A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE SINULOG FESTIVAL:

TRADITION, IDENTITY, AND HERITAGE

GROUP 8

Bano, Aliza Jame S.

Macarasig, Joela May DC.

Soriano, Krista Musica H.

Tegio, Ryan James

Toledo, Shane Zairel O.

Villareal, Shakira Faye B.

BSHM-1B
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION (Macarasig, Toledo Shane)

This study delves into the examination of one of the Philippines' most iconic

cultural celebrations. It explores how the Sinulog festival, with its vibrant traditions

and religious roots, contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and the

shaping of Filipino identity. It is important because it not only sheds light on the

dynamic evolution of a cherished tradition but also offers insights into how cultural

events like the Sinulog festival can influence a sense of belonging, pride, and

continuity in a rapidly changing world. Furthermore, this research holds significance

for heritage management, community engagement, and academic understanding of

cultural expressions in the Philippines and beyond.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (Soriano)

The Sinulog Festival, celebrated annually in the Philippines, is a cultural

phenomenon that encapsulates a rich tapestry of tradition, identity, and heritage.

This research delves into a comprehensive cultural analysis of the Sinulog Festival,

with a focus on understanding its historical and contemporary significance, its role in

shaping Filipino identity, and the challenges it faces in preserving tradition and

heritage. The research area centers on the cultural and sociological dimensions of

the Sinulog Festival, exploring its significance in the context of Filipino culture,

identity, and heritage preservation. This study holds substantial significance as it

contributes to the broader understanding of how cultural festivals serve as vital

platforms for the preservation and evolution of heritage and tradition. It also

illuminates how cultural events like Sinulog contribute to shaping and strengthening

the cultural identity of a community. By analyzing these aspects, the research

provides valuable insights for heritage management, community engagement, and a

deeper comprehension of the role of cultural events in a globalized world.

The research draws on theories of cultural preservation, heritage

management, and the sociology of festivals. It considers the festival's role in identity

formation, the influence of stakeholders on cultural events, and the challenges of

maintaining authenticity in the face of globalization. The existing literature on the

Sinulog Festival is diverse, encompassing historical accounts, cultural analyses, and

sociological studies. Scholars have explored the festival's origins, the fusion of

indigenous and Spanish influences, and its role as a cultural symbol. Additionally,

research has delved into the commercialization of cultural events, challenges in

preserving tradition, and the impact of tourism. These studies offer valuable insights

into the festival's multifaceted nature and its significance for cultural preservation and
identity. The Sinulog Festival's historical roots, cultural components, and significance

for Filipino identity will be examined in this research. It will also address challenges,

such as commercialization and globalization, and how they affect the festival's

authenticity. Further, the influence of various stakeholders, including local

communities, government entities, and the tourism industry, will be explored.

This study aims to understand the culture of the Sinulog Festival, examining

its historical development, its role in the formation of Philippine cultural identity, the

challenges it faced and influenced by various stakeholders. In doing so, it aims to

provide a comprehensive understanding of the cultural significance of the festival

and contribute to the broader dialogue on the preservation of cultural heritage in the

Philippines.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (Soriano, Toledo Shane, Villareal)

This study aims to identify the Cultural Analysis of Philippine Festivals:

Tradition, Identity, and Heritage. Specifically, it aims to answer the following

questions:

1. How does the Sinulog Festival in the Philippines contribute to the

preservation and evolution of cultural tradition, identity, and heritage?

2. In what ways does the Sinulog festival shape and reflect the cultural

identity of the Filipino people, both regionally and nationally?

3. What challenges and opportunities arise in maintaining the authenticity

and relevance of the Sinulog festival within the context of a rapidly

changing world?

4. What makes the Sinulog festival special to Filipinos, and how does it

contribute to their sense of belonging and pride in their culture?

5. How do various stakeholders, including local communities, government

bodies, and the tourism industry, influence the Sinulog festival?

