The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an 1876 novel by Mark

Twain about a boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is The Adventures of Tom
set in the 1840s in the town of St. Petersburg, which is based on Sawyer
Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy.[2] In the novel,
Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend
Huckleberry Finn. Originally a commercial failure, the book
ended up being the best selling of Twain's works during his
lifetime.[3][4] Though overshadowed by its sequel, Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn, the book is considered by many to be a
masterpiece of American literature.[5] It was one of the first
novels to be written on a typewriter.

Contents
Plot
Significance
Inception
Front piece of The Adventures of
Publication
Tom Sawyer, 1876 1st edition.
Criticism
Author Mark Twain
Sequels and other works featuring Tom Sawyer
Country United States
Adaptations and influences
Language English
Film and television
Theatrical Genre Bildungsroman,
picaresque novel,
Ballet
satire, folk, children's
Comic books
literature
Video games
Internet Publisher American Publishing
Theme park attractions Company
Publication 1876[1]
See also date
References OCLC 47052486 (https://ww
Further reading w.worldcat.org/oclc/4
External links 7052486)
Dewey 813.4
Decimal
Plot LC Class PZ7.T88 Ad 2001
Followed by Adventures of
Tom Sawyer is an orphan who lives with his aunt, Polly, and his
Huckleberry Finn
half-brother, Sid, in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which is
based on Hannibal, Missouri, where Mark Twain originally lived, Text The Adventures of
sometime in the 1840s. A fun-loving boy, Tom skips school to go Tom Sawyer at
swimming and is made to whitewash his aunt's fence for the Wikisource
entirety of the next day, Saturday, as punishment.

In one of the most famous scenes in American literature, Tom

cleverly persuades the several neighborhood children to trade him
small trinkets and treasures for the "privilege" of doing his tedious
work, using reverse psychology to convince them it is an enjoyable
activity. Later, Tom trades the trinkets with other students for
several denominations of tickets, obtained at the local Sunday
school for memorizing verses of Scripture. Tom then exchanges
the tickets with the minister for a prized Bible, despite being one
of the worst students in the Sunday school and knowing almost
nothing of Scripture, eliciting envy from the students and a
mixture of pride and shock from the adults.

Tom falls in love with a girl named Becky Thatcher, who is new in
town and the daughter of a prominent judge. Tom wins the
admiration of the judge in the church by obtaining the Bible as a
prize, but reveals his ignorance when he is unable to answer basic
questions about Scripture. Tom pursues Becky, eventually
persuading her to get engaged by kissing her. Their romance soon
Tom Sawyer, US commemorative
collapses when she discovers that Tom was engaged to another
stamp of 1972 showing the
schoolgirl, Amy Lawrence.
whitewashed fence.
Shortly after Becky shuns Tom, he accompanies Huckleberry
Finn, a vagrant boy whom all the other boys admire, to a
graveyard at midnight to perform a superstitious ritual designed
to heal warts. At the graveyard, they witness a trio of body
snatchers, Dr Robinson, Muff Potter and Injun Joe, robbing a
grave. Muff Potter is drunk and eventually blacks out, while Injun
Joe gets into a fight with Dr Robinson and murders him. Injun Joe
appears to frame Muff Potter for the murder. Tom and
Huckleberry Finn swear a blood oath not to tell anyone about the
murder, fearing Injun Joe would somehow discover it was them
and murder them in turn. Muff Potter is eventually jailed, and he
accepts the blame, assuming he committed the killing in an act of
drunkenness.

Tom grows bored with school, and along with his friends Joe Tom and Becky lost in the caves.
Harper and Huckleberry Finn, he runs away to Jackson's Island in Illustration from the 1876 edition by
the Mississippi River to begin life as "pirates". While enjoying artist True Williams.
their freedom, they become aware that the community is scouring
the river for their bodies, as the boys are missing and presumed
dead. Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion and after a brief moment of
remorse at his loved ones' suffering, he is struck by the grand idea of appearing at his funeral. The trio
later carries out this scheme, making a sensational and sudden appearance at church in the middle of
their joint funeral service, winning the immense respect of their classmates for the stunt. Back in
school, Becky has ripped the school master's anatomy book after Tom startles her, but Tom regains
her admiration by nobly accepting the blame and punishment for tearing the book.
In court, Injun Joe pins the murder on Muff Potter. Tom decides to defy his blood oath with Huck and
testifies against Injun Joe, who quickly escapes through a window before he can be apprehended. The
boys live in constant fear of Joe's revenge for incriminating him.

