KINGKING KHALED UNIVERSITY,

NU NURSING COLLEGE
ASSIGNMENT

MDGs
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENTAL
GOALS

PHC COURSE
LEVEL (7)
prepared by : Renad Al hoban 442803241
Dr.Eman Awad
2023
outlines:
1. THE INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITION
3. CONCEPTS
4. CONTENT
5. 8 OBJECTIVES
6. INDICATORS AND ACTIVITIES
7. USES
8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
9. OBSTACLES
Introduction:
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals
that the 192 member states of the United Nations and at least
23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by 2015.
These goals stem from the United Nations Millennium
Declaration signed in September 2000, which commits UN
Member States to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy
and discrimination against women. There are targets and
indicators to measure progress towards these goals.
Globally:
Underweight children - 25% in 1990 to 15% in 2013
Stunting in children U5 - 40% to 25%

99 million of children U5 - underweight in 2013

In Asia: Stunted children - more than halved between

1990 (192 million) and 2013 (91 million)

Africa: stunted children - 46 million in 1990 to 59 million

in 2013.
 Definition:
What are MDG's?
The Millennium Development Goals World community's time bound
and quantified targets for addressing

•Poverty

• Promoting gender equality

• Education

• Environmental sustainability

In September 2000, representatives from 189 countries

Met at the Millennium Summit in New York and goals known as
Millennium Development goals
-8 goals, 18 targets, and 48 indicators

-These act as framework to achieve the goals by 2015

Concepts:
Millennium Declaration:
- Pledges member states - achieve human development goals 2015
Way for roadmap for MDG's formulated - UN agencies.
-Millennium Project (2002)
Independent advisory project.
Directed towards- Reviewing practices prioritising policy reforms.
identifying means of policy implementation
seeking finance
Set an expert panel to strategize, conduct research plan as a situation sensitive unit

Millennium Campaign:
Includes advocacy and awareness programs in countries, across regions and globally
Content:
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set
of quantitative, time-bound targets adopted unanimously by
the United Nations in 2000 (Clemens et al., 2007). These
goals aimed to address various global challenges, including
poverty, education, health, and gender inequality (Kirby,
2006; Dube, 2015). Key goals included reducing child
mortality by two-thirds and maternal mortality by three-
quarters from 1990 base figures (Bhutta & Black, 2013).
The MDGs were formulated by policy elites drawing from
targets within UN summits and conferences in the 1990s
("Millennium Development Goals", 2007). They were seen
as a powerful global compact for development (Cheru &
Bradford, 2013). To achieve the MDGs, it was recognized
that raising resources and strengthening sustainable
development and partnerships were crucial (Kumar et al.,
2016). However, it was also acknowledged that additional
donor assistance would be needed to help countries get
back on track to reach the child and maternal health MDGs
(Schäferhoff et al., 2010). The effectiveness and efficiency
of key policy instruments for MDG achievement were
reviewed, with a focus on demand- and supply-side factors
in education and health service utilization (Lay, 2011). It
was argued that improving access to education was central
to achieving poverty reduction and other MDGs (Dube,
2015).
Objectives , indicators and activites :

THE EIGHT GOALS OF MDGs

■ Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

■ Achieve universal primary education
■ Promote gender equality and empower women
■ Reduce child mortality
■ Improve maternal health
■ Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
■ Ensure environmental sustainability
■ Develop a global partnership for development
 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
■Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a
day.
INDICATORS
1.1 Proportion of population below $1 per day
1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
■ Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young
people.
INDICATORS
1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed
1.5 Employment to population ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 per day
1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment
■ Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
INDICATORS
1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age (Low weight for age, <80% /
below 2SD)
1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (Proportion
of population undernourished)
activities
NUTRITION PROGRAMS

The Integrated Child Development Scheme or ICDS (1975)

National Mid-Day Meal Scheme

Special Nutrition Programs (SNP)

Wheat Based Nutrition Programs (WNP)

Applied Nutrition Programs (ANP)

Balwadi Nutrition Programs (BNP)

National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Program (NNAPP)

National Program for Prevention of Blindness due to Vitamin A Deficiency

National Goiter Control Program (NGCP)

In addition food security programs for the poor include-

National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

The Grain Bank Scheme.

2 ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
■ Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will
be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

INDICATORS

2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education

2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade of 5
2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24 year- olds, women and men
ACTIVITIES
Policy framework for educational development

❖ National Policy on Education 1986 (revised in 1992):

➤A key milestone in India's march towards Education for All was
the adoption of the National Policy on Education 1986 (revised in
1992) which states "In our national perception, education is
essential

❖National Policy on Early Childhood Care and Education (2013):

➤ A National Policy on Early Childhood Care and Education was
adopted in September 2013.