HYPOTHESES (Bano)

These hypotheses will serve as the basis for conducting empirical research to

test the relationships and assertions made in the research questions:

1. Hypothesis for Question 1:

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The Sinulog Festival in the Philippines has

contributed to the preservation and evolution of cultural tradition, identity, and

heritage.

2. Hypothesis for Question 2:

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The Sinulog festival significantly shapes

and reflects the cultural identity of the Filipino people, both regionally and

nationally.

3. Hypothesis for Question 3:

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There are significant challenges and

opportunities in maintaining the authenticity and relevance of the Sinulog

festival within the context of a rapidly changing world.

4. Hypothesis for Question 4:

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The Sinulog festival significantly

contributes to a sense of belonging and pride in Filipino culture among

Filipinos.

5. Hypothesis for Question 5:

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The influence of various stakeholders,

including local communities, government bodies, and the tourism industry,

significantly impacts the Sinulog festival.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY (Villareal)

The result of the study will benefit the following:

1. Students:

This study will help students gain a deeper understanding of the

Sinulog Festival's origin and why it is being celebrated. They will know that

reading about this certain topic can contribute to their knowledge about

history.

2. Teachers:

This study can expand or widen the teachers’ knowledge about this

topic. Through this research, teachers may discover an easier way to discuss

this topic with their students.

3. Parents and Guardian:

Parents and guardians can also benefit from this study and also learn a

lot about the Sinulog festival. This research will give them an opportunity to

help their children who are struggling with this certain kind of topic.

4. Future Researchers:

The data or ideas present can guide future researchers to make refined

and excellent studies. This may also serve as a reference for them if they

conduct research on the Sinulog Festival.

5. Academic Research:
 This study can contribute to academic research on cultural

anthropology, heritage studies, and festival analysis. It can provide valuable

data and insights for scholars and researchers interested in similar topics.

DEFINITION OF TERMS (TEGIO)

 Analysis - is the process of examining something in detail to understand its

components, structure, and functioning. In research and academic contexts, it

often involves breaking down a complex subject into its elements to gain a

deeper understanding.

 Cultural - refers to anything related to the customs, beliefs, values, practices,

and traditions of a particular group, society, or community. It encompasses

the shared aspects of human society, including art, language, religion, and

social norms.

 Festival - is a special and often recurring event, typically marked by

celebrations, ceremonies, and various forms of entertainment, often with

cultural, religious, or social significance.

 Heritage - refers to the practices, traditions, customs, artifacts, beliefs, and

historical legacies that are passed down through generations. It represents

the cultural and historical identity of a particular community or group.

 Identity - is the sense of self and belonging to a particular cultural, social, or

ethnic group. It encompasses the shared characteristics, values, and customs

that distinguish one group from another.

 Sinulog - is a vibrant and colorful festival celebrated in the Philippines,

primarily in Cebu. It is dedicated to Santo Niño (the Holy Child) and is known

for its lively street dancing and cultural performances.

 Sulog - is a Cebuano word that means "to move like water," symbolizing the

flowing and rhythmic dance movements of the Sinulog festival.

 Stakeholders - are individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest

or concern in a particular issue, project, or event. It may include local

communities, government bodies, and the tourism industry, among others.

 Tradition - refers to the practices, customs, rituals, beliefs, and behaviors that

are passed down from one generation to the next within a particular culture or

community. Traditions help maintain cultural continuity and provide a sense of

identity and belonging.

 CHAPTER 2

LOCAL REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (Soriano)

According to Salgado (2010), the Sinulog Festival in the Philippines stands as

a resilient symbol of cultural tradition and identity. Rooted in a rich history that

combines pre-colonial customs with Spanish Catholic influences, it exemplifies the

adaptability of Filipino culture. The festival's celebration of the Santo Niño reflects the

nation's acceptance of Christianity while preserving its unique identity. It is a dynamic

and evolving cultural expression that both honors tradition and welcomes change,

making it an integral part of Filipino cultural heritage. On a regional level, the Sinulog

Festival unites the people of Cebu, fostering a deep sense of belonging and pride in

their history and spirituality. Nationally, it serves as a source of immense pride,

showcasing the Philippines' diverse culture and resilience in the face of external

influences. With global recognition, it reinforces the uniqueness and global relevance

of Filipino culture, contributing to a strong sense of national identity and pride.

