Note Hirac

Hazard Identification
and Risk Assessment &

Control (HIRAC)
with 10 CEP point
March 30-31, 2022
Edham Khalid
Organized by
FMM Institute Johor Branch
(475742-W)
HIRARC
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK CONTROL
PENGENALPASTIAN HAZARD
PENILAIAN RISIKO
KAWALAN RISIKO
Edham Khalid Sheikh Ali
HP : 012 377 1545

Email : [email protected]
Hari KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN
DI TEMPAT KERJA SEDUNIA
28 April
PENGENALAN
INTRODUCTION
Kesan Kemalangan Accident Effect
Tahun 1993
LAPORAN TAHUNAN ILO Annual report
2.78 Juta kematian setiap tahun Million deaths per year
§ Kemalangan Accident
§ Penyakit pekerjaan Occupational diseases
374 juta kecederaan dan penyakit pekerjaan
million injuries and
occupational diseases
Stastik Kemalangan Maut (JKKP)
Accident Statistic – Death (DOSH)
SECTOR 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Nov-20
Construction 88 91 111 118 84 58
Manufacturing 46 68 68 62 73 58
Hotel and Restaurant 0 3 3 1 5 1
Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water and Sanitary Service) 6 2 10 5 9 4
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Services 14 14 16 22 16 14
Transport, Storage and Communication 22 12 16 12 21 10
Wholesale and Retail Trade 3 0 10 1 0 1
Public Services and Statutory Authorities 0 6 2 9 3 3
Mining and Quarrying 4 4 8 4 5 2
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 31 23 23 26 43 42
TOTAL 214 223 267 260 259 113
Nisbah Kemalangan Accident Ratio
Mati / cedera parah

Death / major injury
Cedera ringan
Minor Injury
Hartabenda rosak
Properties damage
Kejadian nyaris
Near Miss /Hit
Kesan Kemalangan Accident Effect
Langsung Perubatan Medical
Direct Memperbaiki Repair
Pengkebumian Funeral
Tersembunyi Rekod buruk Bad Record

Indirect Hilang pelanggan Lost Cilent
Moral turun Moral Down
Insuran premium Insurance premium
Banyak lagi Many more
Objektif Objectives
§ Ketahui peruntukan undang-undang HIRARC
§ Memahami Punca & Kesan Kemalangan
§ Ketahui Kelas dan Kumpulan Hazard
§ Memahami untuk memilih Hierarki Kawalan Risiko
§ Memahami dan melaksanakan HIRARC di tempat kerja
§ Know the legal provisions of HIRARC
§ Understanding the Causes & Effects of Accidents
§ Know the Hazards Classes and Groups
§ Understand to choose the Risk Control Hierarchy
§ Understand and perform HIRARC at work
Perundangan
Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan
Occupational Safety & Health Legislative
PERUNDANGAN OSH
OSH Legislative
§ Undang-undang Berkanun
– Digubal oleh kerajaan
– Akta, Peraturan & Perintah – Mahkamah Jenayah
– Pelanggaran adalah Jenayah, denda & Penjara
§ Statutes Law
- Formed by the government
- Acts, Regulations & Orders - Criminal Cases
- Violations are Criminal, Penalties & Prisons
PERUNDANGAN OSH
OSH Legislative
§ Undang-Undang Am
- Keputusan Hakim & Mahkamah sivil
- Tuntutan kepada orang yang bertanggungjawab
- Oleh Peguam – Pampasan wang ringgit
§ Common law
- Judicial & Civil Court decisions
- Claims to the responsible person
- By Lawyer - Money compensation
Undang-undang Berkanun
Statute Law
Akta Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994

Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994
(Akta 514/Act 514)
Akta Kilang dan Jentera 1967

Factory Machinery Act 1967
(Akta 139/Act 139)
Evolusi Undang-Undang OSH Malaysia
Evolution Malaysia’s OSH Legislative
Legislation Period
P1- Boiler Enactment 1892 - 1908
P2- Machinery Enactment 1913 - 1932
P3- Machinery Ordinance 1953 - 1967
P4- Factory Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 - Now
P5- Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) 1994 - Now

