KRB Roads
KRB Roads
Foreword...................................................................................................................................................... v
Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................................................ vi
Glossary of Terms.......................................................................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and Objectives......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Structure of Cost Estimation Manual........................................................................................... 1
1.3. PBC Works and Instructed Works............................................................................................... 1
1.4. Cost Structure for Estimation...................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Definition of SRUQ and P/R......................................................................................................... 4
2. Importance of Cost Estimation............................................................................................................. 5
3. Role of Government Cost Estimators................................................................................................... 5
4. Cost Estimation Methods of PBC Works............................................................................................. 5
5. Cost Estimation Procedure................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Cost Estimation Flow................................................................................................................... 6
5.2. Cost Estimation Structure............................................................................................................ 7
5.3. Estimation Procedure on Direct Cost.......................................................................................... 8
5.4. Estimating Procedure on Indirect Cost/Overhead & Profit......................................................... 22
5.5. Estimating Procedure on VAT...................................................................................................... 22
Appendix 1 Cost Estimation System for PBC 2015 For Government Cost Estimators........................... 25
Appendix 2 Cost Estimation Parameters 2015......................................................................................... 45
Appendix 3 Example of Cost Estimation by COSTES for PBC 2015....................................................... 48
Appendix 4 Information on Volume 3 for Contractors’ Reference Use................................................... 82
Appendix 5: Recommendations by KRB on Indirect Cost, Overhead/Profit and Build-up of Unit Rates... 83
The concept of performance based contracting in road maintenance and management has been adopted in
Kenya and was commenced in 2010 on a pilot basis. However, the method of estimating cost of works under
performance based contracts was not clear as it was based on traditional method of road maintenance. It was
therefore noted that a more scientific and accurate way of cost estimation of PBC road maintenance contracts
need to be formulated since these types of contracts differ from the traditional maintenance contracts. To
this end, JICA under the Project for strengthening of capacity on road maintenance and management through
contracting (phase 2), embarked on the noble task of developing this manual.
The manual has been prepared based on surveys conducted on the ongoing performance based contracts and
wide stakeholder consultations. The manual does not only provides scientific method of estimating the cost of
PBC road maintenance works but also provides survey techniques for collection of data necessary for regular
updating of the manuals. The manual consist of three volumes. Volume 1 is tailored to be used by the Road
Administrator (KRB) who provide estimation parameters and will be in charge of updating of the database. Volume
2 will be used by the road authorities for estimation of Project Cost i.e. determining the ceiling price for purposes
of budget allocation, planning and tendering. Volume 3 has been prepared specifically for contractors who will be
interested in tendering for PBC works. In volume 3, a deliberate move was taken to exclude information on unit
prices and percentages of indirect cost, overheads/profits which the contractors are required to provide during
the tendering processes. A computer program known as COSTES for PBC 2015 was also developed with data
collected from surveys on the ongoing PBC contracts. The computer program will be used with the manual to
ease rigorous computation processes. Explanations on how to operate the program have been appended in the
manual.
It is hoped that this manual will be very useful in implementation of this new concept of road maintenance and
will be beneficial to both the clients and the contractors.
I urge all stakeholders to make proper use of the manual in costing of PBC road maintenance works to arrive at
more accurate cost of PBC contracts, thus guaranteeing value for money and best return to the taxpayer.
Finally, I recognize and acknowledge with appreciation the National Working Group and Sub-Working Group
members who provided their valuable advice through a series of meetings during the period of formulating this
manual. I am particularly grateful to the JICA team for their technical assistance in achieving this milestone and
for their overall assistance in capacity building for road maintenance and management. Special gratitude goes to
all road authorities and other government agencies which include KRB, KeNHA, KURA, KeRRA, KWS, KIHBT,
NCA and PPOA for their valuable support in the development of this manual.
Glossary of Terms
Actual Quantity Refers to the actual quantity of work and service for each service criteria executed
by the contractor to achieve the specified service level.
Simple Quantity Refers to the targeted quantity of work and services for each service criteria to
be executed by the contractor as per the contract drawings.
General Maintenance Refers to all works and services (mainly off-carriageway) required to be performed
by the contractor under the performance based contract.
Initial Mobilization Period This is the period during the initial stages of the contract when the contractor
makes interventions to bring the road to maintainable conditions.
Routine Maintenance Period This is the period after the expiry of the initial mobilization period when the
contractor undertakes routine maintenance activities. The activities are
performed to maintain the performance standards of the road and to achieve
specified service levels.
1. Introduction
Based on the nature of various requirements, Instructed Works are a combination of the following works and
services as indicated in Table 1-3.
Rehabilitation Works
• To bring the road up to the pre-defined standards at the start
of the PBC project. E.g. filling potholes, laying gravel wearing Unit rate payment
Prepared by the client
course, repairing carriageway edges, reinstating road camber, determined by the contractor
road furniture maintenance and repair, and repairing culverts as
may be required.
Improvement Works
Unit rate payment
• To add new characteristics to the road in response to new Prepared by the client
determined by the contractor
traffic, safety or other conditions
Emergency Works
• To reinstate the road after damage has occurred as a result of Unit rate payment
Prepared by the client
natural occurrences with unexpected consequences under the determined by the contractor
condition defined in the contract
This Manual has been prepared principally to estimate the cost of PBC Works for which no standard procedure
for cost estimation was addressed in the previously issued “Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance Works
2011”, popularly referred to as the COSTES Manual 2011.
This Manual is a new edition and focuses exclusively on the PBC Works. It tries to correctly estimate labour-
based works and services based on surveys conducted on on-going PBC projects. The Manual therefore reflects
the result of the surveys and recommends methods of standard estimation procedures using the results obtained
from PBC projects undertaken in 2014 and 2015.
It is important to appreciate that some future projects may be different from those projects surveyed for the
purpose of determining various values incorporated into this Manual. For example, in projects surveyed, there
were no physical repairs of scour checks and headwalls, and no physical maintenance and repair of structures
and road furniture.