However, the festival faces challenges due to commercialization. Balancing tradition

and commercial interests are crucial to maintain its authenticity. Various

stakeholders, including local communities, government bodies, and the tourism

industry, play vital roles in shaping and preserving the Sinulog festival. Local

communities ensure the preservation of cultural traditions, while government bodies

regulate to maintain authenticity and address commercialization issues. The tourism

industry promotes the event, influencing its scale and presentation. Together, they

mold the Sinulog festival into a vibrant and evolving cultural celebration that

resonates locally and nationally.

Umbao (2011) stated that for the past 30 years, the Sinulog Festival in Cebu

has been major attraction, drawing both local and international tourists. While some

view it as a colorful street party, it holds profound significance for devoted Cebuanos.

The festival, named after the Cebuano word for "current," features a dance ritual in

honor of the Santo Niño, the Patron Saint of Cebu. It has evolved from a local

celebration into one of the grandest events in the Philippines, marked by a theme

each year. The Sinulog Festival is not only about showcasing talents and vibrant

street performances but also a reflection of the Cebuanos' devotion and their journey

from pagan worship to Catholicism. While some may question the resources

allocated to the festivities, it remains a testament to the privilege and freedom of

expression in the country, leaving the judgment of its value to the people.

As explained by Gavilian (2016), the complex tapestry of the Sinulog Festival,

an iconic cultural and religious festival in the Philippines, is explored in this article

review. It begins with the festival's historical beginnings in 1521, when Portuguese

navigator Ferdinand Magellan presented the first Santo Niño picture as part of his

mission to bring Christianity to Cebu. The Sinulog dance, a festival highlight, is

traced back to the healing and spiritual awakening of Baladhay, an adviser to Rajah

Humabon who imitated river current movements in devotion to Santo Niño. The

modern growth of the Sinulog Festival is documented, beginning with the Inaugural

parade in 1980 and the official festival in 1981, highlighting the connection between

the Philippines' pagan past and Christian present. The festival is celebrated for the

increasing popularity and participation of several million participants and global

visitors, although considerable challenges have been experienced over recent years

in particular with regards to unruly street parties and maintaining the decorum of this

event. The organizers have responded by imposing prohibitions on street parties,

smoking and littering as well as encouraging responsible consumption of alcohol. It

presents a comprehensive depiction of the Sinulog Festival's historical

underpinnings, cultural and religious significance, growing prominence, and

contemporary challenges. It illustrates the festival's evolution from its humble

beginnings to a massive cultural and religious event, all while addressing the delicate

balance between venerable traditions and modern components.

Bunachita (2017) discussed the Sinulog Festival in Cebu, Philippines,

highlighting its significance and continuous growth. The festival is described as the

grandest in the country, with a strong connection to religious activities centered

around the Fiesta Señor. Judges of the Sinulog Grand Parade commend the

festival's innovations and its overall management, emphasizing its artistic and

organizational excellence. The article also notes that choreographers face pressure

to create fresh and unique routines each year, as the judging panel largely remains

the same. Despite this challenge, the festival continues to improve artistically and in

terms of organization. It is suggested that choreographers should invest time in

developing creative concepts to increase their chances of winning. The review points

out specific examples of successful performances, such as the Land of Beauty and

Bounty contingent from the Province of Lanao del Norte, which won the Free

Interpretation category by depicting unity between Christians and Muslims through

an interfaith wedding. The Sinulog Festival's impact is not limited to culture; it also

has significant economic contributions. A study commissioned by the Cultural Center

of the Philippines (CCP) found that the festival involved substantial investments from
various sectors, totaling around P250 million. However, the return on investment,

including direct purchases and multiplier effects, was estimated to be as high as P11

billion, contributing significantly to Cebu City's economy. In summary, this discusses

the enduring grandeur and cultural significance of the Sinulog Festival, emphasizing

its artistic growth, economic contributions, and the need for creative innovation in

choreography to maintain its high standards.

