have a small
................................................................................................................................... .
Haemoglobin is a pigment found in red blood cells. These cells are also known as
............................................... . Haemoglobin has a high ......................................... for oxygen. In the
lungs, the haemoglobin associates with oxygen to form ............................................................. .
In respiring tissues, the oxygen is released by dissociation. In very active tissues, the amount of
oxygen released can be increased by the presence of more .......................................................... .
This is called the .................... effect. [6]
[Total: 6]

8
4 (a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram showing the position of the vascular bundles in a transverse section of
the stem of a young dicotyledonous plant.
Fig. 4.1
Select the correct letter from Fig. 4.1 to identify each of the following tissues in the stem.
xylem ...............................
phloem ...............................
cambium ............................... [3]
(b) Fig. 4.2, on the insert, shows the cut end of a stem from a woody plant. The other end of the
stem is being heated in a fire. Steam can be seen coming from the vascular tissue at the cut
end of the stem.
Describe the features of the xylem that enable the steam to pass from the heated end of the
stem to the cut end.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© OCR 2011
9
(c) (i) Define the term transpiration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe and explain how transpiration contributes to the mechanism of water transport
up the stem.
In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(iii) Suggest why a bunch of flowers may survive longer if the ends of the stems are removed
immediately before the flowers are placed in water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 14]

10
5 (a) Fig. 5.1 is provided for you on the insert.
(i) State two features of the cell shown in Fig. 5.1 that indicate it is eukaryotic.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The line A–B on Fig. 5.1 represents 20 μm.
Calculate the magnification of the cell shown in Fig. 5.1.
Show your working.
Answer = ...................................................... x [2]
(iii) Microtubules and microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton.
Suggest two roles of the cytoskeleton in the type of cell shown in Fig. 5.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The cells of a multicellular organism are usually specialised to perform a particular function.
(i) Name the process in which a cell becomes specialised.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2011
11
(ii) Neutrophils are phagocytic blood cells that can engulf and digest foreign cells found in
the blood.
Describe how the ultrastructure of a neutrophil is specialised to enable it to perform this

function.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 11]

12
6 (a) (i) Name the process by which water leaves a cell.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe the routes that water molecules take through the cell surface membrane.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
A student carried out an investigation to determine the effects of different sucrose

concentrations on cells from pieces of onion epidermis.
• Strips of epidermis were taken from an onion.

• Separate pieces of epidermis were placed into water and a range of sucrose
solutions.
• The pieces of epidermis were left for 30 minutes before being removed.
• The pieces of epidermis were then viewed at high power under the microscope.
The student counted 100 cells from each piece of epidermis. The student noted how many
cells had become plasmolysed.
Table 6.1
concentration of sucrose water potential of sucrose percentage of cells

solution (mol dm–3) solution (kPa) plasmolysed (%)
0.0 0 0
0.1 –260 0
0.3 –860 3
0.4 –1120 7
0.5 –1450 39
0.6 –1800 57
0.7 –2180 83
0.8 –2580 94
1.0 –3500 100
© OCR 2011
13
(b) None of the onion epidermis cells this student observed had burst when left in pure water.
Explain why plant cells do not burst when they are left in pure water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) (i) The water potential of the onion epidermis cells can be assumed to be the same as the
water potential of a solution that causes 50% plasmolysis.
Use the information in Table 6.1 to estimate the water potential inside these onion
epidermis cells.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest how the student could construct and use a graph to obtain a better estimate of
the water potential.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest how the student could modify the procedure to make the results more reliable and
accurate.
reliable ......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
accurate ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 12]

© OCR 2011
14
ADDITIONAL PAGE
If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages below. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.
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© OCR 2011
15
ADDITIONAL PAGE
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© OCR 2011
16
Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series.
opportunity.
© OCR 2011
BIOLOGY F211
INSERT

* O C E / 2 5 7 6 8 *
Morning
Duration: 1 hour

• This insert contains Fig. 4.2 and Fig. 5.1.
INSTRUCTION TO EXAMS OFFICER / INVIGILATOR

• Do not send this insert for marking; it should be retained in the centre or destroyed.

DC (NF/JG) 25768/4 Turn over
2
cut end of
woody stem
steam
Fig. 4.2
© OCR 2011 F211(Insert) Jan11

3
20 μm
A B
Fig. 5.1

4
opportunity.

BIOLOGY F211
Monday 16 May 2011

* F 2 1 5 7 1 0 6 1 1 *
Candidates answer on the question paper.
OCR supplied materials:

Morning
Duration: 1 hour
• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
• The insert will be found in the centre of this document.
your answer.
be clearly shown.

question.

