VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr.

Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

Examples:

Ex. (1): Verify Green's theorem in the plane ∮𝐶 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ?

Solution: Along 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , from (0,0) to (1,1) the line integral equals

1 1
19
∫ (𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥 4)
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (2𝑥
𝑑𝑥) = ∫ (3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 =
0 0 20

Along 𝑦 = 𝑥 from (1,1) to (0,0) the line integral equals

0 0
2) 2 (𝑥
∫ (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = ∫ 3𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = −1
1 1

19 1
Then the required line integral = −1 =−
20 20

𝜕𝛹 𝜕(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝛷
∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

1 𝑥 1 1

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫[𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ]𝑥𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 2 𝑥=0 𝑥=0

1
𝑥5 𝑥4 1
=[ − ] =−
5 4 0 20

Ex. (2): (a) Show that the area of a region R enclosed by a simple closed
curve C is given by 𝐴 = 1⁄2 ∮𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥? (b) Calculate the area of the
ellipse 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 ?

Page 75 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Solution: (a) in Green's theorem ∮𝐶 (𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬𝑅 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑥 𝜕(−𝑦)
∮𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2𝐴
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅

1
∴ 𝐴 = ∮𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶

1
(𝐛) 𝐴 = ∮𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐶
2𝜋
1
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑎 cos 𝜃) (𝑏 cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − (𝑏 sin 𝜃)(−𝑎 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2
0

2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 1
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑎𝑏(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏(2𝜋) = 𝑎𝑏𝜋
2 2 2
0 0

Ex. (3): A vector field F is given 𝐅 = sin 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥(1 + cos 𝑦)𝑗. Evaluate the

line integral ∫𝐶 𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 where C is the circular path given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ?

Solution:

∫ 𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 = ∫ (sin 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥(1 + cos 𝑦)𝑗) . (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)

𝐶 𝐶

∫ 𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 = ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐶 𝐶

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

𝜕(𝑥(1 + cos 𝑦)) 𝜕 sin 𝑦

∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 + cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

Page 76 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

= ∬((1 + cos 𝑦) − cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅′

2𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
2𝜋
𝜌2 𝑎2
∴ ∫ 𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝜌 = [𝜑]0 [ ] = (2𝜋) ( ) = 𝜋𝑎2
𝐶 2 0 2
0 0

Ex. (4): using Green's theorem, evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, where C is

boundary described counter clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0),
(1, 0), (1, 1) ?

Solution:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

2 2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑦
∮𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅

1 𝑥 1 1

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫[2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦]0𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0

1
2 3 𝑥4 2 1 5
=[ 𝑥 − ] = − =
3 4 0 3 4 12

Ex. (5): Using Green's theorem to evaluate ∮𝐶 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 −

6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 where C is boundary of the region defined by 𝑦 = √𝑥 and𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ?

Solution:

Page 77 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

2 2)
𝜕(4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦) 𝜕(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )
∮ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

1 √𝑥 1
𝑦2
= ∬ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 10 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑥=0

1
𝑥2 𝑥5 1 1 3
= 5[ − ] = 5( − ) =
2 5 0 2 5 2

Ex. (6): Apply Green's theorem to evaluate ∮𝐶 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 −

𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 where C is the boundary of the area enclosed by the x-axis and the
upper half of circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ?

Solution:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

𝜕(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝜕(2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
∮ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2

= ∬ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝑅 𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=0

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑦2 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
= 2 ∫ [𝑥𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑥=−𝑎

Page 78 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

= 2 ∫ (𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 2 ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

−𝑎 −𝑎 −𝑎

𝑎
𝑥3 𝑎3 4
= 2 [𝑎 𝑥 − ] = 2 (𝑎 − ) = 𝑎3
2 3
3 0 3 3

Ex. (7): Let C be the curve 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦 2 from (0, -1) to (0, 1). Evaluate
∮𝐶 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦, by using Green's theorem?

Solution:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

3 2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 3
∮𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬(2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅

1 √1−𝑥 1

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥[2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ]√−1−𝑥

√1−𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=−√1−𝑥 𝑥=0

1
3⁄ 3⁄
= ∫ (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥) 2 + 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥) 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0

1
3⁄
= ∫ (4𝑥√1 − 𝑥 − 2(1 − 𝑥) 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0

Let 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

∴ ∮𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(12 𝑡 4 − 8 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
𝐶
𝑡=1

Page 79 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

0
𝑡5 8 3 12 8 4
= [12 − 𝑡 ] = − + =
5 3 1 5 3 15

Ex. (8): Let C be the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, oriented counterclockwise. Use

Green's Theorem to evaluate ∮𝐶 (cos 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 ?

