Pioneers of Psychology 5th Edition

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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to Darwin, during his time as a student at Cambridge University the extra-

curricular activity that gave him the most pleasure was

a. playing cards.

b. eating strange foods with the Gourmet Club.

c. practicing his taxidermy skills.

d. collecting beetles.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s early life.

2. During his time aboard the Beagle Darwin’s nickname was

a. “Philosopher.”

b. “Collector.”

c. “Hunter.”

d. “Landlubber.”

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s early life.

3. What was the most revolutionary aspect of Darwin’s theory as published in his 1859

The Origin of Species?

a. the notion of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution

b. the notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

c. the notion of sexual selection as the mechanism for evolution

d. the general notion of the evolution of species

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

4. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, as presented in his The

Origin of Species, presupposed the existence of

a. variable psychological characteristics in human beings.

b. several fixed groups of species.

c. inheritable small individual differences.

d. genes as hereditary units.

ANS: C DIF: Easy

OBJ: Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

5. Prior to becoming a naturalist, Darwin seriously contemplated careers in which of the

following fields?

a. medicine and the clergy

b. mathematics and medicine

c. the clergy and philosophy

d. medicine and philosophy

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall Darwin’s early life.

6. The English geologist Charles Lyell promoted and supported which geological

theory?

a. catastrophism

b. natural selection

c. uniformitarianism

d. plate tectonics

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the theories of uniformitarianism and catastrophism.

7. Uniformitarianism and catastrophism were opposing theories from the nineteenth

century concerning

a. the origin of species.

b. the theory of natural selection.

c. the processes by which the major natural features of the earth were created.

d. choices among variants of evolutionary theory.

ANS: C DIF: Easy

OBJ: Identify the theories of uniformitarianism and catastrophism.

8. __________’s widely accepted calculation of the earth’s age as just 6,000 years old

lent support to the theory of __________.

a. Charles Lyell; catastrophism

b. Charles Lyell; uniformitarianism

c. James Ussher; uniformitarianism

d. James Ussher; catastrophism

ANS: D DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the theories of uniformitarianism and catastrophism.

9. What was a major factor that converted Darwin to the uniformitarian viewpoint

during his Beagle voyage?

a. Captain FitzRoy’s endorsement of the idea

b. the presence of fossilized seashells high in the mountains

c. his observations of exotic wildlife

d. his observations of exotic plants

ANS: B DIF: Moderate

 OBJ: Identify the theories of uniformitarianism and catastrophism.

10. While on his Beagle voyage, Darwin made important observations, which eventually

helped lead to his evolutionary theory. These include all the following EXCEPT

a. fossilized remains of extinct animals who resembled current species but were

much larger.

b. finches with differently shaped beaks on different islands.

c. a species of short-necked giraffes in Brazil.

d. seashells embedded in rock high in the Andes.

ANS: C DIF: Easy

OBJ: Recall the importance of Darwin’s time aboard the Beagle.

11. While on his Beagle voyage, Darwin’s biological discoveries led him to adopt two

general lines of thinking that would prove important to the development of his theory

of evolution. These two lines of thinking emphasized the geographical distributions

of species and the

a. adaptive functions of animals’ distinctive characteristics.

b. genetic relationship between species.

c. sexual behavior of animals.

d. fundamental differences between human beings and other animals.

ANS: A DIF: Hard

OBJ: Recall the importance of Darwin’s time aboard the Beagle.

12. Although Darwin is best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection and

his biological expertise, he also made important contributions to which field?

a. mathematics
 b. anthropology

c. geology

d. anatomy

ANS: C DIF: Easy

OBJ: Recall the importance of Darwin’s time aboard the Beagle.

13. The philosopher and theologian William Paley is best remembered for promoting

which idea?

a. evolution via sexual selection

b. the argument from design

c. catastrophism

d. the value of a comparative psychology

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify Paley and his theories.

14. According to philosopher and theologian __________, studying the structure of an

eye was “a cure for atheism.”

a. James Ussher

b. Charles Lyell

c. John Stevens Henslow

d. William Paley

ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify Paley and his theories.

15. Which of the following provided a crucial insight that helped Darwin develop his

theory of evolution by natural selection following his reading of it “for amusement”?

a. Thomas Malthus on population

b. Shakespeare’s Hamlet
 c. James Ussher on the age of the earth

d. James Audubon on the birds of America

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

16. Robert FitzRoy became an important figure in Darwin’s life because he

a. was Darwin’s beetle-collecting mentor at Cambridge.

b. convinced Darwin to leave medical school.

c. took Darwin on as his Beagle dining companion and ship naturalist.

d. taught Darwin the elements of geology.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall Darwin’s early life.

