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Introduction to the
Human Body
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
© Jones &Anatomy
Bartlettand
Learning, LLC
Physiology Defined © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR anatomy
1. Define DISTRIBUTION
and physiology. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Structural Levels of Organization
2. Describe the structural organization of the human body.
3. Identify the 11 systems that make up the human organism.
The Characteristics of Life Key Terms
NOT FOR SALE
4. State the six characteristics of life. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
anabolism
Basic Terminology
5. Discuss the location of body parts using proper directional terms. anatomy
atom
The©Body Plan& Bartlett Learning, LLC
Jones © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
6. Describe the organization of the human body. catabolism
Homeostasis: The Balance of Life cavity
7. Discuss the process of homeostasis and provide an example of negative and cell
positive feedback in human functioning. disease
8. Define disease and its relationship to homeostasis.
homeostasis
metabolism
The Big Picture molecule
In the course of a week or two, you may probably notice several disturbing health- organ
related headlines, such as: organism
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Flesh-eating Bacteria Takes Another Victim Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
physiology
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New Study Links Stress and Strokes OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
system
Hookahs: As Risky as Cigarettes?
If so, you’ve probably also wondered how these issues might affect you or tissue
your loved ones, and what you could do to stay healthy. Fortunately, you’ve
already taken the first step toward reducing your risk of falling victim to such
threats: you’ve enrolled in a course that’s all about your body’s structure and
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
function. Success in this course will enable you to understand your NOT FOR
body andSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
actively participate in your healthcare. It will also empower you with the ability
to make informed choices about your lifestyle, such as what to eat, how much to
exercise, and what alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs do to your health.
You might have enrolled in this course because you’re thinking of pursuing a
© Jones &health-related
Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
career. If this is the case, your study of body structure and function
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lay a foundation for later application in your chosen NOT FOR
clinical field.SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The knowledge 1
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body
© Jones you
& Bartlett
gain willLearning,
prepare you LLC
to communicate with other
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
it introduces you to the general organization of
NOT FORhealthcare
providers, NOT
and help you distinguish between FOR SALE
the body, OR DISTRIBUTION
followed by the characteristics of living
health and disease. things. You’ll then begin to learn some of the lan-
This chapter begins your study of human struc- guage of anatomy, which is shared by all healthcare
ture and function. It sets out the basic information professionals. The chapter concludes by consider-
we’ll build upon in the chapters that follow. The ing the delicate balance that is maintained everyday
chapter opens by introducing the sciences of struc-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
between health and disease, and the very nature of
ture and function: anatomy and physiology. Next, human disease. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
CONCEPT
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Anatomy and Physiology Defined

© Jones & Concept:
BartlettThe study of the human body is an interdisciplinary science. It consists of fields that focus on
Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
structure or function at many levels.
The traditional study of the human body is divided called microanatomy, which has brought us a more
into two primary areas of discipline: anatomy and complete understanding of body structure. Over the
physiology. Anatomy is the study of body structure, years, the microscope has been vastly improved and
and physiology is the © Jones
study & Bartlett
of body Learning, modified
function. Together, LLC to its present forms,© which
Jonesinclude
& Bartlett
powerfulLearning, LL
anatomy and physiology NOTserveFORtoSALE
describeOR
theDISTRIBUTION
details electron microscopes capable NOT FOR SALE
of amplifying body OR
com-DISTRIBUT
of the human body. Throughout this book, discussions ponents by as many as one million times!
of anatomy and physiology are carefully interwoven As knowledge of body structure has grown over the
to give you a full and balanced picture of the human years, it has become necessary to divide anatomy into
body. more specific areas of study. Gross anatomy includes
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
surface anatomy, & Bartlett
which refers Learning,
to a study of generalLLC
form
Anatomy and surfaceNOT FOR SALE
markings, OR DISTRIBUTION
and medical anatomy, which
Anatomy (from the Greek words ana up and tome is concerned with structural features that undergo
cutting) is the field of study that is concerned with change during disease. A study of microanatomy that
the structure of body parts. It describes the location, focuses on the study of cells (red blood cells, cartilage
appearance, and relationships of the various com- cells, etc.) is known as cytology, and one that studies
© Jones & Bartlett
ponents Learning,
of the body. TheLLC goal of the anatomist is to© Jones & BartlettofLearning,
the combinations LLCthe body’s tissues
cells that form
NOT FORanswer
SALEsuch ORbasic
DISTRIBUTION
questions as: NOT(muscle
FOR SALE OR tissue,
tissue, bone DISTRIBUTION
etc.) is known as histology.
Where is it located? You should also be aware of two primary
What does it look like? approaches to the study of anatomy. Systematic anatomy
How does it relate to other body parts? studies all of the structures within a given body system,
such as the skeletal system or nervous system. Regional
The most important tool of the anatomist in deter-
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, anatomy,
mining body structure is the power of observation. In
LLC by contrast, examines © Jones & Bartlett
all structures withinLearning,
a LL
NOT FOR SALE OR
the early years of science and medicine, anatomists DISTRIBUTION
given region of the body, such NOT FOR
as the headSALE
or leg.OR
ThisDISTRIBUT
book is organized using the systematic approach to
relied on their eyesight during postmortem (after
anatomy, and employs both gross anatomy and micro-
death) studies of human bodies. They recorded their
anatomy when examining body structures.
careful observations in a library of artistic drawings
accompanied by detailed descriptions. From this early
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Physiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
body of information arose a basic understanding of
gross anatomy, which is the study of body structure that PhysiologyNOT (fromFORthe SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Greek words physio nature
is visible without the aid of a microscope. and -logia study) is the study of body function. It
With the introduction of the microscope dur- is a scientific discipline that explains the mechanisms
ing the 17th century, the examination of the body’s operating body activities. The physiologist’s primary
minute components became possible. This important goal is to answer the simple question:
development gave birth to an area of specialized study How does it work?

CONCEPT 2 Structural Levels of Organization 3
© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Discoveries LLCusually involve conduct-
in physiology
NOT FOR ing
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OR DISTRIBUTION
experiments, is FOR SALECONCEPT CHECK
OR DISTRIBUTION
tested using unbiased methods. Examples of functions 1. What is the focus of study in anatomy?
of the body that have been discovered experimentally 2. What are the major subdisciplines within
include how muscle contracts to produce movement; anatomy?
how cells of the brain are able to provide you with
thoughts, dreams, and memories; and how broken
3. What question does the ©physiologist
Jones & Bartlett
seek to Learning, LL
bones repair themselves.
answer? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
CONCEPT 2
Structural Levels of Organization