Solution:

𝜕𝛹 𝜕𝛷
Using Green′s theorem ∮(𝛷𝑑𝑥 + 𝛹𝑑𝑦) = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

2 3 )𝑑𝑥 3
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕(cos 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )
∮(cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

= ∬(3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∬(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑅 𝑅

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 2

∴ ∮(cos 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌3 𝑑𝜌 = 3(2𝜋)(4) = 24𝜋

𝐶
0 0

Ex. (9): Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐅 = 4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘 and S is

the surface of the cube bounded by x =0, x=1, y=0, y=1, z=0, z=1 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ((𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) ⋅ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘)) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Page 80 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

1 1 1
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (4𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑧
𝑆 𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ [2𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧]10 𝑑𝑦 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

1 1
𝑦2 3 1 3 3
= ∫ [2𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]10 =
𝑥=0 2 0 2 𝑥=0 2 2

Ex. (10): Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 , where 𝐅 = 4𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘 taken

over the region bounded by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 3 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ((𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) ⋅ (4𝑥 𝑖 − 2𝑦2 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2 √4−𝑥 2 3
= ∭ (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2 𝑧=0

2 √4−𝑥 2 2 √4−𝑥 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ [4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ]30 𝑑𝑦 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (21 − 12𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2 𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2

2 √4−𝑥 2 2
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (21 − 12𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [21𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 ]√4−𝑥
−√4−𝑥 2
𝑥=−2 𝑦=−√4−𝑥 2 𝑥=−2

2
= 42 ∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2

Let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Page 81 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
2 2
∴ ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 42 ∫ √4 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 168 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑆 −𝜋⁄2 −𝜋⁄2

𝜋
𝜃 ⁄2 𝜋 𝜋
= 168 [ ] = 168 [ + ] = 84𝜋
2 −𝜋⁄2 4 4

Ex. (11): Evaluate∬𝑆 𝐫 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where S is a closed surface?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐫 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐫) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐫) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ((𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) ⋅ (𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥 𝑘 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∭ (1 + 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑉
𝑉 𝑉

∴ ∬ 𝐫 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3𝑉
𝑆

where V is the volume enclosed by S.

Ex. (12): Use Divergence theorem to evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 , where 𝐅 =

𝑥 3 𝑖 + 𝑦 3 𝑗 + 𝑧 3 𝑘 and S is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ((𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) ⋅ (𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑦3 𝑗 + 𝑧3 𝑘 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Page 82 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

= ∭ (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∭ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ , 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 3 ∭ (𝑟 2 ) 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅
𝑆 𝑉

2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋 𝑎
4
𝑟5
= 3 ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 3 ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 [ ]
0 0 0 0 0 5 0

3𝑎5 2𝜋 6𝑎5 2𝜋 6𝑎5 12 5

= ∫ [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0 𝑑∅ = ∫ 𝑑∅ = [𝜑]2𝜋
0 = 𝜋𝑎
5 0 5 0 5 5

Ex. (13): Apply the Divergence theorem to compute ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒, where S

is the surface of cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 bounded by the planes 𝑧 = 0,
𝑧 = 𝑏 and 𝐅 = 𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ((𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) ⋅ (𝑥 𝑖 − 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∭ (1 − 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧
𝑏 2𝜋 𝑎 𝑏 2𝜋 𝑎
𝜌2
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝜌 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 [ ]
𝑆 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Page 83 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑎2 𝑏 2𝜋
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧[𝜑]0 = 𝜋𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝑎2 [𝜑]𝑏0 = 𝜋𝑎2 𝑏
2𝜋 2
2 0 0 2 0 0

Ex. (14): ): Evaluate∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐅 = (2𝑥 + 3𝑧) 𝑖 − (𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦) 𝑗 +

(𝑦 2 + 2𝑧) 𝑘 and S is the surface of the sphere having centre (3, -1, 2) and
radius 3 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ (2𝑥 + 3𝑧) 𝑖 − (𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦) 𝑗 + (𝑦 2 + 2𝑧)) 𝑑𝑉

𝑉 𝑉

= ∭ (2 − 1 + 2) 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ , 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 3 ∭ 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅
𝑆 𝑉

2𝜋 𝜋 3 2𝜋 𝜋 3
2
𝑟3
= 3 ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 3 ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 [ ]
0 0 0 0 0 3 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
= 27 ∫ [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0 𝑑∅ = 54 ∫ 𝑑∅ = 54 [𝜑]2𝜋
0 = 108 𝜋
0 0

Ex. (15): Show that∬𝑆 𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 6𝑉, where S is any closed

surface enclosing volume V. Using Divergence theorem?

