Directorate of School Education

Chennai District

Learning Material

Higher Secondry - Second Year

History
2022 - 2023

1
 www.nammakalvi.com

Learning Material
We would like to convey our heartfelt thanks to the
respected chief educational officer, Chennai District for
bringing out this History Study Material for the Students of
Standard 12.

The Material is framed in such a way, that the students

can learn very easily. The objective of this Study Material is to
enable the Slow Learners to easily understand and score more
marks..

you can ...

Prepared By
Mr. K. annaMalai, M.a., B.ed., M.Phil., Mr. c. SridHaran, M.a., B.ed.,
P.G. Teacher P.G. Teacher
Lady Willingdon Govt. Model Hr. Sec. School, P.S. Hr. Sec. School,
Tiplicane, Chennai - 600 005. Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004.

Mr. S. PreMKuMar, M.a., B.ed., M.Phil., Mrs. n. Koil ratHy, M.a., B.ed.,
P.G. Teacher P.G. Teacher
E.L.M. Fabricius Hr. Sec. School, Bentinck Girls Hr. Sec. School,
Purasaivakkam, Chennai - 600 007. Vepery, Chennai - 600 007.

Mrs. raJini Paul, M.a., M.ed.,

P.G. Teacher
S.B.O.A. Mat. Hr. Sec. School,
Anna Nagar, Chennai - 600 101.

2
 www.nammakalvi.com

+2 History
Choose the correct answer
(‘1’ Mark)
1. When did Gandhi return to India from South Africa?
(a) 1915 (b) 1916
(c) 1917 (d) 1918
2. In which year English Education was introduced in India?
(a) 1825 (b) 1835
(c) 1845 (d) 1855
3. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below.
(A) Bala Gangadhar Tilak - 1. Voice of India
(B) Dadabhai Naoroji - 2. Madras Time
(C) Macaulay - 3. Kesari
(D) William Digby - 4. Minute on Indian Education
(a) 2, 4, 1, 3 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1

4. The Indian National Congress was founded by _________

(a) Subhash Chandra Bose (b) Gandhi
(c) A.O. Hume (d) B.G. Tilak

5. Who was called the ‘Grand Old Man of India?

(a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak (b) M.K. Gandhi
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) Subhash Chandra Bose

6. Who wrote the book - ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’?

(a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak (b) Gopala Krishna Gokhale
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) M.G. Ranade
7. Whose name was proposed as President by militant nationalists
for the Surat Session of the Congress?
A. Aurobindo Ghose B. Dadabhai Naoroji
C. Pherozesha Mehta D. Lala Lajpat Rai

3
 www.nammakalvi.com

8. Match List I and List II and select answer with the help of
the codes given below.
List I List II
(A) Indian Press Act 1910 - (1) Self-rule
(B) Dawn Society - (2) a revolt against their state of dependence
(C) Swaraj - (3) crushed the nationalistic activities
(D) Swadeshi - (4) The National Council of education.
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4
(c) 3, 4, 1, 2 (d) 1, 2, 4, 3

9. Anushilan Samity of Calcutta was founded by

(a) Pulin Behari Das
(b) Hemachandra Kanungo
(c) Jatindernath Banerjee and Barindar Kumar Ghose
(d) Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
10. Which of the following statement is not true about Subramania
Bharati?
(a) Bharati was the sub–editor of Swadesamitran
(b) He translated Tilak’s Tenets of the New Party into Tamil
(c) Bharati’s Gurumani was Swami Vivekananda
(d) He was editor of a woman’s magazine by name Chakravartini

11. Who founded the Banaras Hindu University?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Madan Mohan Malaviya
(c) Tilak (d) B.P. Wadia

12. The Lucknow session of 1916 is noted for

(a) Resurgence of Muslim League
(b) Temporary merger of Muslims League into Congress
(c) Congress’ acceptance of League’s demand for
separate electorates for Muslims
(d) Jinnah’s negative role in the joint-session of the League and the Congress
13. The author of the book Indian Unrest was
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) Valentine Chirol
(c) Tilak (d) Annie Besant

4
 www.nammakalvi.com

14. The Ghadar Party was started by

(a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) A.C. Mazumdar
(c) Lala Hardayal (d) Sankarlal Banker
15. Who was the president of the first All-India Trade Union
Congress?
(a) B.P. Wadia (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai (d) C.R. Das
16. After returning from South Africa Gandhi launched his first
successful Satyagraha in
(a) Kheda (b) Dandi
(c) Champaran (d) Bardoli
17. Why was the Simon Commission boycotted by the Congress?
(a) There was no recommendation for bestowing dominion status on India in its
report.
(b) It did not provide any safeguards for minorities.
(c) It had excluded Indians from its fold.
(d) It did not hold any promise for total independence
18. What was the name of the party formed by Motilal Nehru
and C.R. Das in 1923?
(a) Swaraj Party (b) Ghadar Party
(c) Swantara Party (d) Communist Party
19. Match List I with List II and select answer from the codes
given below
(A) The Namasudra Movement - (1) North Western India
(B) The Adidharma Movement - (2) South India
(C) The Satyashodhak Movement - (3) Eastern India
(D) The Dravidian Movement - (4) Western India
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
20. Which of the following is not correctly paired?
(a) Lt. Governor of Punjab - Reginad Dyer
(b) Dalit-Bahujan Movement - Dr. Ambedkar
(c) Self Respect Movement - Periyar E.V.R.
(d) Satyagraha Sabha - Rowlatt Act