In such cases, the COSTES Manual 2011 should be used to correctly modify the cost estimation by incorporating
the additional costs for such physical repairs.. Similarly, if a road authority is required to estimate the cost of
Instructed Works in addition to the PBC Works, the COSTES Manual 2011 should be used after correctly
assessing quantities of the Instructed Works required. In order that the Manual is useful for such cases, an attempt
has been made to allow adding such costs as deemed necessary from past experience/data, and collection of
estimates for such works, based on prudent judgment of the cost estimator. Default values set out in COSTES for
16%
d) VAT
Other PBC Works Maintenance costs for the PBC Works such as repair of carriageway and
shoulders, repair of structures, repair of road furniture, repair of road profile and
width, and repair of embankment and slopes.
Miscellaneous Costs and Miscellaneous expenses and other costs which are required for proper on-site
Others control and provision of safety gears and devices for workers and necessary
haulage cost for transporting labour, materials and equipment from/to the site.
• Site Management Cost
Indirect Cost
The structure of a typical project is shown in Figure 1-2 for cost estimation purpose under COSTES for PBC
2015. The Direct Cost in this case consists of PBC Works, Instructed Works and Haulage Cost.
Item Cost
Total Project Cost (VAT(16%) Inclusive) 12=10+11
Project Cost 10=7+8+9
Direct Cost 7=4+5+6
PBC Works 4=1+2+3
Patrol and Self Inspection under Road Safety 1
6 Major Labor Based Works under Road User Comfort and Road Durability 2
4 3 2 1 Other PBC Works under Road User Comfort and Road Durability 3
Instructed Works 5
Haulage Cost 6
Indirect Cost 8
Overhead & Profit 9
VAT(16%) 11
Figure 1-2 Cost Estimation Structure under COSTES for PBC 2015
Example:
Grass cutting of 10,000m2 is completed in 5 man-days. That is 5 persons each completing 2,000m2 on a given day.
SRUQ = 5 man-days/ 10,000 m2 = 0.0005 man-day/m2
Productivity Rate (P/R) = 2,000m2 / man-day
1 Patrol and Self-Inspection (Self For patrolling under Road Usability Labour, vehicles and fuel costs.
Control Unit) and for self-inspection
2 6 Major Labor Based Works Essentially the work is labor based Labour cost only. Vehicle and fuel costs are
(Table 4-2) and off-carriageway activity. included in Haulage Cost.
3 Other PBC Works Works involving the carriageway Labour, materials, machineries and
and others. equipment. Vehicle and fuel costs are
included in Haulage Cost.
No Item
1 Grass Cutting
2 Cross Culvert De-silting
3 Catch Basin De-silting
4 Lined Side Ditch De-silting
5 Unlined Side Ditch De-silting
6 Carriage Way Cleaning
The second stage requires estimating the cost of the Indirect Cost and the Overhead & Profit.
— Unit rates and SRUQs are obtained from the result of surveys undertaken by the cost estimation
administrator. The results are attached in Appendix 2 - Cost Estimation Parameters.
— COSTES for PBC 2015 is pre equipped with the above data for 2015.
— The cost structure for estimation is indicated in Figure 1-1 in Chapter 1.4. In order to standardize the
actual structure for cost estimation exercise, the Manual adopts the layered structure as indicated in
Figure 5-2. COSTES for PBC 2015 has also been developed using the same layered structure.
— Direct Cost: This is the summation of PBC Works, Instructed Works (if required) and Haulage Cost
for the 6 Major Labor based Works. PBC Works are the summation of 6 Major Labor Based Works
under Road Durability, Patrol and Self Inspection under Road Usability and “Other PBC Works”.
Project Cost: This is the summation of Direct Cost, Indirect Cost and Overhead & Profit.
Total Project Cost: This is the summation of Project Cost and VAT.
Item Cost
Total Project Cost (VAT(16%) Inclusive) 12=10+11
Project Cost 10=7+8+9
Direct Cost 7=4+5+6
PBC Works 4=1+2+3
Patrol and Self Inspection under Road Safety 1
Major 6 Labor Based Work under Road Durability 2
4 3 2 1 Other PBC Works 3
Instructed Works 5
Haulage Cost of Major 6 Labor Based Work 6
Indirect Cost 8
Overhead & Profit 9
VAT(16%) 11
1 This is the transition period specified in the contract document The default value is set as
to allow the contractor to bring up the existing road condition 3 months.
Initial Mobilization Period to the required service level in order to prepare the road
(IMP) for PBC Works. It is understood that the volume of work
required during IMP is not important whether the period is
dry or wet. IMP is normally 3 months.
2 The volume of work is larger during the wet period compared No default value is set.
Routine Dry Period to the dry period. It is the duty of the
Maintenance cost estimator to input
3 Period Wet appropriate values.
Period
Dry and wet periods may be determined from historical precipitation data. The sample for Nairobi region is
indicated in Figure 5-3. Regional differences arise and should be taken into account.
Wet Wet
2. Simple Quantity Obtaining standard cost estimation. On-site surveys used to determine works and simple quantities
On-site survey to determine simple for the 6 Major Labour Based Works.
quantities is required.
3. Actual Quantity Obtaining detailed cost estimation. On-site survey used to determine works and actual quantities
On-site survey to determine actual for the 6 Major Labour Based Works. Actual quantities refer to
quantities is required. quantities based on the result of the survey reflecting deduction
of the area for vegetation such as car park areas. Please refer to
Table 4-4.
If Types 2 and 3 are chosen, government cost estimators must dispatch a team to undertake on-site survey to
collect information on what works are required under the 6 Major Labour Based Works.
It is necessary that government cost estimators must sufficiently be aware of various service levels and tolerances
required in PBC Works in relation to work outputs. The result of cost estimation should be double checked to
confirm all service levels are covered.
The relationship among each type of cost estimation, cost estimation parameters are already in-built in COSTES
for PBC 2015 and are to be used as fixed parameters. Data/information required to be obtained from on-
site surveys are indicated in Table 5-3. Further information is available in Figure 5-4 for understanding the
differences on KM Standardized Quantity, Simple Quantity and Actual Quantity. Further information is available
in Figure 5-4.
