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Class 12 History Book 1 Short Notes
Class 12 History Book 1 Short Notes
Basic Info
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
Geography
➢ Drains and roads were laid down ➢ Courtyard was used for common
first then houses were made activities - cooking, weaving etc
➢ Drains were connected with every ➢ Some houses had staircases
house ➢ Many houses had wells
➢ Roads and drains were made in grid ➢ Every house had bathroom
pattern ➢ Courtyard was not directly
➢ Drains had loose coverings of mud connected with entrance
brick for the purpose of cleaning ➢ No windows on ground floor
Social Differences
Sources – Khetri
Sources –
region (Rajasthan)
Nageshwar
and Oman Sources –
and Balakot
Quartz Jasper Procured Locally
Sources –
Sources – South
Sources – Shortughai Lothal Procured Locally
India
Southern
Rajasthan
and Northern
Gujarat
Centres of Craft Production
Methods of Centre
Major Centres
Identification
Evidence of Raw
Lothal and Nageshwar materials
Chanhudaro
Dholavira and Balakot Evidence of Tools
➢ Bead Making ➢ Drilling ➢ Making Shell Evidence of
➢ Shell Cutting Objects Unfinished Objects
➢ Metal Working
➢ Seal Making Evidence of waste
➢ Weight Making
Trade in Harappan Civilization
Mesopotamian
texts, seals Oman Bahrain
Mesopotamia
Harappan Jar in Oman (Magan) (Dilmun)
Harappan seals, beads,
weights, dice and beads
Depiction of boats
and ships on seals
Seals Scripts
Weights
Weights
3rd Opinion
➢ Made up of stone called “Chert”
➢➢Cubical
There inwas
shapea with no authority
single markings for
➢ Lower weights followed binary
whole civilization
denominations
➢ Higher weights followed decimal
denominations
End of Harappan Civilization
Seals Scripts
Alexander
Dayaram Sahni
Cunningham
➢ He became the first director general ➢ He excavated Harappa in 1921
of ASI in 1856
➢ In 1870s, Harappan seals reached
Cunningham. Key
➢ He was comparing Harappan seals
Contribution
with texts of Buddhist pilgrims
R E M Wheeler R D Banerjee
John Marshall
➢ He excavated Mohenjodaro in 1922
➢ He became the DG of ASI in 1944 ➢ He was the DG of ASI in 1920s
➢ He is known for his implementation ➢ In 1924, he officially announced the
of stratigraphy discovery of Harappan civilization
Problems in Interpretation
Problem in archaeological
Process of Interpretation
interpretation
➢ Confusion in reconstructing religious
Recovering Artefacts practices
➢ Script is still undeciphered
Classifying them
Analysing Function
Make Conclusion
Kings, Farmers and Towns
Class 12 | History | Chapter - 2
Development of Coins
How did they
Introduction
emerge?
➢ Mahajanpadas were small kingdoms ➢ Reasons behind Emergence-
of Gangetic plains that existed
between 600 BCE to 4th Century BCE ▪ Massive Use of Iron Tools
➢ As per various texts, there were in The Era of ▪ Expansion in Agriculture
total 16 Mahajanpadas ▪ Intensive Animal Rearing
➢ Some famous mahajanpadas – Mahajanapadas
Magadha, Vajji, Kosala, Gandhara,
Avanti, Kasi, Kuru, Panchala etc.
Governance Features
Capital
Importance of Administration
empire
Ashoka’s reign
➢ It was discovered in 19th century ➢ One capital and four provincial Centres
➢ It gave a sense of proud to the (Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri)
➢ 272-231 BCE
Nationalists ➢ Control was strongest around capital and
➢ Known for his expansion, spread of
➢ Nationalist saw Ashoka as an provincial centres
Buddhism and governance
Indigenous inspiring figure ➢ Various committees and sub-committees
➢ Promoted the philosophy of
for Army
Dhamma (righteous way of living)
➢ First King to install inscriptions
➢ Appointed Dhamma-Mahammata
for the spread of Dhamma
Post Mauryan Era
➢ Emerged in South India in ➢ Some rulers had obscure origin i.e. ➢ It was a literature composed in praise.
2nd century BCE. i.e. Cholas, Satavahanas, Kushanas ➢ It was written usually by court poets to
Cheras, Pandayas ➢ They adopted divine titles to gain impress the Kings
➢ They were ruled by chiefs acceptance ➢ The factual information was not totally
➢ E.g. Kushanas took titles like correct as most things were
Devaputra (Son of God) to gain exaggerated.
acceptance. ➢ Ex- Prayag Prashasti for Samudragupta
Major Sources Agriculture
Limitations
Conclusion
and Class
➢ It is a part of Kinfolk
➢ Kula (Family)
➢ The familial ties are often
➢ Jnati (Kinfolk)
blooded and married
➢ Vamsa (Lineage)
➢ Each family is unique
Patriliny in ancient
Definition
India
➢ It refers to the concept where one ➢ It was most common social feature of
traces their descent from male ancient India
progenitor/ parent.