5
 www.nammakalvi.com

21. Which of the undermentioned personality is unrelated to

Swaraj Party?
(a) Rajaji (b) Chitaranjan Das
(c) Motilal Nehru (d) Sathyamurthi
22. Gandhi set out on the March and reached Dandi on________
(a) 6th April 1930 (b) 6th March 1930
(c) 4th April 1939 (d) 4th March 1930
23. Communist Party of India was formed in the year
(a) 1920 (b) 1925
(c) 1930 (d) 1935
24. The First Cotton Mill in Bombay was started in
(a) 1852 (b) 1854
(c) 1861 (d) 1865
25. Who among the following was arrested in the Kanpur
Conspiracy Case?
(a) M.N. Roy (b) Baghat Singh
(c) S.A. Dange (d) Ram Prasad Bismil
26. The first Indian to find a place in London Privy Council
(a) Rahmatullah Sayani (b) Sir Syed Ahmed
(c) Syed Ameer Ali (d) Badruddin Tyabji
27. In the 1937 elections, Congress won in
(a) 12 Provinces (b) 7 Provinces
(c) 5 Provinces (d) 8 Provinces
28. The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress rule as
a Day of Deliverance on
(a) 22 December 1940 (b) 5 February 1939
(c) 23 March 1937 (d) 22 December 1939
29. Match List- I with List- II and select the correct answer using
the codes given below
List - I List- II
(A) Annie Besant - (1) Aligarh Movement
(B) Syed Ahmed Khan - (2) Dayanand Saraswati
(C) Khilafat Movement - (3) Theosophical Society
(D) Suddhi Movement - (4) Ali Brothers
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 2, 3, 4, 1
6
 www.nammakalvi.com

30. Direct Action Day organised by the Muslim League on

(a) 25 December, 1942 (b) 16 August, 1946
(c) 21 March, 1937 (d) 22 December, 1939
31. Match the following and choose the correct answer form the
codes given below
(A) Hindu Revivalism - (1) M.S. Golwalkar
(B) Abolition of the Caliphate - (2) Arya Samaj
(C) Lala Lajpat Rai - (3) 1924
(D) RSS - (4) Partition of the Punjab into Hindu and
Muslim Provinces
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 3, 4, 1, 2
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 2, 3, 4, 1

32. The Cripps Mission visited India during the regime of

(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgow
(c) Lord Mountbatten (d) None of these
33. Match the following
(A) US President - (1) Tojo
(B) Chinese President - (2) Winston Churchill
(C) British Prime Minister - (3) Chiang Kai-Shek
(D) Japanese Prime Minister - (4) F.D. Roosevelt
(a) 1, 4, 3, 2 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
34. When was Subhash Chandra Bose removed from the congress?
(a) 1938 (b) 1939
(c) 1940 (d) 1942
35. Mahatma Gandhi gave the call ‘Do or Die’ during the
(a) Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Quit India Movement
(d) All of the above
36. Who appeared in court in defense of the INA soldiers
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Motilal Nehru
(c) Rajaji (d) Subhash Chandra Bose

7
 www.nammakalvi.com

37. INA was founded with the help of

(a) Germany (b) Japan
(c) France (d) USA
38. Name the regiment of Indian National Army consisting of
women soldiers.
(a) Subhash regiment (b) Kasturba regiment
(c) Captain Lakshmi Regiment (d) Rani of Jhansi regiment
39. Where did Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose form the Provincial
Government of Free India?
(a) Rangoon (b) Malaya
(c) Imphal (d) Singapore
40. Which Viceroy convened the ‘Simla Conference’ in 1945?
(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgow
(c) Lord Mountbatten (d) Clement Attlee
41. Name the British Prime Minster who announced the transfer
of power to the Indian hands?
(a) Winston Churchill (b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Clement Attlee (d) F.D. Roosevelt
42. British had their intention to leave India by
(a) August 15, 1947 (b) January 26, 1950
(c) June, 1948 (d) December, 1949
43. Match the following
(A) JVP Committee - (1) 1928
(B) Sir Cyril Radcliffe - (2) State Reorganisation Commission
(C) Fazl Ali - (3) 1948
(D) Nehru Committee Report - (4) Boundary Commission
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
44. Arrange the following in chronological order.
(i) Atlee’s announcement on India’s independence
(ii) Interim Government under Nehru
(iii) Lord Mountbatten Plan
(a) ii, i, iii (b) i, ii, iii
(c) iii, ii, i (d) ii, iii, i
8
 www.nammakalvi.com

45. Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on

(a) January, 30, 1948 (b) August 15, 1947
(c) January, 30, 1949 (d) October, 2, 1948
46. The Objectives Resolution before the Constituent Assembly
was placed by
(a) Rajendra Prashad (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Vallabh bhai Patel (d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
47. The Congress ensured the election of Dr B.R. Ambedkar from
a seat in
(a) Amethi (b) Bombay
(c) Nagpur (d) Mhow

48. The Constituent Assembly was convened for the first time on
(a) March 22, 1949 (b) January 26,1946
(c) December 9, 1946 (d) December 13, 1946
49. The adoption of the Constitution was on
(a) January 30, 1949 (b) August 15, 1947
(c) January 30, 1949 (d) November 26, 1949
50. Bhoodan movement was started by
(a) Ram Manohar Lohia (b) Jayaprakash Narayan
(c) Vinoba Bhave (d) Sundar Lal Bahuguna

51. In which year did Indian public sector enterprises were

faced severe problems
(a) 1961 (b) 1991
(c) 2008 (d) 2005
52. MGNREG Act provided days work for an individual
(a) 200 (b) 150
(c) 100 (d) 75
53. When was Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
established?
(a) 1905 (b) 1921
(c) 1945 (d) 1957