Solution:

Page 84 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉

= ∭ (𝛁 𝟐 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
= ∭ (( 2 + 2 + 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∭ (2 + 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑉 = 6 ∭ 𝑑𝑉 = 6 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉

Ex. (16): Evaluate∬𝑆 (𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦 2 𝑘) ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where S is the

part of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 above the xy-plane and bounded by
this plane?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ (𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑦 2 𝑘)) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (2z𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ , 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

∭ (2z𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑉 = 2 ∭(𝑟 cos 𝜃)(𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin ∅)2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

𝑉 𝑉

2𝜋 𝜋 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑑∅ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑟 5 𝑑𝑟
2 3
0 0 0

Page 85 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

2𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
2 3
𝑟6 1 2𝜋 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
= 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑑∅ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 [ ] = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑑∅ [ ]
0 0 6 0
3 0 4 0

1 2𝜋 2 1 2𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑑∅ = =
12 0 12 2 12

Ex. (17): the vector field 𝐅 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘 is defined over the volume

of the cuboid given by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐, enclosing the

surface S. Evaluate the surface integral ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 ?

Solution:

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ (𝑥2 𝑖 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘)) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (2x + y) 𝑑𝑉

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
∭ (2x + y) 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ (2x + y)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦[2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧]𝑐0
𝑉 0 0 0 0 0

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦2 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏2
= 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [2𝑥𝑦 + ] = 𝑐 ∫ (2𝑏𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 2 0 0 2
𝑎
𝑎
𝑏2 2
𝑏2 𝑏
= 𝑐 ∫ (2𝑏𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 [𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + )
0 2 2 0
2

Ex. (18): Let S be the boundary of the region𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3,,

oriented with unit normal pointing outwards. Consider the vector 𝐅 =
(𝑥 3 + cos(𝑦 2 )) 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + (3𝑦 2 𝑧 + cos 𝑥𝑦) 𝑘 Use the divergence

theorem to evaluate the following integral ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐀 ?

Solution:

Page 86 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐀 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉

𝑆 𝑉

∭ (𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅) 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ (𝛁 ⋅ (𝑥 3 + cos(𝑦 2 )) 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + (3𝑦 2 𝑧 + cos 𝑥𝑦) 𝑘 ) 𝑑𝑉

𝑉 𝑉

= ∭ (3x 2 + z + 3y 2 ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 , 𝑧 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧

2𝜋 3 2

∴ ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝐀 = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫(3𝜌2 + z)𝜌 𝑑𝜌
𝑆
0 0 0

2𝜋 3 2 2𝜋 3
3𝜌 4 𝜌2
= ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 [ + 𝑧 ] = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫(12 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧
4 2 0
0 0 0 0

2𝜋 2𝜋

= ∫ 𝑑𝜑 [12z + 𝑧2 ]30 = 45 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = 45(2𝜋) = 90 𝜋

0 0

Ex. (19): Given the vector field 𝐅 = 𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 , verify Stokes’

theorem for the hemispherical surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 ≥ 0 ?

Solution:

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × (𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘) = −2 𝑘

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

𝑛̂ = = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑎

Page 87 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑧
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 𝑧
𝑎

𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑎
∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (−2 𝑘 ∙ ( )) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆 𝑎 𝑧

= −2 ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 𝑎
𝑎2
∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −2 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 = −2 (2𝜋) ( ) = −2𝜋𝑎2
𝑆 2
0 0

On the circle C, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , 𝑧 = 0 in the xy-plane.

∮𝐶 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮𝐶 (𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘) ⋅ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘) = ∮𝐶 (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦)

Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜑 , 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜑 𝑑𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜑 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝜑 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 2𝜋

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = −𝑎2 ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 = −𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = −2𝜋𝑎2

𝐶
0 0

Ex. (20): Verify Stokes' theorem for 𝐅 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 ,

where S is the upper half surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 and C is
its boundary?

Solution:

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × ((2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘) = 𝑘

Page 88 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

𝑛̂ = = = = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘) ∙ 𝑘̂ = 𝑧

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = = =
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 𝑧 𝑧

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (𝑘 ∙ (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘))
𝑆 𝑆 𝑧

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 1
1
∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 = (2𝜋) ( ) = 𝜋
𝑆 2
0 0

On the circle C, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 0 in the xy-plane.

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮((2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑖 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘) ⋅ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)
𝐶 𝐶

= ∮𝐶 (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡

2𝜋 2𝜋

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∫ (2cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) (− sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) = ∫ (−2sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝐶
0 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋
∴ ∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∫ −2sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 + =𝜋
𝐶 2
0 0

Page 89 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

Ex. (21): Evaluate by Stokes' theorem ∮𝐶(𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧), where

C is the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 ?

Solution:

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮(𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧)
𝐶 𝐶

∴ 𝑭 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘

Stokes′ theorem ∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × (𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘) = 0

∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑆

∴ ∮(𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧) = 0
𝐶

Ex. (22): Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓, where 𝑭 = −𝑦2 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘 and C is the

curve of intersection of the plane 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 and the cylinder𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1?