Table 5-3 Relationship of 3 Types of Cost Estimation, Fixed Parameters and On Site Survey
SRUQ of
cost quantity of unit rates
Cost Estimation Method = x labor x
estimation work output of labor
input
SRUQ
work
Cost estimation parameters pre equipped in COSTES for PBC 2015
frequency
km work
Periodical surveys are required by standardized difficulty
the cost estimation administrator quantity level
so that cost estimation parameters
are maintained. (simple/actual) miscellane
labor cost
% ous cost
SRUQ of
cost unit rates
1 Use of 'actual quantity' as the quantity of the work output = actual quantity x labor x
estimation of labor
input
km
SRUQ of
cost standardized unit rates
3 Use of 'km standardized quantity' as the quantity of the work output = x labor x
estimation quantity x of labor
input
project length
Maintained Length: L
In Table 5-4, KM Standardized Quantity for each road authority is indicated in the form of Simple Quantity per
KM. In addition, a fixed percentage of Actual Quantity/Simple Quantity (which is labelled “Actual/Simple”)’ in
Table 5-4, is termed as ‘Quantity Ratio’ in COSTES for PBC 2015. It is used to obtain equivalent Actual Quantity
per KM for each road authority.
Table 5-4 KM Standardized Quantities and (Simple/Actual) % for each Road Authority
KeNHA
KURA
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m2 6819 33% 2,273.0
Cross Culvert m 100 64% 64.5
Catch Basin Pcs 50 33% 16.7
Lined Dich m 1400 50% 696.5
Unlined Ditch m 200 35% 70.9
Carriageway m2 2000 32% 639.0
KeRRA
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m 2
2310 33% 777.0
Cross Culvert m 10 64% 6.5
Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3
Lined Dich m 0 -
Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3
Carriageway m2 0 -
KWS
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m 2
2310 33% 770.0
Cross Culvert m 10 64% 6.5
Catch Basin pcs 10 33% 3.3
Lined Dich m 0 -
Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3
Carriageway m 2
0 -
Remarks: COSTES for PBC 2015 uses data above based on surveys conducted from May to June 2014 and February to April 2015.
The list of unit rates to be used for cost estimation is shown in Table 5-5.
The list of unit rates should be updated by the cost estimation administrator annually so that correct unit rates
can be used by government cost estimators and consistency is maintained among road authorities.
The 2015 list of unit rates is attached in Appendix 3. This list is in-built in COSTES for PBC 2015. In case different
rates must be applied due to regional differences and special features of the project, default values in COSTES for
PBC 2015 can be replaced as required. For updating unit rates, please refer to Vol.1 Cost Estimation Manual for
Administrator.
Nairobi,
Kisumui
Labor Labor KSH/day
Foreman KSH/month
Supervisor KSH/month
SCU Leader KSH/month
SCU Inspector KSH/month
Driver (Pick up) KSH/month
Driver (Truck) KSH/month
Vehicle Cost iv
Truck (2 ton) KSH/month
(Dry rate) Pick up (Double Cabin) KSH/month
Fuel Costv
Diesel KSH/litre
Gasoline KSH/litre
Fuel Consumption Truck (2 ton) km/litre
Pick up km/litre
Majority of the PBC Works currently underway is comprised of the 6 major labor based works indicated in Table
5-6.
No Item
1 Grass Cutting
This section covers how estimation procedure is followed on estimating the cost of the 6 Major Labour Based
Works.
5.3.4.1 Standard Resource Usage per (Unit) Quantity (SRUQ) and Productivity Rate (P/R)
Both SRUQs and P/Rs are labour productivity factors for the 6 Major Labour Based Works explained in Chapter
1.5. They are obtained from the productivity survey and computed into 3 different levels (Heavy, Normal, and
Light) in relation to Work Difficulty Level. The details of the survey are explained in Vol. 1: Cost Estimation
Manual for Administrator. P/R is the inverse of SRUQs, and both can be computed once one of them is known.
Government cost estimators are simply required to select the periods of the Initial Mobilization Period, the
dry period and the wet period. Then either the SRUQs or the P/R for the respective level will be used in cost
estimation in accordance with Table 5-8.
Heavy Very heavy work normally observed in the Used for the initial mobilization period
(productivity is low) initial mobilization period.
Normal Moderate work volume mainly observed in Used for the wet period
(productivity is normal) the wet period
Light Light work volume mainly observed in the dry Used for the dry period
(productivity is high) period
Table 5-8 List of Productivity Rates for the 6 Major Labour Based Works
(based on simple quantities md: man x days)
The number of labourers required for labour based works can be computed as shown in Table 5-10.
MD3 = x Q is the basic formula.
The numbers of Foreman (MD1) and Supervisor (MD2) are computed based on understanding the typical
organization format indicated in the following Figure 5-5.
Table 5-11 Default Cycle Number under COSTES for PBC 2015
25 days
P/R×A N/25
N (No of Labors) =
10,000m2 persons
% 5.0% (a)/(b)%
5.3.5. Estimating Cost of Patrol and Self Inspection (Self Control Unit)
Patrol and self-inspection are basic activities of Self Control Unit that is to be established by the contractor for
proper management of the PBC project.
Cost estimation is based on the formation as indicated in Table 5-14 below. Unit rates in Appendix 3 will be
used for cost computation. Cycle Number is as indicated in Table 5-15. All default values may be replaced as
may be required.
Road Patrol 4 trips/day (default value) for Paved 1 trip is defined as patrolling the project length once one way
Road, High only. Hence, patrolling the project length two round trips a day.
2 trips/ day for Paved Road, Standard Patrolling the project length one round trip per day.
2 trips/week for Unpaved Road Patrolling the project length one round trip per week.
All service criteria applicable for PBC Works are listed in Table 5-17. PBC Works are categorized into: (1) Patrol
and Self Inspection, (2) 6 Major Labor Based Works and (3) Other PBC Works.
This section covers how to derive the cost of “Other PBC Works”.
As “Other PBC Works” are non-labour based works but are a combination of supply of materials; effective use
of machineries; and labour service being a supplemental portion, a completely different style of cost estimation
must be introduced. At the same time, it must be understood that occurrence of “Other PBC Works” is difficult
to predict, therefore accuracy in quantification of work outputs remains low.