DC (CW/SW) 26552/2 Turn over
2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1, on the insert, shows an electron micrograph of cells from the liver.
(i) Some cells, such as liver cells, contain a lot of Golgi apparatus.
State one function of the Golgi apparatus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the nuclear envelope contains pores.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State the function of the lysosomes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The liver is an organ.
Explain what is meant by the term organ.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© OCR 2011
3
(c) Using the mammalian gaseous exchange system as an example, explain how the different
cells and tissues enable the effective exchange of gases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 11]

4
2 The cell surface membrane allows different substances to enter and leave the cell.
(a) List three components of a cell surface membrane.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term active transport.
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(ii) State two examples of active transport in cells.
For each example, you should name the substance that is transported and the cell
involved.
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(c) In addition to active transport, substances can pass through cell surface membranes by:
• diffusion
• facilitated diffusion
• osmosis
• bulk transport (endocytosis / exocytosis)
For each example described in Table 2.1 below, state how the substance crosses the cell
surface membrane. The first one has been done for you.
Table 2.1
mechanism of movement across cell surface

example
membrane
release of enzymes into the gut bulk transport
a plant cell taking up water
calcium ions entering a nerve cell down a

concentration gradient
oxygen entering a red blood cell
[3]
[Total: 10]

6
3 Large animals, such as mammals, need efficient transport systems.
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows a section through the mammalian heart.
Y Z
X
atrioventricular
valve
left ventricle
Fig. 3.1
(i) Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z.
X ....................................................
Y ....................................................
Z .................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the left atrium.
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(iii) Explain how pressure changes in the heart bring about the closure of the atrioventricular
(bicuspid) valve.
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(b) The mammalian transport system is a double circulatory system.
An efficient circulatory system consists of a pump, a means of maintaining pressure, a

transport medium and exchange surfaces.
State the component of the mammalian circulatory system that fulfils each of these roles.
The first one has been done for you.
pump heart
.................................................................
means of maintaining pressure .................................................................
transport medium .................................................................
exchange surface .................................................................

[3]
[Total: 11]

8
4 In plants, dividing cells can be found in meristematic tissue.
(a) Name two parts of a plant where meristematic tissue can be found.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) In an investigation, a student observed the cells in a stained section of meristematic tissue.
The student counted how many cells could be seen in each stage of the cell cycle.
Table 4.1 shows the results.
Table 4.1
stage of cell cycle percentage cells in stage (%)

interphase 82.00
prophase 4.34
metaphase 3.23
anaphase 3.23
telophase 7.20
(i) Explain why the meristematic tissue needed to be stained for this investigation.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the type of nuclear division that occurs in a plant meristem.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2011
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(c) Using the results shown in Table 4.1, calculate the percentage of the cell cycle taken up by
nuclear division.
Show your working.
Answer = ..................................................... % [2]
(d) State one way in which the products of meiosis are different from the products of nuclear
division in meristematic tissue.
...................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

10
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a spirometer, which is used to investigate lung function.
air chamber
mouthpiece
soda lime
water
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Describe how the spirometer would be used to measure tidal volume.
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(ii) Using the axes below, complete the spirometer trace that you expect to see recorded
from a healthy sixteen year old over ten further breaths, while at rest.
volume of air in
spirometer
2
(dm3)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (s)
[2]
(iii) Describe how you could use a spirometer trace to measure the rate of oxygen uptake.
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(b) Suggest two factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment for an
experiment using a spirometer.
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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

12
6 (a) Translocation is the movement of assimilates along the phloem from one part of a plant to
another.
(i) Name the sugar molecule most commonly translocated.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) A tissue may act as a source or a sink at different times.
For each tissue listed below, state whether it is acting as a source, a sink or neither. The
first one has been done for you.
tissue source, sink or neither
a leaf in summer source
a developing bud
xylem
an actively growing root tip
[3]
(b) The sap in the phloem sieve tubes is moved by mass flow.
State two adaptations of sieve tubes that enable mass flow to occur.
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(c) Describe how assimilates are loaded into the phloem.
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opportunity.
© OCR 2011
Wednesday 11 January 2012 – Morning
AS GCE BIOLOGY
F211 Cells, Exchange and Transport
* F 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 *
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
OCR supplied materials: Duration: 1 hour


• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
• The Insert will be found in the centre of this document.
• Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
your answer.
be clearly shown.

question.

