Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview of Project
Overview of Project
Evolution of man-brief idea of ancestors leading to man of today: comparison and homology
in chromosomes of apes and man.
⚫ In August 1891 he found a primate molar tooth. Two months later and one meter away
was found an intact skullcap, the fossil which would be known as Java Man.
In August 1892, a third primate fossil, an almost complete left thigh bone, was found
between 10 and 15 meters away from the skullcap.
HUMAN EVOLUTION- WHEN AND WHERE.
Two million years ago fossil baby skull called Tuang baby was discovered by Raymond Dart
and named it (Australopithecus africanus).
Australopithecus were about 150cm and its skull was like that was like that of modern apes
with cranial capacity of 600cc. They lived during Pliocene and the Pleistocene in Africa.
Donald Johanson discovered another species of Australopithecus fossil "Lucy" in 1976
Simian characters:
1. Small in size, average height-4feet
2. Face prognathous.
3. Chin absent, forehead low.
4. Bulge of occipital region small.
5. Eyebrow ridges projected over the eyes.
6. Cranial capacity about 600 cc
Human characters:
1. Walked completely straight
2. Vertebral column with distinct lumbar Curve.
3. Pelvis broad and basin like.
4. Teeth man-like with dental arch in the form of parabola.
5. Simian gap between incisors and canine absent.
6. Canines man-like and did not project beyond the level of other teeth
Cultural and biological evolution have influenced each other. Selection for a bipedal lifestyle
(biological evolution) freed up the hands making later cultural developments possible. Likewise. the
development of early tools (cultural evolution) resulted in an improved diet, which in turn allowed
for the selection (biological evolution) of a larger brain. This in turn aided the further development
of tools and so on and so forth. Cultural and biological evolution have fuelled each- other resulting in
the fairly rapid evolution of Humans with large brains and sophisticated technologies.
Some of the earliest stone tool may look fairly similar, however, if more closely examined it
becomes apparent that they clearly increase in complexity. Both the length of the cutting edge as
well as the total number of blows needed to produce the tool increases. The number of blows
needed to produce a tool represents the ingenuity needed to plan or foresee what the stone will
become. Further developments in the materials used and the techniques used to work them
resulted in even more sophisticated tools and a much greater variety of tools (larger tool kits). More
complex tools would have placed a greater demand on the brain, selecting for those members with
increased intelligence. This in turn would have fuelled the evolutionary shift towards a larger brain.
As tools became more and more complex, the ability to communicate ideas and tool making
techniques would also have become more and more important. This ability to share ideas is what
defines cultural evolution, and intrinsic to our cultural evolution was the development of language
and the associated areas of the brain. This may help explain both the relatively rapid expansion of
the brain and the rapid cultural developments observed in our most recent ancestors.
HOMOLOGY IN CHROMOSOMES OF MAN AND APE
Modern man showed more of cultural evolution than anatomical evolution. For improved
hunting, good tools were produced, later domestication of plants and animals led to the
agricultural revolution and finally the latest industrial and scientific revolution.
The diploid chromosome number in man is 46 and that in apes (chimpanzee, gorilla and
orangutan are 48. Comparing the banding technique, the pattern is similar in chromosome
number 3 and 6. The nucleotide sequence between the DNA molecules is also similar. The
difference between the sequence in man and chimpanzee is only 2.5%.
2. Physiological: blood groups, menstrual cycle in female (no, of days same). gestation
period (270-90 humans, 265-80-gorilla and 210-52 chimpanzee)
3. Embryological: eggs and sperms are similar, mammae in six-week-old human embryo,
hairs on the embryos
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorinMindsMen/Taylor MMhmEugeneDuboisM.ins
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/hominids/files/2012/09/picresized 1347204858
Pithecanthropus erectus.jpg
http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18666lebis5bling/original.ing
http://cdno.cosmosmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/20070717 bipedalism.ips
http://listcience.com/images/1/000/025/831/02/human-evolution.ips
http://www.cryptomundo.com/wp-content/dryopithecus.jpg
http://www.metaprimate.com/IMG/Australopithecus-afarensis.jpg
2. http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/170967/350wm/E4380068-Homo habilis
making stone tool-
http://www.metaprimate.com/ancestral-species/
http://mr_sedivy.tripod.com/world/w cavemen.jpg
http://www.detectingdesign.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/lava-Man-2log
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this bonafide project work on THE
HUMAN EVOLUTION has been done by SHIREEN
SABAHAT QUADRI, Board Roll No.-
D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL, UNIT 8 under my supervision
and submitted to the AISSCE practical examination
conducted by the CBSE in the academic year 2023-
2024.
This work has been carried out by her and was been
complemented under my guidance and supervision.