According to Chenzi (2020), Filipinos have a particular place in their hearts for

the Sinulog Festival for a number of reasons. First and foremost, it is a celebration of

their deep-rooted faith in the Santo Niño (Child Jesus) and the enduring influence of

Christianity in the Philippines. It serves as a reminder of their history, particularly the

introduction of Christianity by Portuguese conquistador Ferdinand Magellan in 1521,

and the subsequent acceptance of this faith by the native people. The festival's origin

stories, whether rooted in ancient rituals or legends, reflect the Filipino people's

ability to harmoniously blend their pre-colonial customs with Christian traditions.

Furthermore, the Sinulog Festival is an embodiment of unity and collective identity

among Filipinos. It transcends regional and cultural differences, drawing millions of

people from across the country to Cebu City. It is a shared cultural experience that

fosters a sense of belonging, bringing people together to celebrate their rich

heritage. The vibrant festivities, epic street dances, and massive gatherings create

an atmosphere of joy and camaraderie. This collective celebration reinforces the

idea that the Philippines is a diverse yet cohesive nation, and the Sinulog Festival

serves as a symbol of their shared cultural pride. The Sinulog Festival is a cultural

touchstone that showcases the resilience and adaptability of Filipino culture. It instills

a sense of identity, belonging, and pride among Filipinos as they come together to

honor their faith and heritage. This annual event not only celebrates their past but
also reflects their ability to embrace change while preserving the essence of their

cultural roots.

Malinao (2022) highlighted the recognition of Cebu City's Sinulog Festival as

one of the Top Three Ocean Cities' Festivals by the International Events and

Festivals Association (IFEA) Korea. The award is set to be presented at the Ocean

Tourism Festival City Forum in Tongyeong City, Korea, in March 2022. IFEA Korea

is known for its expertise in Asian festivals and conducts research and gathers

knowledge about cultural celebrations. It organizes conferences and competitions to

recognize excellence and creativity in festival events across the region. The review

underlines the significance of this award as an acknowledgment of Sinulog's

grandeur and its positive impact on the lives of Cebuanos and tourists. It mentions

the interest of Tongyeong in establishing a cooperative arrangement with Cebu for

knowledge-sharing to further develop both cities as tourist destinations. The Sinulog

Festival's nomination for the award followed a global selection process, involving

recommendations from the branches of the World Festival Association in various

continents. Domestic festival experts voted on a set of finalists, and IFEA Korea

selected the winners. The review also mentions other festivals that received

recognition, including the Pattaya Fireworks Festival of Thailand and the Hansan

Battle Festival of Tongyeong. The Sinulog Festival, rooted in a ritual prayer-dance

honoring the Señor Sto. Niño, has been celebrated for 42 years and has become the

Philippines' largest event, commemorating the 16th-century arrival of the Spanish

fleet in Cebu and the first baptism on Philippine soil. Despite challenges such as the

COVID-19 pandemic and Typhoon Odette, the festival persevered, though with

necessary adjustments. In summary, this research review highlights the prestigious

recognition of the Sinulog Festival by IFEA Korea and its cultural and historical

significance as a prominent event in Cebu City, despite recent challenges. (2022)

In conformity of Manlupig (2023), the Sinulog Festival in the Philippines

preserves cultural tradition by celebrating the introduction of Catholicism to Filipinos

in 1521 when Portuguese-born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan gave the Child

Jesus statue to the King of Cebu. This historical and religious event serves as a

reminder of the country's cultural heritage and the enduring influence of Catholicism.

It reinforces the significance of the Santo Niño and the unity of the Filipino people in

their faith. Simultaneously, the Sinulog Festival contributes to the evolution of cultural

tradition and identity. While rooted in historical events, the festival has evolved over

time, incorporating vibrant street parties, live bands, concerts, funfairs, and other

contemporary elements. The extravagant performances in colorful costumes and

props during the Grand Parade showcase the dynamic nature of Filipino culture. The

festival provides a platform for both traditional and modern expressions of cultural

identity, demonstrating the ability of Filipinos to adapt their heritage to the changing

times while retaining their core identity. In this way, the Sinulog Festival continues to

be a living, breathing celebration of Filipino tradition, identity, and heritage.

