Hindawi

International Journal of Energy Research

Volume 2023, Article ID 1363145, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1363145

Research Article
Study on Monitoring Reservoir Gas Density by Pulsed
Neutron Logging

Guangyao Chen,1 Lixia Dang ,2 Wenyuan Cai,3 Jian Li,3 Junjie Dong,1 Zhanglong Chen,3
and Rui Deng 1
1
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technology of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Wuhan,
430100 Hubei, China
2
Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei, China
3
CNPC Logging Company Limited, Xian, 710077 Shaanxi, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Lixia Dang; [email protected] and Rui Deng; [email protected]

Received 27 September 2022; Revised 8 November 2022; Accepted 17 November 2022; Published 3 February 2023

Academic Editor: Weijie Yang

Copyright © 2023 Guangyao Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

In mature multilayer gas reservoirs, it is a common problem to evaluate whether a potential reservoir is still productive after
casing. Monitoring of unproduced or developing gas formations can guide production action plans. Intervention in
unperforated zones with high gas density can increase gas production, whereas intervention in zones with low gas density is
uneconomical. An RPM instrument stratum model was established by using the Monte Carlo method in this study. The model
was used to simulate the response characteristics of pulsed neutron logging in a sandstone reservoir with 100% gas saturation
to different reservoir gas densities, formation porosity, and shale content. The data obtained from the simulation were
interpolated to construct a capture gamma ratio plate and a nonbounce gamma ratio plate. Using the constructed chart, the
gas density of the reservoir can be quantitatively calculated, and then, the recovery value of the potential gas layer can be evaluated.

1. Introduction to calculate the photon, electron, neutron, and their mutual

coupling relationship [9]. The effects of nuclear radiation
In mature multilayer gas reservoirs, it is a common problem encountered in practical problems can be better resolved
how to evaluate whether the undeveloped potential gas when simulating the nuclear physics reaction process under
layers determined by open-hole logging still have production actual conditions, and the results obtained are very reliable.
value after casing [1]. Intervention in unperforated zones The development of the pulsed neutron logging tool began
with high gas density can increase gas production, whereas in June 1963 with the successful testing of the Lane Wells’
intervention in zones with low gas density is uneconomical neutron lifetime logging tool [10]. In 2007, Huang et al. used
[2]. Pulsed neutron logging technology has been widely used the count rate ratio method of long and short source dis-
in the monitoring of reservoir parameters in cased wells tances when studying pulsed neutron capture logging to
[3–5]. However, since natural sources and neutron sources obtain gas saturation in low-salinity water formations [11].
can cause irreparable damage to the human body, it is more In 2017, Zhou et al. introduced Monte Carlo model digital
and more common to use the MCNP program to simulate processing technology to correct the influence of complex
and study the problem of particle transport in the nuclear measurement environment and studied the application of
field [6, 7]. Monte Carlo method is based on probability RPM-C Gasview reservoir evaluation technology in Tarim
and statistics theory, and it mainly applies random sampling oil field [12]. In 2019, Gray et al. used a combination of
method [8]. The correctness of the results can be ensured by pulsed neutron logging data and a Monte Carlo forward
increasing the sampling times. MCNP program can be used modeling model to estimate the gas pressure behind the
2 International Journal of Energy Research