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows an air sac and a capillary in the mammalian lung.
air movement
during
ventilation
epithelium of
air sac
air in air sac
deoxygenated
blood flow
oxygenated
blood flow capillary
Fig. 1.1
(a) The mammalian lungs contain many air sacs.
(i) Name the air sacs and state why there are many air sacs in the lungs.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the type of epithelium in the walls of the air sacs.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© OCR 2012
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(iii) The air sacs contain many elastic fibres.
Explain the role of these elastic fibres during ventilation.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) For efficient gaseous exchange to occur, a steep diffusion gradient must be maintained
between the air in the air sacs and the blood.
A steep diffusion gradient can be maintained by ventilating the lungs. This refreshes the air in
the air sacs.
(i) Explain how refreshing the air in the air sacs helps to maintain a steep diffusion gradient.
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(ii) Describe and explain one other way in which a steep diffusion gradient is maintained in
the lungs.
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[Total: 9]

4
2 (a) Complete the following paragraph about cells by using the most appropriate term(s).
Cells that are not specialised but still have the ability to divide are called
.................................................... cells. Such cells can be found in the
.................................................... of the long bones of mammals. These cells can
.................................................... into other types of cell, such as erythrocytes that carry
oxygen in the blood. In plants, .................................................... tissue also contains cells
that are not specialised. [4]
(b) Sponges are simple eukaryotic multicellular organisms that live underwater on the surface of
rocks.
Sponges have a cellular level of organisation. This means that they have no tissues.
Each cell type is specialised to perform a particular function.
One type of cell found in a sponge is a collar cell. Collar cells are held in position on the inner
surface of the body of the sponge.
Fig. 2.1 is a diagram showing a vertical section through the body of a sponge and an enlarged
drawing of a collar cell.
water flow
collar of mucus supported
by strands of cytoplasm
flagellum
water flow
water flow
phagocytosis of
collar cell food particles
water flow collar cell
water flow
rock surface
body of sponge
Fig. 2.1
© OCR 2012
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(i) Suggest one function of the flagellum in the collar cell.
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one possible role for the collar of mucus in the cell.
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(c) In more advanced organisms, cells are organised into tissues consisting of one or more types
of specialised cells.
Describe how cells are organised into tissues, using xylem and phloem as examples.
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[Total: 10]

6
3 Three examples of fluids in the mammalian body are blood, tissue fluid and lymph.
(a) Complete Table 3.1 below comparing different features of arterial blood, tissue fluid and
lymph.
Table 3.1
feature arterial blood tissue fluid lymph

hydrostatic
low
pressure
presence of large
yes
proteins
presence of
yes
neutrophils
presence of
no
erythrocytes
[4]
(b) In a closed circulatory system, blood is kept inside blood vessels.
(i) Suggest two advantages of keeping the blood inside vessels.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Describe and explain how the wall of an artery is adapted both to withstand and maintain
high hydrostatic pressure.
to withstand pressure ........................................................................................................
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to maintain pressure ..........................................................................................................
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[Total: 11]

8
4 The use of microscopy has greatly enhanced our knowledge of cell structure.
(a) Explain the difference between magnification and resolution.
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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State the resolution that can be achieved by each of the following types of microscope.
light microscope .........................................................
transmission electron microscope ......................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 4.1 is an electron micrograph showing part of a nucleus.
x 25000
Fig. 4.1
© OCR 2012
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(i) A student stated that Fig. 4.1 was taken using a scanning electron microscope.
What evidence supports the student’s statement?
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 4.1, the nuclear pore complex, labelled A, is 3 mm wide.
Calculate the actual diameter of the pore, in nanometres.
Answer = .................................................... nm [2]
(iii) State the function of the nuclear pores.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State two features of a eukaryotic cell, other than nuclear pores, that would not be visible
using medium power of a light microscope.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

10
5 (a) A student used a potometer to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration
in a healthy leafy shoot.
The results obtained are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
light intensity in rate of transpiration (mm min–1)

arbitrary units
(a.u.) trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 mean
10 5.0 7.0 5.0 5.7

20 5.0 7.0 5.0 5.7
30 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.7
40 24.0 23.0 26.0 24.3
50 32.0 33.0 32.0 32.3
(i) Describe the trend shown in the mean rate of transpiration as light intensity increases
from 20 to 50 a.u.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why the rate of transpiration did not change between light intensities 10 a.u. and
20 a.u.
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Explain why transpiration is unavoidable during the day.
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(ii) Fig. 5.1, on the insert, is a photograph of a transverse section of a leaf taken from a
xerophyte.
Describe the xerophytic features of this leaf and explain how each feature reduces loss
of water vapour.
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[Total: 11]