Struktur Undang-undang OSH
OSH Legislative Structure

Undang-Undang Lain Akta Kilang & Jentera 1967

Others act Factory Machinery Act 1967
Peraturan Perintah Industri Kod Amalan Bekerja Panduan

Regulations Orders Industrial Code of Practice Guidelines
Akta Kilang & Jentera 1967
Factory Machinery Act 1967
Objektif
Pengawalan kilang, berhubung keselamatan,
kesihatan dan kebajikan, pendaftaran dan
pemeriksaan jentera dan bagi perkara-perkara yang
berkaitan dengannya
Objective
Control of the factory, in relation to safety,
health and welfare, registration and
inspection of machinery and for matters
connected therewith
PENGUATKUASAAN ENFORCEMENT
25 Feb 1994
OBJEKTIF
§ Pastikan keselamatan, kesihatan & kebajikan
§ Lindungi orang lain di tempat kerja selain pekerja
§ Mempromosikan persekitaran pekerjaan yang disesuaikan
keperluan fisiologi dan psikologi mereka
§ Menyediakan Sistem Peraturan dan Kod Amalan Industri
OBJECTIVES
§ Ensuring safety, health & welfare
§ Protect others in the workplace other than workers
§ Promoting work environment - physiological & psychological needs
§ Providing Regulatory System and Industrial Code of Practice
"Setakat yang praktik"

§ bermaksud keterukan bahaya atau risiko
§ pengetahuan mengenai bahaya atau risiko
§ cara dan kesesuaian hapuskan atau kurangkan bahaya atau risiko
§ kos hapuskan atau kurangkan bahaya atau risiko
“So far as is practicable"

• means the severity of danger or risk
• knowledge of hazards or risks
• manner and suitability to eliminate or minimize hazards or risks
• cost to eliminate or reduce hazards or risks
Kajian Kes 2 Case study 2
Setakat yang Praktik So far as is practicable
4 X 5 = 20 2X1= 2
10’ 2’
B
A Bolehkah Lubang A dan B runtuh?
Can Holes A and B collapse?
Seksyen 15 (2) AKKP 1994
Section 15 (2) OSHA 1994
Kewajipan Am Majikan & Orang yang bekerja

sendiri - setakat yang praktik
a) pengadaan dan penyelenggaraan loji (mesin, alatan &
perkakas ) dan sistem kerja yang selamat & tanpa risiko
kepada kesihatan
General Duties Employer & Self-employed person

– so far as practicable
provision and maintenance of plant (machinery, tools &
equipment) and system of work that safe and without risks to
health
b) pengunaan atau operasi, pengendalian,

penyimpanan dan pengangkutan loji dan bahan
selamat dan tiada risiko kesihatan
c) penyediaan maklumat, arahan, latihan & penyeliaan
b) use or operation, handling, storage and

transportation of plant and materials are safe
and have no health risks
c) provision of information, instruction, training &
supervision
d) tempat kerja & akses keluar masuk yang selamat dan
tanpa risiko kesihatan
e) penyediaan dan penyelenggaraan persekitaran
kerja yang selamat, tanpa risiko kesihatan, dan
penyediaan kemudahan kebajikan di tempat kerja
d) Safe workplace, access and egress & without risk
to health
e) provision and maintenance of a safe working
environment, without health risks, and the
provision of welfare facilities at the workplace
Seksyen 19 AKKP 1994
Section 19 OSHA 1994
Penalti
pelanggaran seksyen 15, 16, 17 & 18
Denda maksimum RM50,000.00
atau maksimum 2 Tahun Penjara
atau kedua duanya sekali
Penalty
violation of sections 15, 16, 17 & 18
Maximum fine of RM50,000.00
or maximum of 2 years in Prison or both
5 Element Sistem Kerja Yang Selamat
5 Elements Safe System of Work
§ Loji
§ Bahan & Kendalian Bahan
§ Manusia
§ Tempat Kerja
§ Persekitaran kerja
§ Plants
§ Material & Material Handling
§ Humans
§ Workplace
§ Working Environment
5 Langkah capai sistem kerja yang selamat
5 Steps to achieving a safe system of work
1.
Assess the 2.
5. task
Indentify
Monitor
the
the system
hazards
4. 3.
Implement Define safe
the system methods
Pelanggaran Akta
Punca kemalangan Couses of accident legislative
Violation
PUNCA-PUNCA KEMALANGAN
CAUSES OF AN ACCIDENT
Apa punca Kemalangan
What cause an accident?
Bolehkah Kemalangan Berlaku?
Can an accident happen?
§ Brek Rosak Brake Failure Keadaan Bahaya Unsafe condition