9
 www.nammakalvi.com

54. How many public sector enterprises were functioning in

India in 1951?
(a) 5 (b) 7
(c) 6 (d) 220
55. Which one of the following had relegated religion to a
subordinate place?
(a) Renaissance (b) Reformation
(c) Geographical Discovery (d) Commercial Revolution
56. Who is considered the father of modern experimental science?
(a) Aristotle (b) Plato
(c) Roger Bacon (d) Landsteiner
57. Who wanted humankind to be ruled not by dogma and
authority but rather by reason?
(a) Dante (b) Machiavelli
(c) Roger Bacon (d) Petrarch
58. Which one of the following was not the work of Leonardo
da Vinci?
(a) Virgin of the Rocks (b) Last Supper
(c) Mona Lisa (d) Madonna and Child
59. The Cathedral of St. Peters in Rome, built by the Popes,
was fashioned by _________
(a) Donatello (b) Raphael
(c) Leonardo da Vinci (d) Michelangelo
60. Which one of the following ships was returned after the
death of Magellan?
(a) Santa Maria (b) Pinta
(c) Nina (d) Vittoria
61. The Europeans who settled first in North America were
_________
(a) Portuguese (b) Spanish
(c) Danish (d) English
62. New Amsterdam was renamed as _________
(a) Washington (b) New York
(c) Chicago (d) Amsterdam
10
 www.nammakalvi.com

63. Boston Tea Party incident took place in the year _________
(a) 1775 (b) 1773
(c) 1784 (d) 1799
64. The noble who led the protest that led to Tennis Court Oath was
(a) Marat (b) Danton
(c) Lafayette (d) Mirabeau
65. _________ city acquired the nickname “Cottonopolis’’.
(a) Manchester (b) Lancashire
(c) Liverpool (d) Glasgow
66. Napoleon was exiled first time to __________
(a) Elba (b) St. Helena
(c) Corsica (d) Waterloo
67. The Chartist’s principal newspaper was __________
(a) The Poor Man’s Guardian (b) The Charter
(c) The Northern Star (d) Il Risorgimento
68. Assertion : The year 1848 was one of the distinct triumphs for nationalism.
Reason : Absolutism seemed dead for a while.
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong
(d) A is wrong but R is correct
69. The Second International was founded in __________
(a) Paris (b) Berlin
(c) London (d) Rome
70. The Young Italy Movement was started in the year__________
(a) 1822 (b) 1827
(c) 1831 (d) 1846
71. _________ was called the “Hero of Two Worlds”.
(a) Charles Albert (b) Bismarck
(c) Napoleon III (d) Garibaldi
72. The League of Nations was dissolved in _________
(a) 1939 (b) 1941
(c) 1945 (d) 1946

11
 www.nammakalvi.com

73. What was the name of journal Mussolini edited?

(a) Avanti (b) Pravda
(c) Marxist (d) Mein Kampf
74. In 1939 Germany signed Non-aggression pact with _____
(a) Austria (b) Italy
(c) Russia (d) Britain
75. In August 1942, US forces in the Pacific was commanded by
_________
(a) MacArthur (b) Eisenhower
(c) General de Gaulle (d) George Marshall
76. The term “Cold War” was coined by _________
(a) Bernard Baruch (b) George Orwell
(c) George Kennan (d) Churchill
77. The first Summit of NAM was held at _________
(a) Belgrade (b) Beijing
(c) Bandung (d) Pali
78. Trygve Lie, the first Secretary General of the UNO, belonged
to __________
(a) Burma (b) Japan
(c) Singapore (d) Norway
79. Glasnost denotes _________
(a) Transparency and openness
(b) Democratisation of Communist Party of Soviet Union
(c) Restructuring of the Soviet Federal Assembly
(d) Reinventing communism
80. Soviet Union disintegrated on _________
(a) November 17, 1991 (b) December 8, 1991
(c) May 1, 1991 (d) October 17, 1991

12
 www.nammakalvi.com

brief Answer (2 Marks)

1. Write a note on Indigo revolt?
 “The Indigo revolt” of 1859 – 60 was one of the responses from the Indian
farmers against British.
 Indian tenants were forced to grow “indigo” by Europeans.
 The price paid by the planter was far lower than the market price.
2. Discuss the importance of “Illbert Bill”.
 The Indian Judges were empowered through the “IIlbert Bill” to try
Europeans.
 It aimed to remove Racial discrimination among the Indian European jurists.
3. Identify the prominent early Indian Nationalists?
 W.C. Banerjee
 Surendra Nath Banerjee
 Dadabhai Naoroji
 Gopal Krishna Gokhale
 G. Subramaniam
 Pheroszeshah Mehta
4. Identify the leaders of the epicenters of militant nationalism in British
India
 Bal Gangadhar Tialk
 Bipin Chandra Pal
 Lala Lajpat Rai
 Aurobindo Ghose
5. How was the visit of Prince of Wales to India received?
 The visit of “Prince of Wales” in India was boycotted.
 Workers and peasants had gone on strike across the country.
6. Who were the local leaders to accompany Gandhiji to Champran?
 Rajendra Prasad
 Mahadeva Desai
 Acharya Kripalani
 Mazharul Hug.
7. Why was the Rowlatt Act opposed by the Nationalists?
 “The Rowlatt Act” empowered the government to imprison any person without
trial.
 The “Satyagraha Sabha” founded by Gandhiji, was the first to pledge to disobey
the Act.
13
 www.nammakalvi.com