12
6 Membranes are a fundamental part of the cell. They are found both at the surface of a cell and
inside a cell.
(a) State three roles of membranes inside cells.
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(b) Cells contain a large number of membrane-bound vesicles. Many of these vesicles transport
substances between organelles.
(i) Outline how the vesicles are moved from one organelle to another.
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(ii) The proteins embedded in the membranes of vesicles have different functions.
• COPI and COPII proteins are known as ‘address proteins’.
• Vesicles that transport materials from the Golgi to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER) are coated in COPI proteins.
• Vesicles that transport materials to the Golgi from the RER are coated in COPII
proteins.
Suggest how these proteins ensure that a vesicle is transported to the correct target
organelle.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Cells in the pancreas secrete proteins such as the enzymes pancreatic amylase and protease.
Describe how these extracellular enzymes are secreted from the cells.
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[Total: 9]
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opportunity.
© OCR 2012
AS GCE BIOLOGY
INSERT
* F 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 *
Duration: 1 hour

• Do not send this insert for marking; it should be retained in the centre or destroyed.

• This insert contains Fig. 5.1.
opportunity.

2
Fig. 5.1
© OCR 2012 F211 (Insert) Jan12

Monday 14 May 2012 – Morning
AS GCE BIOLOGY
* F 2 1 0 0 6 0 6 1 1 *

None

• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 *
your answer.
you should use the lined page at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must
be clearly shown.

question.

DC (RW/SW) 46072/2 Turn over
2
1 (a) Yeast reproduces asexually by a process called budding. During this process, cell division
occurs.
(i) Name the type of cell division that occurs in asexual reproduction.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Before the division of the nucleus of a cell, the genetic material must replicate.
Explain why this is essential.
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(b) Unlike yeast, the nuclei of most eukaryotic organisms contain homologous pairs of
chromosomes.
Explain what is meant by a homologous pair of chromosomes.
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(c) In most multicellular organisms, the cells produced by cell division are organised into tissues.
(i) State what is meant by the term tissue.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Complete Table 1.1 below comparing two types of epithelium, squamous epithelium and
ciliated epithelium.
For each type of epithelium, state one function of the tissue and one specific location in
the human body where it is found.
Table 1.1
specific location in the

type of epithelium function of tissue
human body
squamous
ciliated
[4]
[Total: 12]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a cell showing the organelles involved in the production and secretion of an
extracellular protein. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is shown enlarged at the side of the
diagram.
E
B
RER
C
Golgi apparatus
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name the structures labelled C, D and E.
C .......................................................................................................................................
D .......................................................................................................................................
E .................................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Suggest one type of extracellular protein secreted at B.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Organelle A provides ATP which is a source of energy.
Suggest one stage during the secretion of a protein that requires energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(iv) Outline the role of the Golgi apparatus.
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(b) The cell shown in Fig. 2.1 is a eukaryotic cell.
(i) Identify two features, visible in Fig. 2.1, which would not be present in a prokaryotic
cell.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name one feature that would be present in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell that is not
found in a eukaryotic cell.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

6
3 Fig. 3.1 provides information about the blood pressure in different parts of the mammalian blood
circulatory system.
Fig. 3.1 also shows the total cross-sectional area of the vessels, relative to one another, in parts
of the blood circulatory system.
30
20
15
blood
pressure
(kPa)
10
aorta arteries capillaries veins
total cross-
sectional area
Fig. 3.1
(a) Place a tick (✓) in the box below that most closely describes the mammalian blood circulatory
system.
open circulatory system closed circulatory system
single circulatory system
double circulatory system
[1]
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(b) The pressure fluctuates as the blood flows along the aorta, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
(i) Explain what causes this fluctuation.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the term used to describe the number of fluctuations per minute.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(c) Using the information in Fig. 3.1, describe the pressure changes in the blood as it flows
through the circulatory system from the aorta to the veins.
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(d) (i) Using the information in Fig. 3.1, explain what causes the overall change in pressure as
blood flows from the aorta to the arteries and from the arteries to the capillaries.
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8
(ii) Explain why it is important that the pressure changes as blood flows from the aorta to the
capillaries.
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[Total: 11]
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4 (a) A student wanted to observe some red blood cells under the microscope. The student placed
a small sample of blood onto a microscope slide and added a drop of distilled water. When
viewed at high power, the student observed that the red blood cells had burst.
In a similar procedure using plant epidermis, the student observed that the plant cells did not
burst.
(i) Explain these observations.
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(ii) Suggest how the student could modify the procedure to observe red blood cells without
them bursting.
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10
(b) Oxygen enters red blood cells as they pass through the capillaries in the lungs.
Name the mechanism by which oxygen enters the red blood cells.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The cells in the epidermis of a plant root are specialised to absorb minerals from the
surrounding soil.
State the process by which root epidermal cells absorb minerals from the soil and describe
how these cells are specialised to achieve absorption.
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[Total: 10]
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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the changes in the volume of air in the lungs of a student at rest during one breath.
1.5
B
1.4
1.3
volume of
A
air (dm3) 1.2
X
1.1
C
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (s)
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the measurement represented by the line X.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is happening to the elastic fibres in the walls of the alveoli at point A?
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© OCR 2012
13
(b) Explain what causes the change in the volume of air between points B and C on Fig. 5.1.
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(c) Using Fig. 5.1, calculate the breathing rate of this student in breaths per minute.
Answer = .......................... breaths per minute [2]
(d) About 1 dm3 of air cannot be expelled from the lungs. This is known as the residual volume.
Suggest why it is not possible to expel all the air from the lungs.
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[Total: 10]