17. Adam Sedgwick and John Stevens Henslow influenced young Darwin in which of the

following ways?

a. They taught him botany and geology at Cambridge.

b. They were favorably disposed to evolutionary theories.

c. They persuaded Darwin’s father to allow him to go on the Beagle.

d. They encouraged Darwin to adopt uniformitarianism.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

18. Both __________ and __________ helped bring the idea of evolved species to

scientific awareness, but without suggesting a plausible mechanism by which

evolution could occur.

a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Erasmus Darwin

b. Robert FitzRoy; William Paley

 c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; Charles Darwin

d. Thomas Malthus; Erasmus Darwin

ANS: A DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

19. Zoologist __________ proposed that species evolve as a result of the inheritance of

physical characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime, such as through the

use or disuse of specific body parts.

a. Thomas Malthus

b. Erasmus Darwin

c. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

d. William Paley

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

20. A British political economist and demographer whose writings on population growth

influenced Charles Darwin’s development of the theory of evolution by natural

selection was

a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

b. Thomas Malthus.

c. George Romanes.

d. Charles Lyell.

ANS: B DIF: Easy

OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

21. Darwin delayed publishing The Origin of Species for 18 years because
 a. he was uncertain of his own hypotheses.

b. he was ill and unable to finish the work in a timely fashion.

c. he believed the theory would require a massive amount of supporting evidence

before being taken seriously.

d. on the basis of his own religious views, Darwin’s father asked him not to publish

it.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s The Origin of

Species.

22. After years of delay, Darwin made public his theory of evolution because he

a. thought he had finally perfected the theory.

b. felt able to fully address arguments against the theory.

c. discovered that another naturalist had arrived at the same theory.

d. finished writing his more than 3,000-page book, Natural Selection.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s The Origin of

Species.

23. The theory of evolution by natural selection did not cause a sensation until

a. Darwin presented the theory at a meeting of the Linnean Society.

b. Alfred Russel Wallace returned from the East Indies to promote the theory along-

side Darwin.

c. Alfred Russel Wallace sent Darwin key evidence for the theory from the East In-

dies.

d. Darwin laid out ample evidence for the theory in The Origin of Species.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s The Origin of

 Species.

24. __________ became known as “Darwin’s Bulldog” and staunchly supported

Darwin’s theory in a celebrated 1860 debate with the Bishop of Oxford.

a. Herbert Spencer

b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

c. Thomas H. Huxley

d. Charles Lyell

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe the support for Darwin’s the-

ory.

25. In the years immediately after he made the theory of evolution public, Darwin’s

theory received support from two new scientific discoveries: an ancient gorilla with

features previously thought to be exclusively human and

a. fossil remains of an ancient bird with “fingers” on its wings.

b. clear evidence of earthquakes raising coastlines.

c. proof that purebred dogs could interbreed.

d. evidence of the optical imperfections of the eye.

ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Describe the support for Darwin’s the-

ory.

26. Darwin’s writings about human psychology issues included all of the following

subjects EXCEPT

a. emotions.

b. child development.

c. gender differences.
 d. consciousness and will.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

27. Darwin discussed human psychology in depth in all of the following publications

EXCEPT

a. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

b. “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant”

c. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of

Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

d. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

28. In Darwin’s 1871 book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, he

theorized that

a. there are fundamental qualitative differences between humans and animals in

terms of mental faculties.

b. human beings have descended from animal ancestors.

c. primitive and “savage” human groups represent separate species.

d. human beings are immune to the influence of natural selection.

ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

29. Unlike Descartes, Darwin argued that animals demonstrate at least the rudiments of

a. emotion.
 b. intelligence.

c. reason.

d. passions.

ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

30. A Victorian-era theory holding that the mainly non-European, “savage” peoples

represented a distinctly different species of being was known as

a. social Darwinism.

b. polygenesis.

c. monogenesis.

d. sociobiology.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Darwin’s theories on race and

gender.

31. Darwin posited a theory of “sexual selection” to help account for

a. the evolution of qualities such as beauty, which lacked obvious “adaptive” value.

b. the evolution of intelligence.

c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

d. his belief in the equality of the sexes.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Darwin’s theories on race and

gender.

32. Darwin’s view that males surpass females intellectually while females are stronger

than men in the moral virtues is sometimes called the

a. variation hypothesis.
 b. complementarity hypothesis.

c. comparative hypothesis.

d. continuance hypothesis.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Darwin’s theory on race

and gender.

