Colligative Freezing Point Deppression

Lesson 6.
Colligative Properties of
Nonelectrolyte Solutions:
Freezing-Point Depression
General Chemistry 2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Have you seen videos where trucks sprinkle salts on
icy roads? This process is called deicing.
2
Ice forms when the
temperature of the
water reaches 0°C, and
that includes ice on
roadways. They use
salt, urea, or calcium
chloride to melt ice on
roads and sidewalks. 3
The salt makes it
harder for water
from freezing as the
freezing point of the
water decreases once
the salt is added.
4
How is the freezing point of
solvent depressed in the
presence of solutes?
5
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Calculate freezing point depression from the

concentration of a solute in a solution
(STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-117).
● Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative
properties of solutions (STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-115).
● Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
(STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-118).
6
Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● Describe and discuss the effects of a solute on the

freezing point of a solvent.
7
Freezing Point
Recall: lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent and

elevation of the boiling point produced by a dissolved
solute
Freezing point: temperature at which the vapor pressure

of a liquid is at equilibrium to the vapor of its
corresponding solid state
8
How does the depression in
freezing point occur?
9
Freezing Point
● happens when a solute is added to the pure solvent
that results in the lowering of the freezing point of the
solvent.
10
Freezing Point
● when pure solvent freezes, its particles move slower
and become more ordered as the intermolecular forces
that operate between the molecules become stable
11
Freezing Point
In water molecules, the
hydrogen bonds create a
hexagonally-shaped network
of molecules that result in
the structure of ice
12
Freezing Point
Adding a solute into the
liquid solvent, this ordering
process is disrupted
13
Freezing Point
To freeze it, more energy must be removed from the

solution, and the freezing point of the solution is lower
than that of the pure solvent.
14
Freezing Point
Example: when salt is added to water, it is harder to form
ice since Na+ and Cl– ions tend to attract the water
molecules
Depression in freezing point - the difference between

the freezing point of the pure solvent and its solution
15
Freezing Point
● At the freezing point, vapor pressure of both solid and

liquid states must be equal to reach equilibrium.
● An addition of a solute to a solvent leads to a decrease

in vapor pressure (Raoult’s law).
16
Freezing Point
● lowering the vapor pressure → lowering of the

temperature at which the vapor pressures of the liquid
and solid states of the solution will be equal
17
Freezing Point Depression
Phase diagram of
solution-solvent
Indicating the
freezing point
depression
18
Freezing Point
Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

The difference between the freezing points of a solution
and pure solvent can be written as:
19
Freezing Point
Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

It is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solute particles
20
Freezing Point
Freezing Point Depression Constants for Some Solvents

Freezing Point (°
Solvent Kf (oC/m)
C at 1 atm)
Water 0.0 1.89
Hydrogen acetate 16.6 3.9
Benzene 5.5 5.12
Chloroform -63.5 4.68

21
Remember
Freezing point depression is

directly proportional to vapor
pressure when a solute is added
to a solvent; the freezing point of
the solution also decreases.
22
Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

where enough lactic acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a
0.25 molal solution. The Kf for water is 1.86 °C/m.
23
Let’s Practice!
Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

where enough lactic acid (C6H10O5) is added to make a
0.25 molal solution. The Kf for water is 1.86 °C/m.
The new freezing point of water is -0.465 °C, since the

freezing point of pure water is 0 °C.
24
Try It!
Calculate the freezing of an

aqueous solution where enough
lactic acid (C6H10O5) is added to
make a 0.30 molal solution. The
Kf for water is 1.86 °C/m.
25
Let’s Practice!
What is the freezing point elevation when 120 g of

lactic acid (C6H10O5) is dissolved in 600 g of cyclohexane
(C6H12)? Note that the freezing point of cyclohexane is
6.55 oC, and its freezing point depression constant is
20.1 °C/m.
26
Let’s Practice!
What is the freezing point elevation when 120 g of

lactic acid (C6H10O5) is dissolved in 600 g of cyclohexane
(C6H12)? Note that the freezing point of cyclohexane is
6.55 oC, and its freezing point depression constant is
20.1 °C/m.
Cyclohexane freezes at 6.55 °C. Therefore, the new

freezing point of the solution would be -18.24 °C.
27
Try It!
What is the freezing point

elevation when 60 g of lactic acid
(C6H10O5) is dissolved in 300 g of
cyclohexane (C6H12)? The freezing
point elevation constant for
cyclohexane is 20.1 °C/m?
28
Let’s Practice!
A solution was prepared by dissolving some acetone,