8. What do you know of the “Mahad Satyagraha” launched by

Dr. Ambedkar?
 To establish the civic right of the untouchables to public “tanks and wells”.
 Dr. Ambedkar worked to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
9. What was agreed upon according to Gandhi-Irwin pact?
 It marked the “end of civil disobedience” in India
 Irwin agreed to release tens of thousands of Indians who had been jailed
during the movement.
 The government agreed to allow people to make salt for their consumption.
10. Identify the persons who appeared and defended the accused in the
Meerut Conspiracy case.
 K.F.Nariman.
 M.C.Chagla.
11. Why was Supported to British by Syed Ahamad Khan?
 The introduction of representative institutions and of open competition to
government Posts gave rise to apprehensions amongst Muslims.
 And prompted Syed Ahmed Khan and his followers to work for close collaboration
with the British government.
 He hoped to secure for his community.
12. Write a short note on Separate Electorate.
 Minto – Morely Reforms introduced Separate Electorate (or) Communal
Electorate.
 Under this arrangement only Muslims could vote for his Muslim candidates.
13. What were the demands put forth by Muslim under the leadership
of Aga khan.
 They demanded representation of Muslims in government jobs.
 Appointment of Muslim Judges in High courts and also members in Viceroy’s
Council.
14. What is the importance of Lahore resolution?
 It demanded for a separate nation for Muslims.
 The resolution, then gave the colonial rulers a certain sense of courage to refuse
negotiating with the INC.
15. Why was the Cripps Mission rejected by the Congress?
 The offer of “Dominion Status” was too little.
 It sought elections in the Princely States as in the provinces.
 There was the possibility of partition.

14
 www.nammakalvi.com

16. How did captain Mohan Singh organize the INA?

 The Indian Prisoners of wars with the Japanese were left under Mohan Singh’s
Command.
 Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the “Indian National Army”
in 1942.
17. What do you know of Instrument of Accession?
 A legal document, introduced by the Government of India Act of 1935.
 Which was later used in the context of Pakistan.
 Enabled Indian rulers to accede their State to either India or Pakistan.
18. Describe the composition of constituent Assembly
 The Assembly was convened for the first time on December 9,1946.
 Rajendra Prasad was elected “chairman of the House”.
 Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee.
19. What justified the “Police action” in Hyderabad to get in integrated
into Union of India.
 “The Police action” executed in Hyderabad within 48 hours after the Nizam
declared, his intentions
 It was the popular anger against the Nizam and his militia.
 It manifested the Telengana people’s movement led by the Communists there
which provided the legitimacy to “The Police action”.
20. What was the essence of the JVP committee’s recommendations?
 The “JVP Committee” reported that demand for linguistic states, in the given
context as “narrow provincialism”
 And it could become a “menace” to the development of the country.
 It held out that while language is a binding force it is also a separating one.
21. Give an account of the conditions of the Indian economy at the time
of independence.
 The “level of poverty” was very high.
 Many skilled artisans had lost their livelihood.
 The “Per Capita” income from agriculture was very low.
22. What do you understand by the Socialistic Pattern of Society?
 The reduction of inequalities.
 Elimination of exploitation.
 Prevention of concentration of wealth.
 All citizens would have an equal opportunity to education and employment.

15
 www.nammakalvi.com

23. Write about the “Bhoodan movement.”

 The“Bhoodan movement” was started by VinobaBhave.
 Its aim was to persuade large landowners to surrender their surplus land
voluntarily.
 “Bhoodan movement” attracted much public attention.
24. How did Erasmus pave the way for Reformation?
 Erasmus was a protester of many church practices and teachings.
 His well known work, was “The Praise of Folly”
 He made fun of theologians and monks.
25. Write about the Medici family in Florence.
™™ The “Medici” family was a powerful merchant family in Florence.
™™ The Medici family patronised many artists including Michel Angelo and
Leonardo da Vinci.
26. What purpose did the “Star Chamber” serve and why was it called so ?
™™ Star Chamber was the Court of Law created by Henry VII to try cases related
to the property of the Nobles.
™™ It is named after the stars painted on the ceiling of a room in “West minister
palace.”
27. Why is Joan of Arc remembered in history?
 In the Hundred Years war, the French king Charles VII was helped by Joan of
Arc.
 She fought courageously and won the battle at Orleans.
 Joan of Arc got the title Maid of Orleans.
28. What do you know about the “Boston Tea party”?
 In the wake of the Boston Massacre around 100 activists dressed like Native
Americans, boarded the three ships carrying tea and threw 342 boxes into the
sea at Boston.
 This incident came to be called the Boston Tea party.
29. Point out the importance of the “Battle of Saratoga”
 During the American war of Independence the “Battle of Saratoga” was
turning point,
 because in 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga the British General Burgoyne was
forced to surrender.
 Finally the Northern Colonies became free.

16
 www.nammakalvi.com

30. Explain poor laws.

 Poor Laws was codified in Britain during the Elizabethan period.
 It provided relief for the aged, sick and infant poor, as well as for the able
bodied unemployed in work house.
31. What do you know of the Gilded Age?
 After the end of Civil war, the United States too underwent an economic
transformation.
 The period from the 1870 to 1900 in the USA came to be called the Gilded Age.
 The Gilded Age was also an era of abject poverty and inequality, as millions
of immigrants poured into the USA.
32. Point out the importance of Battle of Jutland.
 The Battle of Jutland is remembered as the largest naval battle of the First
World War.
 The battle was inconclusive.
33. What is Nihilism?
 “Nihilism” represented a revolt against the established social order.
 It rejected all authority exercised by the State, by the Church and family.
 It based its belief on nothing but scientific truth.
34. Point out the significance of the “Uniting for peace” resolution passed
by the UN General Assembly
 The General Assembly at the initiative of US passed the “Uniting for peace”
resolution.
 This clearly set the precedent that the General Assembly should meet in the
emergency session and recommend the use of armed force if necessary.
35. Provide examples of Surrogate Wars in the Cold war era?
 The Korean War
 The Vietnam War.

