MUCLecture 2023 10319526
MUCLecture 2023 10319526
Al-Mustaqbal University
College of Engineering & Technology
Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering Department
Electrical Technology
Third Class
Weeks 7 & 8
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1. What is a three phase transformers
Three-phase transformers are passive machines that pass electrical energy between circuits.
In the secondary circuit, a magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf), thus stepping up
(increase) or stepping down (decrease) voltages without altering the frequency. There are
different kinds of electrical systems, and therefore transformers have to operate alongside
compatible systems. A three-phase transformer works with a three-phase AC (alternating current)
electrical system to provide consumers with stable and device-safe electricity. Depending on the
industry or application, the size, design, volt-ampere rating, and load-bearing capabilities of the
three-phase transformer will differ.
Fig.1 A three-phase transformer having three sets of windings on both primary and secondary
sides
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Fig.2 Types of three phase transformer (a) Core type (b) Shell type.
2.1 Core-type
In core-type three-phase transformers, the core has three limbs within the same plane. Each
limb contains primary and secondary windings, and these windings are evenly split among the
three limbs. It's not uncommon to hear of high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings.
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As a low voltage winding is easier to insulate, these windings are closer to the core than
the higher voltage coils. The latter windings wrap around the former, with insulative material
between them. This construction has the windings magnetically linked with one another, with one
winding using the other pair of limbs as return paths for its magnetic flux (see Figure 2(a)).
2.2 Shell-type
The shell-type 3-phase transformer is three separate 1-phase transformers. The three phases
of this transformer have their magnetic fields virtually independent, and this transformer's core
has five limbs as seen in Figure 2 (b).
The HV and LV windings exist around the three main limbs. Like the core-type 3-phase
device, the low voltage coil is nearest the core. The two outermost limbs serve as the flux's return
paths.
Magnetic flux divides in two as the field approaches the yoke. It's common for the outer
limbs and the yoke to be half the size of the main limbs. You can decrease the transformer's height
by reducing the yoke's size.
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Fig.3 Symbols of winding connections.
The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for the same kVA rating
it will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three individual single phase transformers connected
together because the copper and iron core are used more effectively. The methods of connecting
the primary and secondary windings are the same, whether using just one Three Phase
Transformer or three separate Single Phase Transformers.
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I and turn ratio k = N2/N1. The phase voltage of the primary side is given as 𝑉⁄ and the phase
√3
current is same as the line current.
/k
k
k
𝑉𝑃2 𝑉𝑃2 𝑉
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘
𝑉𝑃1 𝑉⁄ √3
√3
The primary side phase current is transformed to the secondary side phase current as:
𝐼𝑃1 𝐼 𝐼
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝐼𝑃2 =
𝐼𝑃2 𝐼𝑃2 𝑘
The secondary phase quantities are now transformed to the line quantities as:
𝑉
𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘 , 𝐼𝐿2 = √3𝐼𝑃2 = √3 𝑘𝐼
√3
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3.2 Input Delta (𝚫), Output Star (Y)
The connection diagram with input delta and output star is shown in Figure 5. This type of
transformer connection is used for step-down applications. Given the primary line voltage, V and
line current I and turn ratio k = N2/N1. The phase voltage of the primary side is the same as line
voltage (delta connection) and the phase current is 𝐼⁄ . The phase voltage is transformed to the
√3
secondary phase voltage as:-
𝑉𝑃2 𝑉𝑃2
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑃1 𝑉
The primary side phase current is transformed to the secondary side phase current as
𝐼⁄
𝐼𝑃1 √3 = 𝑘 𝐼
=𝑘 ⟹ ⟹ 𝐼𝑃2 =
𝐼𝑃2 𝐼𝑃2 𝑘 √3
The secondary phase quantities are now transformed to the line quantities as
k
kV
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3.3 Input Delta (𝚫), Output Delta (𝚫)
The connection diagram with input delta and output delta is shown in Figure 6. This type
of transformer connection is used for a reliable power supply system. If one of the transformers
is faulty, it can be removed and the whole system run in open-delta mode or V connection. The
output power can still be supplied in this mode. The 58% of the rated can be supplied in open-
delta mode. The voltage current relationship can be obtained in the same way.
Given the primary line voltage, V and line current I and turn ratio k = N2/N1. The phase
voltage of the primary side is the same as line voltage (delta connection) and the phase current is
𝐼⁄ .
√3
𝑉𝑃2 𝑉𝑃2
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑃1 𝑉
I
k
𝒌
√𝟑𝒌
The primary side phase current is transformed to the secondary side phase current as
𝐼⁄
𝐼𝑃1 √3 = 𝑘 𝐼
=𝑘 ⟹ ⟹ 𝐼𝑃2 =
𝐼𝑃2 𝐼𝑃2 𝑘 √3
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The secondary phase quantities are now transformed to the line quantities as
√3 𝑘𝐼
𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑉 , 𝐼𝐿2 = √3𝐼𝑃2 = = 𝑘𝐼
√3
I
k
k
k
𝑉𝑃2 𝑉𝑃2 𝑉
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘
𝑉𝑃1 𝑉⁄ √3
√3
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The primary side phase current is transformed to the secondary side phase current as
𝐼𝑃1 𝐼 𝐼
=𝑘 ⟹ =𝑘 ⟹ 𝐼𝑃2 =
𝐼𝑃2 𝐼𝑃2 𝑘
The secondary phase quantities are now transformed to the line quantities as;
𝐼
𝑉𝐿2 = √3 𝑉𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑉 , 𝐼𝐿2 = 𝐼𝑃2 =
𝑘
Example 1: A three phase transformer has delta connected primary and a star connected
secondary working on 50 Hz three phase supply. The line voltages of primary and secondary are
3300 V and 400 V respectively. The line current on the primary side is 12 A and secondary has a
balanced load at 0.8 lagging p.f. Determine the secondary phase voltage line current and the
output.
Solution
𝑉𝐿2
Secondary side : 𝑉𝑃2 = ⁄ = 400⁄ = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 𝑽
√3 √3
𝑉𝑃2 230.94
𝑘= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟗
𝑉𝑃1 3300
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𝐼𝐿1
Primary side : 𝐼𝑃1 = ⁄ = 12⁄ = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟖 𝑨
√3 √3
Secondary side :
Power output = √3 𝑉𝐿2 𝐼𝐿2 cos 𝜙𝐿 =√3 × 400 × 99.11 × 0.8 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐖
Solution
It should be noted that in three-phase transformers, the phase transformation ratio is equal
to the turn ratio but the terminal or line voltages depend upon the method of connection employed.
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√3
𝐼𝑃1 =𝟓/√ 𝟑 A , k=𝐼𝑃1 /𝐼𝑃2 ⟹ 𝐼𝑃2 = 𝐼𝑃1 /𝑘 = 1 = 275 A
55√ 3
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Single-phase transformers are used for small
loads such as to supply single-domestic
Three-phase transformers are used for supplying high
loads like pumps and lightings, etc., used in
power single-phase as well as three-phase loads as
7 various electronic devices like in TVs,
induction motors, etc. Also used in power systems for
mobile chargers, etc. for voltage regulation,
power transmission and distribution
in home inverters for stepping up voltage,
etc.
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