Based on Bering, (2023), the Sinulog Festival in the Philippines is crucial to

the preservation and development of cultural tradition, identity, and heritage. This

vibrant celebration honors both the Santo Niño, symbolizing the arrival of Christianity

in the Philippines, and the nation's pre-colonial heritage. The festival's fusion of

Christian and pagan customs demonstrates the resilience of Filipino culture. Key

events, such as the grand parade, street dancing, religious ceremonies, and cultural

shows, serve as platforms for preserving and evolving Filipino cultural traditions. The

Sinulog Festival represents Filipino identity, adapting to contemporary times while

retaining its core heritage, making it a cultural cornerstone. The Sinulog Festival

significantly unites the people of Cebu in a collective celebration that highlights their

history and spirituality. This is showing a sense of belonging among Cebuanos as

they come together to honor their faith and heritage. Nationally, the festival is a

source of immense pride, showcasing the unique blend of traditions, faith, and

culture that define the Philippines. It reinforces the idea that Filipino culture is both

resilient and adaptable, capable of incorporating external influences while preserving

its distinct identity. The global recognition of the Sinulog Festival further solidifies the

Filipino people's sense of pride in their rich and diverse cultural heritage. It also

presents opportunities for the private sector to engage in preserving cultural heritage

while maintaining the festival's authenticity. Striking a balance between tradition and

commercial interests is vital to preserve the Sinulog Festival's unique character. The

festival is special to Filipinos because it serves as a reminder of their history, faith,

and adaptability. It promotes immense pride in Filipinos by embodying their cultural

identity and the vibrant expressions of their heritage, uniting people across regions

and cultures.
FOREIGN REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY (Soriano)

As studied by the research of Maiquez (2017), the Sinulog Festival has a

significant impact on how the Filipino people identify themselves both locally and

nationally. Regionally, it serves as a powerful emblem of Cebuano pride, showcasing

the unique cultural heritage, language, and traditions of the province. The festival's

historical and religious significance, deeply rooted in Cebuano culture, reinforces a

strong regional identity that is distinct from other regions in the Philippines. The

Sinulog festival contributes to the larger tapestry of Filipino identity. It serves as a

unifying event that brings together people from across the country, transcending

regional boundaries. The festival highlights the adaptability and synthesis of diverse

cultural influences, reflecting the dynamic nature of Filipino culture. It also

underscores the Philippines' rich history of Catholicism and its fusion with indigenous

traditions, contributing to the broader narrative of Filipino identity. Moreover, the

festival's international recognition and its role as a cultural ambassador promote

Filipino culture and heritage globally, shaping the world's perception of the

Philippines and its people. It represents the Filipino spirit of unity, faith, and

resilience, contributing to the ongoing preservation and evolution of Filipino cultural

traditions. In essence, the Sinulog Festival is a microcosm of the multifaceted

cultural identity of the Filipino people, celebrating both regional diversity and national

unity.

LOCAL REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY (Soriano, Villareal)

As stated by Oracion (2012), the Sinulog Festival in Hong Kong is a diasporic

expression of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) that maintains its sacredness while

being entertaining and attractive. It has become inclusive, involving OFWs from

various regions of the Philippines. The festival showcases Filipino spirituality,

creativity, and cultural diversity, with support from the Catholic Church, the Philippine

Consulate General, and the Filipino business community in Hong Kong. The success

of the festival is attributed to the collaboration between the church and the Filipino

laity who influence other OFWs. While the festival has been used by some for

political and commercial purposes, these activities have not caused significant

tension, as they are integrated into appropriate segments of the event. The

celebration of the Holy Mass before the festival emphasizes its sacred nature. The

sustainability and cohesiveness of the Sinulog Festival in Hong Kong depend on the

ongoing support of OFWs, regardless of their personal or ideological differences.