17
 www.nammakalvi.com

Short Answer
(‘3’ Marks)
1. Describe the way in which indentured labour was organized in
British India?
 The colonial state allowed “agents” (kanganis) to trick or kidnap indigent
landless labourers.
 Under this penal contract system (indenture), labourers were hired for a period
of five years.
 Many impoverished peasants and weavers went hoping to earn some money.
 Many Indians work as wages in the “coffee and tea plantations” under the
contract labour system in Ceylon.
2. Name the prominent participants in the inaugural meeting of
Madras MahajanaSabha held in May 1884?
 G. Subramaniam
 Viraraghavachari
 Ananda Charlu,
 Rangiah
 Balaji Rao
 Salem Ramaswamy.
3. Attempt a brief account of early emigration of labourers to Ceylon.
 The introduction of plantation crops required enormous labourers as coolies in
ceylon.
 The Governor of Ceylon asking for “coolies” to work on the coffee plantations.
 The outbreak of two famines (1833 and 1843) forced the people, to leave for
Ceylon to work as coolies.
4. What do you know of Coral Mill Strike of 1908?
 The working and living conditions of the Coral Mill workers attracted the attention
of V.O.C and Siva.
 The workers, who were inspired by the address of V.O.C and Siva, went on strike
in 1908.
 Finally, the mill owners decided to negotiate with the workers.
5. Write about the Swadeshi venture of V.O.C.
 V.O.C. opposed the monopoly of the British in navigation through the coast.
 So he registered a joint stock company called “The Swadeshi Steam Navigation
Company”.
18
 www.nammakalvi.com

 V.O.C. purchased two steamships, “S.S. Gallia” and “S.S. Lawoe” which was
a spectacular event.
 VOC invoked the rich history of the region and the maritime glory of India’s
past to get the support of the people.
6. Discuss the twin objectives of the Home Rule League?
(i) To establish the Home Rule for India in British Empire.
(ii) To arouse a sense of pride for the motherland among the Indian masses.

7. Write a note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

 The “Jallianwala Bagh Massacre” took place on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar .
 More than 2000 people had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to peacefully protest
against the “Rowlatt Act.”
 General Reginald Dyer ordered firing on the trapped crowd
with “machine guns and rifles”.
 According to official figures of the dead was about 379.
8. What is the importance of the Poona pact?
 The British government announced “the communal award” .
 Gandhi was deeply upset, He went on a “fast unto death” in Yervada Jail,
where he was imprisoned.
 A new agreement took place between Gandhiji and Ambedkar called the “Poona
pact” was signed.
 The “Communal award” was modified.
9. Write a short note on “TISCO”.
 The first major steel industry – “TATA” iron and steel company (TISCO)
was set up by the Tatas.
 However the “TISCO” made huge headway than the other endeavourers in
this sector.
10. State the importance of Minto –Morley reforms of 1909
 This Act gave separate Electorates for Muslims.
 It provided for eight seats to Muslims in the Imperial legislative council.
 The people were split into separate constituencies so they voted communally.
 This principle ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947.

11. Name the organizations which didn’t participate in “Quit India

movement”
 The Muslim League
 The Hindu Mahasabha
 Shiromani Akali Dal
19
 www.nammakalvi.com

12. Who were the Muslim League representatives in the Interim

Government formed in 1946 ?
 Mohammed Ali Jinnah
 Liaquat Ali Khan
 Mohammed Ismail Khan
 Khwaja Sir Nazimuddin
 Abdul Rab Nishtar
13. How was the Raja of Kashmir made to sign the Instrument of
Accession?
 Maharaja Hari Singh, declared that Kashmir would remain Inedpendent.
 He was opposed to accession.
 But in October 1947 when Pakistanis raided Kashmir Hari singh couldn’t
resist it on his own.
 Thus Kashmir became an integral part of Indian union.

14. Explain the five principles of “Panchsheel”

(i) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(ii) Mutual non-aggression.
(iii) Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
(iv) Equality and co-operation for mutual benefit.
(v) Peaceful co-existence.

15. What are the main objective of the Tenancy reforms?

(i) To regulate the rent.
(ii) To secure the rights of the tenant.
(iii) To confer ownership rights on the tenants by expropriating the land of the
land owners.
16. What were the factors which contributed to the poor performance
of public sector enterprises ?
 Decisions on location were made for political rather than efficiency
considerations.
 Delay in construction resulted in cost over run.
 Public sector units were also overstaffed.
 This increased the operating cost of the units.
17. Why did Italy became the birthplace of Renaissance?
 They looked back upon their ancestry with pride.
 Italy had a more secular culture.
 They learnt to write Latin as the ancient Romans did.
 Florence had produced “Dante and Petrarch”.
20
 www.nammakalvi.com

18. Analyse the significance of American Revolution

 The concepts of Democracy and Republic became widespread.
 Education gained prominence.
 The Principles of Federalism became widespread.
 The American Revolution was a setback for Colonialism.
19. What caused the “September Massacres”?
 The mob descended on the prisons and summarily executed those they believed
to be Royalists.
 Commencing on 2nd September 1792, at “Abbaye prison” in Paris.
 It continued in the next four days in other prisons of the city.
 In all about 1200 prisoners were killed in what came to be known as the
“September Massacres”
20. How did the first Moroccan Crisis happen?
 A French mission arrived at Fez’ a city in Morocco. Treating it as a part of
French protectorate.
 Germany protested,
 French agreed to refer the dispute to a European Conference.
 Nothing came of this conference held at Algiers.
21. What do know of the fearsome U-boats and Q-ships ?
(i) U-Boats:
 During the First world war Germany’s most fearsome weapon was the
submarine or U-Boat.
 The Germans adopted a strategy to starve Britain by sinking every ship it
could.
(ii) Q-Ships:
 The Q-Ships were Britain’s answer to the Germany.
 The idea was to lure the U-boats into attacking these decoy ships which would
unleash its hidden armed force and weaponry.

22. Trace the back ground of the formation of NATO

 Despite the friendship of the United States, Western European countries felt
“Insecure.
 The western European countries were now willing to consider a collective
security solution.
 The representatives of Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and
Luxembourg met in Brussels and signed a “Treaty” in 1948.
 It provided for military, political, economic and cultural collaboration.