➢ Under Patriliny, sons could claim
The Idea of ➢ All ruling dynasties of Mahajanpada
followed this system of Patriliny
share in the father’s property
when he died.
Patriliny ➢ Idea of Patriliny got prevalent after the
Mahabharata was composed (during 500
BCE to 400 CE)
➢ It was followed by ordinary people too
Exceptions of Patriliny
➢ Emerged around 1000 ➢ People of same gotra ➢ Communities in south ➢ Deriving name from the
BCE couldn’t marry India didn’t abide the gotra of mother
➢ Name of Gotra was ➢ Women had to leave rules of gotra ➢ Ex- Gotami Putta
derived after the name of gotra of father after ➢ Satvahana rulers also Satakarni, Vasithi Putta
Vedic seers marriage married in the same gotra Pulamayi
➢ All people of same gotra ➢ They had to accept the
are considered to have gotra of their husband
been of same descent
Varna System
Dharmashastra
Inter-community
marriage
➢ Satvahana and Shaka marriage
alliance
➢ Bhima and Hidimba marriage
Origin Duties as per Manusmriti
Shudra Vaishya
➢ When and where the texts are written ➢ Who wrote and for whom
Language and
Author
content
Written
A Dynamic Text
Compilation
➢ 500 BCE to 400 CE
➢ The epic has been written in
➢ Some didactic verses were
variety of languages
added between 200 BCE to
➢ Over the time it had been
200 CE
influenced by many regional
➢ The epic has more than
stories.
100,000 verses
Archaeological Efforts
➢ Great Stupa of Sanchi was originally ➢ The great stupa at Sanchi was discovered by
Built by Ashoka : the Great in 3rd General Henry Taylor in 1818
century BCE ➢ Later Alexander Cunningham excavated the site
in 1851
➢ It is the oldest stone structure in India The Sanchi ➢ Later with the help of Shahjehan Begum and
Stupa Sultan Jahan Begum the structure was restored
➢ It is surrounded by many stupa and and preserved.
temples which were built later on.
Role of rulers of
Bhopal in preservation
➢ During Rig Vedic age from Rig Veda ➢ Sacrificial tradition became more popular and
➢ Main deities- Agni, Indra, Varuna, individualistic
Soma etc. ➢ Elaborate Sacrifices were being performed i.e.
➢ Initially, it was done collectively and Rajasuya, Ashwamedha
not much popular The Sacrificial ➢ This led to the prime dominance of Priestly class
tradition in India
Objectives of
Sacrifices
➢ Get food
➢ Get wealth
➢ Get Nourishment
➢ Get cow and sons
Why Debates? The most debated topic
Lokayata Ajivika
➢ Born in Shakya Clan as ➢ World is transient and constantly ➢ It is a group of three epics where
Siddhartha in 563 BCE changing (anicca) everything about Buddhism are
➢ It is soulless compiled by the disciples of Buddha
➢ Left home at the age of 29, ➢ Sorrw (dukkha) is intrinsic to ➢ Sutta Pitaka – Teaching of Buddha
Known as Mahabhinishkramana human being ➢ Vinaya Pitaka- Rules of Sangha
➢ Got enlightenment at the age of ➢ Path of moderation can help ➢ Abhidhamma Pitaka- Philosophical
35 under a peepal tree in Bodh people to get above these matters
Gaya worldly troubles ➢ The tripitakas were written in Pali
➢ Preached first sermon at Sarnath, ➢ Individual efforts and righteous
known as actions are needed for the self
Dhammachakrapavattana realisation
➢ Parinirvana at the age of 80 at ➢ Promoted ahimsa and equality
Ksuhinagar
Buddhism
➢ Stupas are mound like structure where ➢ To store the relics of Buddha
the relics (material and Physical) of ➢ Emperor Ashoka distributed the
Buddha is stored. relics of Buddha across the India in
➢ Earliest stupas were built since 3rd each important towns.
century BCE
Stupas
➢ Stories from Jataka tales are depicted ➢ Empty seat- Meditation of Buddha
in the gateways of Sanchi Stupa. ➢ Wheel- Sermon of Buddha
➢ Stupa – Mahaparinirvana of
Buddha
Role of
Sculpture
Non-Buddhist
Symbols
➢ Shalbhanjika- Symbol of
auspiciousness
➢ Elephant – Strength and
wisdom
➢ Gajalakshmi – Goddess of
God Fortune
Rise of New tradition
Cave temples