MI 429 Lecture 9

MI 429/EE 427
Wastewater Treatment Technology
LECTURE 9
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN CALCULATIONS
The steps to be followed in general, to carry out the
design calculations for rectangular and circular units.
I. Compute the present and future average daily
wastewater flow rate.(maximum for some units)
II. Compute the capacity or volume of the treatment
unit.
• Assume HRT, then Volume = HRT x Flow rate
III. Compute the surface area and cross-sectional area
of the treatment unit.
• Assume SLR and since flow rate is known, then from
relation SLR = Q/Surface area of a unit
• Having flow rate and assuming flow through velocity, the
cross-sectional area of a rectangular unit can be
determined
IV. Compute dimensions of treatment units.
a) Computation of net depth of a treatment unit.
Calculated from settling velocity = depth/retention time
Or from SLR as is equal to settling velocity
b) Computation of length and breadth of rectangular tank
From flow through velocity = Length/retention time and
assuming a suitable L : B ratios
Example, Assuming suitable design criteria, compute
the net and overall dimensions of rectangular and
circular settling basins for a wastewater flow of
1000m3/d.
SOLUTION
Assumptions
– Surface loading rate, SLR = 40m3/m2.d
– Hydraulic retention time, HRT = 2hrs
– Length to breadth ratio, L:B = 2.5 : 1
– Free board as 0.3m and sludge zone depth as 0.7m for
rectangular and 0.5m for circular
– 10% of net length (diameter) for each inlet and outlet zone
(width of outlet channel)
Solution, for rectangular
– Compute surface area, then length and width
– Compute depth of tank
– Compute overall dimensions
• Depth total = net depth + free board + sludge zone depth
• Length total = net length + length of inlet zone + length of outlet
Solution, for circular
– Compute surface area, then diameter
– Compute depth of tank
– Compute overall dimensions
• Depth total = net depth + free board + sludge zone depth
• Diameter total = net diameter + width of the outlet channel
• Overall dimensions are used to estimate the cost of
treatment units
DESIGN OF PRELIMINARY TREATMENT UNITS
Preliminary treatment units are:-
1. SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
2. APPROACH CHANNELS
3. EQUALIZATION BASINS
4. SCREEN CHAMBERS
5. GRIT CHAMBERS
6. OIL AND GREASE TRAP (SKIMMING TANK)
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
• Wastewater is required to be pumped :-
a. When the slope of the sewer is relatively flat and
wastewater cannot flow under gravity or if the depth of
excavation of a sewerage systems exceed 3.0m
b. If the ground water table is high and it may not be
possible to excavate even up to a maximum depth of
3.0m
c. To provide the gravity flows from the collection sump or
holding tank at the treatment site to the treatment units,
also may be required at intermediate stages between the
units of the treatment plant itself.
• The pumping station or pump house at the
treatment plant is normally of RCC and consist of a
wet well and dry well.
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
• Design considerations in the design of a pump house
include
– Hydraulic retention time, HRT, retention time of
wastewater in the wet well usually does not exceed
20minutes.
– High and low water levels, these are levels fixed in the wet
well in order to determine the position of suction pipes for
the pumps
– Screens: these are provided before the influent enters the
wet well to screen out the materials that may clog and
damage pumps.
– Standby pumps: at least one extra pump more than the
number of pumps required as per design, should always be
provided to act as a standby so that it can be used when
one of the working pumps is under maintenance or repairs
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
• Design considerations cont…….
– Location of driving units: installation of motors for driving
pump at the top level of the well is recommended for its
easy repair and maintenance work
– Additional space: provision of extra space for dry wells in
the design of the pump house to install additional pumps
in the future should be kept at the initial planning stage
itself.
• Mostly, centrifugal (horizontal or vertical non-clog)
pumps with motors are installed in the dry well at
the bottom floor level
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
Example, Assuming 2.5 peaking factor and 0.3 minimum
factor, design a pumping station for a daily average flow
of sewage equal to 15MLD. It is required that sewage is
to be pumped against a head of 8.0m and will be
conveyed by a rising main to a treatment site located
200m away from the sump well with horizontal velocity
0.75m/s. Assume the efficiency of pump as 65% and
motor efficiency as 75%, retention time is 20minutes,
sump maximum depth of 4.0m, velocity of flow in suction
pipe = 1.0m/s
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
SOLUTION
a) Computation of maximum and minimum sewage
flow,
b) Design of rising main,
c) Design of the sump well (wet well)
d) Design of pumps
𝑓𝐿𝑣2
• Compute frictional losses in pipes, hf = 2𝑔𝑑
• Compute total head, assume losses in bends = 0.5m
𝑤𝑄𝑝𝐻
• Compute the power required for pumping, P =
75η𝑝η𝑚
SUMP AND PUMP WELLS
SOLUTION
e) Design of the suction pipe,

f) The design of the dry well is assumed the same as
the wet-well size
APPROACH CHANNEL
• An approach channel employed in the wastewater
treatment plant is a simple rectangular open
channel.
• Wastewater collected in the wet well of a pump
house is pumped into the approach channel located
at a predetermined level normally determined using
the gradient of the hydraulic flow diagram.
• Sewage from the approach channel flows by gravity
to the succeeding units and the main function is to
dampen the turbulence of incoming flow to the
subsequent unit and ensure somewhat a steady and
uniform flow after pumping.
APPROACH CHANNEL design criteria
• Peaking factor = 2 to 3
• Flow through velocity, Vh greater than or equal to
0.45m/s, usually 1.5m/s
• Length of the channel, L = 2.0 to 3.0m
• For rectangular section, the depth to width ratio, D:
B = 1:1.5 to 1:2
• The number of units, N = 2 usually
• The slope is computed by Manning’s equation
1 2/3 1/2
Vh = 𝑛
R S
APPROACH CHANNEL design criteria
1 2/3 1/2
Vh = 𝑛
R S
Where,
Vh =velocity of flow, m/s
R=Hydraulic mean radius=Ax/P, m
Ax=cross-sectional area, m2
P= wetted perimeter, m
S= slope 1 in L
n=Manning’s coefficient of roughness for the pipe
APPROACH CHANNEL
For example, assuming suitable data, design an approach
channel for 26.0MLD maximum flow of wastewater.
SOLUTION
• Providing 2 channels in one unit, compute the maximum
flow in each channel.
• Having flow in each channel computes the dimensions
– Assuming Vh = 0.75m/s and D:B = 1:1.5
– Assume free board as 0.3m and channel length 2.0m
• Check for flow-through velocity by Manning’s formula at
full depth and at one-third depth, assuming slope, S =
1:1000 and n=0.013 for cement concrete in good
condition

MI 429 Lecture 9

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MI 429/EE 427

Wastewater Treatment Technology

e) Design of the suction pipe,

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