21
 www.nammakalvi.com

23. Give a brief account of Suez Canal crises

 Suez Canal was the main link between Asia and Europe.
 In 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez
Canal.
 The following day, French and British aircrafts bombed Egyptian air bases.
 The issue was taken up by the security council of UNO.
24. Why SEATO was not so popular as NATO?
 Interestingly only two South-east Asian countries the Philippines and Thailand
had taken up membership.
 The rest of the countries refused to be part of it.
 SEATO existed only for consultation, leaving each individual nation to react
individually to internal threats.

25. Highlight the important results of the Second World War

 As many as 60 million died.
 The majority of cities and ports in Europe and many in Asia were destroyed.
 Germany ceased to be a great power.
 The Second World War was fatal to many European monarchies.
 The world had been one in its effort to defeat Fascism.
 It was clear that the two dominating powers in the world were the United States
and Soviet Russia.

22
 www.nammakalvi.com

Answer in Detail (5 Marks)

Attempt an account of “Swadeshi movement” in Tamilnadu
1.
(i) Development of vernacular oratory
 “Swadeshi meetings” at “Marina Beach” in Madras were a regular sight.
 Bipin Chandra Pal came to Madras and his speeches on the Marina Beach
electrified the audience.
(ii) V.O. Chidambaram
 The “Swadeshi Movement ” in Tamil Nadu came to National attention in 1906.
 V.O. Chidambaram mooted the idea of launching a “Swadeshi shipping venture”
in opposition to the British.
 V.O.C. purchased two steamships “S.S. Gallia” and “S.S. Lawoe”.
(iii) The Coral Mill Strike
 V.O.C. and Subramania Siva, both the leaders addressed meetings almost on a
daily basis at the beach in Tuticorin.
 Educating the people about “Swadeshi” and the “boycott campaign”.
 The abject working and living conditions of the Coral Mill workers attracted
the attention of V.O.C. and Subramania Siva.
 In 1908, the workers of the “Coral Mill”, were inspired by the Address went on
strike.
(iv) Subramania Bharati
 Tilak’s “Tenets of the New Party” was translated to Tamil by Bharati.
 And a booklet on the Madras militants trip to the Surat Congress in 1907.
 Bharati edited a Tamil weekly “India” which became the voice of the radicals
(v) “Swarajya Day”
 The “Swadeshi leaders” in Tamil Nadu planned to celebrate the day of Bipin
Chandra Pal’s release as “Swarajya Day” in Tirunelveli.
 The local administration refused permission.
 V.O.C., Subramania Siva and Padmanabha Iyengar defied the ban and went
ahead.
 They were arrested in 1908 on charges of sedition.
(vi) Ashe Murder
 Repression of Swadeshi efforts in Tuticorin and the subsequent arrest and
humiliation of the Swadeshi leaders generated anger among the youth.
 In 1911, the collector of Tirunelveli Robert Ashe was shot dead at Maniyachi
Railway Station by Vanchinathan.

23
 www.nammakalvi.com

2. Write about the role played by V.O.Chidambaram in Indian National

Movement?
(i) V.O. Chidambaram
 The Swadeshi movement in Tamil Nadu came to national attention in 1906.
 V.O. Chidambaram mooted the idea of launching a Swadeshi shipping venture
in opposition to the monopoly of the British in navigation.
(ii) The Swadeshi steam Navigation Company (SSNC)
 In 1906, V.O.C. registered a joint stock company called the Swadeshi steam
Navigation Company with a capital of Rs. 10 Lakhs.
 V.O.C. purchased two steams ships “S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe”.
(iii) The Coral Mill Strike
 In 1908 the abject working and living conditions of the coral Mill workers attracted
the attention of V.O.C. and Siva.
 In the next few days, both the leaders addressed the mill workers.
 In March 1908, the workers of the Coral cotton Mill, inspired by the address
went on strike.
 Finally, the mill owners decided to negotiate with the workers and concede their
demands.
(iv) “Swarajya Day” Celebration
 The Swadeshi leaders in Tamilnadu planned to celebrate the day of Bipin Chandra
Pal’s release as “Swarajya Day” in Tirunelveli.
 The local administration refused permission.
 V.O.C., Siva and Padmanabha Iyengar defied the ban and went ahead.
 They were arrested on March 12. 1908 on charges of sedition.
(v) V.O.C. and Siva is imprisonment
 In 1908, V.O.C. and Siva were found guilty and imprisoned on charges of sedition.
 Siva was awarded sentence of 10 years.
 V.O.C. got life term (20 years) for abetting him.
 V.O.C. was given another life sentence for his own seditious speech.
3. Highlight the important provisions of Lucknow Pact.
 Provinces should be freed as much as possible from Central control in
administration and finance.
 Four-fifths of the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils should be elected,
and one-fifth to be nominated.
 Half the executive council members were to be Indians elected by the councils
themselves.
 The Congress also agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in provincial
council elections.
 The relations of the secretary of state with the Government of India should be
similar.

24
 www.nammakalvi.com

4. In what way was the Civil Disobedient Movement different from

Non-cooperation Movement?
Sl. Non-Cooperation Civil Disobedient Movement
No. Movement
1 This movement was spread all over The “Dandi March” was to cover 375
India and all sections of people kms from “Sabarmati Ashram to
participated. Dandi”.
2. It gave important to “Swadeshi goods It showed its opposition only
and boycotted Schools, Colleges , against “salt tax”
Courts and Offices.
3. Thousands of National schools and No such organisations were
colleges were established. started.
4. T h e M u s l i m s p a r t i c i p a t e d But the “Muslim League” not
in it. participated in it.
5. The movement was withdrawn because This movement ended by
of “Chauri-Chaura” incident. Signing the “Gandhi-Irwin
pact”.