§ Tayar Pancit Flat tyre KB UC
§ Rantai Putus Chain falure KB UC
§ Terperanjat Panic Amalan Bahaya Unsafe Act/Practice
§ Salah Laluan Wrong route AB UA
§ Muatan Lebih Overloaded AB UA
§ Kayu-kayu Planks KB UC
§ Enjin Mati Engine Falure KB UC
§ Minyak Habis Run of petrol AB UA
Bagaimana Kemalangan ini berlaku?
How the accident happen?
§ Muatan Lebih Overloaded Amalan Bahaya Unsafe Act/Practice

§ Angin Kuat Windy Keadaan Bahaya Unsafe Condition
§ Tanah Lembut Soft Ground KB UC
§ Ngantuk Sleepy AB UA
§ Kren Rosak Crane Failure KB UC
§ Kawasan Sempit Congested KB UC
§ Salah Isyarat Wrong signal AB UA
§ Silau Dazzled KB UC
§ Tidak Stabil Unstable KB UC
Definisi Definition
§ Amalan Bahaya Unsafe act
Amalan yang melanggar peraturan di
sesuatu tempat kerja
Practice that violates the rules in a workplace
§ Keadaan Bahaya Unsafe condition

suatu keadaan yang boleh menyebabkan
kemalangan
A condition that is likely to cause an accident
MATI, CEDERA, RUGI
DEATH, INJURY, LOST
KEMALANGAN
ACCIDENT
AMALAN/KEADAAN BAHAYA
UNSAFE ACT/CONDITION
MANUSIA
HUMAN
Teori Domino Domino Theory
RUGI
SIA
N
U KB
GA
MAN
ERA/
/
AN
AB
AL
M
/CED
KE
MATI
Group Exercise
Identifying Hazards
§ Unsafe act
§ Unsafe condition
You need to find at least
60 UA/UC
Maka apa tindakan kita?
So what we must do?
Undang-Undang
Legislative
Polisi Peraturan
Policy Rules
APA ITU HIRARC ?
WHAT IS HIRARC ?
HIRARC
Pengenalpastian bahaya
Kenalpasti kejadian/sumber yang
tidak diingini yang membawa kepada
peristiwa yang tidak diingini
Hazard identification
The identification of undesired
event/source that lead to the
undesired event
HIRARC
Penilaian risiko
menilai risiko kepada keselamatan dan kesihatan
Risk Assessment
The Process of evaluating the risk to safety and
health
Kawalan Risiko
Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan untuk
mengurangkan risiko yang wujud
Risk Control
The Methods used to reduce the amount of
inherent risk
Tujuan Purpose
Pendekatan yang sistematik dan objektif untuk
§ menilai bahaya dan risiko yang berkaitan
§ memberikan ukuran objektif bahaya yang dikenalpasti
§ menyediakan kaedah untuk mengawal risiko
A systematic and objective approach to