 As claimed by the research study of Inocian, Melchor, Tolo, et al. (2017), the

Sinulog Festival holds special significance to Filipinos due to its deep-rooted cultural

and religious heritage. It celebrates the Santo Niño, symbolizing the acceptance of

Christianity in the Philippines, making it a powerful manifestation of faith and

spirituality. The festival's fusion of pre-colonial traditions with Spanish influences

reflects the country's ability to adapt to change while preserving its identity. This

cultural amalgamation is a source of immense pride for Filipinos as it showcases

their resilience, creativity, and adaptability in the face of external influences. It also

serves as a unifying force among Filipinos, both regionally and nationally. It brings

people together, transcending geographical and cultural differences, to celebrate a

shared history and faith. This sense of unity and belonging is a source of collective

pride, reinforcing the idea of a shared Filipino identity. Additionally, the Sinulog

Festival's global recognition and its role in promoting Filipino culture to the world

contribute to a heightened sense of national pride. It reinforces the notion that

Filipino culture is not only unique but also globally relevant and appreciated. In

summary, the Sinulog Festival is a testament to the rich cultural tapestry of the

Philippines, and it fosters a sense of belonging, pride, and unity among Filipinos,

both at the regional and national levels. It is a celebration of heritage, faith, and the

Filipino spirit, making it a cherished and special event for the Filipino people.

In accordance of Sabonsolin (2022), the significance of the Sinulog Festival in

Cebu, which is considered the best festival in the Philippines. It explores the

experiences and insights of Cebuano journalists who cover the event, highlighting

the challenges and ethical concerns they encounter. The study emphasizes the

essential role of journalism in providing information to the public, shaping opinions,

and ensuring the well-being of society. It underscores the tiring and challenging
nature of Sinulog festival coverage for Cebuano journalists and the need to address

unethical practices observed during the event. It recommends providing allowances

and insurance for journalists to enhance their experience and motivate them to

continue covering the festival. Furthermore, it suggests that media organizations

should recognize the unique significance of Sinulog coverage for Cebuanos and the

need for improved crowd control and security measures. It calls for the

implementation of measures such as a total liquor ban and party ban to preserve the

solemnity of the event as a celebration of the Holy Child Jesus. It also emphasizes

the importance of discipline among both locals and tourists during the festival and

encourages journalists to adhere to ethical standards while carrying out their role as

the fourth estate. It underscores the importance of public trust and support for

journalists in their role as purveyors of information. This research review highlights

the cultural and journalistic significance of the Sinulog Festival, the challenges faced

by journalists, and the recommended measures to enhance the festival's coverage

and preserve its sacred nature. It underscores the role of journalism in shaping

public opinion and society's well-being.

SYNTHESES (Macarasig, Toledo Shane)

Local communities, governmental organizations, and the tourism industry are

some of the stakeholders that help to shape and preserve the Sinulog festival. Local

communities make sure that cultural traditions are preserved, while governmental

entities regulate to uphold authenticity and handle concerns related to

commercialization. The festival is still celebrated for its growing popularity and

participation of several million participants and international visitors, despite some

people's doubts about the funding for the celebrations. As a testament to the nation's

freedom of speech and privilege, it is up to the public to decide whether it is

worthwhile. In Cebu, Philippines, the celebration of Sinulog highlights its significance

and continued growth. For a number of reasons, the Sinulog festival is particularly

dear to Filipinos. It honors the resilience of Christianity in the Philippines as well as

their unwavering devotion to the Santo Niño (child Jesus). Filipinos feel a sense of

pride, identity, and belonging as they unite to celebrate their faith and heritage.

Based on a ritual prayer-dance honoring the Señor Santo Niño, the 42-year-old
Sinulog festival is built. The celebration of Sinulog plays a significant role in defining

cultural traditions. Despite having its origins in a historical occasion, the festival has

grown over time to incorporate exciting street celebrations, concerts, funfairs, live

music acts, and other contemporary elements. It allows the private sector to take

part in cultural heritage preservation while also maintaining the festival's authenticity.