In the Manual, three ways of deriving the cost are presented.
1. Bottom-up Method: Identify work outputs, quantify work outputs, compute the volume of resources
required, obtain unit rates for each resource and derive the cost for the work;
2. Quotations based Method: Identify work outputs, quantify work outputs, obtain quotations for the
work outputs and derive the cost for the work; and,
3. Percentages based Method: Based on the past performance, quantify work outputs based on the
percentage over the Direct Cost excluding the cost of Instructed Works and derive the cost for the
work.
From the point of cost estimation accuracy, the Bottom-up Method is the most effective and preferred method.
However, since there is no sufficient database to back up the frequency of occurrence of Other PBC Works and
on site survey to supplement information is time consuming, the Manual recommends introduction of Percentages
based Method at the initial stage, then gradually transferring to either Bottom-up Method and Quotations based
Method upon building a sufficient database.
COSTES for PBC 2015 is compatible with all the three methods presented above.
1 Bottom-up 1. The cost estimation administrator provides database on identification For future application. How-
Method of work outputs, conversion of productivity to work inputs and unit ever COSTES for PBC 2015
rates. is compatible
2. The cost estimator is required to estimate the probable quantity of
work outputs
2. Quotations 1. The cost estimation administrator provides database on identification For future application. How-
based Method of work outputs. ever COSTES for PBC 2015
2. The cost estimator is required to estimate the probable quantity of is compatible
work outputs
3. The cost estimator is required to obtain quotations
3. Percentages 1. The percentage of the cost of work over the cost of the Direct The preferred method by the
based Method Cost excluding the Instructed Works is established from past Manual. COSTES for PBC
performance. 2015 is compatible
The probable quantity for Other PBC Works can be computed using the following formula;
Probable Quantity = Simple Quantity x Damage Probability x Contract Duration
This is based on understanding that various work outputs under Other PBC Works are of random occurrence
and the impact of damage is also inconsistent.
By understanding the past maintenance record of damages and compiling them into the damage inventory, the
probability of each repair such as pothole repair, rutting repair, shoulder repair and road furniture repair can
be placed in a database to be provided by the cost estimation administrator. The Probable Quantity may be
computed by multiplying the simple quantity with the damage probability of repairs necessary under Other PBC
Works from the database maintained by the cost estimator.
In case, the damage probability is set higher than the reality, the cost estimate will be higher and in case, the
damage probability is set lower than the reality, cost estimate will fall short of what is actually required. In order
to minimize occurrence of such, it is a high priority to collect vital costs information as quick as possible.
The Manual recommends that works utilizing such probable quantities should be treated not as “Other PBC
Works”, but as a part of Instructed Works so that the risk is borne by the road authority. This measure should
be taken until such a time that a stable database of “Other PBC Works” is available. The other option will be to
adopt the Percentage based Method using the previous record under PBC projects.
Example:
Pothole repair: Simple Quantity (Paved Area) 1,000m2×Damage Probability 0. 5%
= Probable Quantity 5m2/Year
Km Post repair: Simple Quantity (Km Posts) 100nos. x Damage Probability 0.3%
=Probable Quantity 0.3 nos/Year
Category Service Scope Service Criteria (Paved Road) Service Criteria (UnPaved Road) Cost Estimation
1 Passability 1 Passability Patrol and Self Inspection
20
2 Road Works Advance Warning Signs 2 Traffic Regulatory Control Signs
Road Usability A) Road Usability 3 Roughness 3 Roughness Equipment for measurement IRI needs to
add as required.
4 Average Traffic Speed or Roughness
5 Minimum Traffic Speed
1 Road Cleanliness 1 Road Cleanliness 6 Major Labour Based Works
2 Potholes 2 Corrugation Amplitude Other PBC Works
3 Cracking in flexible Pavement 3 Rut Depth Other PBC Works
Cost Estimation Procedure
Since the Instructed Works are measured on site after completion, and the responsibility for setting quantities for
each work item is by the road authority, the scope of the Instructed Works should be determined carefully by a
group of engineering professionals to assist the cost estimator in charge.
Similarly, for the Other PBC Works, this Manual presents three ways of deriving the cost as presented below:
1. Bottom-up Method using COSTES 2011 as the Base for Unit Rates: Most of the scope of the Instructed
Works is covered by COSTES 2011. This method is to utilize work rates generated by COSTES 2011
to COSTES for PBC 2015. One must be aware that the base cost of COSTES 2011 is FY 2011.
2. Quotations based Method: Quotations can be obtained for the whole scope of the Instructed Works
but can be time consuming. Using such rates and using quantities set by the group of engineering
professionals, the amount of Instructed Works can be computed.
3. Percentages based Method: Using past performance, the percentage of the cost of Instructed Works
can be used to compute the amount of the Instructed Works.
COSTES for PBC 2015 is compatible with all the three methods presented above.
The haulage cost is the cost required for transporting materials, labour and equipment to and from the site.
For cost estimation purpose, two options of using either a 2 ton truck or a single pick-up truck are provided as
indicated in Table 5-18.
Cost estimation is based on the formation as indicated in Table 5-19. Unit rates in Appendix 3 will be used for
cost computation.
Truck (2 ton, flat bed) For general roads This is the default Including transport of removed earth, weeds
1 setting for COSTES for PBC 2015. and other materials generated from the site.
(25 working days/month on hire based)
Description Pick up
Unit Month
Quantity 1
The Manual recommends a percentage of Indirect Cost as 30% over the Direct Cost.
(This is the default value used in COSTES for PBC 2015)
The percentage is based on other classical road contracts in Kenya.
Table 5-20 Construction Project Content Table in Japan
Profit Profit
Appendix 1
COST Estimation System for PBC 2015
For Government Cost Estimators
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 27
1.1. What is COST Estimation System for PBC 2015?........................................................................ 27
1.2. Concept of the calculation inside COSTES2015.......................................................................... 27
5. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................ 44
1. Introduction
Indirect Cost
VAT
1: Direct work Cost (Clause 1.4 & 5.3 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance
Based Contracts Vol.2)
Based on the contract conditions, works quantity and unit price, COSTES calculates “Direct Cost” first.