Concept: The LLCis composed of microscopic
human body © Jones & Bartlett
building Learning,
blocks arranged LLC of increasingly
into a series
NOT FOR SALE ORstructures.
complex DISTRIBUTION NOTfunctioning
Health depends upon every level FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
properly.
The human body is composed of a series of build- its own role to play for the benefit of the body as a
ing blocks that combine to form progressively larger whole. An organelle and a single cell are illustrated in
and more complex © Jones
units. There&areBartlett Learning,
six distinct levels, LLC
Figure 1.1. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
called structural levels of organization, which are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
shown in Figure 1.1. Maintaining the organization of
the building blocks is vital to the health of the whole Tissue Level
individual. Cells usually form connections with other cells or cell
products to form larger, more organized structures
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC known as © Jones
tissues. & individual
The Bartlett Learning,
cells that form LLC
a tis-
Chemical Level sue are usually similar in structure and their combina-
The most basic level of body organization is the tion together results in the tissue performing a more
chemical level. Chemicals are nonliving substances widespread function, providing a greater benefit to
composed of elements; elements are units of matter the body than an individual cell could provide on its
that cannot be simplified further under natural con- own. For example, a tissue may provide protection for
ditions. Familiar examples
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC are hydrogen, oxygen, larger&body
© Jones structures,
Bartlett movement
Learning, LLC of a body part, or a
and carbon. The smallest quantity of an element is an means of communication between distant body areas.
NOT FOR atom.
SALE WhenOR DISTRIBUTION
atoms interact, they may combine by NOT Thus,
FOR aSALE
tissue isOR DISTRIBUTION
defined as a group of similar cells that
bonding to form molecules. Figure 1.1 depicts two combine to perform a common function. As you will
atoms of the element hydrogen (H), in red, and an see in Chapter 4, there are only four major types of
atom of the element oxygen (O), in blue, bonding to tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and ner-
form a molecule of water (H O). Large molecules
2 con- vous. Figure 1.1 shows a group
© Jones of cells organizedLearning,
& Bartlett to LL
taining many atoms, called macromolecules, provide form a tissue. In this case, they are epithelial cells of
NOT FOR SALE OR
the structural foundation for the body and include
DISTRIBUTIONthe stomach.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Organ Level
Cellular Level Combinations of tissues form the next level of orga-
Molecules and macromolecules may combine to nization, an organ. Organs consist of two or more
NOT
form FORmore
larger, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
organized structures known as NOT of
different types FOR SALE
tissues that,OR DISTRIBUTION
when combined, per-
organelles. A variety of organelles make up the form a general function. For example, the stomach is
most basic living unit of the body, the cell. As liv- an organ that contains all four types of tissues, and
ing units, all cells perform six functions necessary to performs the functions of mixing food, storing it, and
sustain life. (These functions are identified shortly.) beginning protein digestion. The stomach is shown in
There are many types of cells in the body, each with Figure 1.1.

Tissue

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Organ
Atoms
Chemicals
Cell
Molecules
Organelle

System

Organism © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

■ Figure 1.1. Structural levels of organization. Atoms and molecules make up the chemical level. These combine to
make subunits of cells, called organelles, and cells, the smallest living components of the body. Cells combine to form tis-
sues, organs, systems, and the human organism. ▶ What is the organized combination of two or more different types of tissue
into a© Jones
single & Bartlett
structure called? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
System Level the stomach, liver, and small intestine are a few of the
A system is an organization of two or more different organs of the digestive system (Figure 1.1). Their com-
organs, along with their associated structures. Because bined function is the digestion of food into nutrients
© Jones & Bartlett
a system Learning,
contains LLC
more than one organ, the functions© Jones & be
that can Bartlett
used byLearning, LLC11 systems of the
body cells. The
NOT FORit SALE
performsOR
areDISTRIBUTION
of a more general nature. For example,NOTbody
FOR areSALE ORinDISTRIBUTION
identified Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 The 11 Systems of the Body
System Major Organs System Functions
Integumentary Skin Protects underlying

tissues, prevents fluid loss,
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones
temperature regulation & Bartlett Learning, LL
Skeletal Bones, joints Supports and protects softer

body parts, stores minerals,
produces blood cells

Muscular Skeletal muscles Produces movement of bones

at joints, generates heat
© Jones
Nervous & Bartlett Learning,
Brain, spinal LLC
cord, nerves Monitors changes© in Jones
the & Bartlett Learning, LL
environment, interprets
the changes, and initiates a
response
(continued)

Table 1.1
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The 11 Systems of the BodyFOR
NOT SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(continued)
Endocrine Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, Alters the activity of cells by

parathyroid glands, adrenal the release of hormones, in
glands, pancreas, thymusLLC response to changes ©inJones
the & Bartlett Learning, LL
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION body NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels Transports blood

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,
throughout LLC
all areas of the
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE
body OR DISTRIBUTION


Lymphatic LLC
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph © Jones
Protects & Bartlett
the body from Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION vessels
nodes, lymphatic NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
foreign particles and cells,
removes dead and diseased
cells, recycles fluid back to
the cardiovascular system

Respiratory Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Exchanges gasses between
bronchi, lungs
NOT FOR
the bloodstream and the
SALE OR DISTRIBUT
external environment

Table
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1.1 The 11 Systems of the Body
(continued)
Digestive Mouth, salivary glands, Simplifies food particles into

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, their basic nutrient subunits
small intestine, LLC
large intestine, for absorption into©the
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
NOT FOR SALEliver,OR DISTRIBUTION
pancreas, gallbladder bloodstream NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary Forms urine to maintain

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC bladder, urethra © Jones & Bartlett
water andLearning,
salt balance,LLC
pH,
and nitrogenous waste
levels in the blood


Male: testes, ductus deferens,
Produces gametes to
Reproductive
urethra, penis, scrotum. NOT FOR
undergo SALEforOR
fertilization the DISTRIBUTION
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, creation of new individuals
uterus, vagina, vulva

Images modified with permission from Nath JL. Using Medical Terminology: A Practical Approach,
2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
NOT
The FOR SALE
Complete OR DISTRIBUTION
Organism NOT FOR SALECHECK
CONCEPT OR DISTRIBUTION
The organism is composed of many systems, each of
which depends on the others to perform its tasks. When 4. Identify one nonliving building block of the body.
all of the systems of the body are operating in harmony, 5. What is the basic structural and functional unit
the organism, or whole individual, is capable of sur- of life?
© Jones &viving.
Bartlett Learning,
Survival LLC are the ultimate goals
and reproduction © Jones & Bartlett
6. Explain Learning,
how a tissue differs LLC
from an organ.
NOT FOR underlying
SALE ORallDISTRIBUTION
of the body’s internal activities. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

CONCEPT 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The Characteristics of Life