14
6 Fig. 6.1 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem. The aphid feeds by inserting its tube-like
mouthparts into the tissue that transports sugar solution. Some details of this transport tissue are
shown in the vertical section.
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) Name the sugar most commonly transported through the stem of a plant and the tissue
that transports this sugar.
sugar ................................................................................................................................
tissue ........................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Sugar molecules are actively loaded into the transport tissue.
Describe how active loading takes place.
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(b) A classic experiment investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of sugar transport in a
potted plant.
Aphid mouthparts were used to take samples of sugar solution from the transport tissue in
the stem. The sugary solution dripped from the mouthparts. The number of drips per minute
was counted.
The procedure was repeated at different temperatures.
Table 6.1 shows the results obtained.
Table 6.1
temperature (°C) number of drips per minute

5 3
10 6
20 14
30 26
40 19
50 0
Suggest brief explanations for these results.
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[Total: 7]

16
ADDITIONAL PAGE
If additional space is required, you should use the lined page below. The question number(s)
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opportunity.
© OCR 2012
AS GCE BIOLOGY
F211/01 Cells, Exchange and Transport
* F 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 *


• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 0 1 *
your answer.
be clearly shown.

question.

DC (KN/JG) 60005/6 Turn over
2
1 (a) List three reasons why a large, multicellular animal, such as a mammal, needs a transport
system.
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Fig. 1.1, on the insert, shows the nervous pathways that coordinate heart action.
Above the diagram is a trace showing the electrical activity associated with one heart beat.
(b) (i) State the full name given to a trace showing the electrical activity of the heart.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the components of the heart labelled A and B on Fig. 1.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) (i) During the electrical stimulation of the heart, there is a short delay between the excitation
of the atria and excitation of the ventricles.
Explain why this delay is essential.
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© OCR 2013
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(ii) The Purkyne tissue carries the excitation wave down the septum to the apex of the heart.
Explain why the excitation wave is carried to the apex.
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[Total: 10]

4
2 (a) Fig. 2.1, on the insert, shows a yeast cell with scars resulting from its reproductive process.
(i) Name the process of asexual reproduction in yeast.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Outline the process of asexual reproduction in yeast.
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(b) (i) A yeast cell can continue producing new cells until its surface is covered by scars.
The surface area of a sphere is given by the formula 4πr2, where π = 3.14.
The area of a circle is given by the formula πr2.
Assuming that the cell in Fig. 2.1 contained no scars, calculate how many potential new
cells could be produced by this cell.
Show your working.
Answer = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) Even when the environmental conditions are perfect, one yeast cell rarely produces the
calculated number of potential new cells.
Suggest why the reproductive potential of the yeast cell is not reached.
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© OCR 2013
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(c) Yeast cells separate after cell division. In a multicellular organism, the cells do not separate
but become organised to form the body structure.
Describe how the cells in a multicellular organism are organised.
In your answer you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.
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[Total: 11]

6
3 (a) The structure of cell membranes can be described as ‘proteins floating in a sea of lipids’.
This membrane structure allows certain substances to pass through freely whereas other
substances cannot.
State the term used to describe a membrane through which some substances can pass freely
but others cannot.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Complete the following paragraph about cell membranes, using the most appropriate terms.
The model of cell membrane structure is called the ............................ ............................
model. Phospholipid bilayers with specific membrane proteins account for the ability of
the membrane to allow both passive and ..................................... transport mechanisms.
Ions and most polar molecules are insoluble in the phospholipid bilayer. However, the bilayer
allows diffusion of most non-polar molecules such as ..................................... . Protein channels,
which may be gated, and ..................................... proteins enable the cell to control the
movement of most polar substances. [4]
(c) One function of membranes that is not mentioned in (b) is cell signalling.
(i) State what is meant by cell signalling.
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© OCR 2013
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(ii) Explain how cell surface membranes contribute to the process of cell signalling.
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[Total: 10]