§ assessing hazards and their associated risks
§ provide an objective measure of an identified hazard
§ provide a method to control the risk
Terma & Takrif
Term And Definitions
HAZARD :
sesuatu punca yang berpotensi mudarat kecederaan atau
kesihatan kepada manusia, harta, alam sekitar atau
gabungan daripada mana-mana mudarat tersebut.
Hazard:
a source with a potential for harm in terms of human injury
or ill health, damage to property, damage to the
environment or a combination of these
Terma & Takrif
KAWALAN HAZARD :
proses melaksanakan langkah untuk
mengurangkan risiko yang berkaitan
dengan hazard.
Hazard control :
the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk
associated with a hazard.
Terma & Takrif
HIERARKI KAWALAN :
tertib keutamaan yang sesuai yang
ditetapkan bagi jenis langkah yang akan
diambil untuk mengawal risiko.
Hierarchy of control:
means the established priority
order for the types of measures
to be used to control risks.
Terma & Takrif
Risiko:
gabungan faktor kemungkinan berlakunya sesuatu kejadian
berhazard dalam sesuatu tempoh khusus yang ditetapkan
atau dalam keadaan yang ditetapkan dengan faktor
keterukannya iaitu kecederaan atau kesan buruk ke atas
kesihatan manusia, harta, alam sekitar atau gabungan
mana-mana daripada ini yang disebabkan oleh kejadian
tersebut.
Terma & Takrif
Risk :
a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a
hazardous event with specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property,
environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
Terma & Takrif
PENGURUSAN RISIKO:
prosedur keseluruhan yang berkaitan dengan mengenal
pasti hazard, menaksir risiko, menetapkan langkah kawalan,
& menyemak hasil.
Risk management :
the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.
Konsep Asas Basic Concepts
Apakah itu risiko? What is Risk?
Kita hadapi setiap hari. Keputusan berdasarkan risiko
§ Melintas jalan
§ Memilih isteri
§ Pelaburan wang
We face every day. Decisions based on risk
§ Crossing the street
§ Choose a wife
§ Money investment
Apakah itu Risiko? What is Risk?
Risiko = Kemungkinan x Keterukan
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Kemungkinan
ialah kejadian yang mungkin berlaku dalam tempoh khusus
atau dalam keadaan tertentu
Likelihood
is an event likely to occur within the specific period or in
specified circumstances
Apakah itu Risiko? What is Risk?
Risiko = Kemungkinan x Keterukan
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Keterukan
teruknya kecederaan atau kesihatan manusia, harta, alam sekitar,
atau apa-apa gabungan hasil tersebut
Severity
is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or health of
people, or damage to property, or insult to environment, or any
combination of those caused by the event.
Planning of HIRARC Activities
shall be plan and conducted
a. for situation –
§ where hazard appear to pose significant threat;
§ uncertain whether existing controls are adequate;
§ before implementing corrective or preventive measures.
b. by organization intending to continuously improve
OSH Management System.
duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of
employees associated with one particular process or activity to
conduct HIRARC.
Process of HIRARC
Requires 4 simple steps –
a. classify work activities;
b. identify hazard;
c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from
each hazard), by calculating or estimating –
i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
d. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures
(if necessary).
Classify work activities
Employer Worker
Consultation
Representative Representative
Identify Hazards
Risk Assessment
Review
Flowchart Prepare Risk Control Action Plan
(If Necessary)
of HIRARC
Process Implement
Classify work activities
Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity,
such as –
i. geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the
door
Hazard Identification
Hazards can be divided into three

main groups,
§ health hazards,
§ safety hazards, and
§ environmental hazards.
Health Hazard
Any agent that can cause illness.
§ serious and immediate (acute) affects,
§ long-term (chronic) effects
§ All or part of the body may be
affected.
§ occupational illness may not
recognize the symptoms
immediately.
Health Hazard
§ noise-induced hearing loss is often difficult for the
affected individual to detect until it is well advanced.
§ chemicals (such as battery acid and solvents),
§ biological hazards (such as bacteria, viruses, dusts and
molds),
§ physical agents (energy sources strong enough to harm
the body, such as electric currents, heat, light, vibration,
noise and radiation) and work design (ergonomic)
hazards.
Safety Hazard
Any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to
property.
An injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious.
For example,
a worker may be badly cut.
Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are
not adequate.
Safety Hazard
Some examples of safety hazards
§ slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors);
§ fire hazards (from flammable materials);
§ moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as pinch
and nip points);
§ work at height (such as work done on scaffolds);
§ ejection of material (such as from molding);
§ pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes);
§ vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks);
§ lifting and other manual handling operations.
Environmental Hazard
A release to the environment that may cause harm or
deleterious effects.
An environmental release may not be obvious.
For example,
a worker who drains a glycol system and releases the liquid
to a storm sewer may not be aware, of the effect on the
environment. Environmental hazards cause harm when
controls and work procedures are not followed.
Types of hazards
§ Some items are hazardous by nature
§ while others only become hazardous if used
inappropriately or carelessly.
§ Often, accidents don’t just happen – they are a result
of workers neglecting or ignoring hazardous situations.
Two basic categories of hazard
Acute hazards are those that have an obvious and
immediate impact
§ Example is a slippery floor - immediate danger of someone
slipping and being injured.
Chronic hazards have a more hidden, cumulative, long-