© Jones
Concept: All living cells & Bartlett
are capable Learning,
of organization, LLC movement, excitability,
metabolism, © Jones & and
growth, Bartlett Learning, LL
reproduction. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
You have just learned that cells are the most basic unit ecules apart, reducing them into simpler molecules.
of life. Thus, a cell is alive, but its smaller chemical During catabolism, energy is released as a byproduct.
components are not. How does science
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC make the dis- The second© form of metabolism
Jones & Bartlettis called anabolism
Learning, LLC
tinction between something that is alive and some- (ah-NAB-oh-lizm). In anabolic processes, the body
thing that is not? Biologists—scientists who study NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
uses energy to build larger molecules, cells, and tis-
living things—have arrived at the following basic sues from simpler molecules. Anabolism allows for
explanation: any single entity that is capable of orga- growth from infancy to adulthood, tissue mainte-
nization, metabolism, movement, excitability, growth, nance and repair, and the assembly of the thousands
and reproduction is
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCcapable of life. All cells in the of different
© Jones chemicals
& Bartlett the body
Learning, LLCneeds to function
human body share these six characteristics. The life each day.
NOT FORofSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
a cell would be threatened if one or more of these
functions were to fail. Movement
The constant movement of molecules within and
Organization around a cell is an important feature of a cell’s dynamic
© Jones
The molecules that make up our&world
Bartlett Learning, nature.
are governed LLC Movement is necessary © Jones & Bartlett
for the transport Learning, LL
of vital
by a set of physicalNOTlaws.FOR
TheseSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
laws control the NOT FOR
materials into, out of, and through SALE
different ORofDISTRIBUT
regions
properties of the molecules, such as their mass, their a cell, as well as the transport of waste products out
reaction rates, and how fast they move. Because all of a cell.
molecules that make up the cell are governed by the The cell itself may also move. For example, many
same physical laws, they are able to provide the cell white blood cells wander throughout the body actively
with©a Jones
structure&that
Bartlett Learning,
is relatively stable.LLC
The stable © Jones
searching for invading&microorganisms.
Bartlett Learning,
MuscleLLC cells
structure, or organization, of the cell makes it pos- also displayNOT FOR SALE
movement: OR DISTRIBUTION
they change their length by
sible for the cell to perform its various functions. contracting and relaxing. These actions in turn pro-
The stable organization of the cell, in turn, provides duce the movement of bones at joints, the beating of
a structural foundation for the organization of the the heart, the churning actions of the stomach, and
body. many other body movements.
NOT FORMetabolism
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTExcitability
FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The process by which the body obtains and uses The capability of a cell to respond to changes in its
energy is called metabolism (from the Greek words environment is called excitability or irritability. An
metabole change and -ism a condition) (meh-TAB- environmental change may be a change in tempera-
oh-lizm). Because we are not capable of producing ture, a change in pressure, an invasion by a foreign
our own energy, we © Jones
meet & Bartlett
our energy needsLearning,
by tak- LLC
substance, exposure to a form©ofJones & Bartlett
radiation, Learning, LL
or exposure
ing in materials fromNOT FOR SALE
the external OR DISTRIBUTION
environment. The NOT FOR SALE
to a chemical substance. Environmental changesOR thatDISTRIBUT
food we eat is broken down into smaller particles in influence cells are called stimuli. Every cell is capable
a process of metabolism known as digestion. The of receiving stimuli and responding to them. However,
particles that are useful to the body as fuel enter different types of cells respond in different ways. For
into cells, where they are broken down further to example, certain cells of the nervous and endocrine
© Jones
release energy. &TheBartlett Learning,
body uses LLC
this energy to power systems are©highly
Jones & Bartlett
specialized Learning,
to respond LLC
quickly to
all ofNOT
life’s FOR SALE
activities, OR DISTRIBUTION
including the synthesis of new stimuli andNOT FOR
pass this SALEtoOR
response DISTRIBUTION
other cells. Their goal
materials, the movement of cells and their compon- in this regard is to maintain the body in a stable state
ents, the transport of materials, and the generation despite changes that occur in the environment.
of heat.
There are two types of metabolism. Digestion is Growth
© Jones &
an Bartlett
example of Learning, LLC as catabolism (kah-© Jones
the form known Growth & Bartlett Learning,ofLLC
refers to enlargement a cell or the body as
NOT FORTAB-oh-lizm).
Catabolic processes break larger mol-NOTa FOR
whole.SALE
All cellsOR
areDISTRIBUTION
capable of growth at some stage

CONCEPT 4 Basic Terminology 9
© Jones &inBartlett
their lifeLearning, LLC growth occurs when ©a Jones
history. Cellular
& Bartlett Learning, LLC
Cell division also provides for the creation of a new
NOT FOR cell
increases NOT
in size as a result of anabolic activities FOR SALE
organism ORthe
through DISTRIBUTION
process of sexual reproduction.
that produce new molecules. When a cell reaches its
maximum size, it may divide into two identical cells to CONCEPT CHECK
increase the number of cells in the body. An increase in
cell number provides for the body growth that occurs 7. What is the collective goal of the functions that
LLC are characteristic of life?
before birth, during childhood, and through adolescence.
8. Define metabolism. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Reproduction 9. Explain the difference between the two
Cellular reproduction, or cell division, is the process metabolic processes, anabolism and catabolism.
by which a single cell divides into two or more cells. 10. How is the movement of molecules important
Reproduction
© Jones is& the methodLearning,
Bartlett by which dead
LLCcells are for life?
replaced and the growth of tissues and organs occurs.
CONCEPT
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC4 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Basic Terminology
Concept: The language used to describe the human body is universal, with an established set of terms.

In the world of science and medicine, a language has paragraphs and chapters by presenting their Greek
developed over the years that improves the accuracy
and Latin word parts along with their meanings.
of communication, enabling scientists and health-
care professionals to understand one another across
the continents despite differences in native language,
Directional Terminology
The set of terms used to describe the location of one
© Jones
culture, & Bartlett
and position Learning,
of the subject. LLC
This univer- © Jones
body structure & Bartlett
relative to anotherLearning,
is called LLC
direc-
sal language is primarily based on Greek and Latin
word parts—prefixes, word roots, and suffixes— tional NOT FOR
terminology. SALE OR
DirectionalDISTRIBUTION
terminology is
that are put together to form new words. The word a valuable tool in anatomy as well as in healthcare
parts are usually descriptive of the body part or because it abbreviates what might otherwise be
function they identify and help eliminate the need lengthy and inaccurate descriptions. It also identifies
body parts using a universally accepted position of
© Jones &for lengthy explanations. In most cases, a prefix is
Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett
the body as a pointLearning, LLCFor example, let’s
of reference.
placed before the word root and modifies its mean-
NOT FOR ing,
the word root carries the primary meaning, and NOT FOR
say SALE
that a OR
nurse DISTRIBUTION
wishes to describe the location of
the suffix follows the word root. Let’s look at some a bruise on a patient’s arm. Using directional termi-
examples: nology, the nurse records: “The bruise is just distal
to the elbow on the posterior right forearm.” This
s 4HE TERM hypothalamus refers to a part of the brain
description would remain accurate no matter how
that lies below the© Jones
thalamus & in
Bartlett Learning,
the center of the LLC
the patient positioned the© arm. JonesWhy?& Bartlett
Because Learning,
the LL
brain. The term is composed of the prefix hypo-,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
nurse has described the location of theSALE
bruiseOR DISTRIBUT
using
which means “below” in Greek, and the word root
a universally accepted position of the body known as
thalamus, which is Greek for “middle chamber.”
the anatomical position.
s 4HE TERM renal tubule refers to a microscopic tube By definition, the anatomical position describes a
within the kidney: ren is a Latin word for “kidney” body standing erect (upright) facing the observer, with
© Jones
and tubule is&Latin
Bartlett Learning,
for “tiny tube.” LLC the arms © at Jones
the sides&andBartlett
the toesLearning,
and palms LLCturned
NOT
s 4HE FOR
TERM SALE OR
pericardium is a DISTRIBUTION
membrane surrounding NOT FOR
forward (Figure SALE
1.2). This OR provides
position DISTRIBUTION
a point of
the heart. It is composed of the prefix peri-, which reference, much like a direction key on a map pointing
is a Latin word part meaning “to surround”; the north, south, east, and west. It thereby provides direc-
word root cardi, which means “heart” in Latin; and tional bearings when you are “mapping” the human
the Latin suffix -um, which means “pertaining to.” body. The directional terms that you will be using
© Jones & Bartlett
To assistLearning, LLC
your learning efforts, important anatomy© Jones & Bartlett
throughout Learning,
your study LLC in Figure 1.2 and
are presented
NOT FOR and
physiology terms are explained in the following NOT summarized
FOR SALEinOR DISTRIBUTION
Table 1.2.