Cost of Other PBC Works, Instructed Works and haulage costs are registered as direct costs.
2: Indirect Cost (Clause 1.4 & 5.4.1 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance
Based Contracts Vol.2)
Indirect Cost is calculated as a percentage of direct cost.
3: Overhead and Profit (Clause 1.4 & 5.4.2 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under
Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)
Overhead and Profit are calculated as percentages of the sum of direct cost and indirect cost.
4: Calculate VAT (Clause 1.4 & 5.5 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance
Based Contracts Vol.2)
VAT is calculated as a percentage (currently 16%) of the sum of direct cost, indirect cost, and overhead
and profit.
ATTENTION If Excel 2013 or later is used, COSTES 2015 might not work properly. In this case, by downloading
and installing “AccessDatabaseEngine2010 32bit” from Microsoft Website, COSTES2015 will
work.
Other PBC Works (Optional)
COSTES PBC Works Editor Select Required Work Item and input/modify price & quantity
Instructed Works (Optional)
COSTES Instructed Works Editor Select Instructed Work Item and input/modify price & quantity
Output
(Legend)
Procedure
Program Window Name User Input
Figure 2.2 – Basic Data input and Program flow inside the COSTES2015
Table
Table 3.1
3.1 –- PIN
PINfor
for Login
Login
USERNAME
USERNAME PIN
PIN
Road Authority
Contractor COSTESRA2015
COSTES
ATTENTION: PIN code is subject to change. Users should ask the administrator for the latest PIN.
ATTENTION PIN code is subject to change. Users should ask the administrator for the latest PIN.
3.2. Contract Data Input – “COSTES for PBC Contract Condition Editor”
3.2 Contract Data Input – “COSTES for PBC Contract Condition Editor”
All editable fields should be filled out otherwise COSTES will not proceed to the next step/form.
All editable fields should be filled out otherwise COSTES will not proceed to the next step/form.
Figure
Figure 3.2
3.2 -– COSTES
COSTESContract
ContractCondition
ConditionEditor
EditorWindow
Window
A1-5
Road Name, Project Name, Place, Type Text Type information based on the condition
Editor’s Name
Contract Periods: Dry Period and Numeric Type Project Length by month Decimal input is possible.
Wet Period Default value for Initial Mobilization Period (IMP) is 3 months.
(Clause 5.3.1.1& 5.3.4.4 of Cost Respective work frequency setting is available.
Estimation Manual for Road
Maintenance under Performance
Based Contracts Vol.2)
Work Frequency by Period Numeric Number of frequency per month for the 6 Major Labour Based
(Clause 5.3.4.4 of Cost Estimation Works. Decimal input is possible (e.g. 0.5 means once per two
Manual for Road Maintenance under months). Users can define frequency by each period.
Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)
Frequency of Self Control Unit (Road Numeric Number of frequency per day. Decimal input is possible (ex.
Patrol) 0.5 means once every two days)
(Clause 5.3.5 of Cost Estimation
Manual for Road Maintenance under
Performance Based Contracts Vol.2)
Haulage Frequency Numeric Number of frequency per day. Decimal input is possible (e.g. 1
means one-way haulage / 2 means one round trip)
Users should prepare the size of the maintained area and the work frequency for each of the six major labor-
based work items to obtain the quantity input i.e., Based on the kind of data, users can choose input method from
one of the following methods. The detail of the quantity input is described in Clause 5.3.5 of Cost Estimation
Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2.
Use km Standardized By using project length, COSTES automatically calculates quantity using
Not required
standardized quantity register in COSTES program. No specific quantity is
QUANTITIES (Refer Project length)
needed but estimation accuracy is relatively low.
Fill out the blank with total quantity including both maintained and non-
Simple Quantity maintained area. Estimation accuracy is moderate but officials have to Required
collect data by on-site survey.
Fill out the blank with actual quantity. Estimation accuracy is the best among
input methods. However, classification of facilities on whether they are
Actual Quantity Required
subject to maintenance or not is necessary during on-site survey to obtain
the size of maintained area.
Select input method independently. This option might not be selectable by Depends on each input
Independent Selection
the administrator. method
Command Description
“Save Input Data” Load saved contract condition data from file. Entire edited data are saved as a file.
Proceed to the next window (Unit Price /Ratio Confirmation). Entire filed should be filled out
“Setup Unit Price”
otherwise error message would appear.
“Quit” Terminate COSTES. Current data is not saved unless saving as a bod data.
In addition, users can modify the road patrol (Self Control Unit) and haulage inputs by editing tables shown in
Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 below. The details are shown in Clauses 5.3.5 and 5.3.8 of Cost Estimation Manual for
Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2.
Figure 3.3 – COSTES for PBC SCU Editor Figure 3.4 – COSTES for PBC Haulage editor
Default contents can be available by clicking “Recall Default Value”. If the box is checked, this content is the
member of SCT/Haulage Unit. Default value (30days) assumes that SCU patrols the roads every day. 25days
means that the haulage works are carried out on all days of the week except on Sunday. Numbers and working
days can be changed based on the condition.
CAUTION In the initial use, users have to set up “default” value by clicking “Recall Default Value” command
button to edit the entry.
CAUTION Users have to check the member of SCU and Haulage member at least once.
Unit Price Set (Only Road Authorities) COSTES has a unit price database of listed area.
5.3.3
Unit Price Confirm Unit Price. Change them if necessary.
Indirect Cost (%) COSTES has a default ratio for every road authority. 5.4.1
Command Description
Recall Default value: If default value set is required, press this button to recall.
(Road Administrator only) Default value set is defined by area.
If values of all fields are filled out, it is possible to proceed to the next window.
Proceed to Other PBC Other Works Editor
(COSTES Other PBC Works Editor)
Back to Contract Condition Editor Back to the Contract Condition Editor form.
CAUTION Current database is a “sample”. This editor will be effective after specific item list will have been
prepared.
CAUTION If logging in as a Contractor, COSTES does not present default unit price.
Field Description
If checked, all item list is selectable no matter the year when the item is registered. If not checked,
Items in Year/any Years
item list of selected year only is subject to selection.