term impact.
§ Example, workplace bullying, where the long-term impact
may result in stress or other psychological injury
Hazards Classification
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Ergonomic
Psychosocial
Physical Hazards
Physical Hazards are unsafe working conditions that that
can cause injury, illness, and death. Physical hazards are
the most common workplace hazards.
§ Radiation: including ionizing, non-ionizing
(EMF’s, microwaves, radio waves, etc.)
§ High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
§ Temperature extremes – hot and cold
§ Constant loud noise
Physical Hazards
§ Anything that can cause spills or trips such as cords
running across the floor or ice
§ Anything that can cause falls such as working from heights,
including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work area
§ Unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts that a
worker can accidentally touch
§ Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins,
improper wiring
§ Confined spaces
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical
preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or
gas).
Some are safer than others, but to some workers who are
more sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can
cause illness, skin irritation, or breathing problems.
Chemical Hazards
§ Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents
– if chemicals are in an unlabeled container!
§ Vapours and fumes that come from welding or
exposure to solvents
§ Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide
and helium
§ Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and
explosive chemicals
§ Pesticides
Biological Hazards
Biological Hazards
include exposure to harm or disease associated with
working with animals, people, or infectious plant
materials.
Workplaces with these kinds of hazards include, but are
not limited to, work in schools, day care facilities, colleges
and universities, hospitals, laboratories, emergency
response, nursing homes, or various outdoor occupations.
Biological Hazards
§ Blood and other body fluids
§ Fungi / mold
§ Bacteria and viruses
§ Plants
§ Insect Bites
§ Animal and bird droppings
Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Occur when the type of work, body positions, and working
conditions put a strain on your body.
They are the hardest to spot since you don’t always
immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm
that these hazards pose.
Short-term exposure may result in “sore muscles” the next
day or in the days following the exposure, but long-term
exposure can result serious long-term illness.
Ergonomic Hazards
§ Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
§ Frequent lifting
§ Poor posture
§ Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
§ Having to use too much force, especially if you have
to do it frequently
§ Vibration
Psychosocial Hazards
Psychosocial Hazards:
Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short-term effects)
and strain (long-term effects).
These are hazards associated with workplace issues such

as workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc.
Psychosocial Hazards
§ Workload demands
§ Workplace violence
§ The intensity and/or pace
§ Respect (or lack thereof)
§ Flexibility
§ Control or say about things
§ Social support or relations
§ Sexual harassment
Hazard identification technique
hazard identification & assessment methodology

§ any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
§ first aid records and minor injury records;
§ work place health protection programs;
§ any results of work place inspections;
§ any complaints & comments;
Hazard identification technique
hazard identification & assessment methodology
§ any government or employer reports, studies and tests
concerning the health and safety of employees;
§ any reports made under the regulation of Occupational
Safety and Health Act,1994
§ the record of hazardous substances; and
§ any other relevant information.
Hazard Identification &
Assessment Methodology
Steps and time frame
§ who will be responsible for the identification:
§ OSH committee, or individuals appointed by the
committee;
§ the way in which the identification reports are processed:
§ the identification time frame:
§ the identification of hazards for workshop A must be
completed in July, for workshop B in April
Keeping of a record of the hazards.
§ establish and maintain an identification record,
either in print or softcopy.
Time frame reviewing & revising methodology
§ date for the review of the identification:
§ example, every three years.
techniques to identify hazards
§ work place inspections;
§ task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;
§ preliminary investigations;
§ potential accident factors;
§ failure analysis;
§ accident and incident investigations.
In fact, the identification method may vary depending on the
size of the work place.
Group Exercise
§ Identifying Hazards
§ Classifying Hazards
§ Potential Harms
Case 1
Hazards Class Group Potential Harms
1.
2.
Case 2
1.
2.
Case 3
1.
2.
Case 4
1.
2.
Case 5
1.
2.
Case 6
1.
2.
Case 7
1.
2.
Case 8
1.
2.
Case 9
1.
2.
Case 10
1.
2.
Case 11
1.
2.
Case 12
1.
2.
Case 13
1.
2.
Case 14
1.
2.
Case 15
1.
2.
Case 16
1.
2.
Case 17
1.
2.
Case 18
1.
2.
Case 19
1.
2.
Case 20
1.
2.
Analyze and estimate risk
§ Risk is the determination of likelihood and
severity of the credible accident/event sequences
in order to determine magnitude and to priorities
identified hazards.
§ It can be done by
§ qualitative,
§ quantitative or
§ semi quantitative method.
Qualitative analysis
§ uses words to describe the magnitude of potential
severity and the likelihood that those severity will occur.
§ These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the
circumstances and different descriptions may be used
for different risks.
§ This method uses expert knowledge and experience to
determine likelihood and severity category.
Qualitative Risk Matrix Table
SEVERITY
LIKELIHOOD
Fatality Major Injuries Minor Injuries Negligible injuries
Very Likely High High High Medium
Likelihood High High Medium Medium
Unilikely High Medium Medium Low
Highly Unlikely Medium Medium Low Low