Right Left
© Jones
Superior
& Bartlett Learning,
Cranial
LLC
Intermediate
Proximal
Anterior or © Jones& Bartlett Learning, LL
Posterior or
ventral dorsal
Lateral Medial
Deep
Superficial Caudal
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Distal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Proximal
Distal
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, Inferior
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
■ Figure 1.2. Directional terms, with the human figure in an anatomical position. A. Anterior view. B. Lateral view.
▶ Can you identify a body part that is proximal to the hand?
Table 1.2 Directional Terminology

Directional Term Definition Example
© Jones &Superior
Bartlett Learning, LLC
(cranial) Toward the head end or upper©part
Jones
of the & Bartlett
The heartLearning,
is superior toLLC
the diaphragm.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION body NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower The chest is inferior to the head.
end of the body
Anterior (ventral) Toward the front or belly side The nose is on the anterior side of the head.
Posterior (dorsal) © Jones
Toward&the
Bartlett
back sideLearning, LLC © Jones
The spinal cord extends down&
theBartlett
posterior Learning, LL
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION side of the body. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Medial Toward the midline, an imaginary line The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the
extending vertically down the middle of the ribs.
body
Lateral Away from the midline The ears are lateral to the nose.
Superficial (external) Toward the surface of the body The skin is superficial to the visceral organs.
Deep (internal) Away from the surface of the body The heart lies deep to the sternum.
Proximal Toward a structure’s origin or point of The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.
attachment to the trunk
Distal Away from a structure’s origin or point of The wrist is distal to the shoulder.
attachment to the trunk

© Jones &Sectional
Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Planes LLC since it divides the body into superior (upper) and
NOT FOR The
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT inferiorSALE
FOR ORportions.
(lower) DISTRIBUTION
The horizontal plane is
problem of describing the structure of our com-
plex, three-dimensional bodies is partly solved by the also called the transverse plane. A section made
use of planes. A plane is a flat surface that results from along the horizontal plane is often referred to as a
a slice, or section, through the body. The section may be cross section.
© Jones
oriented in any direction & Bartlett
so that it may pass through LLC When viewing diagnostic
Learning, ©
images of the body’s
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
the body at a certain angle to reveal a particular plane. interior, it is important to know the plane along
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
which the section was made. Notice that SALE the OR DISTRIBUT
planes
There are three primary body planes typically used by
anatomists: frontal, sagittal (SA-jih-tal), and horizon- are identified for the photos in the Health Clinic
tal (Figure 1.3). box, “Diagnostic Techniques,” on the next page.
The frontal plane extends through the long
axis©of Jones & Bartlett
the body Learning,
(i.e., along LLClength).
the body’s © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Also called the coronal plane, it divides the body
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALECHECK
CONCEPT OR DISTRIBUTION
into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
When the subject is standing upright in the anatom-
11. What is the purpose of constructing
ical position, the frontal plane extends in a vertical
scientific terms from Latin and Greek word
direction.
parts?
The sagittal planeLLC also extends through the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
12. Why should you use directional terms when
body’s long axis,
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION but it divides the body into right
and left portions. A sagittal plane dividing the body describing the location of body parts instead
into equal right and left halves is called midsagittal, of more common descriptions, such as on top
whereas one that divides the body unequally of, below, or to the side?
is called parasagittal (para- means “away from 13. What is a sectional plane?
normal”). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 14. How may sectional planes © Jones
be used& to
Bartlett
view Learning, LL
The horizontal plane extends in a direction
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION body structures? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
perpendicular to the frontal and sagittal planes