5. Estimate the role of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle.

(i) Gandhiji’s life:

(ii) Non-cooperation Movement
(iii) Dandi March
(Iv) Quit India Movement

(i) Gandhiji’s life

 Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi was born at “Porbandar” in 1869.
 He returned to India in 1915, he had a record of fighting against the inequalities in
South Africa.
 Gandhi gradually evolved the technique of “Satyagraha” based on “Satya” and
“Ahimsa” (ie) “truth” and “non-violence”.

(ii) Non-cooperation Movement (1920)

 To oppose “Rowlatt Act” and Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre Gandhi decided
to start “Non-co-operation movement”.
 Non-co-operation movement included boycott of schools, Colleges, courts,
offices and foreign goods.
 Swadeshi goods were manufactured and used.
25
 www.nammakalvi.com

(iii) Dandi March (1930)

 Gandhi announced the “Dandi March” in 1930.
 It was a protest against the unjust tax on salt.
 The Dandi march was to cover 375 kms, From Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
on the Gujarat Coast.
 Joined by a chosen band of 78 followers from all regions.
 He broke the salt law by picking up a fist full of salt.
(iv) Quit India Movement (1942)
 Gandhi started “Quit India Movement” in 1942.
 Mahatma Gandhi called upon the people to “ Do or Die” and called the movement
he launched from there as a “fight to finish”.
 All the leaders of the INC including Gandhi were arrested on August 9, 1942.
6. Discuss the course of the Quit India Movement.
 There were hartals, lockouts and Violent clashes.
 Industrial Workers of India also went on strike.
 The colonial government resorted to firing in many places.
 The rebels tried to destroy telegraph lines, railway stations and tracks and
setting fire to government offices.
 The police shot dead 1060 persons during the same period.
 “Usha Mehta” founded the transistor for secret radio broadcast in Bombay.
 The Quit India Movement was the most powerful onslaught.
7. Trace the different stages in the reorganization of Indian
States from 1920 to 1956
(i) Nagpur congress Session (1920)
 The “Indian National Congress”at its Nagpur session recorded that the national
identity will be achieved through linguistic identity.
 It resolved to set up the provincial congress committees on a linguistic basis.
(ii) Pattabhi Sitarammayya’s demand in 1946
 He raised the demand for “Andhra province”.
 He passed a resolution demanding that the constituent Assembly accept the
principle for linguistic reorganisation of states.
(iii) JVP committee
 A Committee with SardarVallabhai Patel PattabhiSitaramayya and Jawaharlal
Nehru was formed to (JVP) discuss about the creation of provinces on linguistic
basis.
26
 www.nammakalvi.com

 It concluded that it was not the correct time to embark upon the idea of linguistic
reorganisation of states.
(iv) Potti Sriramulu’s Fast in 1952
 Potti Sriramulu’s fast demanded a separate state of “Andhra” and his death in
1952.
(v) Fazli Ali’s reorganisation commission in 1953
 A committee for reorganisation was organised under the leadership of Fazli Ali.
 It submitted its report in 1955.
 This commission recommended a compromise between administrative
convenience and linguistic concerns.
(vi) Linguistic Reorganization of States in 1956
 Nehru Government implemented the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.
8. What were the basic principles of India’s foreign policy? What role
did Prime Minister Nehru in organizing the Afro-Asian countries
into a non-aligned movement?
(i) The principles of India’s foreign policy
 Foreign policy of India was formulated by Nehru.
 Anti-colonialism or “anti-imperialism”
 Anti-apartheid or “anti racism”
 Non-alignment with the super powers
 Afro-Asian unity
 Non-aggression
 Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
 Mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
 Promotion of world peace and security.
 To maintain equal justice among the states.
(ii) The Non-Aligned Movement
 India’s contribution to the world are Panch-sheel and Non-alignment.
 In 1947 Nehru organised the “Asian Relations conference” attended by more
than twenty countries.
 The theme of the conference was “Asian independence and assertion on the
world stage”.
 In 1955 The Afro-Asian conference took place at Bandung in Indonesia.
 It laid the foundation for the birth of “Non-Aligned movement”.
9. Assess the Educational progress made in Independent India
 The literacy levels have been increased in India form 18.3% to 74%
 Female literacy still lags behind the male literacy rate at 65% was compared to
82% among men.
 There has been a great increase in the number of schools from the primary to
senior high school level, and in the growth of institutions of higher learning.

27
 www.nammakalvi.com

 Children dropping out of school mostly belonged to poor families and among
girl children.
 Various initiatives are being taken by the government to redress the issue of dropouts.
(i) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
(ii) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyam (RMSA)
(iii) Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
10. Discuss the Causes, Course and results of the American war of
Independence

(i) Navigation Acts

(ii) Taxes on Sugar and Molasses
(iii) Stamp Act
(iv) Boston Massacre
(v) Boston Tea party
(vi) Course of war
(vii) Results of war

(i) Navigation Acts

 England passed laws known as “Navigation Acts” which mandated that colonial
produce should be exported only in British ships.
(ii) Taxes on Sugar
 The British imposed new taxes on sugar and molasses, a by-product of sugar.
 All the colonies settlers protested against this by raising the slogan “No Taxation
without Representation”.
(iii) Stamp Act
 In 1765, a new tax was introduced on the stamps.
 The settlers were forced to use stamps on all legal documents and pay the tax
for the use of stamps.
(iv) Boston Massacre
 When the British forces marched on the streets of Boston. Americans criticized
the British.
 This angered the British forces who “fired” against the people.
 This “Boston Massacre” brought to light the aggressive and autocratic nature
of the British government.
(v) Boston Tea party
 In the wake of the “Boston Massacre” around 100 activists dressed like native
Americans, boarded the three ships carrying Tea and threw 342 boxes into the
sea at Boston.
 This incident came to be called the “Boston Tea party”.
28
 www.nammakalvi.com

(vi) Course of war

 In 1777, at the “Battle of Saratoga”, the British General Burgoyne was forced
to surrender.
 Finally, the British forces surrendered at York Town in 1781.
 A peace treaty was signed in 1783 at Paris.
(vii) Results of war
 The concepts of democracy and Republic became widespread.
 The political and social changes were on the lines of democracy and equality.
 The demand of colonies for independence against their colonial masters became
widespread in many parts of the world.
 USA became a land of opportunities and freedom for all settlers.
11. Enumerate the causes and the consequences of the First World War?