casing and then evaluated the depletion of the condensate nucleus of the atom. At this time, the target nucleus captures
gas reservoir [13]. In 2020, Rose et al. studied a method for a thermal neutron and becomes the nucleus of the excited
calculating reservoir gas pressure using pulsed neutron state. Then, the target nucleus emits one or several photons
logging data [1]. In 2021, Dong et al. conducted gas layer back to the ground state [19].
identification research through the capture mode of pulsed When the RPM logging tool is used for pulse neutron
neutron logging [14]. Pulsed neutron logging technology is logging, the pulse frequency of the neutron generator is
increasingly mature after nearly 60 years of development, 1 kHz, and the pulse duration is about 60 μs including an
and it has good effects in the evaluation of remaining oil attenuation period and pulse series composed of 28 pulses,
and gas after casing, oil-gas-water identification, water-out and each attenuation period lasts 1000 μs(1 ms) [12]. The
evaluation, monitoring of oil-water or gas-water interface instrument probe can not actually detect elastic scattering
changes, and cementing quality evaluation [10]. However, directly because elastic scattering does not emit gamma rays.
the research on the quantitative calculation of gas density Fast neutrons will lose some energy after elastic scattering
is still relatively lacking, and in-depth and detailed research with different nuclei. Among them, hydrogen nucleus is
is needed. Therefore, this study intends to use the MCNP most prone to elastic collision with neutrons, and the energy
program to simulate the response characteristics of pulse loss of neutrons in this process is very high. The hydrogen
neutron logging tool RPM to reservoir gas density, forma- nucleus consumes the highest energy of neutrons among
tion porosity, shale content, and other factors when gas all atomic nuclei. Therefore, after a few times of elastic scat-
saturation is 100%, in order to provide a basis for reservoir tering between high-energy neutrons and hydrogen nuclei,
development potential evaluation and gas reservoir dynamic the neutron energy is reduced to the extent that it is difficult
monitoring [15]. to have inelastic scattering reaction with nuclei in the stra-
tum. After several times of elastic scattering within a short
2. Principle of Measurement distance, neutrons become thermal neutrons and are cap-
tured by surrounding nuclei. It can be approximated that
The RPM pulse neutron logging tool uses the fast neutrons the main controlling factor of the fast neutron energy loss
emitted by the pulse neutron generator to pass through the caused by elastic scattering is the hydrogen index along the
completion string to have a nuclear reaction with the forma- propagation path. The less energy attenuation of neutrons
tion nuclei. The receiving crystal of the tool records the during the propagation process, the more likely it is to have
gamma rays generated by the nuclear reaction, thereby inelastic scattering or capture reactions with the nuclei far-
detecting formation information [16, 17]. The neutron ther away from the emission source and release inelastic
nuclear reaction in pulsed neutron logging is divided into scattering gamma rays or capture gamma rays. Then, the
activation reaction, inelastic scattering, elastic scattering, ultralong source distance gamma ray probe can receive more
and capture reaction according to the level of neutron gamma rays.
energy [18]. Activation reaction is mainly used in water In the statistics, if the gamma rays received within the
velocity measurement. And reservoir gas density measure- first 100 μs are selected, a RIN curve can be obtained, which
ment mainly applies inelastic scattering, elastic scattering, reflects the degree of ray attenuation controlled by inelastic
and neutron capture. scattering [12].
In the inelastic scattering reaction, fast neutrons are
Ð 100
absorbed by the target nucleus to form a renucleation, and
0
N SS ðt Þdt ∑10
i=1 N i,SS
then, a lower energy neutron is released. At this time, the RIN = Ð 100 ≈ : ð1Þ
target nucleus is in an excited state, and these excited nuclei 0
N XLS ðt Þdt ∑10
i=1 N i,XLS
often return to the ground state by emitting gamma rays.
The total kinetic energy of this process is not conserved, so In the formula, RIN represents the ratio of the inelastic
it is called inelastic scattering, and the resulting gamma rays count rates of the near probe and the ultrafar probe, and
are called inelastic scattering gamma rays. Besides, inelastic N SS and N XLS are the count rates of the near and ultrafar
scattering can occur only when the energy of the incident probes, respectively. The calculation of the inelastic count
neutron is greater than the first excited energy level of the rate ratio of the near probe to the far probe and the inelastic
target nucleus. In the elastic scattering reaction between fast count ratio of the far probe to the ultrafar probe is similar to
neutrons and formation elements, the total kinetic energy of the above formula.
the system remains unchanged after the neutron collides The gamma ray count rate in the later time window can
with the nucleus, and all the energy lost by neutrons is con- also be selected in the statistical data, and the Rcapture curve
verted to the kinetic energy of the recoil nucleus. No gamma can be obtained, which can reflect the degree of ray attenu-
rays are generated in this process. Moreover, the energy of ation controlled by the capture reaction.
incident neutrons is generally lower than the energy of the
Ð 400
first excitation level of the target nucleus. In addition, the 40
200 SS ð Þdt ≈ ð1/20Þ∑i=21 N i,SS :
N t
hydrogen nucleus has the greatest deceleration capacity Rcapture = 4 × Ð 400 ð2Þ
because it loses the most energy when the neutron collides N t dt ð1/80Þ∑100
200 XLS ð Þ i=21 N i,XLS
directly with the hydrogen nucleus. Fast neutrons are decel-
erated to become thermal neutrons and then undergo a In the formula, Rcapture represents the ratio of the capture
capture reaction and neutron activation reaction with the count rates of the near probe and the ultrafar probe, and N SS
International Journal of Energy Research 3