A Frontal plane B Sagittal plane C Horizontal plane
■ Figure 1.3. Body planes. A. The frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. B. The sagittal plane
© Jones &divides
Bartlett Learning,
the body LLC
into right and left parts. C. The horizontal© Jones
plane &the
divides Bartlett Learning,
body into superior andLLC
inferior parts.
NOT FOR ▶SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
A midsagittal plane divides the body into what parts? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALEHealth
OR Clinic:
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Diagnostic Techniques
Perhaps the greatest challenge in internal images of organs or body being improved and upgraded, in
medicine is the reliable identification cavities are needed. Their relatively its present form it uses a power-
© Jones & Bartlett
of the disease responsible for the
Learning, LLC
high speed and low cost make CT
ful magnetic field generated in a
NOT
patient’s symptoms—that is, theFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
scans the standard for noninvasive NOTwhich
chamber within FORthe SALE
patientOR DISTRIBUT
diagnosis. That’s because, although diagnoses. lies. The magnetic field traces the
sometimes the physician will initiate The acronym “PET” stands for element hydrogen, which is a
treatment before making a definitive “positron emission tomography.” component of water molecules, in
diagnosis, in most cases, the PET scans use computers and the patient’s body. In this way, MRI
diagnosis precedes and determines
LLC
radioactive substances to examine
can distinguish between internal
NOT FOR SALE OR
the treatment. Over the past few DISTRIBUTION
the metabolic activities of vari- NOT FOR SALE
structures on theOR DISTRIBUTION
basis of their
decades, the technologies used in ous organs, such as the brain and differences in water concentration.
diagnostic medicine have improved kidneys (Figure 1.4B). A radioactive Because bones contain very little
greatly, giving physicians better substance is combined with a meta- water compared to soft tissues, MRI
tools for diagnosing the patient’s bolically important material, such as can peer directly through them. As
© Jones & disease
and determining the course
© Jones & Bartlettthe
glucose (a type of sugar), to form a
Learning, LLC
MRI’s computer analyzes the
of treatment. The most important “cocktail” that isNOT FOR
inhaled SALE OR
or injected DISTRIBUTION
scanning data, it creates a three-
diagnostic techniques used today into the patient. Once inside the dimensional image of the region,
include CT scans, PET scans, MRI, and body, the cocktail is absorbed into thereby enabling physicians to
ultrasound. a metabolically active organ and detect abnormal structures. Colors
CT scans (also known as CAT releases its charged particles. The may be added by computer en-
PET computer detects the charged
hancement to provide improved
scans) send high-energy beams
(called X-rays) through NOT FOR SALE
the body; OR DISTRIBUTION
particles and creates color-coded clarity. LikeNOT FOR
a CT scan, anSALE
MRI can ORbe DISTRIBUT
the beams undergo computer en- images of the organ’s metabolic applied along a frontal, sagittal, or
hancements to produce three- activity. Because many types of can- transverse plane.
dimensional images (Figure 1.4A). cerous tumors have an unusually Ultrasound (US) imaging, or
The acronym “CT” stands for high rate of metabolic activity, PET sonography, involves the pulsation
“computed tomography” (“CAT” is
LLC © Jones
scans are often used to identify the
of harmless sound waves through
anNOT
acronymFOR SALE OR
for “computed DISTRIBUTION
axial location of tumors without the needNOT FOR
a bodySALE OR
region. As theDISTRIBUTION
waves travel
tomography”). In this technique, the for surgery. through tissues of varying density,
energy beams are focused on a spe- Among all of the diagnostic they produce echoes. A computer
cific plane of the body at multiple imaging techniques available, analyzes the echoes and constructs
angles while the patient remains MRI (the acronym for “magnetic a sectional image that reveals inter-
© Jones & stationary.
Bartlett The Learning,
computer LLCinterprets © Jones
resonance imaging”) & BartlettnalLearning,
has generated body structuresLLC (Figure 1.4D).
the information and produces a se- NOT FOR SALE
the most excitement in the medical OR DISTRIBUTION
Because of its harmless nature, ultra-
ries of sectional images or “slices” of community. It offers the clearest, sound has proven useful in prenatal
body regions, which may be along most complete images of soft care by providing an early view of
frontal, sagittal, or even transverse tissues currently possible (Figure a developing fetus (a child before
planes. CT scans are useful when 1.4C). Although MRI is continually birth) within the uterus.

X-ray source

X-ray
detector

A B
Radio wave
© JonesMagnet
detector LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

Knee
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

C D
■ Figure 1.4. Diagnostic imaging techniques. A. CT (CAT) scan of the head along the sagittal plane. B. PET scan
of the head LLC plane. C. MRI of the ©
along the horizontal Jones
knee along & Bartlett
a sagittal Learning,
plane. LLC
D. Ultrasound image of the
pelvic region in a pregnant female along the sagittal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
plane.

CONCEPT 5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
The Body Plan

© body
Concept: The human Jones & Bartlett
is divided Learning,
into regions. SomeLLC © Jones
regions contain spaces called cavities& Bartlett
that house Learning, LL
organs. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Before studying minor details, it is often helpful to neck, the upper appendages (the arm, wrist, and hand),
and the lower appendages (the leg, ankle, and foot). The
look at the “big picture.” As a first step in our study of
the human
© Jonesbody,&let’s turn now
Bartlett to the “bigLLC
Learning, head is attached
picture” of to the trunk
© Jones by way of
& Bartlett the narrow neck.
Learning, LLC
human anatomy and observe how the body is orga- Each major region is divided further into smaller
nized into regions and cavities.
regions (Figure 1.5). For example, the anterior trunk
is divided into an upper thoracic region, a middle
Body Regions abdominal region, and a lower pelvic region. The
The human body is divided into five major areas, or posterior trunk includes the central dorsal and lower
© Jones regions. The trunk is centrally
& Bartlett Learning, LLC located, receiving the lumbar
© Jones & regions.
Frontal
Orbital
Cranial Cranial
Buccal
Otic
Facial© Jones & Bartlett
Nasal Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
Occipital
Oral NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Cervical
Acromial Mental
Thoracic Dorsal
Sternal
Mammary Axillary
Vertebral
© Jones
Brachial & Bartlett Learning, LLC Costal © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
Ante-FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Abdominal Olecranal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
cubital or cubital
Lumbar
Ante- Umbilical
brachial
Coxal Manual
Sacral
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pelvic Carpal
© Jones & Bartlett
Gluteal Learning, LLC
Pubic Inguinal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Perineal
Genital
Palmar Digital or
Femoral phalangeal
Femoral
Patellar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Popliteal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Tibial
© Jones
Tarsal & Bartlett Learning,Pedal
LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Plantar Calcaneal
A Anterior view B Posterior view

■ Figure 1.5. Regions of the body. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. ▶ What is the location of the axillary region relative
NOT FORtoSALE ORregion
the femoral DISTRIBUTION
(in directional terms)? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

CONCEPT 5 The Body Plan 15

The major LLC
regions of
© Jones
the body and their useful
It contains a cranial cavity within the skull and a
NOT FOR divisions
SALE OR are DISTRIBUTION NOT
shown in Figure 1.5. Surface features, FOR SALE
vertebral ORthat
canal DISTRIBUTION
extends through the center of
or landmarks, that healthcare professionals routinely the vertebral column (backbone). The cranial cavity,
use during physical examinations are also identified which contains the brain, is a well-protected space
in Figure 1.5. Knowledge of the regions of the body formed by the bony plates of the skull. The vertebral
and their landmarks aids the anatomist in describ- canal is protected by the vertebrae and houses the
ing the relative location of parts and the healthcare spinal cord.
professional in identifying internal causes of surface The larger ventral NOT cavityFOR
is inSALE OR DISTRIBUT
the anterior
pain. (ventral) side of the body. It includes an upper por-
tion called the thoracic (thoh-RAS-ik) cavity and
Body Cavities a lower portion called the abdominopelvic (ab-
The body is internally divided into several spaces, or dom-ih-noh-PEL-vik) cavity. The two are separated
cavities, which house many of the body’s organs
by a thin sheet of muscle known as the diaphragm
(Figure 1.6). Cavities are usually associated with NOT FOR
(DIE-ah-fram). SALE
The word OR DISTRIBUTION
diaphragm means “parti-
membranes, which are composed of a thin sheet of tion or barrier.”
cells and protein to form a flat covering. In the major The thoracic cavity is bordered on its anterior side
body cavities, an outer membrane lines the cavity by the ribcage and on its posterior side by the verte-
walls, while an inner membrane covers the outer sur- bral column. The bones of the ribcage and vertebral
© Jones &face
of the organs that are contained within the cav-
column provide the thoracic cavity’s vital organs—
NOT FOR ity.
In general, the outer membrane is referred to NOT as FOR
the SALE
right ORlungs
and left DISTRIBUTION
and the heart—with a limited
the parietal layer (parietal means “wall”), while the amount of protection. Each lung is associated with
inner membrane is called the visceral layer (visceral another cavity, which lies between the membrane
means “internal”). The organs contained within a cav- attached to the thoracic wall, called the parietal
ity are generally known as visceral organs. pleura, and the membrane attached to the lung’s
There are two major cavities in the body, dorsal surface, called the visceral pleura. This narrow cav-
NOT
and ventral. The smaller of FOR
the twoSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
is the dorsal cavity, NOT FOR
ity is called the pleural (PLOO-ral) SALE
cavity. TheOR
wordDISTRIBUT
located in the posterior (dorsal) side of the body. pleural means “rib.”
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Superior
mediastinum
Thoracic Pleural
cavity cavity
Pericardial
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
©
■ Jones
Figure & Bartlett
1.6. Cavities of theLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Abdomino-
LLC
Pelvic cavity
body. A. Lateral view. B. Anterior NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
pelvic
view. The dorsal cavity contains cavity
the cranial cavity and vertebral
canal, and the ventral cavity
contains the thoracic cavity and
abdominopelvic cavity. ▶ What
© Jones &major
Bartlett
organsLearning, LLC
occupy the thoracic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR cavity?
SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION B