Maintaining the unique essence of the Sinulog celebration necessitates striking a

balance between custom and profit. By imitating the vibrant expression of Filipino

culture and encouraging a strong sense of pride in Filipino identity, it brings people

from different places and cultures together. The grand parade, street dancing,

religious ceremonies, and cultural performances are just a few of the important

events that offer venues for the development and maintenance of Filipino cultural

traditions.

The Filipino people's local and national identities are significantly influenced

by the Sinulog celebration. It serves as a strong regional symbol of Cebuano pride

and symbolizes the province's unique cultural legacy, language, and customs. The

Sinulog festival, which honors both regional diversity and national unity, is essentially

a microcosm of the intricate cultural identity of the Filipino people. Furthermore, the

festival's international recognition and role as a cultural ambassador contribute to

raising global awareness of Filipino heritage and culture and changing perceptions of

the Philippines and its people. A powerful symbol of faith and spirituality that

symbolizes the acceptance of Christianity in the Philippines, the Sinulog festival

holds great significance for Filipinos due to their rich cultural and religious heritage. It

also serves as a bridge that unites Filipinos on a regional and national level. This

sense of cohesion and belonging, which is a source of pride for the entire population,

helps to reinforce the idea of a shared Filipino identity.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK (Tegio, Villareal)

There are two main theoretical constructs that guided this research. Arguably,

the origin of the Sinulog Festival can be traced back to two negative elements in

Philippine history, one paganistic and the other imperialistic. The Philippines’ pre-

Christian past is viewed negatively by most people. In the Philippines, which is

presently 80 percent Catholic. “Pagan” practices are to be avoided, while Catholic

practices should be cherished as inheritance, many maintain. But this view obviously

reflects religious biases and divides Filipinos on the issue of whether or not to

consider the Sinulog Festival as cultural heritage and whose heritage Protestants

and even some Catholics will not get involved in the Sinulog Festival in Cebu

because the festival is not grounded in biblical teachings but was founded on spirit

worship. Moreover, non-Catholics may question why the Santo Niňo should be

venerated because it was an instrument of Spanish colonization, a colonization that

eventually controlled not only the spiritual but also the political well-being of Filipinos.

The first is from Bersales (2011); this may be dubbed the first Sinulog by historical
accounts, but a Filipino anthropologist of Cebu considers this only one of many

versions of how the Sinulog came to be in Cebu and became associated with the

introduction and acceptance of Christianity in the country. (Bersales 2010), he

argues that this historical account nonetheless gives the Cebuano a legitimate claim

to the fact that Cebu is the first home of the Santo Niño and the first accept of

Christianity. This theory will help Filipinos have a deeper understanding of the history

of the Sinulog Festival. This focuses on how big the Spanish contribution is to the

Sinulog Festival history, heritage, and identity. The second theory is from Alvarado &

Largo (2018). These miracles intensify their faith and result in a more positive vision

in life. Alvarado & Largo (2018) revealed in their study that devotees believe Santo

Niňo provides them with miracles in life. It also concludes that their faith resulted in

their positive visions of life. This finding may be the very essence of this festivity;

however, it is also given that this is an avenue where local establishments can boost

their businesses, wherein more than 1.5 million According to the latest Sinulog 2019,

tourists are estimated at a higher figure than in previous years. From this theory, you

will know the impact on tourism or the contribution of the Sinulog Festival in the

current period. Also, their undying faith in every Cebuano to Santo Niño. However,

the theory of Bersales is more accurate theory because it focuses on what happened

and what the contributions of Spaniards were, especially Ferdinand Magellan, who

introduced Christianity in the Philippines and the Sinulog Festival.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (Soriano)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

PHILIPPINE SINULOG FESTIVAL

TRADITION IDENTITY HERITAGE

 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (Villareal, Toledo Shane)

 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS (Bano)

CONCLUSION (Macarasig)

RECOMMENDATION (Tegio)
 CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES (Soriano)

CURRICULUM VITAE (Soriano, Villareal)