and N XLS are the count rates of the near and ultrafar
probes, respectively. The calculation of the capture count Layer
Cement
rate ratio of the near probe to the far probe and the capture ring
count ratio of the far probe to the ultrafar probe is similar Remote
to the above formula. probe
Fluid in
wellbore
3. RPM-MCNP Model Middle
probe
Since natural and neutron sources can cause irreparable Casing
damage to the human body, MCNP programs are increas-
ingly used in the simulation of particle transport problems Near probe
in the nuclear field [6, 7]. Considering wellbore size, well- Shield
bore fluid, casing size, cement ring thickness, formation
porosity, reservoir gas density, mud content, and other Shell
Source
influencing factors, pulse neutron logging was simulated.
MCNP program was used to establish the basic model as
shown in Figure 1. The detector source distances were
30 cm, 64 cm, and 124 cm, respectively. This model can well Figure 1: RPM instrument formation model.
reflect the real situation of the stratum [20].
The specific geometric and physical parameters of the
probes are simulated, and these data are processed and
model are as follows [21]:
analyzed to obtain the gas layer response law.
Stratum: the lithology is sandstone, the height is 300 cm,
and the radial thickness is 150 cm. 4.1. Sensitivity Analysis of Combination Probes. In order to
Wellbore fluid: methane gas, 5.5 in in diameter and analyze which of the three probe combinations of near-far,
300 cm in height. near-ultrafar, and far-ultrafar is more sensitive to the change
Casing: the material is carbon steel, the density is 7.86 g/ of the hydrogen index in the formation, the gamma ray
cm3, the inner diameter is 5.5 in, and the thickness is 0.9 cm. count ratios of each combination under each density value
Cement ring: CaSiO3 simulation, density is 1.95 g/cm3, of the gas were calculated and normalized. After compari-
filled between casing and wellbore, thickness is 3 cm, and son, it is found that the variation of gamma count rate ratio
height is 200 cm. with porosity of each combination is consistent within the
Instrument shell: the material is 17-4PH steel, the thick- set gas density range. Therefore, only one gas density value
ness is 0.5 cm, and the height is 150 cm. is selected to display and analyze the response of each com-
Shield: the material is B4C. bination of gamma count rate ratios to changes in porosity.
Detector: He3 detector with high sensitivity to neutrons, Figure 2 shows the normalized gamma count rate ratio
regardless of the response characteristics of the detector. for each combination as a function of formation porosity
Pulsed neutron source: it is located on the central axis of at a gas density of 0.4 g/cm3. In the figure, R∗ is the normal-
the logging tool, uniformly generates isotropic high-energy ized gamma count rate ratio, and “1-2”, “1-3”, and “2-3”
fast neutrons with an energy of 14 MeV, and the emission represent the combination of near-far, near-ultrafar, and
frequency of fast neutrons is 1 kHz. far-ultrafar probes, respectively. By comparison, it is found
On the basis of RPM instrument formation model, that the combination of near-ultradistant probes is most
MCNP program is used to simulate the response character- sensitive to the change of the hydrogen index in the forma-
istics of RPM instrument under different formation condi- tion, so the ratio of the count rate of the near and ultradis-
tions, and the response relationship of pulse neutron tant probes can better reflect the response characteristics of
logging to gas density change in reservoir is analyzed, so as gas density changes in the reservoir.
to find a quantitative method to detect gas density change,
which provides theoretical basis for the actual production 4.2. Law of Capture Response of Gas Layer. Select the capture
of gas fields. gamma count rate data of the near probe and the ultradistant
probe and use the ratio of the capture count rate of the near
4. Gas Layer Response Law probe to the capture count rate of the ultradistant probe to
obtain the response relationship between the ratio of the
Using RPM instrument formation model, considering the capture count rate of the near-ultradistant probe and the
actual situation during mining, the wellbore is filled with gas density under different formation porosity conditions.
gas, the formation lithology is set to quartz sandstone, and It can be seen from Figure 3 that the capture gamma
the gas saturation is 100%; the gas density is set to 0.2, 0.3, count ratio of the near and ultrafar probes increases signifi-
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 g/cm3, respectively, and cantly with the increase of gas density when the formation
the formation porosity is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, porosity is constant. As formation porosity increases,
30%, and 35%, respectively. The capture gamma count rate Rcapture becomes more responsive to gas density changes.
and inelastic gamma count rate of the near, far, and ultrafar At a constant gas density, Rcapture increases as formation
4 International Journal of Energy Research