33. When it came to the intelligence of men and women Darwin believed

a. men and women were equally intelligent.

b. the most intelligent men are smarter than the most intelligent women.

c. the most intelligent women are smarter than the most intelligent men.

d. differences in the education men and women meant that innate differences in in-

telligence could not be assessed.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Understand Darwin’s theory on race

and gender.

34. Darwin’s so-called “variation hypothesis” suggests that

a. males have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than fe-

males.

b. females have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than

males.

c. males and females have been equally modified by evolution but males show more

variation.

d. reproduction between males and females causes variation in the human species.

ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Understand Darwin’s theory on race

and gender.
35. One of the purposes of Darwin’s book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and

Animals, was to show that

a. many human reactions with no obvious survival or utilitarian value today did

have an adaptive purpose in the evolutionary past.

b. animals and humans have very different emotional responses.

c. human emotional expressions vary widely across different cultures.

d. many human reactions with a clear adaptive purpose today had no adaptive pur-

pose in the past.

ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

36. In Darwin’s “Biographical Sketch of an Infant” he reported on

a. comparisons between his own child’s behavior and that of the animal species he

had observed while in the Galapagos.

b. comparisons between his own child’s behavior and that of one of his nephews.

c. the development of his own child’s reflexes, emotions, and earliest moral devel-

opment.

d. the development of his own child’s “abnormalities.”

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

37. In Darwin’s “Biographical Sketch of an Infant” he suggested that perhaps an

individual’s development proceeds along roughly the same lines as the previous

evolution of the species to which it belongs. This idea became summarized by the

term
 a. social Darwinism.

b. polygenism.

c. the complementarity hypothesis.

d. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.

ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall Darwin’s discussion of human is-

sues.

38. __________ was a younger friend and follower of Darwin’s who used Darwin’s

notes on animal behavior in helping to found the new field of comparative

psychology.

a. Herbert Spencer

b. George Romanes

c. Thomas H. Huxley

d. Alfred Russel Wallace

ANS: B DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

39. Alfred Russel Wallace is known for which of the following?

a. independently developing the theory of evolution by natural selection and having

a paper on it read jointly with one by Darwin in 1858

b. anticipating Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection by several years

but neglecting to publish it

c. collaborating with Darwin on a paper describing the theory of evolution by natu-

ral selection, which was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858

d. plagiarizing much of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and pre-

 senting it as his own at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain Wallace’s significance.

40. The idea that political systems and societies evolve and “progress” due to unbridled

competition and “the survival of the fittest” is often referred to as

a. sociobiology.

b. social Darwinism.

c. comparative psychology.

d. evolutionary psychology.

ANS: B DIF: Easy

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

41. Herbert Spencer is known for being all of the following EXCEPT as a promotor of

a. the theory of social Darwinism.

b. the phrase “survival of the fittest.”

c. sociobiology.

d. Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

42. The study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of various

animals, in order to better understanding human functioning, is known as

a. comparative psychology.

b. sociobiology.

c. social Darwinism.

d. evolutionary psychology.
 ANS: A DIF: Easy

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

43. Support for social Darwinism in the United States subsided after the

a. rise of free enterprise capitalism.

b. devastation of the Second World War.

c. economic collapse of the late 1920s and the subsequent Great Depression.

d. devastation of the First World War.

ANS: C DIF: Hard

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

44. A recently developed approach hypothesizing that the unit of evolution is the

individual gene rather than the individual organism or the group is called

a. social Darwinism.

b. sociobiology.

c. evolutionary psychology.

d. behavior genetics.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

45. A recently developed subdiscipline that analyzes psychological functions in terms of

independently evolved “modules” and their possible adaptive value in the distant

evolutionary past is called

a. evolutionary psychology.

b. comparative psychology.

c. sociobiology.
 d. archeological psychology.

ANS: A DIF: Easy

OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and society.

MATCHING

Match the book with its author.

a. Animal Intelligence

b. Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Coun-

tries Visited during the Voyages of the H.M.S. Beagle, under the Command of

Captain FitzRoy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836

c. The Principles of Geology

1. Charles Darwin

2. Charles Lyell

3. George J. Romanes

1. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the author.

2. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the author.

3. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the author.

Match the definition with the term.

a. the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-

ble for reproductive success

b. the idea that species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have

been created as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator

c. those organisms best adapted for a particular environment will survive and prop-

agate, thus passing on their characteristics through the generations

 4. argument from design

5. natural selection

6. sexual selection

4. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

5. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

6. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

Match the definition with the term.

a. hypothesizes the common ancestry and relatedness of all human groups

b. hypothesizes that different human ethnic groups constitute distinct species

c. hypothesizes that geological features of the earth have resulted from a few sudden

and massive disasters

d. hypothesizes that the geological features of the earth have resulted from gradual

processes over immense periods of time

7. catastrophism

8. monogenesis

9. polygenesis

10. uniformitarianism

7. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

8. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

9. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

10. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

Match the definition with the term.

a. the gradual selection and evolution of characteristics that are specifically favora-
 ble for reproductive success

b. the idea that men and women have evolved different, but compatible, psychologi-

cal characteristics

c. the idea that men have been more modified by evolution than women

11. complementarity of the sexes

12. sexual selection

13. variation hypothesis

11. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

12. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

13. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the evolutionary term.

