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Marriages and Families in The 21st Century A Bioecological Approach 2nd Edition Howe Test Bank
Marriages and Families in The 21st Century A Bioecological Approach 2nd Edition Howe Test Bank
Multiple Choice
3. After what age do women experience greater chances of infertility, miscarriage, and
birth defects?
a. 25
b. 35
c. 45
d. 55
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent. | 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and
birth. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become
parents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Egg and the Prenatal Environment
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
4. Harmful agents, such as drugs, alcohol, toxic fumes, biohazards, lead, pollution, and
radiation, that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus are called ______.
a. carcinogens
b. prenatal poisonings
c. teratogens
d. placenta-antagonists
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent. | 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and
birth. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become
parents.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Egg and the Prenatal Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. The structure that nourishes and protects a fetus during development is the ______.
a. placenta
b. ovary
c. zygote
d. oocyte
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent. | 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and
birth. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become
parents.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
a. at conception
b. 6 days after conception
c. 2 weeks after conception
d. 2 months after conception
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent. | 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and
birth. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become
parents.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Natural Birth
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. A woman may suspect that she has postpartum depression when ______.
a. feelings of sadness and fatigue last for more than 2 weeks
b. she experiences mild feelings of sadness and fatigue right after childbirth
c. she experiences increased feelings of marital satisfaction
d. tension between her and her partner escalates after childbirth
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth. | 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the
transition to parenthood.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Postpartum Mental Health
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. All of the following factors are associated with male infertility EXCEPT ______.
a. marijuana smoking
b. cancer
c. working in cold environments
d. alcohol and drug use
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Infertility and Innovative Ways to Become a Parent
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. In which type of adoption are relatively older children usually adopted out of foster
care?
a. open adoption
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
b. private adoption
c. public adoption
d. international adoption
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Public Adoption
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The most important implication of neural plasticity for human development is that
a. children can easily overcome negative influences that occur early in life.
b. children’s brains adapt to the setting in which they have their early experiences.
c. young children learn languages more easily than adults.
d. the brain is continually adding neurons during the first 3 years of life.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world,
and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Infant Brains and the Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Breastfeeding during the first year of life has been linked to ______.
a. higher IQs during childhood
b. lower stress during childhood
c. insecure bonds with fathers during infancy
d. lower weight gain during adolescence
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world,
and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Historical Views of Motherhood and Fatherhood
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Research on children who grow up in LGBT homes reveals all of the following
EXCEPT that ______.
a. sons of gay males have the most difficulty accepting their parents’ coming out.
b. outcomes are similar to those of straight families with similar socioeconomic
backgrounds.
c. having two parents, regardless of sexual orientation, leads to better outcomes.
d. children from LGBT homes embrace gender and racial stereotypes more readily than
children of straight parents.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and
which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: LGBT Parents
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Postpartum Mental Health
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. MRIs are medical procedures that increase the chances that a couple can have
children.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Artificial Insemination
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. In vitro fertilization: The introduction of sperm into the vagina to aid in fertilization.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Artificial Insemination
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Private adoption is foster care with biological family members who are not the child’s
parents.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Adoption
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Kinship care is when a birth mother decides to give up her newborn or infant and
work with an agency and/or attorney to help her choose a suitable family to adopt.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Adoption
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. International adoptions are adoptions conducted across country lines; usually western
parents adopting children from developing nations.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: International Adoption
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Post-adoption depression syndrome can occur in men or women and has the same
symptoms as postpartum depression.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Unique Challenges of Adoptive Parenting
Difficulty Level: Medium
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
11. Cognitive plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to absorb information from the
environment and organize its own functioning to work well in that specific type of
environment.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Infant Brains and the Environment
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Concerted cultivation is an ideology that drives parents’ plans for their children’s
future and influences the parenting tactics they implement.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Socioeconomic Influences on Parenting Styles
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Aloof fathers are dads who follow traditional gender stereotypes and expect to
contribute to their family mainly by providing material goods.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use
to become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Intimate and Aloof Fathering
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Planned same-sex families are gay or lesbian families that contain children who were
born into previous heterosexual unions; these children have experienced divorce and a
parent’s “coming out.”
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to
become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: LGBT Parents
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
16. Divorced same-sex families are gay or lesbian families that planned to have children
together in their union.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood. | 9-5: Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to
become parents.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: LGBT Parents
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
2. ______ cause the most damage during the first trimester of pregnancy when all of the
major organ structures are forming in the embryo.
Ans: Teratogens
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Egg and the Prenatal Environment
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. ______ genes are a set of 39 genes that determine the order in which a baby’s body
structures develop in the womb.
Ans: HOX
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Role of Genes After Fertilization
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. ______ is the name for the newly created being that is formed when sperm meets
egg.
Ans: Zygote
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
5. This is vascularly rich organ that attaches to the uterus and provides a baby with
nutrients while protecting it from waste and toxins.
Ans: placenta
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. This new being, a fluid-filled sphere of layered cells, called the ______, continues to
travel down the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where it will implant into the uterine lining.
Ans: blastocyst
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Men often show pregnancy symptoms like weight gain, cravings, and backaches,
known as sympathy pregnancy and the term for this is ______.
Ans: couvade syndrome
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. This is the last stage of prenatal development when no new structures form; growth
and refinement of existing structures take place.
Ans: fetal
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Prenatal Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. In a procedure called ______, doctors snipped the mother’s perineum, the flesh at
the bottom of the vaginal opening, to allow a quicker delivery of the baby.
Ans: episiotomy
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Giving Birth
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
10. ______ is a surgical procedure that removes a baby from its mother’s womb by
cutting directly into the uterus.
Ans: Cesarean section
Learning Objective: 9-3: Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal
development and birth.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Giving Birth
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. In what way are most children today treated better than they were in the past? What
do you think is the primary reason for this?
Ans: Answers will vary. The student might focus on economic issues (industrialization,
rising living standards leading to fewer children per family and greater investment per
child) or on religious/cultural issues (paternalistic societies treating children as property,
religions viewing children as inherently evil).
Learning Objective: 9-1: Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to
parent. | 9-6: Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and which
parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Historical Views of Children and Childhood
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. What are the factors that lead to stress in both mothers and fathers after childbirth?
How can these factors be ameliorated?
Ans: Stressors include time pressure, especially in two-earner families, lack of
knowledge of child development, lack of time, and lack of social support. Mitigating
factors include learning as much as possible about child development, seeking out
parenting support groups, establishing a strong social support network, and learning
self-regulating methods such as meditation and massage.
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood. | 9-7: Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some
of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Transition to Parenthood
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Discuss the various means of assisted fertility covered in the chapter, including
adoption. Do you think more or less regulation is required? What new legislation might
make the adoption system more rational?
Ans: Answers will vary. Students may focus on the relative lack of regulation of
reproductive technologies in the United States, in comparison to other western
Instructor Resource
Howe, Marriages and Families in the 21st Century, 2nd edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
countries, or the lack of health insurance coverage. Or they may focus on the difficulties
put in the path of prospective adoptive parents who differ from the SNAF model.
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood. | 9-7: Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some
of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Infertility and Innovative Ways to Become a Parent
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Discuss the positive and negative effects of neural plasticity on human social and
cognitive development.
Ans: Positive: Because young children’s brains are so plastic, they readily adapt to the
social situation into which they are born. Negative: The effects of harmful influences,
such as malnutrition, lack of intellectual stimulation, or neglectful parenting, can be long-
lasting.
Learning Objective: 9-4: Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to
parenthood. | 9-7: Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some
of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Infant Brains and the Environment
Difficulty Level: Hard