Summer arrives and Tom and Huck decide to hunt for buried treasure in a haunted house. After
venturing upstairs, they hear a noise below and peering through holes in the floor, they see the deaf-
mute Spaniard who had shown up in the village some weeks before revealing himself to be Injun Joe.
Speaking freely, Injun Joe and a companion plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own in the
house. From their hiding spot, Tom and Huck wriggle with delight at the prospect of digging it up. By
chance, the villains discover an even greater gold hoard buried in the hearth and carry it off to a better
hiding place. The boys are determined to find it and one night, Huck spots them and follows them; he
overhears Injun Joe's plans to break into the house of the wealthy Widow Douglas and mutilate her
face in revenge for her late husband, a justice of the peace, having once ordered him to be publicly
whipped for vagrancy. Running to fetch help, Huck prevents the crime and requests his name not be
made public, for fear of Injun Joe's retaliation, thus becoming an anonymous hero.

Just before Huck stops the crime, Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal's cave with Becky and their
classmates. Tom and Becky get lost and wander in the cave for several days, facing starvation and
dehydration. Becky becomes extremely dehydrated and weak, and Tom's search for a way out grows
more desperate. He encounters Injun Joe in the caves one day but is not seen by his nemesis.
Eventually, Tom finds a way out and they are joyfully welcomed back by their community. Becky's
father, Judge Thatcher, has McDougal's cave sealed with an iron door. When Tom hears of the sealing
two weeks later, he is horror-stricken, knowing that Injun Joe is still inside. He directs a posse to the
cave, where they find Injun Joe's corpse just inside the sealed entrance, starved to death after having
consumed raw bats and candle stubs as a last resort. The place of his death and the in situ cups he
used to collect water from a dripping stalactite become a local tourist attraction.

A week later, having deduced from Injun Joe's presence at McDougal's cave that the villain must have
hidden the stolen gold inside, Tom takes Huck to the cave and they find the box of gold, the proceeds
of which are invested for them. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, but he finds the restrictions of a
civilized home life painful, attempting to escape back to his vagrant life. Tom convinces Huck to go
back to the widow so that he can later be a robber with Tom, because you need to be high society to be
in a robber gang. Reluctantly, Huck agrees and goes back to the widow.

Significance
The novel has elements of humor, satire and social criticism – features that later made Mark Twain
one of the most important authors of American literature. Mark Twain describes some
autobiographical events in the book. The novel is set around Twain's actual boyhood home of
Hannibal, near St. Louis, and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as
a result.[6]

The concept of boyhood is developed through Tom's actions, including his runaway adventure with
Joe and Huckleberry. To help show how mischievous and messy boyhood was, The Miriam and Ira D.
Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs (http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47db-c
a4d-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99) shows a picture of a young boy smoking a pipe, sawing furniture,
climbing all over the place, and sleeping. In Twain's novel, Tom and his friend are young when they
decide they want to learn how to smoke a pipe. Tom and Joe do this to show just how cool they are to
the other boys. [7]
Inception
Tom Sawyer is Twain's first attempt to write a novel on his own. He had previously written
contemporary autobiographical narratives (The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress,
Roughing It) and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time. These
are The Story of the Good Boy and The Story of the Wicked Little Boy which are satirical texts of a few
pages. In the first, a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last
words which he has carefully prepared. In the second story, an evil little boy steals and lies, like Tom
Sawyer, but finishes rich and successful. Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys since he is at
the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity.

By the time he wrote Tom Sawyer, Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of
The Innocents Abroad. He owned a large house in Hartford, Connecticut but needed another success
to support himself, with a wife and two daughters. He had collaborated on a novel with Charles
Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age published in 1874.[8]

He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the Mississippi and had
corresponded with a boyhood friend, Will Bowen, both of which had evoked many memories and were
used as source material.

Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863. The
real Tom Sawyer was a local hero, famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck. The two
remained friendly during Twain's three-year stay in San Francisco, often drinking and gambling
together.[9]

Publication
In November 1875 Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of
the American Publishing Company, who sent it to True Williams
for the illustrations. A little later, Twain had the text also quickly
published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but
without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in
Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally
published its edition in December 1876, which was the first
illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer.[10]
Frontispiece and title page of the
These two editions differ slightly. After completing his first American edition
manuscript, Twain had a copy made of it. It is this copy which was
read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells. Howells
and Twain corresponded through fairly informal, handwritten letters discussing many aspects of his
works and manuscripts; language choices, character development, as well as racial development and
depiction. Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells' comments which he later
incorporated in the original manuscript, but some corrections escaped him. The English edition was
based on this corrected copy, while the illustrated American edition was based on the original
manuscript. To further complicate matters, Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the
proofs of the American edition, which he did not do for the English edition. The American edition is
therefore considered the authoritative edition.

Criticism
A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social
commentary. In its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain changes to a first person
narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism
possible.[11] The two other subsequent books, Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, are
similarly in the first person narrative from the perspective of Huckleberry Finn.

The book has raised controversy for its use of the racial epithet "nigger"; a bowdlerized version
aroused indignation among some literary critics.[12]

The book has been criticized for its caricature-like portrayal of Native Americans through the
character Injun Joe. He is depicted as malevolent for the sake of malevolence, is not allowed to
redeem himself in any way by Twain, dies a pitiful and despairing death in a cave and upon his death
is treated as a tourist attraction. Revard suggests that the adults in the novel blame the character's
Indian blood as the cause of his evil.[13]

Sequels and other works featuring Tom Sawyer

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894)
Tom Sawyer, Detective (1896)

Tom Sawyer, the story's title character, also appears in two other uncompleted sequels: Huck and
Tom Among the Indians and Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy. He is also a character in Twain's unfinished
Schoolhouse Hill.

Adaptations and influences

Film and television

Tom Sawyer (1917), directed by William Desmond Taylor, starring Jack Pickford as Tom[14]
Tom Sawyer (1930), directed by John Cromwell, starring Jackie Coogan as Tom[15]
Tom Sawyer (1936), Soviet Union version directed by Lazar Frenkel and Gleb Zatvornitsky[16]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), Technicolor film by the Selznick Studio, starring Tommy
Kelly as Tom and directed by Norman Taurog; notable is the cave sequence designed by William
Cameron Menzies[17]
Tom Sawyer (1956), a musical episode of the U.S. Steel Hour, written by Frank Luther and
starring John Sharpe as Tom and Jimmy Boyd as Huck.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1960), BBC television series in 7 episodes starring Fred Smith
as Tom and Janina Faye as Becky. The series' theme song was "John Gilbert is the Boat", sung
by Peggy Seeger[18]
Les aventures de Tom Sawyer (1968), Romanian/French/West German television miniseries
directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner, starring Roland Demongeot as Tom and Marc Di Napoli as
Huck[19]
Aventurile lui Tom Sawyer (1968), Romanian movie directed by Mircea Albulescu.
The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1968), a half-hour live-action/animated series produced
by Hanna-Barbera Productions[20]
Las Aventuras de Juliancito (1969), Mexican film[21]
 Tom Sawyer (1973), musical adaptation by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, with
Johnny Whitaker in the title role, Jeff East as Huck Finn, Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher, and
Celeste Holm as Aunt Polly.[22]
Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer (1973), TV movie version sponsored by Dr Pepper, starring Buddy
Ebsen as Muff Potter and filmed in Upper Canada Village[23]
Páni kluci (1976), Czech movie directed by Věra Plívová-Šimková
Huckleberry Finn and His Friends (1979), TV series[24]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980), Japanese anime television series by Nippon Animation,
part of the World Masterpiece Theater, aired in the United States on HBO
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (Приключения Тома Сойера и
Гекльберри Финна), 1981 Soviet Union 3 episodes version directed by Stanislav Govorukhin[25]
Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1982), a
made-for-TV movie, starring Patrick Creadon as Tom and Anthony Michael Hall as Huck.
Sawyer and Finn (1983), American television series pilot in which Tom Sawyer (Peter Horton) and
Huck Finn (Michael Dudikoff) reunite by chance 10 years after the original story and seek new
adventures in the Old West.
Tom Sawyer (1984), Canadian claymation version produced by Hal Roach studios
Wishbone (1995), the first episode "A Tail in Twain" had the title character imagining himself as
the title character, with the character of Injun Joe being referred to as "Crazy Joe".
Tom and Huck (1995), starring Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Tom and Brad Renfro as Huck
Finn.[26]
The Animated Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1998), Canadian version, written by Bob Merrill and
directed by William R. Kowalchuk Jr. Uses the voices of Ryan Slater, Christopher Lloyd and
Kirsten Dunst.[27]
Tom Sawyer (2000), animated adaptation featuring the characters as anthropomorphic animals
instead of humans with an all-star voice cast, including country singers Rhett Akins, Mark Wills,
Lee Ann Womack, Waylon Jennings, and Hank Williams Jr. as well as Betty White.[28]
Thomas Sawyer, as a young adult, is a character in the movie League of Extraordinary
Gentlemen, portrayed by Shane West. Here, Tom is a U.S. Secret Service agent who joins the
team's fight against Professor Moriarty.
Tom Sawyer (2011), German version, directed by Hermine Huntgeburth.
Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn (2014), starring Joel Courtney as Tom and Jake T. Austin as
Huck.
Band of Robbers, a 2015 American crime comedy film written and directed by the Nee
Brothers.[29]