As for the Price Input, users can select one of three methods shown in Table 3.8. Other commands are listed in
Table 3.9.
Table3.8
Table 3.8- –Input
Inputmethod
method options
optionsfor
forOther
OtherPBC
PBCWorks
Works
Figure 3.7Table
- Specific PBC Work and
3.9 – Commands Itemtheir
editor (Usage method
Descriptions on PBC is described
other in section 3.5)
works editor
Command Description
Table 3.9 - Commands and
Add items to the listtheir
basedDescriptions onandPBC
on the conditions other
values works
specified editor
above.
“Add/Refresh Item”
If an item is selected in the grid and quantity/price is changed, this item is refreshed.
COMMAND DESCRIPTION
“Delete Item” Remove itemsto
Add items from
thethe
listlist.
based on the conditions and values specified above.
“Add/Refresh Item”
“OK” If antoitem
Back is selected
the gateway. in the grid and quantity/price is changed, this item is
refreshed.
3.5. “Delete
Instructed Item”
Works (Optional) – “COSTES
Remove Instructed
itemsWorks
fromEditor”
the list.
In addition“OK” Backroads
to PBC Other Works, to the gateway.
require various kinds of special works. COSTES 2015 refers to them as
“Instructed works” and users can select necessary work items and input quantities and prices. Editor image is
A1-11
Volume 2: Manual for Government Cost Estimators 35
Appendix 1 COST Estimation System for PBC 2015 For Government Cost Estimators
shown in Figure 3.8 and commands/items are listed in Table 3.10 and Table 3.11. Clause 5.3.7 of Cost Estimation
Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2 describes the detail.
CAUTION Current items and price database is the Costes2011 table. Therefore a new database is required.
CAUTION If logging in as a Contractor, COSTES does not present default unit price. Therefore, users have
to input unit price and quantities, or one set of lump-sum price.
Item Description
Items in Year/any Years If checked, all item list is selectable no matter the year when the item is registered. If not
checked, item list of selected year only is subject to selection.
Category/Work Item Name Select from top to bottom to filter and select work item.
Item Quantity Specific quantity of selected work item. Unit is specified in the window
Table 3.11 – Commands on PBC (other works editor) and their Descriptions
Command Description
“Add/Refresh Item” Add items to the list based on the conditions and valued specified above.
If an item is selected in the grid and quantity/price is changed, this item is refreshed.
OUTPUT
Estimation
Work Period 12months (Initial Mobilization Period:3months, Rainy Season:5months, Dry Season:4months)
(Contractor Estimation) Kenya Urban Roads Authority
The Cover Page contains basic conditions of the Contract such as Names, project length, contents of item, work
period, etc…
Summary Contents
Page 1
Category Type of Works Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks
Total Project Cost(VAT 16% Inclusive) Unit 1 11,052,149 22,301/km/month
Project Cost(VAT 16%Exclusive) Unit 1 9,527,715 Direct Cost+Indirect Cost+
Overhead & Profit
Project Cost w/o Overhead & Profit Unit 1 8,284,970 Direct Cost + Indirect Cost
Direct Cost Unit 1 6,627,976 PBC Works + Instructed Works +
Haulage Cost
PBC Works Unit 1 4,497,204
Patrol and Self Inspection under Road Safety Month 12 2,019,720 A-1
Grass Cutting Month 12 162,030 A-2
Cross Culvert Cleaning Month 12 365,936 A-3
Catch Basin Cleaning Month 12 - A-4
Lined Side Ditch Cleaning Month 12 1,603,846 A-5
Unlined Side Ditch Cleaning Month 12 - A-6
Carrigeway Cleaning Month 12 345,672 A-7
Other PBC Works LS 1 - - Other PBC Works Summary
Summary Contents
Page 2
Category Type of Works Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Comments
Instructed works LS 1 1,000,000 1,000,000 Instructed Works Summary
Haulage Cost of Major 6 Labor
Based Work Month 12 1,130,772 A-8
Indirect Cost % 25 1,656,994 Direct Cost *25 %
Overhead & Proj. Cost w/o Overhead&Profit
Profit % 15 1,242,745 *15 %
Vat16% % 16.0 1,524,434 Project Cost * 16%
Item Cost
Instructed Works 5
Indirect Cost 8
VAT(16%) 11
Total 162,030
COSTES Output
Detail Contents (A)
Description Unit Unit Rate Quantity Amount Remarks
Fuel Lit 495.6 100 49,560 41.3km * 1.00vehicles * 4times / 10km/lit. *30 days
Total 168,310
COSTES Output:
Self Inspection (SCU)
Total Sum of (A to F)
COSTES calculates costs as the list of labour costs for six major labour-based work items. Sample output and its
image are shown in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.6, respectively.
Table 4.3 – A sample Detail Contents (B) output for six major labour based works.
Ksh 197,139 (Unit; /1 time {Conditions; KM Standardized Quantity}{200m/km * 16km = 3200m}) B-12
Total 197,139
COSTES Output:
Detail Contents (B)
Miscellaneous Expenses:
In order to avoid too much precise cost estimation, cost fo samll tools or materials is calculated as a ratio of Labour, Supervisor
and Foreman costs, e.g., paper, measurement devices, pylons (cones), flags etc.
6 Major Labour Based Works * 3 types of periods (IMP, Dry, Wet) = 18 Sheets
Basic quantity calculation formula by input method is shown in Table 4.4. 25 days is the number of working days
per a month.
Use km Standardized QUANTITIES Project length * Standardized quantity per km * Simple SRUQ (P/R) * 25 days
For Haulage cost, the structure of the table is similar to that of SCU. However, necessary contents vary by
situation. Table 4.5 shows a sample and Figure 4.7 illustrates its calculation image, which contains miscellaneous
cost, vehicle cost, fuel cost and labour cost for driver. Clause 5.3.8 of Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance
under Performance Based Contracts Vol.2 has more detail of the estimation structure.