❖Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)

➤The number of projects under the ICDS scheme has increased
from 4,068 to 7,025 projects during the period 2001-02 to 2012- 13.
➤The number of Anganwadi Centers (AWCS) increased (from
545,714 to 1,338,732 centers) during the period 2001-2002 to 2012-
13.
➤The total number of children of age 3-5+ years, who received pre-
school education in Anganwadi Centre's increased by 11.2% (from
16.7 million to 35.3 million) during the period 2001-02 to 2012-13
 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY & EMPOWER WOMEN

▪ Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education

preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.
INDICATORS

3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

ACTIVITIES
To ensure that Goal 3 is met by 2015, the Task Force has identified
seven strategic priorities. These seven interdependent priorities are
much broader than the Goal 3 target and represent the minimum
necessary to empower women and alter the historical legacy of female
disadvantage that remains in most societies of the world:

1. Strengthen opportunities for post-primary education for girls while

simultaneously meeting commitments to universal primary education.

2. Guarantee sexual and reproductive health and rights.

3. Invest in infrastructure to reduce women's and girls' time burdens.

4. Guarantee women's and girls' property and inheritance rights.

5. Eliminate gender inequality in employment by decreasing women's

reliance on infor- mal employment, closing gender gaps in earnings and
reducing occupational segregation.

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

6. Increase women's share of seats in national parliaments and local

governmental bodies.

7. Combat violence against girls and women.

 REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five
mortality rate.
INDICATORS:
4.1 Under-five mortality rate
4.2 Infant mortality rate
4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles
ACTIVITIES
A very successful family-planning programme and the remarkable
progress in expanding child-immunization coverage are mainly
responsible for the decline in child mortality in the world
Immunization coverage

The Coverage Evaluation Survey estimates the proportion of

one year old children immunized against measles at 74% in
2009.
Through the Decent Work Agenda, the ILO contributes to the
achievement of MDG 4 by promoting:
• workplace education, good working conditions, and safety and
health standards;
• work-family policies enabling parents to care better for their
children;
• investment in human resources and infrastructure in the health
field;
• access to health care, family benefits and financial protection
for all families;
• maternity protection for all women workers during pregnancy,
childbirth and breastfeeding;
• the elimination of child labour.
5 IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH

■Target: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio .
Every minute a woman dies from childbirth complications!
-1400 a day
-500.000 a year
Equal access and a good healthcare system remain the way forward in improving maternal
health.
INDICATORS
5.1 Maternal mortality ratio
5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate
5.4 Adolescent birth rate
5.5Antenatal care coverage
5.6 Unmet need of family planning
ACTIVITIES

The specific actions for maternal and women's health outlined in the strategic plan are:

Provision of basic antenatal Care (4 visits for every pregnant women starting in the 1st
trimester)

Initiation of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy as well as
other services which support the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
of HIV

Introduction of dedicated obstetric ambulances and establishment of maternity waiting

homes

Improved intrapartum care focusing on the correct use of the partogram and standard
protocols for complication management

Provision of post-natal care within 6 days of delivery

Increased access to contraceptive services including but not limited to pregnancy

confirmation and emergency contraception

Provision of post-rape care for adults and children

Provision of youth-friendly counselling and reproductive health services at healthcare

facilities and through school health services
Improvement of coverage of cervical screening and strengthening of follow-up
mechanisms
 COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA & OTHER DISEASES

■ Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV

INDICATORS

6.1 HIV prevalence among young people (prevalence among 15-24 years)
6.2 Condom use in high-risk population(15-24 years)
6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans
aged 10-14 years (AIDS orphans currently living)
■ Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those
who need it.
INDICATORS

6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to

antiretroviral drugs
■ Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases.
INDICATORS

6.6 Malaria death rate perllakh Malaria incidence rate per 1lakh
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate
anti-malarial drugs
6.9 TB prevalence rate
6.10 TB death rate
6.11 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed
treatment short course
ACTIVITIES

PROGRAMS

1. National AIDS control programme (n.a.c.p.)

2. National vector borne disease control program (n.v.b.d.c.p)

3. Urban malaria scheme

4. National drug policy on malaria

5. National tuberculosis elimination programme

7 ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
■ Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources.
INDICATORS
7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest
7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
7.3 Consumption of ozone- depleting substances
7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
7.5 Proportion of total water resources used
■ Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction
in the rate of loss.
INDICATORS
7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction
■ Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
INDICATORS
7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source
7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
■ By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of
at least 100 million slum-dwellers
INDICATORS
7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums
ACTIVITIES
Go green 🌲
As known, "Go Green" is a worldwide campaign. Basically it is a
program saving the earth. It's simple; everyone has to complete his
or her part of responsibility in making it happen
8 DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR
DEVELOPMENT

■ Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-
discriminatory. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction-
nationally and internationally.
INDICATORS:
Official development assistance (ODA)
8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector- allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic
education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied

■ Address the special needs of the least developed countries. This includes tariff and quota free access
for their exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance for countries
committed to poverty reduction.
INDICATORS
the 8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes
8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes

■ Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and
international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.
INDICATORS
Debt sustainability
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC (heavily indebted po countries) decision points
and number th have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

■ Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States.
INDICATORS
Market access
8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

■: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in

developing countries
INDICATORS
8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

■: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communicationsn
INDICATORS
8.14 Telephone lines per 100 population
8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
8.16 Internet users per 100 population
Uses:
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight international
development goals that were established by the United Nations (UN) in 2000, with the
target year of achievement set at 2015. These goals aimed to address the major
challenges facing the developing world, including poverty, hunger, disease, gender
inequality, and environmental degradation.