Solution:

Stokes′ theorem ∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × (−𝑦2 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑧2 𝑘) = (1 + 2𝑦) 𝑘

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑦 + 𝑧) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑦 + 𝑧 ) = 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛁𝑓 𝑗+𝑘 𝑗+𝑘
𝑛̂ = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |𝑗 + 𝑘| √2
𝑗+𝑘 1
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
√2 √2

Page 90 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = = 1 = √2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ )
√2

𝑗+𝑘
∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((1 + 2𝑦) 𝑘 ∙ ( )) √2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆 √2

= ∬ (1 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 1

∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫(𝜌 + 2𝜌2 sin 𝜑) 𝑑𝜌 =

𝑆
0 0

2𝜋 1 2𝜋
2𝜋
𝜌2 2𝜌3 1 2 𝜑 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝜑 [ + sin 𝜑 ] = ∫ ( + sin 𝜑) 𝑑𝜑 = [ − cos 𝜑]
2 3 0 2 3 2 3 0
0 0

2 2
∴ ∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = (𝜋 − − 0 + ) = 𝜋
𝐶 𝑆 3 3

Ex. (23): Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 by Stokes' theorem, where 𝑭 = 𝑦2 𝑖 + 𝑥2 𝑗 −

(𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑘 and C is the boundary of triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0), (1, 0,
0) and (1, 1,1 0)?

Solution:

Stokes′ theorem ∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × (𝑦2 𝑖 + 𝑥2 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑘 ) = 𝑗 + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑘

We observe that z coordinate of each vertex of the triangle is zero, (xy-plane).

𝑛̂ = 𝑘

Page 91 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) (𝑘 . 𝑘̂ )

∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (𝑗 + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑘 ∙ (𝑘)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆

1 𝑥
= ∬ 2(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑆 0 0

1
𝑦2 𝑥 1
2
𝑥3 1 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥𝑦 − ] = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] =
0 2 0 0 3 0 3

Ex. (24): Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 by Stokes' theorem, where 𝑭 = (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑖 −

2𝑥𝑦 𝑗 and C is the boundary of the rectangle = ∓𝑎 , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 ?

Solution:

Stokes′ theorem ∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗 = −4𝑦 𝑘

Since the z coordinate of each vertex of the rectangle is zero, (xy-plane).

𝑛̂ = 𝑘

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) (𝑘 . 𝑘̂ )

∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (−4𝑦 𝑘 ∙ (𝑘)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆

𝑎 𝑏
= ∬ −4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑆 −𝑎 0

𝑦2 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
= −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [ ] = −2𝑏 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑎𝑏2
2
−𝑎 2 0 −𝑎

Page 92 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

Ex. (25): Verify Stokes' theorem for 𝐅 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4) 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 +

(2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑘 , over the surface of the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16
above the xy-plane?

Solution:

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆

𝜵 × 𝑭 = 𝜵 × ((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4) 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + (2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑘)

= −2𝑧 𝑗 + (3𝑦 − 1)𝑘

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

𝑛̂ = = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 4

𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑧
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
4 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 𝑧
4

𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 4
∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((−2𝑧 𝑗 + (3𝑦 − 1)𝑘 ) ∙ ( )) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆 4 𝑧

= ∬ [−2𝑦 + (3𝑦 − 1)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ (𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑆 𝑆

Put 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑

2𝜋 4

∴ ∬ 𝜵 × 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ∫(𝜌2 sin 𝜑 − 𝜌) 𝑑𝜌
𝑆
0 0

2𝜋 4 2𝜋
𝜌3 𝜌2 64
= ∫ 𝑑𝜑 [ sin 𝜑 − ] = ∫ 𝑑𝜑 ( sin 𝜑 − 8)
3 2 0 3
0 0

Page 93 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

2𝜋
64 64 64
= [− cos 𝜑 − 8𝜑] = − − 16𝜋 + = −16𝜋
3 0 3 3

On the circle C, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, 𝑧 = 0 in the xy-plane.

∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4) 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + (2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑘) ⋅ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)

𝐶 𝐶

= ∮𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Let 𝑥 = 4cos 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑥 = − 4sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑦 = 4sin 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 4cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2𝜋

∫ (16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 4sin 𝑡 − 4) (− 4sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) + 3(4cos 𝑡)(4sin 𝑡) (4cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡)

0

2𝜋

∴ ∮𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓 = 16 ∫ (−4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 12 sin 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝐶
0

2𝜋 2𝜋

= 16 ∫ (8 sin 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = −16 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = −16 𝜋

0 0

𝑡 sin 2𝑡
where: ∫ sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −
2 4
2𝜋 2𝜋

∫ sin 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0

0 0

Page 94 Second Class in Department of Physics