Theatrical
From 1932 to 1933, German philosopher Theodor Adorno adapted The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer as a ballad opera titled Der Schatz des Indianer-Joe (Treasure of Joe, the Indian). He
never finished the musical accompaniment. The libretto was published by his wife Gretel Adorno
and student Rolf Tiedemann in 1979.[30]
In 1956, We're From Missouri, a musical adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, with book,
music, and lyrics by Tom Boyd, was presented by the students at the Guildhall School of Music
and Drama.
In 1960, Tom Boyd's musical version (re-titled Tom Sawyer) was presented professionally at
Theatre Royal Stratford East in London, England, and in 1961 toured provincial theatres in
England.[31][32]
 In 1981, the play The Boys in Autumn by the American dramatist Bernhard Sabath premiered in
San Francisco. In the play, Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn meet again as old men. Despite good
reviews, the play has remained largely unknown.[33]
In the 1985 musical Big River by William Hauptman and Roger Miller, Tom is a secondary
character, played by John Short from 1985 to 1987.
In 2001, the musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Ken Ludwig and Don Schlitz, debuted on
Broadway.[34]
In 2015, the Mark Twain House and Museum selected 17-year-old Noah Altshuler (writer of
Making the Move), as Mark Twain Playwright in Residence, to create a modern, meta-fictional
adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer for regional and commercial production.[35]

Ballet

Tom Sawyer: A Ballet in Three Acts premiered on October 14, 2011, at the Kauffman Center for the
Performing Arts in Kansas City, Missouri. The score was by composer Maury Yeston, with
choreography by William Whitener, artistic director of the Kansas City Ballet.[36][37] A review in The
New York Times observed: "It’s quite likely that this is the first all-new, entirely American three-act
ballet: it is based on an American literary classic, has an original score by an American composer and
was given its premiere by an American choreographer and company. ... Both the score and the
choreography are energetic, robust, warm, deliberately naïve (both ornery and innocent), in ways
right for Twain."[38]

Comic books

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer has been adapted into comic book form many times:

Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn (Stoll & Edwards Co., 1925) – collection of the comic strip of the
same name by Clare Victor Dwiggins, syndicated by the McClure Syndicate beginning in 1918
Classics Illustrated #50: "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (Gilberton, August 1948) – adapted by
Harry G. Miller and Aldo Rubano; reprinted extensively
Dell Junior Treasury #10: "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (Dell Comics, October 1957) –
adapted by Frank Thorne
Joyas Literarias Juveniles #60: "Tom Sawyer detective" (Editorial Bruguera, 1972) – adapted by
Miguel Cussó and Edmond Fernández Ripoll
Tom Sawyer (Pendulum Illustrated Classics, Pendulum Press, 1973) – adapted by Irwin Shapiro
and E. R. Cruz;[39] reprinted in Marvel Classics Comics #7 (1976) and a number of other places
Joyas Literarias Juveniles #182: "Las aventuras de Tom Sawyer" (Editorial Bruguera, 1977) –
adapted by Juan Manuel González Cremona and Xirinius [as Jaime Juez]
Classics Illustrated #9: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (First Comics, May 1990) – adapted by
Mike Ploog; reprinted in Classics Illustrated #19 (NBM, 2014)
Tom Sawyer (An All-Action Classic #2) (Sterling Publishing, 2008) – adapted by Rad Sechrist
Classics Illustrated Deluxe #4: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Papercutz, 2009) – adapted by
Jean-David Morvan, Frederique Voulyze, and Severine Le Fevebvre
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Capstone Publishers, 2007) – adapted by Daniel Strickland
Manga Classics: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (UDON Entertainment Manga Classics, April
2018)[40] – adapted by Crystal Silvermoon and Kuma Chan
Video games
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, an action-platformer for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It
was released by SeTa in February 1989 in Japan and August that same year in North America.
Square's Tom Sawyer, a role-playing video game produced by Square. It was released in March
1989 for Japan on the Famicom.