Total 94,231
Table 4.6 – Other PBC Works Summary; sample output (Clause 5.3.6 of the manual)
Other PBC Works Summary Direct Cost of Six Major Works: 2122516
ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quanitity Unit Price Price Remarks
10.1 F) Road Furniture Warning signs/Mandatory signs Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Information signs, Edge marker Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
posts, Guide posts, Kilometre Post Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Traffic Signals Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Street Lighting Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Road Markings/Road studs Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Guardrails and Pedestrian rails Percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labor Based
Works, Category Road Durability
Table 4.7 – Instructed works Summary; sample output (Clause 5.3.7 of the manual)
ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quanitity Unit Price Price Remarks
08.70.0041 07. Excavation and Gabion installation m2 10.00 628 6,280 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide and
Filling for Structure place Macaferri or equivalent gabion boxes (2m*1m* 1m
08.70.005. 07. Excavation and Rock fill to Gabions m3 10.00 2,190 21,900 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide and
Filling for Structure place rock fill to gabions.
08.70.001 07. Excavation and Stone pitching m2 10.00 3,278 32,780 Use Registered Unit Price, Description: Provide stone
Filling for Structure pitching including grouting of ratio 1:4 cement to mortar
5. Conclusion
COSTES for PBC 2015 has been developed for road maintenance engineers and officials of Kenyan road
authorities to enable them easily get a standard cost for road maintenance. For contractors, COSTES will help in
making their estimation faster and easier for bidding purposes.
Appendix 2
Cost Estimation Parameters 2015
Table 5-10 KM Standardized Quantities in a Simple Quantity for Each Road Authority (2015)
KeNHA
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m2 6055 33% 2,018.3
Cross Culvert m 100 64% 64.4
Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3
Lined Dich m 200 50% 99.3
Unlined Ditch m 1400 35% 496.2
Carriageway m2 2000 32% 638.7
KeNHA (2×2Lanes)
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m2 12110 33% 4,036.7
Cross Culvert m 200 64% 129.0
Catch Basin Pcs 20 33% 6.7
Lined Dich m 400 50% 199.0
Unlined Ditch m 2800 35% 992.9
Carriageway m2 4000 32% 1,278.0
KURA
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m 2
6819 33% 2,273.0
Cross Culvert m 100 64% 64.5
Catch Basin Pcs 50 33% 16.7
Lined Dich m 1400 50% 696.5
Unlined Ditch m 200 35% 70.9
Carriageway m 2
2000 32% 639.0
KeRRA
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m 2
2310 33% 777.0
Cross Culvert m 10 64% 6.5
Catch Basin Pcs 10 33% 3.3
Lined Dich m 0 -
Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3
Carriageway m 2
0 -
KWS
Item Unit Simple Quantity/1km Actual/Simple Actual Quantity/1km
Grass Cutting m 2
2310 33% 770.0
Cross Culvert m 10 64% 6.5
Catch Basin pcs 10 33% 3.3
Lined Dich m 0 -
Unlined Ditch m 1800 35% 638.3
Carriageway m 2
0 -
3. Unit Rates
Note
i COLUMN 2 in the Labour Institution Act dated the 20th May, 2015
ii COLUMN 4 in the Labour Institution Act dated the 20th May, 2015. Column 3 has been used to estimate General labour
rate in the case of Other Areas after considering the market rates.
iii Factor for market price
iv Fees of Mechanical and Technical Services of MOTI Mechanical and Transport Division
Truck flat-bed (2.5-5 ton); (1,480×7hrs×25days+3000×5days×0.7iii) = 191,800
Pick Up (4x4); 1,050×4hrs×30days×0.7iii = 88,200
v Pump Price for Sep-Oct 2015 from Energy Regulatory Commission
4. Percentage Add-ons(%)
% 5.0 30 10 16.0
Appendix 3
Example of Cost Estimation by COSTES for PBC 2015
Total Length 16 km
Self Inspection 16 km
Grass Cutting 16 km
Carrigeway Cleaning 16 km
Instructed Works 16 km
Work Period 12 months (Initial Mobilization Period: 3 months, Wet Period: 5 months, Dry Period: 4 months)
Kenya National Highway Authority
Summary Contents
Page 1
Project Cost(VAT 16%Exclusive) Unit 1 11,588,624 Direct Cost+Indirect Cost+Overhead & Profit
Project Cost w/o Overhead & Profits Unit 1 10,178,853 Direct Cost + Indirect Cost
Direct Cost Unit 1 7,907,748 PBC Works + Instructed Works + Haulage Cost
Summary Contents
Page 2
Category Type of Works Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Comments
Overhead & Profit % 13.85 1,409,771 Proj. Cost w/o Overhead&Profit *13.85 %
Total 2,375,976
Total 484,317
Total 167,467
Total 75,673
Total 176,165
Total 738,528
Total 480,366
Total 2,709,036
Fuel Lit 192 103 19,708 16km * 1.00vehicles * 4times / 10km/lit. *30
days
Micellenious Cost % 5 85,800 4,290 5%
Total 197,998
Total 197,965
Total 42,896
Total 17,968
Total 85,205
Total 11,382
Total 6,338
Total 37,346
Total 6,539
Total 1,408
Total 61,434
Total 21,651
Total 1,619
Total 119,692
Total 117,268
Ksh 8,124 (Unit; /1 time {Conditions;KM Standardized Quantity}{1400m/km * 16km =22400m}) B-16
Total 8,124
Total 125,257
Total 53,677
Ksh 21,681 (Unit; /1 time {Conditions;KM Standardized Quantity}{2000m2/km * 16km =32000m2}) B-19
Total 21,681
Total 225,753
Other PBC Works Summary Direct Cost of Six Major Works: 2122516
ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quantity Unit Price Price Remarks
10.1 F) Road Furniture Warning signs/Mandatory signs percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
Category:Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Information signs, Edge marker percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
posts, Guide posts, Kilometre Post Category:Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Traffic Signals percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
Category:Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Street Lighting percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
Category:Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Road Markings/Road studs percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
Category:Road Durability
10.1 F) Road Furniture Guardrails and Pedestrian rails percent 5.00 2,122,516 106,125 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based Works,
Category:Road Durability
07.50.001 07. Excavation and Excavate for structure in soft material m3 10.00 251 2,510 Use Registered Unit Price, Description:Excavate
Filling for Structure (manual) manually soft material for structures.
