Structure of Atom: Chapter - 2
Structure of Atom: Chapter - 2
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
NOTES
Almost all the elements have isotopes. All the isotopes of a given
element have same chemical properties, but they differ in their physical
properties.
Isotones p e n
14
6C 6 6 8
15
7N 7 7 8
16
8O 8 8 8
ATOM MODELS
Thomson’s Model of Atom
J. J. Thomson proposed the first atom model, which is known as
the plum pudding or raisin pudding or watermelon model. According
to this model, an atom has a spherical shape in which the positive charge is
uniformly distributed. The electrons are distributed in it, just like the seeds
are distributed in a water melon or plums are distributed in a pudding. An
important feature of this model is that the mass of the atom is assumed to
be uniformly distributed over the atom. Also the total positive charge in an
atom is equal to the total negative charge and hence the atom is electrically
neutral.
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
Rutherford proposed an atom model based on his α–particle scattering
experiment. He bombarded a very thin gold foil (approximately 10-7m
thickness) with α–particles.
The Experiment: A stream of high energy α–particles from a radioactive
source was directed at a thin gold foil. The thin gold foil had a circular
fluorescent zinc sulphide screen around it. Whenever α–particles struck the
screen, a tiny flash of light was produced at that point.
Series Spectral n1 n2
region
Lyman Ultra violet 1 2,3,4...
Balmer Visible 2 3,4,5..
Paschen Infra red 3 4,5,6..
Brackett Infra red 4 5,6,7..
Pfund Infra red 5 6,7,8..
Where E1 and E2 are the energies of lower and higher energy levels
respectively. This expression is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency
rule.
6. The angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of
𝑛ℎ
h/2π. i.e. mevr =
2𝜋
ℎ
Or, Δx.mΔv ≥
4𝜋
ℎ
Or, Δx.Δv ≥
4𝜋𝑚