8
4 (a) A student used a potometer to investigate the effect of leaf area on the rate of transpiration.
This apparatus is shown in Fig. 4.1.
OHDI\VKRRW
ZDWHU
UHVHUYRLU
FDSLOODU\WXEH VFUHZ
FOLS
DLUZDWHU UXEEHUWXELQJ
PHQLVFXV

Fig. 4.1
The student presented the results of their investigation in a table, as shown below.
Number of leaves present on shoot

Mean rate of bubble movement
attached to potometer
0 7
2 28
4 49
6 73
8 92
Table 4.1
© OCR 2013
9
(i) State what information the student has not included in their table of results.
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(ii) Describe and explain the data shown by the student's results.
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QUESTION 4(b) STARTS ON PAGE 10

10
(b) As part of the evaluation of the investigation, the student wrote the following statements:
1 One limitation is that the leaves were not all the same size.
2 I assembled the potometer under water and the leaves got wet.
3 During my investigation the sun came out and the lab warmed up very quickly.
For each statement, explain why this may affect the results and suggest how the student
could improve the investigation.
Statement 1
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Statement 2
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Statement 3
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[6]
[Total: 11]
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11
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Question 5 starts on page 12

12
5 (a) Complete Table 5.1 below which compares different types of cell.
Place a tick (✓) or a cross (✗) in each box to indicate whether the feature is present or absent.
The first row has been completed for you.
Cell type
Feature Plant cell Animal cell Bacterial cell
mitochondria ✓ ✓ ✗
chloroplasts
cellulose cell wall
centrioles
ribosomes
Table 5.1 [4]
(b) In an investigation, cells were broken up (homogenised) and the component organelles were
separated into tubes.
Each tube was then tested to determine the identity of the component organelle(s).
The observations are shown in Table 5.2.
Tube
Test for the…
1 2 3 4
no ATP ATP no ATP no ATP

ability to make ATP
produced produced produced produced
DNA trace no DNA no DNA

presence of DNA
present amount present present
no proteins no proteins no proteins proteins

ability to produce proteins
made made made made
ability to digest bacteria none some ability none none
Table 5.2
© OCR 2013
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(i) Identify the tube that contains the following organelles:
nuclei ........................................................
ribosomes ........................................................
mitochondria ........................................................
lysosomes ........................................................ [4]
(ii) Which of the organelles listed in (i) is the smallest in size?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
Question 6 starts on page 14

14
6 (a) The lignin in the xylem vessel walls of plants and the C-rings of cartilage in the mammalian
trachea perform an important role.
(i) Explain why lignin is essential in the wall of a xylem vessel.
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(ii) Explain why cartilage is essential in the trachea.
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(b) All living organisms exchange substances with their external environment.
The following data apply to an average person:
• the surface area of the body is approximately 1.8 m2

• the volume of the body is approximately 0.07 m3
• the surface area of the lungs is approximately 70 m2.
Comment on the significance of this information for gas exchange.
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[Total: 9]
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16
ADDITIONAL ANSWER SPACE
If additional answer space is required, you should use the following lined page. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown in the margin.
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opportunity.
© OCR 2013
AS GCE BIOLOGY
INSERT
* F 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 3 *
Duration: 1 hour

• Do not send this Insert for marking; it should be retained in the centre or recycled.
Please contact OCR Copyright should you wish to re-use this document.

• This Insert contains Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 2.1.

DC (KN/JG) 60006/6 Turn over
2
apex
Fig. 1.1
© OCR 2013 F211/01 (Insert) Jan13

3
radius of scar
= 0.5µm
radius of cell
= 1.5µm
Fig. 2.1
© OCR 2013 F211/01 (Insert) Jan13

4
opportunity.
© OCR 2013 F211/01 (Insert) Jan13

Tuesday 21 May 2013 – Afternoon
AS GCE BIOLOGY
INSERT
* F 2 3 5 5 3 0 6 1 3 *
Duration: 1 hour

• Do not send this Insert for marking; it should be retained in the centre or recycled.
Please contact OCR Copyright should you wish to re-use this document.

• This Insert contains Fig. 3.2.

DC (NF/CGW) 60358/6 Turn over
2
Fig. 3.2
opportunity.
© OCR 2013 F211/01 (Insert) Jun13

Tuesday 21 May 2013 – Afternoon
AS GCE BIOLOGY
* F 2 1 0 0 6 0 6 1 3 *


• Ruler (cm/mm)
* F 2 1 1 0 1 *
your answer.
be clearly shown.

question.