ultradistant probe and the gas density under different

1.0 formation porosity conditions.
It can be seen from Figure 4 that in the case of a certain
formation porosity, the nonelastic gamma count ratio of the
0.8 near and ultrafar probes increased significantly with the
increase of gas density, and the greater the porosity, the
0.6 more obvious the response of RIN to the change of gas den-
sity. At a constant gas density, RIN decreases with increasing
⁎
R

porosity if the gas density is less than or equal to 0.6 g/cm3,

0.4 and RIN increases with increasing porosity if the gas density
is in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 g/cm3.
In neutron logging, the hydrogen content of fresh water
0.2
is defined as a unit, and the ratio of the number of hydrogen
nuclei in any rock or mineral 1 cm3 to the number of hydro-
0.0 gen nuclei in the same volume of fresh water is defined as its
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 hydrogen index. The hydrogen index is represented by H. It
Porosity (%) is proportional to the number of hydrogen nuclei in the
medium per unit volume. For fresh water, there are
⁎
R 1-2
⁎
R 1-3 N A xρ
⁎
R 2-3 H=k : ð3Þ
M
Figure 2: RPM probe gamma count rate ratio sensitivity comparison.
In the above formula, M represents the molar mass of
the compound, ρ represents the density, x represents the
number of hydrogen atoms in each molecule of the
5.5
compound, and k represents the undetermined coefficient.
Fresh water is given a hydrogen index of 1, so that the
5.0
hydrogen index of a mineral or rock composed of a
4.5
compound can be determined by the following formula:

xρ
Rcapture

4.0 H=9× : ð4Þ

M
3.5
The hydrogen concentration of natural gas (molecular
3.0 formula is nCHx) is very low and changes with density,
and its hydrogen index is
2.5
nxρ x
H=9 =9 ρ: ð5Þ
2.0 nð12 + xÞ 12 + x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Porosity (%)
From nCHx, the hydrogen index of methane (CH4) is
3 3
0.2 g/cm 0.7 g/cm
0.3 g/cm3 0.8 g/cm3 H CH4 = 2:25ρCH4 : ð6Þ
0.4 g/cm3 0.9 g/cm3
0.5 g/cm3 1.0 g/cm3
0.6 g/cm3 It can be seen from the above formula that the hydrogen
index of methane is proportional to its density. When the
Figure 3: Response law of capture gamma count ratio under
gas density is small, the hydrogen index of the gas is low,
different porosity conditions.
and the deceleration ability of the same volume gas is weaker
porosity increases. As gas density increases, Rcapture becomes than that of the stratum with the same volume. At this time,
more responsive to porosity changes. when the gas density is fixed, the deceleration ability of the
stratum decreases with the increase of porosity. As the
density of the gas increases, the hydrogen index of the gas
4.3. Inelastic Response Law of the Gas Layer. Select the gradually increases. When the gas density is greater than
inelastic gamma count rate data of the near probe and the or equal to 0.7 g/cm3, the deceleration ability of the same
ultradistant probe and use the ratio of the inelastic count volume of gas is stronger than that of the same volume of
rate of the near probe to the inelastic count rate of the formation. In this case, when the gas density is fixed, the
ultradistant probe to obtain the response relationship deceleration ability of the formation increases with the
between the ratio of the inelastic count rate of the near- increase of porosity. This also confirmed the rationality of
International Journal of Energy Research 5

6.0
5.5
5.9
5.0
5.8
4.5
5.7

Rcapture
5.6 4.0
RIN

5.5 3.5

5.4 3.0

5.3
2.5
5.2
2.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Porosity (%) Porosity (%)
Vsh = 0% 0.5 g/cm3
Vsh = 5%
0.2 g/cm3 0.7 g/cm3 0.6 g/cm3
Vsh = 10%
0.7 g/cm3
0.3 g/cm3 0.8 g/cm3 Vsh = 15%
0.8 g/cm3
0.2 g/cm3
0.4 g/cm 3
0.9 g/cm 3 0.9 g/cm3
0.3 g/cm3
1.0 g/cm3
0.5 g/cm3 1.0 g/cm3 0.4 g/cm3