08.70.004 07. Excavation and Gabion Installation m2 10.00 628 6,280 Use Registered Unit Price, Description:Provide
Filling for Structure and place Macaferri or equivalent gabion boxes
(2m * 1m * 1m).
08.70.005 07. Excavation and Rock fill to Gabions m3 10.00 2,190 21,900 Use Registered Unit Price, Description:Provide
Filling for Structure and place rock fill to gabions.
08.70.001 07. Excavation and Stone pitching m2 10.00 3,278 32,780 Use Registered Unit Price, Description:Provide
Filling for Structure stone pitching including grouting of ratio 1:4
cement to mortar.
Work Period 12 months (Initial Mobilization Period: 3 months, Wet Period: 5 months, Dry Period: 4 months)
(Contractor Estimation) Kenya Urban Roads Authority
Summary Contents
Page 1
Summary Contents
Page 2
Total 2,019,720
Total 162,030
Total 365,936
Total -
Total 1,603,846
Total -
Total 345,672
Total 1,130,772
Total 168,310
Total 66,177
Total 14,341
Total 6,037
Total 186,267
Total 24,889
Total 13,806
Total -
Total -
Total -
Total 559,347
Total 197,139
Total 14,701
Total -
Total -
Total -
Total 90,159
Total 38,641
Total 15,577
Total 94,231
Other PBC Works Summary Direct Cost of Six Major Works: 3782547
ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quanitity Unit Price Price Remarks
10.1 E) Structures Concrete Items Percent 5.00 3,782,547 189,127 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 E) Structures Expansion joints Percent 5.00 3,782,547 189,127 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based
Works, Category Road Durability
10.1 E) Structures Riverbeds Percent 5.00 3,782,547 189,127 Estimate as the ratio of 6 major Labour Based
Works, Category Road Durability
ID Work Category Work Item Unit Quanitity Unit Price Price Remarks
05.50.014 05. Earth Works Grassing m2 1.00 1,000,000 1,000,000 Quotation (Lump-sum Input), Description: Plant grass on th slope and inverts of ditches
to reduce scour effects, or on slopes to reduce soil erosion and to improve stability.
Appendix 4
Information on Volume 3 for Contractors’ Reference Use
Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts has 3 separate volumes.
Volume 1 for Cost Estimation Administrator
Volume 2 for Government Cost Estimators
Volume.3 for Contractors’ Reference Use
The computer system COSTES for PBC 2015 is to be used in conjunction with Volumes 1 and 2, whereas
COSTES for PBC 2015 for Contractors is to be used especially for cost estimators from private contractors
using Volume 3.
Since the Cost Estimation Manual for Road Maintenance under Performance Based Contracts has been developed
essentially for use by government officials and Volume 3 has been prepared for reference use by contractors, the
following restrictions have been placed on Volume 3 to safeguard information which should only be confidential
to government officials.
KRB has reviewed the CEM submitted vide email on 17th September, 2015. KRB would like
to commend JICA for the well prepared guidelines which will contribute to improvement
in planning and implementation of procurement of road maintenance works in the
country.
KRB recommends for a further review of the following unit rates in the cost estimation
manual:
1. Indirect Cost – The example given in Table 6.4 is for projects in Japan and may not be
applicable in Kenyan context. It is recommended that a review of road infrastructure
projects is carried out to determine the % of indirect costs. In the interim, it is
proposed that the percentage of indirect cost is set to a maximum 30% of direct cost,
just like other classical road contracts.
2. Overhead & Profit – The example given in Table 6.4 is for projects in Japan and
may not be , applicable, in Kenyan context. It is recommended that a review of
road, infrastructure projects is, carried out to determine the % of indirect costs In
the interim, it is proposed that the maximum percentage for profit and overheads
margin is set at 10% of direct and indirect cost. The manual should also clearly state
that the profit margin and other overheads include those directly incurred by the
contractor but not the client. .
5. Fuel Cost – The fuel rates used should be those provided by the Energy Regulatory
Commission of Kenya.
Yours faithfully,
CP A Rashid Mohamed,
General Manager, Finance
FOR: EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Name Organization
Eng. Francis Gitau Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
Eng. Wilson Kosgey Kenya Roads Board
Eng. Margaret Ogai Kenya Roads Board
Eng. Tom Omai Kenya Roads Board
Maureen Wangui Kenya National Highways Authority
Winnie Owiti Kenya National Highways Authority
Opuge Ephraim Kenya National Highways Authority
Eunice Wanjiru Kenya National Highways Authority
Julius Kaliti Kenya Institute of Highways and Building Technology
Walter Ochieng Kenya Wildlife Services
Eng. Maurice Akech National Construction Authority
Chris Gachanja Public Procurement Oversight Authority
Advisors
Hiroshi Tsujino JICA Chief Advisor P.E Jp.
Hidetsugu Ikeda JICA Expert
Takashi Nakajima JICA Short Term Expert, P.E Jp.
Hiroshi Mita JICA Short Term Expert, P.E Jp.
Yoshihisa Noda JICA Short Term Expert, P.E Jp.
Yoriko Kawakami JICA Short Term Expert
Takumi Uno JICA Short Term Expert
Robert Mutai JICA/Consultant, Kenya Staff
Jared N. Onyoni JICA/Consultant, Kenya Staff
Name Organization
Eng. P. M. Mwinzi Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
Eng. Francis Gitau Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
Kenji Yokota JICA – Kenya Office
Dr. Steve Mogere JICA – Kenya Office
Eng. Margaret Ogai Kenya Roads Board
Eng. George M. Kiiru Kenya National Highways Authority
Opuge Ephraim Kenya National Highways Authority
Winnie Owiti Kenya National Highways Authority
Eng. Amos Ombok Kenya Urban Roads Authority
Eng. N. N. Nganga Kenya Rural Roads Authority
Julius Kaliti Kenya Institute of Highways and Building Technology
Eng. Maurice Akech National Construction Authority
Walter Ochieng Kenya Wildlife Services
Chris Gachanja Public Procurement Oversight Authority
Hiroshi Tsujino JICA Chief Advisor P.E Jp.
Hidetsugu Ikeda JICA Expert