Qualitative Risk Assessment Matrix
Likelihood Likelihood Description
Very Likely could happen frequently
Likelihood could happen occasionally
Unilikely could happen, but only rarely
Highly Unlikely could happen, but probably never will
Severity Severity Description

Fatality Death
Major Injuries Irreversible injuries
Minor Injuries Reversible injuries
Negligible injuries First aid cases
Quantitative analysis
§ uses numerical values from scientific research.
§ Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes
from experimental studies or past data.
§ Severity may be expressed in terms of monetary,
technical or human impact criteria, or any of the other
criteria.
§ Occupational hygiene, ergonomics, noise etc.
Quantitative Risk
Matrix
Semi-quantitative analysis
§ qualitative scales such as described before are given
values.
§ The objective is to produce a more expanded ranking
scales than is usually achieved in qualitative analysis,
§ not to suggest realistic values for risk such as is
attempted in quantitative analysis.
Likelihood of an occurrence
You may ask the question
§ “How many times has this event happened in the
past?”
Assessing likelihood is based
§ worker experience,
§ analysis or
§ measurement.
Likelihood of an occurrence
Likelihood levels range

from “most likely” to “inconceivable.”
Example,
A small spill of bleach from a container when filling a
spray bottle is most likely to occur during every shift.
Alternatively, a leak of diesel fuel from a secure holding
tank may be inconceivable.
Likelihood of an occurrence (Table A)
LIKELIHOOD (L) EXAMPLE RATING
The most likely result of the hazard / event
Most likely 5
being realized
Has a good chance of occurring and is not
Possible 4
unusual
Conceivable Might be occur at sometime in future 3
Remote Has not been known to occur after many years 2
Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has never occurred 1

Severity of hazard
§ Severity can be divided into five categories.
§ Severity are based upon an increasing level of
severity to
§ an individual’s safety & health,
§ the environment, or
§ to property.
Severity of hazard (Table B)
SEVERITY (S) EXAMPLE RATING
Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property
Catastrophic 5
damage and productivity
Approximately one single fatality major
Fatal 4
property damage if hazard is realized
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent disability 3
Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2

Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid type
Negligible 1
injury
Risk Assessment
Risk analysis that uses
likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting
result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the risk throughout a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
Risk = L x S
L = Likelihood S = Severity
An example of risk matrix (Table C)
Severity (S)
Likelihood (L) 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 10 15 20 25
4 4 8 12 16 20
3 3 6 9 12 15
2 2 4 6 8 10
1 1 2 3 4 5
High Medium Low