DC (NF/CGW) 60354/6 Turn over
2
1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a plant cell.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the cell components labelled A and B.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State the functions of the components labelled C and D.
C ........................................................................................................................................
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D ........................................................................................................................................
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[2]
© OCR 2013
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(b) A student suggested that the details of component C could be seen clearly with a very good
light microscope.
Explain why the student is not correct.
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(c) Staining is a process often used in microscopy.
Describe the advantages of staining specimens to be viewed under a microscope.
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[Total: 8]

4
2 In an experiment to measure the rate of diffusion, a student placed cubes of agar jelly containing
an indicator into dilute hydrochloric acid. The indicator changes from pink to colourless in acidic
conditions.
The student used cubes of different sizes and recorded the time taken for the pink colour of each
cube to disappear completely.
The student’s results are recorded in Table 2.1.
Length of Surface Volume of Surface Time taken Rate of

side of cube area of cube cube area to for pink diffusion
volume ratio colour to
disappear
(mm) (mm2) (mm3) (s) (mm s−1)
2 24 8 3.0:1 50 0.020
5 150 125 1.2:1 120 0.021
10 600 1 000 300 0.017
20 2 400 8 000 0.3:1 700 0.014
30 5 400 27 000 0.2:1 1 200 0.013
Table 2.1
(a) (i) Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the cube with 10 mm sides.
Show your working.
Answer = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the data in Table 2.1, describe the relationship between the rate of diffusion and
the surface area to volume ratio.
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© OCR 2013
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(iii) Explain the significance of the relationship between rate of diffusion and the surface area
to volume ratio for large plants.
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(b) Another student used the same raw data obtained in the experiment but calculated a different
rate of diffusion for each cube. This student’s results are shown in Table 2.2.
Length of side of Time taken for pink Rate of diffusion

cube colour to disappear
(mm) (s) (mm s−1)
2 50 0.040
5 120 0.042
10 300 0.033
20 700 0.029
30 1200 0.025
Table 2.2
In this student’s table, the calculation of the rate of diffusion is incorrect.
(i) Suggest the method used to calculate the rate of diffusion in Table 2.2.
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(ii) State why the method in (b)(i) is not correct.
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6
(c) In mammals, the lungs are adapted to enable efficient gaseous exchange.
The table below lists some of the adaptations of the lungs.
Complete the table explaining how each adaptation improves efficiency of gaseous exchange.
Adaptation How this adaptation improves efficiency of gaseous exchange
...........................................................................................................
squamous epithelium
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large number of
alveoli ...........................................................................................................
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good blood supply
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good ventilation
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[4]
[Total: 12]
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Question 3 begins on page 8

8
3 (a) (i) Name the type of nuclear division that occurs in plant growth.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Draw the chromosomes within the cell outline below as they would appear during
metaphase of nuclear division.
Assume the diploid number of chromosomes is four.
cell outline 2n = 4
[2]
(iii) Cytokinesis follows nuclear division. After cytokinesis, the cells elongate due to water
uptake by osmosis.
Fig. 3.1 shows three plant cells. The value shown in each cell refers to the water potential,
Ψ, in kPa.
Draw arrows on Fig. 3.1 below to show the movement of water between cells R, S and T.
R S
^ = −800 ^ = −950
T
^ = −1050
[2]
Fig. 3.1
© OCR 2013
9
(b) Fig. 3.2, on the insert, shows the stump of a tree with new branches growing from the stump.
New growth in a stem or trunk comes from the cambium, which is situated between the
xylem and phloem tissues.
Explain why the new branches in Fig. 3.2 are seen growing from a position just under the bark
of the cut surface.
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(c) Name one other location where growth occurs in a plant.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Look at the areas labelled L on Fig. 3.2. These are areas of loosely packed cells in the bark
called lenticels. Lenticels allow gases to diffuse into the living tissues of the trunk.
Suggest why lenticels are essential to the survival of large multicellular plants and explain
why similar structures are not found in large multicellular animals.
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[Total: 10]