Located between the LLC
© Jones
two lungs is the heart. Like
between the upper tips of the hipbones (called iliac
NOT FORthe
SALE
lungs,OR
the DISTRIBUTION
heart is surrounded by a small cavity,NOT FOR SALE
crests). The ORarea
upper DISTRIBUTION
is called the abdominal cav-
which lies between an outer membrane (the parietal ity. It contains many organs, including the stomach,
pericardium) and an inner membrane (the visceral small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and
pericardium), both of which surround the heart. most of the large intestine. The smaller pelvic cavity
This cavity is the pericardial (peri- to surround, lies below the iliac crests and is in the shape of a bowl
cardi heart, and -al pertaining to) (pair-ih-KAR-
that is formed by the hipbones (pelvis means “washba-
dee-al) cavity. NOT FOR SALE OR sin”). It contains the urinaryNOT
DISTRIBUTION FOR
bladder, the SALE OR DISTRIBUT
final segment
The structures within the thoracic cavity between of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive
the two lungs form a partition, or septum, in the cen- organs. The membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity
ter of the chest. They are collectively referred to as the include the large parietal peritoneum, which lines
mediastinum (mee-dee-ah-STI-num), and include the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum,
the heart, a soft gland superior to the heart known as
which covers the surfaces of the organs. The narrow
the thymus, part of the trachea, part of the esophagus, space betweenNOT FOR
these twoSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
membranes is known as the
and the major vessels of the heart. The term mediasti- peritoneal cavity. The term peritoneum is derived
num means “middle sternum” and refers to its location from a Latin word that means “to stretch over.”
along the vertical midline of the chest. The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into
In the region inferior to the diaphragm, the smaller regions (Figure 1.7). The additional subdivision
abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two main cavi-
of this large cavity is useful in healthcare for the pur-
NOT FORties
SALE ORseparated
that are DISTRIBUTION
by an imaginary line extendingNOTpose FOR SALE aOR
of relating DISTRIBUTION
patient’s report of abdominal pain to

Right Left
Epigastric
Right LLC Left © Jones hypochondriac
region LLC
hypochondriac
upper upper region region
quadrant quadrant NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
(RUQ) (LUQ)
Right Left
lumbar Umbilical lumbar
(lateral) region (lateral)
Right Left region region
© Jones &
lower Bartlett Learning, LLC
lower © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
quadrant quadrant
NOT
(RLQ)
FOR SALE
(LLQ)
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Right Left
Hypogastric
inguinal inguinal
region
region region
A Abdominopelvic quadrants B Abdominopelvic regions
■ Figure 1.7. Regions of the abdominopelvic cavity, anterior view of the trunk. A. The lines form the four abdominopelvic
© Jones & Bartlett
quadrants. Learning,
B. The LLC regions. ▶ What is the
nine abdominopelvic ©benefit
Jones & Bartlett
to healthcare Learning,
professionals LLC
of dividing the abdominopelvic
NOT FORcavity
into smaller sections? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

CONCEPT 6 Homeostasis: The Balance of Life 17
© Jones &a Bartlett Learning,

potential source within.LLC
The smaller regions are sepa-
NOT FOR rated
SALE by OR DISTRIBUTION
invisible NOT FOR SALECONCEPT
lines that are similar to the latitudinal
CHECK
OR DISTRIBUTION
and longitudinal lines on a map. In one method of divi- 15. Name the five major regions of the body.
sion, two lines, one horizontal and one vertical, divide the 16. What is a body cavity?
cavity into four areas, or quadrants; these are shown in
17. What are the two major cavities in the body?
Figure 1.7A. A second method uses two horizontal and
two vertical lines to divide the cavity into nine abdomi- 18. Identify two methods © forJones
dividing&the
Bartlett
abdomi-Learning, LL
nopelvic regions. This method is shown in Figure 1.7B. nopelvic cavity into NOT
smaller FOR SALE
regions. OR DISTRIBUT
CONCEPT 6
Homeostasis: The Balance of Life

Concept: Homeostasis is the process by which the internal environment of the body is kept relatively
stable despite changesLLC © Jones
in the world within and around us. & Bartlett Learning, LLC
If the world were a perfect place to live, survival would
be very easy. There would be plenty of nourishing food
to eat, the climate would remain comfortably temperate, HEAT OR STRESS
there would be no disease; in other words, there would
be little stress upon the body. However, our world is by
LLC Response:
no means perfect. Our NOT FOR
bodies areSALE
subject OR DISTRIBUTION
to unpredict- Perspiration NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
Increased breathing
able changes in environmental temperature, pressure, Blood vessels dilate
water and salt availability, and in many areas of the
world, food availability; microorganisms that are capa-
ble of invading our cells and destroying them abound;
and we are being exposed to increasing levels of radia-
tionNOT FOR SALE that OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Hypothalamus
and chemicals can damage and destroy cells.
How are we able to survive in this world of hazards?
The human body has the remarkable ability to
sense a change in the environment, like a change
in external temperature or the internal invasion of Skin receptors
© Jones &a Bartlett Learning, LLC
population of microorganisms, and to respond by © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR making
changes in the body’s functions. As a result NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
of these changes, the body’s internal environment is
kept relatively stable. The process used by the body to
maintain internal stability within a relatively narrow
range despite changes within and around it is known
© Jones & Bartlett This
as homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis). Learning,
term LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
combines the Greek words homeo (similar) and stasis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
(stationary) to literally mean “similar standing still.”
The Process of Homeostasis