0.6 g/cm3
Figure 5: Effect of shale content on the ratio of capture gamma
Figure 4: Response law of nonelastic gamma count ratio under counts.
different porosity conditions.
that no matter what the gas density is, the increase of shale
RIN ’s different response with formation porosity under dif- content will cause a slight increase in Rcapture , and when
ferent gas density conditions. the gas density is constant, regardless of the formation
porosity, the increase of shale content will cause a slight
5. Influence of Shale Content on Gas increase in Rcapture . The results show that the influence of
Layer Response shale content cannot be ignored when using Rcapture to quan-
titatively study the gas density, and the influence of shale
Using the same calculation model, the diameter of the well- content must be taken into account.
bore is 20 cm, the wellbore is filled with gas, the formation
lithology is set to quartz sandstone, the gas saturation is 5.2. Effect of Shale Content on Gamma Count Ratio of
100%, and the shale content in the formation is set to 0%, Inelastic Scattering. From the data distribution in Figure 6,
5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively; the gas densities are 0.2, the increase of porosity makes the RIN gap between different
0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 g/cm3, respectively, gas densities larger; that is, with the increase of porosity, the
and the formation porosity is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, ability of RIN to identify the gas density increases. Its specific
25%, 30%, and 35%, respectively. By simulating the capture manifestation is that with the increase of gas density, the
and inelastic counts of the combination of near and ultrafar response curve gradually moves up and presents the charac-
detectors, the response relationship between the ratio of the teristics of layered display. When the formation porosity is
capture count rate and the gas density and formation poros- constant, RIN increases significantly with the increase of
ity, and the response relationship between the ratio of the gas density. The influence of shale content on this value is
inelastic count rate and the gas density and formation poros- that no matter what the gas density is, the increase of shale
ity under the condition of different shale contents in the content will cause a slight increase in RIN , and when the
formation are obtained. gas density is constant, regardless of the formation porosity,
the increase of shale content will cause a slight increase in
5.1. Effect of Shale Content on the Ratio of Capture Gamma RIN . The results show that the influence of shale content can-
Counts. From the data distribution in Figure 5, the increase not be ignored when using RIN to quantitatively study the
of porosity makes the Rcapture gap between different gas den- gas density, and the influence of shale content must be taken
into account.
sities larger; that is, with the increase of porosity, the ability
of Rcapture to identify the gas density increases. Its specific
6. Interpolation and Gamma Count Ratio Maps
manifestation is that with the increase of gas density, the
response curve gradually moves up and presents the charac- Although the capture gamma count ratio and the inelastic
teristics of layered display. When the formation porosity is gamma count ratio of many sample points were obtained
constant, Rcapture increases significantly with the increase of through MCNP simulation, these discrete data are not
gas density. The influence of shale content on this value is enough for quantitative interpretation of the gas density in
6 International Journal of Energy Research

6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.6
RIN

5.6

RIN
5.5
5.5
5.4 5.4

5.3 5.3
5.2
5.2 0 14
5 12
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 8 )
Por 15 20 6 (%
Porosity (%) osit 4 h
y (%
)
25
30 2 Vs
Vsh = 0%
Vsh = 5%
0.5 g/cm3 35 0
0.6 g/cm3
Vsh = 10%
0.7 g/cm3
Vsh = 15%
0.2 g/cm3
0.8 g/cm3
0.9 g/cm3
Figure 8: Inelastic scattering gamma ratio plate.
0.3 g/cm3
1.0 g/cm3
0.4 g/cm3

Figure 6: Effect of shale content on gamma count ratio of inelastic the formation porosity, reservoir gas density, and shale con-
scattering. tent. Using interpolation method to process the existing
data, a capture gamma ratio chart and an inelastic scattering
gamma ratio chart are made (Figures 7 and 8). In the charts,
Rcapture and RIN have a one-to-one correspondence with
5.5
formation porosity, reservoir gas density, and shale content.
5.0 Thereby, the purpose of calculating reservoir gas density can
be achieved through formation porosity, shale content,
4.5 Rcapture , or RIN .