10
4 Fig. 4.1 shows the oxygen dissociation curves for fetal haemoglobin (A) and adult haemoglobin (B).
100
A
B
saturation of
haemoglobin with 50
oxygen (%)
0
0 5 10 15
partial pressure of oxygen (kPa)
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Curve A represents fetal haemoglobin.
Explain why the fetal haemoglobin curve is to the left of the adult haemoglobin curve.
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(ii) Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disorder in which haemoglobin crystallises when the
partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) is low. The red blood cells change shape and oxygen
transport is disrupted.
Treatment with drugs, such as hydroxyurea, can stimulate adults to produce fetal
haemoglobin rather than adult haemoglobin.
Suggest why this treatment might be of benefit to adults with sickle cell anaemia.
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(b) Describe and explain how substances that are dissolved in the blood plasma, such as oxygen
or glucose, enter the tissue fluid from the capillaries.
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[Total: 9]
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5 Membranes are found both at the surface of cells and within cells.
(a) State two functions of membranes within cells.
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(b) Describe the arrangement and functions of two named components of a cell surface
membrane.
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(c) (i) Which component of a cell membrane becomes more fluid as temperature increases?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which component of a cell membrane denatures as temperature increases?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Liver cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes. These organelles
contain catalase, an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen
gas.
A student carried out an investigation on catalase using the following procedure:
• two identical sized cubes were cut from a piece of fresh liver
• one cube was frozen overnight and then defrosted
• the other cube was stored in the refrigerator
• both cubes were returned to room temperature and were placed in separate
test tubes containing equal volumes of 2% hydrogen peroxide solution.
The student observed that the cube of liver that had been frozen and defrosted, bubbled
significantly more than the cube that had been refrigerated.
Suggest an explanation for this result.
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[Total: 11]

14
6 (a) Distinguish between the term transpiration and the transpiration stream.
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(b) Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to living in dry conditions.
The lists below describe four general features of leaves. From each list, select the leaf that
belongs to a xerophyte.
Place a tick (✓) in the correct box. The first one has been done for you.
Presence of hairs on leaves

Leaf A no
Leaf B yes ✓
Leaf C no
Mean number of stomata (cm−2)

Leaf D 30 000
Leaf E 23 000
Leaf F 13 000
Mean surface area of one leaf (cm2)

Leaf G 0.2
Leaf H 10.0
Leaf I 23.0
Thickness of cuticle (μm)

Leaf J 4.25
Leaf K 8.50
Leaf L 2.00
[3]
© OCR 2013
15
(c) The transport system of multicellular plants consists of xylem and phloem tissue.
The table below contrasts the structure and roles of xylem and phloem.
Complete the table using the most appropriate word or words.
Xylem Phloem
xylem transports water and phloem transports assimilates such as
.................................................................. ..................................................................
sieve tubes contain perforated cross

walls
..................................................................
xylem vessel walls are impregnated with sieve tube walls have no additional
support
..................................................................
xylem vessel walls contain

there are many gaps in the cell walls
between companion cells and sieve tube
..................................................................
elements called
that allow water to pass into adjacent
..................................................................
vessels
[4]
[Total: 10]
© OCR 2013
16
ADDITIONAL ANSWER SPACE
If additional answer space is required, you should use the following lined page. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown in the margin.
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opportunity.
© OCR 2013

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Wednesday 14 January 2009

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(a) (i) Name the structures of the cell labelled A, B, C and D.

(ii) Structures C and E are examples of the same organelle.

Answer = .................................................. µm [2]

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an animal cell that has been placed in distilled water

an animal cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution

a plant cell that has been placed in distilled water

small, non-polar substances .....................................................................................................

large substances .......................................................................................................................

polar substances .......................................................................................................................

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(a) (i) State what is meant by the term stem cell .

(ii) Name one tissue in plants that contains stem cells.

(b) State three reasons why mitosis is important to organisms.

An extract has been removed due to third-party copyright restrictions.

Source: Miami Herald, www.miamiherald.com

(ii) Suggest two advantages, other than an increased probability of survival, of

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feature of gas exchange

this increases the surface across which oxygen

the epithelium of the alveoli

there are capillaries running

the lungs are surrounded by

single circulatory system ..........................................................................................................

closed circulatory system .........................................................................................................

(i) Name the tissues labelled T, U and V.

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Translocation occurs in the phloem and involves sources and sinks.

Different research has revealed that:

D the pH of the phloem companion cells is lower than surrounding cells;

E the phloem companion cells contain many mitochondria.

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ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE

Monday 1 June 2009

Candidates answer on the question paper

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1 Fig. 1.1 (a) is a diagram of a part of a mammalian lung.

Fig. 1.1 (b) is an enlargement of part of the lining of the bronchus.

Fig. 1.1 (b)

State the function of the smooth muscle fibres.

(ii) The walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibres.

State the function of these elastic fibres.

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(ii) State one function for each of the components D, E and F.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term cell signalling.

(ii) Explain how a glycoprotein can act as a receptor.

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temperature of water (°C) percentage transmission of light

.......................................... and passes into the mesophyll cells of the leaf by

.......................................... . Water evaporates from the surface of these cells.