(CH3)2CO, in 55.0 g of pure water. The freezing point of
the solution at 1 atm was -0.51 °C. How much acetone,
in grams, was dissolved to yield the solution? The Kf for
water is 1.86 °C/m.
29
Let’s Practice!
A solution was prepared by dissolving some acetone,

(CH3)2CO, in 55.0 g of pure water. The freezing point of
the solution at 1 atm was -0.51 °C. How much acetone,
in grams, was dissolved to yield the solution? The Kf for
0.876 grams were dissolved to yield the solution.
30
Try It!
A solution was prepared by
dissolving some acetone,
(CH3)2CO, in 25.0 g of pure water.
The freezing point of the solution
at 1 atm was -0.35 °C. How much
acetone, in grams, was dissolved
to yield the solution? The Kf for
31
Why are the solvents with
higher Kf value preferred
when determining molar
mass?
32
Check Your Understanding
Identify the terms described in each of the following

items.
1. This is the phenomenon that results in the lowering of

the freezing point of the solvent when a solute is
added.
2. The unit m stands for this unit of concentration.
3. This is the temperature at which the solid and liquid
forms are in equilibrium.
33
Check Your Understanding
Write T if the following statement is true. Otherwise,

write F.
1. Freezing point elevation is directly proportional to the

molal concentration of the solute.
2. Kf stands for freezing point elevation.
3. Freezing point depression is also dependent on the
temperature of the solute particles.
34
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at

which the solid and liquid forms are in equilibrium.
● Freezing-point depression occurs when a solute is
added to the pure solvent that results in the lowering
of the freezing point of the solvent.
○ Can be calculated by using the pure solvent freezing
point and the molality of the solution
35
Let’s Sum It Up!
● The freezing-point depression is directly proportional to

the vapor pressure, lowering the vapor pressure results
in depression in freezing point .
36
Key Formulas
Concept Formula Description

Difference Use this formula to solve
between the for the difference
freezing points of a between the freezing
solution and pure where: points of a solution and
solvent ● ΔTf is the difference pure solvent
between freezing points
● Tf is the freezing point of
the solution
● Ti is the freezing point of
the pure solvent
37
Key Formulas
Concept Formula Description
Freezing-point Use this formula to solve
depression for the freezing-point
depression.
where:
● ΔTf is the freezing point
depression
● Kf is the freezing point
depression constant
● m is the molality of the
solution of an ideal solution
38
Challenge Yourself
Phytonadione, or more known as Vitamin

K1, serves important roles in blood clotting
mechanisms, bone health, and even bone
health. When 0.368 g is dissolved in 12.0 g of
camphor, the freezing point is lowered by
2.45 °C.
39
Bibliography
Brown T.L. et al. 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Print.
Chang, Raymond and Kenneth A. Goldsby. 2016. Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Print.
Petrucci, Ralph H. 2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ontario:
Pearson Canada. Print.
Silberberg, Martin S. 2007. Principles of General Chemistry. Pennsylvania State University: McGraw-Hill
Higher Education. 2007. Print.
Whitten, Kenneth W. 2013. Chemistry (10th ed). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Print.
40

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Lesson 6.

● Calculate freezing point depression from the

● Describe and discuss the eﬀects of a solute on the

Recall: lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent and

Freezing point: temperature at which the vapor pressure

To freeze it, more energy must be removed from the

Depression in freezing point - the diﬀerence between

● At the freezing point, vapor pressure of both solid and

● An addition of a solute to a solvent leads to a decrease

● lowering the vapor pressure → lowering of the

Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

Calculating Freezing-Point Depression

Freezing Point Depression Constants for Some Solvents

Hydrogen acetate 16.6 3.9

Benzene 5.5 5.12

Chloroform -63.5 4.68

Freezing point depression is

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution

The new freezing point of water is -0.465 °C, since the

Calculate the freezing of an

What is the freezing point elevation when 120 g of

What is the freezing point elevation when 120 g of

Cyclohexane freezes at 6.55 °C. Therefore, the new

What is the freezing point

A solution was prepared by dissolving some acetone,

A solution was prepared by dissolving some acetone,

0.876 grams were dissolved to yield the solution.

Identify the terms described in each of the following

1. This is the phenomenon that results in the lowering of

Write T if the following statement is true. Otherwise,

1. Freezing point elevation is directly proportional to the

● The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at

● The freezing-point depression is directly proportional to

Concept Formula Description

Phytonadione, or more known as Vitamin

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