Internet

On November 30, 2011, to celebrate Twain's 176th birthday, the Google Doodle was a scene from The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer.[41]

Theme park attractions

An opening day attraction at Six Flags Over Mid America (Now Six Flags St Louis) was Injun Joe's
Cave which told the story of Tom Sawyer and Becky Thatcher as they escaped from Injun Joe after his
murdering of Dr. Robinson. They attraction was open until 1978 when it was replaced with "The Time
Tunnel". To this day, the building that housed this former attraction is home to "Justice League Battle
for Metropolis.

See also
List of Tom Sawyer characters
Mark Twain bibliography
The Story of a Bad Boy
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

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33. Rich, Frank (1986-05-01). "THEATER: 'THE BOYS IN AUTUMN' " (https://www.nytimes.com/198
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Further reading
Beaver, Harold, et al., eds. "The role of structure in Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn."
Huckleberry Finn. Vol. 1. No. 8. (New York: Johns Hopkins Textual Studies, 1987) pp. 1–57.
Beringer, Alex. "Humbug History: The Politics of Puffery in Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy." Mark Twain
Annual 14.1 (2016): 114–126. Online (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/633864/pdf)
Blair, Walter. "On the Structure of" Tom Sawyer"." Modern Philology 37.1 (1939): 75-88.
 Buchen, Callista. "Writing the Imperial Question at Home: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer Among the
Indians Revisited." Mark Twain Annual 9 (2011): 111–129. online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/416
08029)
Caron, James E. "The Arc of Mark Twain's Satire, or Tom Sawyer the Moral Snag." American
Literary Realism 51.1 (2018): 36–58. Online (https://www.academia.edu/download/58554259/CAR
ON_Arc_Mark_Twains_Satire_Moral_Snag.pdf)
Dillingham, William B. "Setting and Theme in Tom Sawyer." Mark Twain Journal 12.2 (1964): 6-8
online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/42657513).
Gribben, Alan. "Tom Sawyer, Tom Canty, and Huckleberry Finn: The Boy Book and Mark Twain."
Mark Twain Journal 55.1/2 (2017): 127-144 online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44504999)
Hill, Hamlin L. "The Composition and the Structure of Tom Sawyer." American Literature 32.4
(1961): 379-392 online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922275).
Roberts, James L. CliffsNotes Twain's The adventures of Tom Sawyer (2001) online free to
borrow (https://archive.org/details/adventuresoftoms00jame)
Simpson, Claude Mitchell, ed. Twentieth century interpretations of Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn: a collection of critical essays (Prentice Hall, 1968).
Tibbetts, John C., And James M, Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2005) pp 3–
5.
Towers, Tom H. "I Never Thought We Might Want to Come Back": Strategies of Transcendence in"
Tom Sawyer." Modern Fiction Studies 21.4 (1975): 509-520 online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26
281445).

External links
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mark-twain/the-adventures-of
-tom-sawyer) at Standard Ebooks

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/74) at Project Gutenberg

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Adventures+of+Tom+Saw
yer&author=Twain&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_l
anguage=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced) public domain
audiobook at LibriVox
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (https://archive.org/details/adventuresoftoms00twaiiala). The
digitized copy of the first American edition from Internet Archive (1876).
First edition illustrations by True Williams (http://djelibeibi.unex.es/libros/Williams/) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170720214148/http://djelibeibi.unex.es/libros/Williams/) 2017-07-20 at
the Wayback Machine

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