Many body functions participate in homeostasis. Most COLD
are © Jonesby&the
regulated Bartlett
nervous Learning, LLC system
system or endocrine © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Response:
NOTand
or both, FOR SALE
involve OR DISTRIBUTION
the integration of numerous tissues, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Shivering
organs, and even systems to maintain internal stability. Goose bumps
A failure in any of these functions can lead to disease or Blood vessels constrict
even death within a relatively short period of time.
An example of a homeostatic process is the con- ■ Figure 1.8. An example of homeostasis. ▶ Why is it
© Jones &trol
Bartlett Learning,
of internal LLC
body temperature when the body © is Jones & Bartlett
necessary Learning,
for the body temperature LLC
to be maintained within
NOT FOR exposed
to cold or hot weather (Figure 1.8). When NOT aFOR
narrowSALE
range? OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones you
& Bartlett
are cold,Learning, LLC in your skin that can© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
sensory receptors
changes relay this information toNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
–
NOT FORdetect
temperature
Stimulus
the brain. The region of the brain that receives this
information, the hypothalamus, functions as a ther-
–
mostat for the body. It operates in much the same
way as the thermostat in your house: when the tem-
perature is perceived as being too cold, it “turns the
Stimulus and
hormone
heat on” and keeps it on until the temperature returns NOT FOR SALE
production DISTRIBUT
OR
Endocrine gland reduced
to the desired level. Body heat is generated by the
contraction of small groups of muscles. When the –
hypothalamus stimulates these muscles, you “shiver”

from the cold. The hypothalamus also directs blood
vessels in the skin to close up, or constrict. This reduces
blood flow, and thereby reduces the amount of heat NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
that is normally lost through the surface of the skin.
The overall effect of making heat by muscle contrac-
tion and reducing heat loss through the skin is to sta-
bilize internal body temperature, enabling other body
functions to proceed normally despite the drop in the
NOT FORexternal
SALE temperature.
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Hormone
The process of homeostasis is also active when the
body becomes overheated. When the hypothalamus A Negative feedback
receives the information of increased temperature
from nerve cells, it directs the body to make changes
that will keep the body from getting too hot. These
NOT FOR
changes include perspiration, SALE
which ORthe
cools DISTRIBUTION
skin NOT+ FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
surface as the water evaporates. In addition, blood Stimulus
vessels in the skin open wider or dilate, allowing them
to carry a larger volume of blood. As warm blood
from the deeper regions of the body reaches the skin
surface, it releases body heat. Finally, breathing rate Stimulus and
NOTmoving
increases, FOR SALE OR
a greater DISTRIBUTION
volume of heated air from NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
hormone
production
the lungs to the outside. Endocrine gland increased
Regulation of body temperature is one example
+
of the many homeostatic mechanisms that function
to keep the body’s internal environment stable despite
© Jones & Bartlett
changing Learning,
conditions. LLC
All homeostatic mechanisms are© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC +
NOT FORregulated
SALE OR in one of two ways: by negative feedback orNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
by positive feedback.
Secondary
hormone
Negative Feedback release
© Jones
Most homeostatic processes & Bartlett
at work Learning,
in the body oper- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
NOT FOR
ate by negative feedback. SALE
The use of the OR
termDISTRIBUTION
“nega- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
tive” refers to a mechanism that reverses a response; in Hormone
this case, back to a normal state. The term “feedback”
refers to the ability of the body to sense information, B Positive feedback
and send this information back to a control center
© Jones
(usually & Bartlett
the brain) where it Learning, LLC and a
can be interpreted ■ Figure 1.9. © Jones
Feedback &systems.
Bartlett Learning,
A. Negative LLC
feedback
NOTbegun.
response FORThus,
negative feedback is a process by NOT FOR
is the most common form SALE OR in
of regulation DISTRIBUTION
the body. In this
example, the adrenal gland’s production of a hormone is
which the body maintains homeostasis by first perceiv-
reduced when the hormone is present in the bloodstream,
ing a change, then reversing the direction of the change thereby causing a reversal in function. B. Positive feed-
until the normal state is returned (Figure 1.9A). The back. In this example, the adrenal gland’s production of a
body temperature responses you just considered are hormone is increased when the hormone is present in
© Jones & Bartlett
examples Learning,
of negative LLCbecause the hypothala-© Jones
feedback & Bartlett Learning, LLC
the bloodstream, which increases the function further.
NOT FORmusSALE OR
sensed DISTRIBUTION
a drop in body temperature and promptedNOT▶FOR WhichSALE
feedbackOR DISTRIBUTION
system causes a reversal of a process?

Concept Block Study Sheet 19
© Jones &homeostatic
Bartlett Learning,
responses to LLC
© JonesIn& aBartlett
generate heat, or sensed a rise
Learning, LLC
sense, optimal health and a severe, life-
NOT FOR in
temperature and stimulated responses to dissipate NOT threatening disease DISTRIBUTION
FOR SALE OR may be regarded as two extremes
heat. In either case, the hypothalamus reversed the of a continuum. Between the two extremes are many
direction of the response. gradations, including mild or short-term illnesses,
minor injuries, and moderately good health that falls
Positive Feedback somewhat short of the ideal state. Most of us live
somewhere between the extremes of this continuum
Positive feedbackNOT mechanisms are quite
FOR SALE ORrare in the
DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR
healthy body. The term “positive” means that when a because our bodies are challenged by SALE OR DISTRIBUT
minor homeo-
change from the normal state occurs, the mechanism static disturbances during every moment of our lives.
promotes the change even further (Figure 1.9B). For Fortunately, a body in good health handles most of
example, if a thermostat in your house were wired these disturbances quickly and efficiently, minimiz-
ing their threat. However, the pendulum can swing
© Jones
so that & Bartlett
an increase in roomLearning,
temperatureLLC
would cause
toward
serious disease if the body’s homeostatic
the NOT
heaterFOR
to turn on rather
SALE than the air conditioner,
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
the room temperature would increase further. One mechanisms are FOR
unableSALE ORinternal
to return DISTRIBUTION
conditions
example of positive feedback occurs during childbirth, to stability.
when the contractions of labor prompt the release of
a substance that promotes more and stronger contrac- CONCEPT CHECK
© Jones &tions.
Bartlett Learning,
The feedback loop LLC
ends with birth. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT 19.
FOR What
SALEis theOR
goalDISTRIBUTION
of homeostasis?
Homeostasis in Health and Disease 20. You’re eating a bag of salty pretzels outdoors
Maintaining the body’s internal environment within on a winter day. What two homeostatic
a narrow, steady range demands that all body sys- mechanisms are likely to be activated?
tems are operating effectively. This ideal state is called 21. How does negative feedback differ from
optimal health. Any © reduction
Jones &fromBartlett Learning,
this ideal state, LLC positive feedback? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
NOT
regardless of its relative FORisSALE
impact, OR
regarded DISTRIBUTION
as disease. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
CONCEPT BLOCK STUDY SHEET