(i) The Evolution of the system of Alliances

(ii) Morocco disputes
(iii) Bosnian crisis
(iv) The Balkan Wars
(v) Immediate Cause

I. The Causes
(i) The Evolution of the system of Alliances
 Bismarck was the original architect for the system of Alliances, .
 The Great powers of Europe had come to be arrayed in two opposing camps.
 The “Triple Alliance” – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
 The “Triple Entente” Britain, France and Russia

(ii) Morocco disputes

 A French mission arrived at “Fez”, a city in Morocco. Treating it as a part of
French protectorate
 Germany protested.
 French agreed to refer the dispute to an “European Conference.”
 However, France had to make considerable concessions to Germany in West
Africa to balance the French gains in Morocco.
(iii) Bosnian crisis
 Austria-Hungary suddenly announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 Serbia was furious and appealed to Russia for help.
 But Russia had not fully recovered from the war with Japan.
 So Russia and Serbia had to wait until a more favourable time.
29
 www.nammakalvi.com

(iv) The Balkan Wars

 Turkish Empire extended over Balkans and across Hungary to Poland.
 With encouragement from Russia, Greece, and Serbia, the Balkan League
was formed to take over Macedonia.
 Two things emerged out of the Balkan Crisis, First the Bulgarians felt injured
and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
 Secondly, the passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
(v) Immediate Cause
 The climax to these events in the Balkans occurred in Sarajevo in Bosnia.
 On 28 June 1914, the Archduke “Franz Ferdinand” was assassinated by a
Bosnian student “Princip”, a Serb.
 Austria asserted that the assassin had acted at the instigation of Serbia
 On 28 July Austria declared war on Serbia.
II. The Consequences
 The peace conference opened in Paris in 1919.
 The peace treaty was based on the Woodrow Wilson’s “14-point programme”.
 Germany was required to surrender Alsace and Lorraine to France.
 Germany was forbidden to have any airplanes, either military or Naval and its
army was to be limited to 100,000 officers and men.
 Germany was to acknowledge and respect the independence of Austria.
 William II, the German emperor was charged with supreme offence against
the International morality and the sanctity of treaties.

12. The seeds for the Second World War sowed in the treaty of Versailles
– Discuss with reasons
(i) The Treaty of Versailles
 End of the First World War, the “Peace Conference” took place in Paris (1919).
 The German government was forced to agree to the terms of the “Treaty of
Versailles.”
(ii) The Unjust Nature of the Peace Treaty
 The terms imposed upon Germany at the end of First World War were harsh.
 Stripped off its colonies, the size of the German army was drastically reduced.
™™ Germany was required to surrender “Alsace and Lorraine” to France.
™™ The Coal mines in the “Saar Valley” were to be ceded to France.

30
 www.nammakalvi.com

™™ Germany was forbidden to have any airplane, either military or naval and its
army was to be limited to 100,000 officers and men.
™™ The exact amount of war reparations was decided as “33 billion dollars.”
™™ William II, the German emperor was charged with the supreme offence.
™™ The reparations and other clauses in the Treaty of Versailles caused acute
discontent and hardship.

13. Highlight the goals and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement

(i) The Goals and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement
™™ Respect of fundamental human rights and of the objectives and principles of
the Charter of the United Nations.
™™ Respect for the Sovereignty and territorial integrity of all Nations.
™™ Recognition of the equality among all races and all nations.
™™ Non-Intervention or Non-interference in the internal affairs of another
country.
™™ Respect for the right of every nation in conformity with the Charter of the
United Nations.
™™ Non use of pressure by any country against other countries.
™™ Non use of Collective defence pacts to benefit any of the great powers.
™™ Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful negotiations.
™™ Promotion of mutual interest and cooperation.
™™ Respect for justice and international obligations.

31
 www.nammakalvi.com

Important Events of
Indian National Movement (1900-1950)

TIME LINE Measurement

1900 1 unit = 10 years

1905 - Partition of Bengal / Swadeshi Movement

1906 - Muslim League
1907 - Surat Split
1909 - Minto-Morely Reforms
1910 1911 - Collector Robert Ashe Murder

1914 - Foundation of All India Hindu Mahasabha

1915 - The First Hindu Mahasabha conference held at Haridwar
1916 - Home Rule League / Lucknow Pact
1917 - Champaran Movement

1919 - Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms / Rowlatt Act / Jalianwalah Bagh Massacre

1920 1920 - Non-Cooperation Movement
1921 - Malabar Rebellion
1922 - Chauri Chaura incident

1930 1930 - Dandi March / Salt Satyagraha / Civil disobedient Movement

1931 - Gandhi-Irwin Pact
1932 - Communal Award / Poona Pact

1937 - First Congress Ministry in Provinces

1940 1940 - August Offer / Lahore Resolution

1942 - Cripps Mission / Quit India Movement

1945 - Wavell Plan / Simla Conference

1946 - Cabinet Mission / Direct Action / Interim Government / RIN Revolt
1947 - India becomes Independence

1950 1950 - India becomes Republic

32
www.nammakalvi.com

33
www.nammakalvi.com

34
www.nammakalvi.com

35
www.nammakalvi.com

36
www.nammakalvi.com

37