Cricket Final Project
Cricket Final Project
INDIAN CRICKET
Cricket was popularized by English settlers and the British
army. The Oriental Club was the first all-Indian cricket club,
specifically for a Indian religious sect. In 1906, a triangular
match was played with the Hindus, the Parsis, and the
Europeans; however in 1912, it became a quadrangular
tournament with a Muslim team. The National championship
has been played since 1934 for the Ranji Trophy, named for
K.S. Ranjitsinhji, one of the most famous Indian cricketers.
21ST-CENTURY CRICKET
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants,
spectators and media interest.
In cricket, there are two teams, the batting and the nonbatting.
Nine members of the nonbatting team are in the field, one is
the wicketkeeper, and one is the bowler, for a total of 11
players. The batting team designates the order of the batters,
where the first batter is called the striker. A batsman tries to
guard his wicket, while the bowler tries to hit it.
The batsman tries to keep the bowler from hitting the wicket
with the ball, while also attempting to hit the ball hard enough
to give him time to run to the other end of the pitch, before any
of the nonbatting team picks up the ball and hits the wicket. If
the wicket is broken, by a thrown ball or by the wicketkeeper or
bowler, the batsman is dismissed. The striker does not have to
run after he hits the ball, and a miss does not count against
him. However, if he gets a hit and thinks he can score a run, he
runs for the opposite wicket while the second batsman - the
nonstriker - runs toward him. If they each reach the opposite
wicket before a wicket is broken, a run is scored. Also, if the
batsmen theing there is time, they may run back for two or
more runs, crossing each time. If they score an even number of
runs, the striker is the next to hit the ball. However, if an odd
number is scored, the nonstriker will be facing the bowler and
thus getting his chance to hit the ball. Any runs scored in this
manner go to his personal score for the game.
When a hit ball goes beyond the boundary, the game is paused
and four runs are added to the team's score. In order for the
team's score to go up, several other things may happen other
than the batsman scoring runs. A bye occurs when a ball from
the bowler is missed by the batsman, but he can still make a
run. A leg bye happens when the ball touches part of the
batsman's body, but he can still make good a run. A wide
occurs when the ball is out of reach of the striker, and this
counts for a run. No balls occur when the ball is improperly
bowled. Each of these extras add points to a side's score.
A bowler may bowl either right or left armed, propelling the ball
overhand without bending his elbow. He is allowed any number
of steps to give a delivery, but he may not cross the bowling
crease. A good bowler must be able to control length and
direction, which includes the spin placed on the ball to attempt
to deceive the batsman into being dismissed.
BAT AND BALL - The bat is paddle shaped made of willow and
approximately 11 centimeters wide. It, including the handle,
may not under regulation exceed 97 centimeters in length. The
ball is made of a core of cork encased in red leather. The two
leather halves are sewn together with a raised seam. A
baseball is slightly heavier, softher, and larger than a standard
cricket ball.
DRESS - The players usually wear white flannel pants and shirt,
white canvas or buck shoes, a white woolen sweater (often
times with their club colours trimming it), and multicoloured
club caps. A batsman wears protective white pads, or leg
guards, rubber or leather batting gloves, and a body protector.
The wicketkeeper also wears pads and reinforced gloves.
However, the fielders in cricket do not wear gloves when
fielding.
CRICKET LANGUAGE
CAPPED - A cricket player is"capped" when he is selected to
play for a representative team. This term comes from the use
of club caps in the game.
HIT A SIX - To "hit a six" means to hit the ball over a boundary
without it touching the ground, thus scoring six runs.
PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS IN
CRICK ET
In a game of cricket, there are two main points of interest
where the flight of the ball is concerned. The first is the time
from when the bowler releases the ball to when it is either hit
or missed by the batsman. The second is the time after the
collision of the ball with the bat. As the batsman's goal is to
score as many runs as possible, most hits are played so that
the ball is close to the ground, and is therefore harder to catch
by a fieldsman. The bowler's main aim is to pitch the ball so the
batsman does not hit the ball to his best ability. The flight path
of the ball is such that the trajectory can be found with a simple
equation. However, this does not necessarily apply to slow
pitches. There is a small set of critical speeds in which pressure
imbalances cause the ball to swing (deviate) to one side or the
other of a bowl. These speeds are functions of several
variables, including the angle of the seam, surface texture of
the ball, the spin put on the ball by the bowler, and the air
currents. Forces up to 30% of the weight of the ball push on the
ball from the side. In a horizontal direction of motion,
m(dv/dt)=-kv2
v(dv/dx)=-(k/m)v2
where all variables remain the same, but x is the distance down
the bowl that the ball is when measured. This equation can be
solved to give
x=(m/k)ln(v0/v)
t=(m/k){(1/v)-(1/v0)}
This shows how long the ball is in the air for a particular
velocity. Once each of these equations is solved using the
known variable(s), the deviation of the ball from the visible
path can be traced. Even the slightest variation can trick a
batter's eye into missing the ball or mistiming a hit.
LAWS OF CRICKET
The laws of cricket are a set of rules established by
the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) which describe the laws
of cricketworldwide, to ensure uniformity and fairness. There
are currently 42 laws, which outline all aspects of how the
game is played .