CONCEPT 1: The study of the human body is an inter- 6. A tissue is composed of similar cells that combine
disciplinary science. It consists of fields that focus on to perform a general function, whereas an organ
structure or function at many levels. is composed of two or more different types of
1. The study of anatomyLLCfocuses on both body © Jonestissues.
structure and location. NOT CONCEPT
FOR SALE 3: AllOR DISTRIBUTION
living cells are capable of organiza-
2. Subdisciplines within anatomy include gross tion, metabolism, movement, excitability, growth, and
anatomy, microanatomy, and medical anatomy. reproduction.
Microanatomy also includes cytology and 7. The collective goal of the functions that are
histology. characteristic of life is survival of the organism.
3. The primary question that a physiologist seeks to 8. Metabolism is the process by which the body
NOT FOR
answer is: how does it work? SALE OR DISTRIBUTION obtains and uses energy. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
CONCEPT 2: The human body is composed of micro- 9. Anabolism is the building of new, larger
scopic building blocks arranged into a series of increas- molecules from smaller units. It uses energy.
ingly complex structures. Health depends upon every Catabolism is the breakdown of larger molecules
level functioning properly. © Jones
into smaller &ItBartlett
units. Learning, LLC
releases energy.
4.NOT FORbuilding
Nonliving SALE blocks
OR DISTRIBUTION
of the body include NOT isFOR
10. Movement SALE
required OR DISTRIBUTION
for transferring molecules
atoms and molecules, components of the within cells and into and out of cells, as well as to
chemical level. enable a cell to carry out its functions in coopera-
5. The basic structural and functional unit of life is tion with other cells.
the cell.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (continued)

CONCEPT NOT(CONTINUED)
BLOCK STUDY SHEET FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
CONCEPT 4: The language used to describe the human 16. A body cavity is a space within the body containing
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCvisceral organs and is usually
body is universal, with an established set of terms.
lined with
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION membranes. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
11. The purpose of constructing scientific terms from
word parts is to establish a universal language for 17. The two major body cavities are the ventral
science and medicine. cavity and the dorsal cavity.
12. Directional terms should be used because they 18. The two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic
© Jones
reduce & BartlettofLearning,
the lengthiness LLC
the description and © Jones
cavity include nine&abdominopelvic
regions and
thereby improve accuracy, and also because they four NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
quadrants.
use the anatomical position as a reference, which CONCEPT 6: Homeostasis is the process by which
is universally accepted. the internal environment of the body is kept rela-
13. A sectional plane is a flat invisible field that tively stable despite changes in the world within and
passes through an object to provide orientation around us.
and direction. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
19. The goal of homeostasis is to maintain body sta-
NOT FOR14.
SALE OR planes
Sectional DISTRIBUTION
may be used when slicing NOT FOR
bilitySALE
withinOR DISTRIBUTION
narrow limits despite fluctuations in
through a body part or tissue, either with a knife the internal and external environment.
or a computer program. 20. Two homeostatic mechanisms likely to be
CONCEPT 5: The human body is divided into regions. activated are temperature regulation and salt
Some regions contain©spaces
Jones & Bartlett
called Learning,
cavities that house LLCbalance. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
organs.
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 21. Negative feedback NOT
reverses theFOR SALE
direction of aOR DISTRIBUT
15. The five major regions are the trunk, neck, upper process, while positive feedback promotes the
appendages, lower appendages, and head. process further in the same direction.
REVIEW
NOT FOR SALEQUESTIONS
OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
Multiple Choice 5. When a child is hanging upside down on a jungle gym,

the thorax is considered to the pelvis.
1. Which of the following divisions of study focuses on a. anterior
how the body functions?LLC © Jonesb. & Bartlett Learning, LLC
inferior
a. gross anatomy c. superior
b. systematic anatomy NOT FOR SALE
d. medial
OR DISTRIBUTION
c. physiology
6. The body plane that divides the body into right and left
d. microanatomy
portions is called the:
2. The trunk is inferior to which body part? a. frontal plane
a. head b. horizontal plane
b. back © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
c. sagittal plane
c. knee NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. transverse plane NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
d. left foot
7. The basic structural and functional unit of life is the:
3. The brain lies to the bones of the skull. a. molecule
a. deep b. protein
b. distal c. tissue
c.© superficial
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC d. cell © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
NOT
d. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
anterior
8. A groupNOT FOR
of similar cellsSALE OR DISTRIBUTION
that combine to perform a
4. The right elbow is distal to the: certain function is called a:
a. left elbow a. tissue
b. right shoulder b. molecule
c. digits of the right hand c. system
d. left kneecap © Jonesd. & Bartlett Learning, LLC
organ

Review Questions 21
© Jones & 9.Bartlett

The bodyLearning, LLC
cavity that lies © Jones
superior to the diaphragm and & Bartlett
14. Any Learning,
state in which LLC
the internal balance of the body
NOT FOR SALE ORthe
contains DISTRIBUTION
heart is the: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
becomes disturbed is called:
a. ventral cavity a. health
b. thoracic cavity b. disease
c. pericardial cavity c. homeostasis
d. all of the above d. symptom
10. The abdominopelvic © Jones
cavity: & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL
a. lies superior toNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
the diaphragm Critical-thinking Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
b. lies within the trunk region 1. List the six levels of structural organization and discuss
c. contains the lungs how they interrelate to support the survival of the
d. does not contain organs complete organism.
11. The characteristic function of living cells by which the 2. Describe the body plan by identifying the locations of the
© Jones
body obtains&andBartlett Learning,
uses energy is called: LLC © Jones
body regions, cavities,&and
Bartlett Learning,organs.
a few representative LLC
a. homeostasis
NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT
3. The day of FOR
the high SALE
school OR was
track meet DISTRIBUTION
hot and dry. As
b. metabolism
c. movement the participants crossed the finish line, they were panting
d. excitability and drenched in sweat, and their faces were beet red. Using
your new understanding of homeostasis, explain why. Is
12. The ability of a cell to perceive a change in the this an example of negative feedback or positive feedback?
environment LLC
and respond to it is called: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
a. anabolism
b. growth NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION
c. excitability
d. organization
13. The process by which the body maintains internal
conditions within a relatively narrow range despite
changes in the environment is called:
a. disease NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUT
b. metabolism
c. homeostasis
d. excitability


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1

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Anatomy and Physiology Defined

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

Structural Levels of Organization

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Integumentary Skin Protects underlying

Skeletal Bones, joints Supports and protects softer

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Muscular Skeletal muscles Produces movement of bones

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System Major Organs System Functions

Endocrine Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, Alters the activity of cells by

Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels Transports blood

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

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System Major Organs System Functions

Digestive Mouth, salivary glands, Simpliﬁes food particles into

Urinary Kidneys, ureters, urinary Forms urine to maintain

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

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The Characteristics of Life

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Table 1.2 Directional Terminology

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A Frontal plane B Sagittal plane C Horizontal plane

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LL

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

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The Body Plan

A Anterior view B Posterior view

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

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A Abdominopelvic quadrants B Abdominopelvic regions

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© Jones &a Bartlett Learning,

Homeostasis: The Balance of Life