Prioritize Necessary Actions (Table D)
RISK DESCRIPTION ACTION
A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the hazard as
detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions taken must be
15 - 25 HIGH
documented on the risk assessment form including date for
completion.
A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to controlling the
hazard and applies temporary measure if required. Actions
5 - 12 MEDIUM
taken must be documented on the risk assessment form
including date for completion.
A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable and
further reduction may not be necessary. However, if the risk can
1-4 LOW
be resolved quickly and efficiently, control measures should be
implemented and recorded.
Risk Control
Definition:
Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a
manner such that the hazard does not pose a risk to
workers at workplace.
§ Hazards should be controlled at their source
§ The closer a control to the source of the hazard is the
better.
§ This method often referred to Engineering controls.
Hierarchy of risk control
Most Elimination
Effective
Hazard Substitution
Controls
Isolation
Engineering
Control
Administrative
Control
Exposure
Least Controls PPE
Effective
Risk Control
§ If not possible, hazards can often be controlled along
the path to the worker, between the source and the
worker.
§ This method often referred to
Administrative controls.
§ If not possible, hazards must be controlled at
the level of the worker through the use of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.
Selecting a suitable control
Selecting a control often involves
§ evaluating & selecting short and long term controls;
§ implementing short-term measures until permanent
controls can be put in place; and
§ implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
Example, When a noise hazard is identified.
Short-term controls require workers to use hearing protection.
Long term controls might remove or isolate the noise source
Types of Control
§ At the source of the hazard
§ Engineering control
§ Administrative controls
§ Personal protective equipment
At the source of the hazard
Elimination
Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or
substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers.
Example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and

cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion
hazards.
At the source of the hazard
Substitution
Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is
possible.
Example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less

hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any
new hazards that are created.
Engineering control
Redesign
Jobs & processes can be reworked to make them safer.
Example, containers can be made easier to hold & lift.
Isolation
hazard can be isolated, contained or otherwise kept away
from workers.
Example, an insulated and air-conditioned control room
can protect operators from a toxic chemical.
Engineering control
Automation
Dangerous processes can be automated or mechanized
Example, computer-controlled robots can handle spot
welding operations in car plants.
Barriers
A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers.
Example, special curtains can prevent eye injuries from
welding arc radiation.
Engineering control
Absorption
Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout systems can
isolate energy sources during repair and maintenance.
Dilution
Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated.
Example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses
before they reach operators.
Administrative controls
Safe work procedures
Workers can be required to use & follow standardized
safety practices. Work procedures must be periodically
reviewed with workers and updated.
Supervision and training

Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher
training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to
assist workers.
Administrative controls
Job rotations
reduce the time that workers are exposed to a hazard.
Example, workers can be rotated through jobs requiring
repetitive tendon and muscle movements.
Housekeeping, repair & maintenance programs

Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
clean up. Its will less likely to cause injury if they are kept
clean and well maintained.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
§ PPE and clothing is used when other controls
measures are not feasible and where additional
protection is needed.
§ Workers must be trained to use and maintain

equipment properly.
§ The employer and workers must understand

the limitations of the PPE.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
§ The employer is expected to require workers
to use their equipment whenever it is
needed.
§ Care must be taken to ensure that

equipment is working properly.
§ Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers

health by providing an illusion of protection.
§ Hapuskan
§ Eliminate
4X4 = 16 Case Study
§ Tukarkan 3X4 = 12
§ Substitute
§ Asingkan
2X4 =8
§ Isolate 1X3 =3
§ Kejuruteraan
§ Engineering
§ Pentadbiran
§ Administrative
§ Pelindung Peribadi
§ PPE
Bahaya Danger
Risiko Risk
Group Exercise
§ Assessing Risks
§ Controlling Risks
Case 1
Hazards Likelihood Severity Risk
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Hazards Risk Control
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Case 2
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Case 3
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Case 4
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Case 5
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Case 6
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Case 7
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Case 8
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Case 9
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Case 10
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Case 11
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Case 12
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Case 13
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Case 14
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Case 15
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Case 16
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Case 17
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Case 18
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Case 19
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Case 20
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Monitoring controls
§ The effectiveness of controls must be checked
regularly.
§ Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during
inspections, routine maintenance, and other activities.
§ Document control activities to track their
effectiveness, if necessary re-evaluate hazards and
implement new control measures.
Monitoring controls
Ask the following questions
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls
contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately
controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?
Documenting HIRARC
Responsibility and accountability
§ Individual or team who identified the hazard must
ensure proper communication of the hazard to the
appropriate workplace authority (manager,
department head, or designated person)
§ Each HIRARC must be fully documented. The HIRARC
form must be completed by the HIRARC team and
signed by the in charge personnel
Documenting HIRARC
§ The appropriate authority is responsible for ensuring
that effective controls are applied and communicating
the results back to the originator.
§ Employer must endorse and approve the HIRARC
results.
§ Employer must communicate all HIRARC to employees,
monitor the follow up action and keep the records.
Documenting HIRARC
HIRARC
Team Employer Employees
Consultation
§ If practicable, there must be consultation with the
relevant health and safety representative when
identifying, assessing and controlling risks.
§ Consulting directly with employees and drawing on