The first four laws cover the players, the umpires and
the scorers.
Law 3: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the
Laws, make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to
the scorers. While not required under the laws of cricket, in
higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the ground and
available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the
specific playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.
Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in
length, and no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand
or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. Ever
since the Heavy Metal incident, a highly publicized marketing
attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminium bat
during an international game, the laws have provided that the
blade of the bat must be made of wood (and in practice, they
are made from White Willowwood).
Law 12: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether
it is to be over one or two innings, and whether either or both
innings are to be limited by time or by overs. In practice, these
decisions are likely to be laid down by Competition Regulations,
rather than pre-game agreement. In two-innings games, the
sides bat alternately unless the follow-on (law 13) is enforced.
An innings is closed once all batsmen are dismissed, no further
batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by
the batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached.
The captain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat
or to bowl first.
The laws then move on to discuss how runs can be scored and
how one team can beat the other.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two
batsmen run to each other's end of the pitch. Several runs
can be scored from one ball.
Law 21: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins
the match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the
match is tied. However, the match may run out of time before
the innings have all been completed. In this case, the match is
drawn.
Law 23: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler
begins his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from
that ball is over. Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored
and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a
number of reasons, most commonly when a batsman is
dismissed, when a boundary is hit, or when the ball has finally
settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.
Law 25: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or
her opinion, the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity
to score off the ball. A ball is called wide when the bowler bowls
a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A wide adds
one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other
runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be
dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, or by
handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.
Law 26: Bye and Leg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or
wide passes the striker and runs are scored, they are called
byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits the striker but not the
bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-
byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a
stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are
credited to the team's but not the batsman's total.
MECHANICS OF DISMISSAL
Law 32: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the
bat and is then caught by the opposition within the field of play
before the ball bounces, then the batsman is out.
Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice,
other than for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with
the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his
delivery stride and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his
wicket down by his bat or his body he is out. The striker is also
out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body
in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and
equipment of the batsman.
Law 36: Leg before wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the
batsman without first hitting the bat, but would have hit the
wicket if the batsman was not there, and the ball does not pitch
on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. However,
if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump,
and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the
ball is in play no part of his bat or person is grounded behind
the popping crease and his wicket is fairly put down by the
opposing side.
FIELDERS
FIELDING POSITIONS :
OBJECTIVES OF CRICKET
The objective of each team is to score more runs than the other
team and to completely dismiss the other team. In limited
overs cricket, winning the game is achieved by scoring the
most runs within the overs allowed, even if the opposition has
not been completely dismissed. In Test cricket, it is necessary
to score the most runs and dismiss the opposition twice in
order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn.
1. Individual focus
2. Spirit of the Game
3. Influence of weather
4. Uniqueness of each field
TYPES OF MATCHES
Cricket is a multi-faceted sport which, in very broad terms, can
be divided into major cricket and minor cricket based on
playing standards. A more pertinent division, particularly in
terms of major cricket, is between matches in which the teams
have two innings apiece and those in which they have a single
innings each. The former, known as first-class cricket, has a
duration of three to five days (there have been examples of
"timeless" matches too); the latter, known as limited overs
cricket because each team bowls a limit of typically 50 or 20
overs, has a planned duration of one day only (a match can be
extended if necessary due to bad weather, etc.).
Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much
later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches
between Australia and England in the1876–77 Australian
season. Subsequently, eight other national teams have
achieved Test status: South Africa (1889), West
Indies (1928), New
Zealand (1929), India(1932), Pakistan (1952), Sri
Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992) and Bangladesh(2000).
Zimbabwe suspended its Test status in 2006 due to its inability
to compete against other Test teams,[38] and returned in 2011.
[39]
Limited overs
National championships
Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1895. The team won the first
of its 30 County Championship titles in 1893.
INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURE-ICC
The ICC has 104 members: 10 Full Members that play official
Test matches, 34 Associate Members, and 60 Affiliate Members.
[41]
The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of
cricket's major international tournaments, notably the Cricket
World Cup. It also appoints the umpires and referees that
officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, One Day International
and Twenty20 Internationals. Each nation has a national cricket
board which regulates cricket matches played in its country.
The cricket board also selects the national squad and organises
home and away tours for the national team. In the West
Indies these matters are addressed by the West
Indies Cricket Board which consists of members appointed by
four national boards and two multi-national boards.
Vision of Success
As a leading global sport , cricket will captivate and inspire
people of every age, gender, background and ability, while
building bridges between continents, countries and
communities.
Strategic Direction
A Bigger Better Global Game
Targeting more players, more fans, more competitive teams.
Our long-term success will be judged on growth in participation
and public interest and the competitiveness of teams
participating in men's and women's international cricket.
STRATEGIC PLAN
The Way Forward for International Cricket
There have been ten events so far, with the first tournament
taking place in England in 1975.
The last ICC Cricket World Cup took place in 2011 in which was
won by India, who hosted the tournament along with
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
The next ICC Cricket World Cup will be staged in Australia and
New Zealand in 2015.
Coaching staff :