4.0
Rcapture

3.5
7. Conclusion

3.0 Currently, the RPM logging tools used in various oil fields
usually have three gamma-ray detectors with different
2.5 source distances, and the capture and inelastic scattering
gamma count rates received by different detectors can reflect
2.0 14
5 12 the different strata information. In this study, the Monte
10 10
8 Carlo method and the MCNP program were used to estab-
Por 15 20 6 )
osit 4 (% lish an RPM-stratigraphic model to simulate the response
y (% 25 h
) 30 2 Vs of the RPM tool in a sandstone reservoir with 100% gas
35 0
saturation. Different formation porosity, reservoir gas den-
Figure 7: Capture gamma ratio plate. sity, and shale content were set in the simulation, and their
influence on pulsed neutron logging was deeply explored,
and the following conclusions were obtained:
the gas layer, and the interpolation method can be used to (1) According to the sensitivity analysis of the combined
solve this problem well [22]. Interpolation is the most basic detectors, it is found that the ratio of the gamma
operation method in numerical analysis. It uses the function count rate of the near probe and the ultrafar probe
value of the function f ðx, yÞ at several known points in a is more sensitive to the change of the formation
certain interval to make an appropriate specific function hydrogen index
and uses the value of the specific function at other points in
the interval as the approximate value of the function f ðx, yÞ. (2) Methane gas has a mutation point in the density
Through the above research, it can be seen that the value. When the methane density value is at this
capture gamma count rate ratio Rcapture and the inelastic point, the hydrogen index of the same volume of
scattering gamma count rate ratio RIN of the near probe methane is equal to the hydrogen index of the same
and the ultrafar probe have a significant relationship with volume of reservoir. Under the research conditions
International Journal of Energy Research 7

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Conflicts of Interest
[9] F. Zhang, C. Yuan, S. Hou, and X. Wang, “Numerical simula-
The authors declare that they have no known competing tion of natural gas identification by pulsed neutron logging
financial interests or personal relationships that could have while drilling,” Natural Gas Industry, vol. 30, pp. 18–21, 2010.
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. [10] Z. Wang and Q. Zhou, “Review of development of cased hole
pulse neutron logging tools,” Well Logging Technology,
vol. 44, pp. 432–437, 2020.
Authors’ Contributions [11] D. Huang, C. Song, X. Shen, Z. Huang, and H. Ma, “Research
Guangyao Chen and Junjie Dong were responsible for the and application of a method for obtaining gas saturation in
low-salinity water formations by pulsed neutron capture log-
conceptualization, data curation, methodology, investiga-
ging,” China Offshore Oil and Gas, vol. 2007, no. 3, pp. 169–
tion, validation, and writing of the original draft. Lixia 172, 2007.
Dang and Rui Deng were responsible for the supervision,
[12] J. Zhou, L. Deng, C. Wang, Y. Fang, and H. Yu, “Application of
formal analysis, funding acquisition, resources, and writing RPM-C Gasview reservoir evaluation technology in the Tarim
(review and editing). Wenyuan Cai, Jian Li, and Zhanglong oilfield,” Well Logging Technology, vol. 41, pp. 108–113, 2017.
Chen were responsible for the supervision, formal analysis,
[13] R. Gray, E. Smith, A. Parsa, Y. Kim, and G. Odusi, “Identifica-
and resources. tion of Remaining Reserves Using Pulsed Neutron Logging for
Pressure Determination behind Casing in Mature Gas Con-
Acknowledgments densate Reservoirs,” in SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2019.
The research is funded by the National Major Science and [14] J. Dong, R. Deng, Z. Quanying, J. Cai, Y. Ding, and M. Li,
Technology Projects of China “Multidimensional and High “Research on recognition of gas saturation in sandstone reser-
Precision Imaging Logging Series” (No. 2017ZX05019001) voir based on capture mode,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes,
and the Key Project of Science and Technology Research vol. 178, article 109939, 2021.
Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education [15] R. Nardiello, Y. Kim, D. Chace et al., “Cased Hole Reservoir
(grant number D20191302). Pressure Analysis Using Pulsed Neutron Log Measurements
in Challenging Mature Environments-Physics, Modeling,
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