▪️One of the most significant uses of the MDGs was to provide a framework for
global cooperation and collaboration on development issues. The goals acted as a
common agenda for governments, organizations, and individuals working towards a
common purpose. This shared vision helped to align efforts and focus resources,
leading to greater effectiveness and impact.

▪️Another important use of the MDGs was to mobilize resources for

development. By highlighting the urgent need to address key development challenges,
the goals helped to generate political will and financial support from both donor
countries and international institutions. This resulted in increased aid flows to
developing countries, as well as improved coordination and targeting of resources.

▪️The MDGs also served as a tool for monitoring progress and holding
governments accountable. The establishment of clear targets, indicators, and
timelines allowed for the systematic measurement of progress and the identification of
gaps and challenges. This enabled governments and other stakeholders to track their
performance, make adjustments to their strategies, and ensure that resources were
being used effectively.

▪️Furthermore, the MDGs helped to raise awareness and mobilize public support
for development issues. The simplicity and comprehensibility of the goals made them
accessible to people from all walks of life, and they became a rallying cry for global
solidarity. This led to a significant increase in public engagement and advocacy on
development issues, as well as a greater understanding of the interconnectedness of
global challenges.

▪️Lastly, the MDGs laid the groundwork for the development agenda beyond 2015. The
goals provided valuable lessons and insights into what works and what doesn't in
development, as well as the importance of addressing cross-cutting issues such as
gender equality, environmental sustainability, and good governance. This knowledge
and experience have been carried forward into the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), which were adopted by the UN in 2015 and build upon the achievements and
lessons of the MDGs.
Advantages and disadvantages:
While the MDGs have brought some positive changes, they have also faced criticism for their
limitations

▪️provided a framework for international cooperation and collaboration.

One of the main advantages of the MDGs is that they have

The goals have facilitated a sense of shared responsibility among countries and have
mobilized resources for development.

▪️The MDGs have encouraged governments, non-governmental organizations, and

other stakeholders to work together to address pressing global issues.
For example, significant progress has been made in reducing poverty and improving
access to education and healthcare in many countries, thanks to the concerted efforts
driven by the MDGs.

▪️Furthermore, the MDGs have been successful in raising awareness about key
development challenges and generating political will to address them.
They have helped to prioritize specific targets and indicators, enabling policymakers to track
progress and hold governments accountable.

▪️The MDGs have also fostered a sense of urgency and commitment among countries to
tackle poverty and inequality.
This has led to increased investment in social sectors, such as education and healthcare, which
have had a positive impact on human development.

HOWEVER, THE MDGS HAVE ALSO BEEN CRITICIZED FOR THEIR LIMITATIONS.
▪️ One of the main disadvantages is that the goals were largely set by a group of experts
without adequate participation from the countries and communities affected by them.
This has led to a top-down approach to development, with limited input from local actors and
a lack of ownership and sustainability.

▪️Additionally, the MDGs were criticized for their narrow focus on specific sectors and
targets, which often ignored the interconnectedness of development issues.
This has led to a fragmented approach to development, with limited attention to the root causes
of poverty and inequality.

In conclusion, the MDGs have brought significant benefits in terms of

promoting international cooperation, raising awareness, and mobilizing
resources for development. However, they have also faced criticism for their
limitations, including a top-down approach and a narrow focus on specific
targets. As the global community transitions to the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), it is important to learn from the strengths and weaknesses of
the MDGs and strive for a more inclusive and holistic approach to
development.
 Obstacles:
16 obstacles in achieving MDG were:
1-Lack of synergy among the goals

2-Global economic crisis

3-Limited understanding about the holistic concept of MDG among public health
professionals.

4-Lack of interconnectivity between the goals

5-Less consideration to environmental and economic dimensions

6-Lack of full ownership and leadership

7-Lack of transparency in the use of MDG resources

8-Narrowed focus to equity issues.

Example: gender focus was only explicitly mentioned in MDG3 and 5 while missing on
other goals

9-Compromised focus on climate change and environmental degradation

10-Lack of enabling environment

11-Limited funding for gender equality and women rights

12- Conflicts and disputes within and among the countries

13-Lack of policy space countries for poorer

14-Lack of access to basic health services

15-Political instability

16-Existing gaps between the poorest and the richest; rural and the urban areas
References:

1. United Nations. (2000). Millennium

Declaration. Retrieved from
<https://www.un.org/millennium/declarati
on/index.html>
2. United Nations Development
Programme. (2015). The Millennium
Development Goals Report 2015.
Retrieved from
<https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/h
ome/library/mdg/mdg-report-2015.html>
3. The World Bank. (2015). The Millennium
Development Goals: A Success Story.
Retrieved from
<https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/mill
enniumdevelopmentgoals/brief/mdg-
success-story>