Match the idea with the individual who promoted it.

a. evolutionary theory expressed poetically

b. evolution by natural selection

c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics

14. Alfred Russel Wallace

15. Erasmus Darwin

16. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

14. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the originator of the theory.

15. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the originator of the theory.

16. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the originator of the theory.

Match the definition with the term.

a. approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene, rather

than the individual organism or the group

 b. the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved “mod-

ules” and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past

c. the idea that political systems and societies evolve and “progress” due to unbri-

dled competition and “the survival of the fittest”

d. the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-

ious animals, in order to better understanding human functioning

17. comparative psychology

18. evolutionary psychology

19. social Darwinism

20. sociobiology

17. ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Define the evolution related system.

18. ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Define the evolution related system.

19. ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Define the evolution related system.

20. ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Define the evolution related system.

Match the theory with the individual who promoted it.

a. Based on the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs, the earth is only about 6,000

years old.

b. Most humans are destined to live in poverty because population increases more

quickly than food production.

c. Species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that some powerful and knowl-

edgeable creator must have created them as finished products.

21. James Ussher

22. Thomas Malthus

23. William Paley

21. ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify the individual who promoted

the theory.

22. ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify the individual who promoted

the theory.

23. ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify the individual who promoted

the theory.

Match the accomplishment with the individual.

a. biologist and advocate of natural selection who was known as “Darwin’s bull-

dog.”

b. captain of the H.M.S. Beagle.

c. professor of Botany at Cambridge University who recommended Darwin for the

position of naturalist on a survey ship.

24. John Stevens Henslow

25. Robert FitzRoy

26. Thomas Henry Huxley

24. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the individual’s accomplishment.

25. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the individual’s accomplishment.

26. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the individual’s accomplishment.

Match the theory with the individual.

a. comparative psychology

b. emotional universals

c. social Darwinism
27. George Romanes

28. Herbert Spencer

29. Paul Ekman

27. ANS: A DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the individual associated with the theory.

28. ANS: C DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the individual associated with the theory.

29. ANS: B DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Identify the individual associated with the theory.

Match Darwin’s publication with the topic that it addressed.

a. “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant”

b. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

c. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

30. child development

31. emotions

32. gender differences

30. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the content of Darwin’s work.

31. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the content of Darwin’s work.

32. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the content of Darwin’s work.

SHORT ANSWER

1. Define the theory of evolution by natural selection.

ANS:

The theory of natural selection holds that in differing environments, differing inherita-
 ble characteristics will provide small but significant advantages for adaptation and

survival. Accordingly, those adaptive characteristics will be disproportionately “se-

lected” or passed on to succeeding generations in each of the differing environments,

leading gradually to the establishment of different varieties and species.

DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

2. How was Thomas Malthus’s work important to Darwin’s thinking about evolution?

ANS:

Malthus argued that most humans are destined to live in poverty because population

increases more quickly than food production. This inspired Darwin to think about sur-

vival as a mechanism of population control, whereby the individuals best adapted to

their environments survive and pass their adaptive characteristics onto future genera-

tions. This was natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify the influences on Darwin’s theory of evolution.

3. After years of delay, why did Darwin decide to make his theory of natural selection

public?

ANS:

After receiving a letter from naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace describing essentially

the same theory of evolution as his own, Darwin agreed to have some previously un-

published summaries of his own read at a meeting of the Linnean Society, along with

Wallace’s letter.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Darwin’s The Origin of Species.

4. What is social Darwinism?

ANS:
 Social Darwinism was proposed by Herbert Spencer and held that political systems

and societies evolve most efficiently and “progress” as a result of unbridled competi-

tion and “the survival of the fittest.”

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Darwin’s impact on psychology and so-

ciety.

5. Charles Lyell proposed what idea that was influential on Darwin’s thought?

ANS:

Uniformitarianism, the idea that geological features of the earth have resulted from

gradual processes over immense periods of time instead of as a result of a few sudden

and massive cataclysms on the Earth’s surface. This theory presupposed the much

extended time for historical development that was necessary for Darwinian evolution

to occur.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify the theories of uniformitarianism and catastro-

phism.