their experience and knowledge is more effective
inreducing risk.
Training
§ Information, instruction and training, provide
employees with the skills and knowledge to perform
their work in a manner that is safe and without risks to
health. It enables them to
a. follow health and safety procedures;
b. use risk controls set in place for their protection; and
c. have an appreciation of the nature of the hazar
Training
Managers, Supervisors, Health and Safety Representatives
and others who may be required
§ to perform risk assessments shall be trained in hazard
identification risk assessment and control methods.
They must be trained in the risk assessment process
and be familiar with –
a. the regulations associated with the hazard;
b. have a practical understanding of the work hazards; and
c. consult with the Health and Safety Representative.
Scenario 1: Wood panel cutting process
A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw machine.

Their work includes loading wood panel onto the machine,
cutting the wood and unloading the cut wood. They also
need to repair and maintain the machine regularly as well
as to change the blades of the machine.
Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar

work in your workplace.
Andy
Loading the Cutting Cuts / first aid Safe work 4 1 4 Use leather hand (26 July 2018)
1
machine with wood blades type injury practice glove completed
Hand get caught Safe work practice, Chia
Operating the Unguarded
2 into rotating parts / daily check & 4 3 12 To Fix L-guard (26 Aug 2018)
machine machine amputation maintenance In progress
Flying Serious cuts & eye Warning signs; Mutu
injuries by flying Training, Safety 4 3 12 Use stronger blades (26 Aug 2018)
fragments
fragments goggles completed
Muscular strain / Use mechanical Ali

3 Unloading cut wood Heavy Manual lifting 2 3 6 (20 Aug 2018)
load back pain procedure lifter KIV
Repair and Serious cuts & getting Ahmad

Unguarded Cover ‘on button’ To make delay start (18 Aug 2018)
4 maintenance of the cought in rotating Safe work practice
2 4 8
machine machine parts button completed
Group Exercise
Perform HIRARC
§ List the names and designation of HIRAC team
members
§ List all activities
(routine and non-routine)
§ Perform HIRARC
§ 012-3771545 WSSP SAYA

Note Hirac

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Hazard Identification

and Risk Assessment &

HP : 012 377 1545

Mati / cedera parah

Tersembunyi Rekod buruk Bad Record

Akta Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994

Akta Kilang dan Jentera 1967

P1- Boiler Enactment 1892 - 1908

P2- Machinery Enactment 1913 - 1932

P3- Machinery Ordinance 1953 - 1967

P4- Factory Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 - Now

P5- Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) 1994 - Now

Akta Keselamatan & Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994

Undang-Undang Lain Akta Kilang & Jentera 1967

Peraturan Perintah Industri Kod Amalan Bekerja Panduan

"Setakat yang praktik"

“So far as is practicable"

Kewajipan Am Majikan & Orang yang bekerja

General Duties Employer & Self-employed person

b) pengunaan atau operasi, pengendalian,

b) use or operation, handling, storage and

§ Brek Rosak Brake Failure Keadaan Bahaya Unsafe condition

§ Muatan Lebih Overloaded Amalan Bahaya Unsafe Act/Practice

§ Keadaan Bahaya Unsafe condition

A systematic and objective approach to

Hazards can be divided into three

Chronic hazards have a more hidden, cumulative, long-

These are hazards associated with workplace issues such

hazard identification & assessment methodology

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Hazards Class Group Potential Harms

Very Likely High High High Medium

Likelihood High High Medium Medium

Unilikely High Medium Medium Low

Highly Unlikely Medium Medium Low Low

Severity Severity Description

Likelihood levels range

Remote Has not been known to occur after many years 2

Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has never occurred 1

Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2

High Medium Low

Example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and

Example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less

Supervision and training