ABSTRACT

There are many different causes of dementia, but Alzheimer's Disease is the most
usual form. As the condition progresses, it limits one's ability to perform any task
without aid, and the diagnosis timeline and aging population are expected to cause its
prevalence to increase. The conventional ways of detecting Alzheimer’s is tiring for
both patients, doctors where it involves retrieving the past medical records and having
Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans and even neurophysical testing which can be
inconvenient for patients. An early diagnosis of brain diseases makes a big difference
when it comes to attempting to cure them. Our work has used deep learning (neural
networks) to detect Alzheimer's disease earlier than usual by combining it with deep
learning. As the obtained dataset from Kaggle is heavily imbalanced, we evenly
distributed the data between the categories using SMOTE. Then the model is trained
and tested with the categorized MRI data i.e. very mild, mild, moderate and severe AD
and finally extract features to examine the results. The results we achieved are
compared with the previous attempts on detection of Alzheimer’s and came out to be
significantly greater in terms of precision and accuracy.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE
CHAPTER No. PAGE No

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview 3

1.2 Objective 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 AIM AND SCOPE OF PRESENT 7

INVESTIGATION

3.1 Aim 7

3.2 SCOPE OF PRESENT 7

INVESTIGATION

3.3 Existing System 8

3.3.1 Disadvantages 8

3.4 Proposed System 8

3.4.1 Advantages 9

vi
4 EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIALS 10
AND METHODS; ALGORITHMS
USED
4.1 Deep Learning Overview 10

4.2 Steps to Download & Install 10

Python

4.3 Python Libraries Needed 11

4.3.1 NumPy Library 11

4.3.2 Pandas Library 11

4.3.3 Matplotlib Library 11

4.3.4 Seaborn Library 12

4.3.5 Pillow Library 12

4.3.6 TensorFlow Library 12

4.3.7 Keras Library 13

4.3.8 Scikit-Learn Library 13

4.4 Modules Implementation 13

4.4.1 Data Pre-processing 14

vii
 4.4.2 Data Validation/ Data 16
Cleaning/ Preparing Process
4.4.3 Exploration Data Analysis Of 16
Visualization

4.4.4 Comparing Algorithm with 17

prediction in the form of best
accuracy result
4.5 Algorithms and Techniques 20

4.5.1 Algorithm Explanation 20

4.5.2 Used Python Packages 21
4.5.3 Neural Networks 21
4.5.4 Convolution Neural Network 22
4.5.5 Optimization Algorithm 28
4.6 Model Architecture 28

4.7 Workflow Diagram 29

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, 30
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
5.1 Results 30
5.2 Performance Analysis 30
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 31

6.1 Summary 31
6.2 Conclusion 31
REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX 36
A. SCREENSHOTS 36
B. SOURCE CODE 41
C. PLAGIARISM REPORT 45

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

4.1 Pre-Processing Diagram 16

4.2 Data Visualization Diagram 17

4.3 CNN Architecture Representation 23

4.4 LeNet Architecture Representation 25

4.5 VGG-16 Architecture Representation 26

4.6 Inception Architecture Representation 26

4.7 ResNet Architecture Representation 27

4.8 Model Architecture 28

4.9 Workflow Diagram 29

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

4.1 Dataset Distribution in Obtained Dataset 15

4.2 Dataset Distribution after Applying SMOTE 16

5.1 Evaluation Metrics of Individual Class 30

5.2 Performance Analysis 30

ix
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

A person with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) suffers from a developing neurobiological

disorder that affects brain cells to die & atrophy. AD is the prevalent cause of dementia,
which causes memory loss and impaired reasoning abilities. Around 6 million people in
the U.S of age 65 and above are caused with Alzheimer's disease. Of those 80 percent
are above 75 years old. In India it is calculated around 5.3 million people live with
dementia of which Alzheimer is the common cause.

Dementia with Alzheimer's is classified into four categories:

a. Very Mild Dementia: Individuals suffers from memory loss as they age.

b. Mild Dementia: Symptoms which includes lack of memory, Behavioral changes,

inability to perform routine tasks.

c. Moderate Dementia: The day to day life becomes complex for the individuals with
moderate dementia, where the patients require extra care and support.

d. Severe Dementia: The patients in this stage may not able to communicate properly,
and they require medical care. One may lose physical control.

Alzheimer's is not a curable disease, but an early diagnosis can help prevent the patient
from suffering from the later stages. In order to diagnose AD manual detection systems
for example: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) were used to track the progression
of the various stages of AD, MRI scans and genotype sequencing results were taken for
diagnosis.

Among the most popular fields of research in recent years has been brain-computer
interface (BCI), thanks to its applications in areas such as brain fingerprinting, detecting
neurological illnesses, tiredness, adaptive e-learning and more. By extracting the most
significant characteristics, BCI creates an effective link to interact between the brain and
the device. A complex brain structure varying with age and pathology makes it very
difficult to detect neurodegenerative diseases in their early stages. Computer-assisted
techniques are more successful in detecting these disorders than traditional
1
approaches. A timely diagnosis and identifying of Alzheimer's disease is essential to
reducing medical expenses, improving treatment, and preventing brain cell
degeneration.

Some of the methods included in an early examination include Positron Emission

Tomography (PET), digital imaging methods and genotyping-by-sequencing. It is
difficult to take decisions by analyzing different methods. Furthermore, the patients wi ll
have to undergo radioactive effects during PET medical procedure. According to our
findings, MRIs can provide valuable information on the brain, because they provide
flexible imaging, superior tissue contrast, and do not expose the brain to ionizing
radiation.

It is crucial to develop a model that can take MR images as input and detect whether
patients are normal or not. By utilizing a dataset, machine learning can extract
knowledge. Computer science, artificial intelligence, and statistics combine to make up
this field.. The ML is done through training a computer to produce the output based on
its past experience to solve a given problem. Machine learning can be applied in a
variety of fields in order to solve problems quicker than humans, and therefore be more
efficient, and reduce time spent on repetitive tasks. Nowadays, because of the reduction
in the cost of computing power and memory. This allows processing and analyzing huge
amounts of data to generate insights.

Additionally, Deep Learning is a subset of ML and an advanced mode of analyzing and

learning information from raw data that computers are able to replicate, much like how
humans are able to do, with a computer. Deep learning is becoming increasingly
popular for diagnosing diseases. Several Machine learning approaches have been
proposed recently to aid in this diagnosis, providing doctors with more information to
make informed decisions.

We use Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for feature extraction using deep learning
techniques in the proposed model. A solution to underfitting is to use sampling
techniques especially oversampling to resolve class imbalance. DL performs
classification on given MR images using the cortical surface of the brain as input.

Using a dementia-specific (Alzheimer’s) dataset, the models are evaluated by

2
NonDemeneted, Moderate Dementia, Mild Dementia and Very Mild Dementia obtained
from Kaggle. Utilizing the CNN technique, we extract discriminating features for AD
classification by improving the accuracy. By using this model, we can accurately classify
the stages of AD.

1.1 Overview:

Dementia is a term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily
life. Alzheimer's is the one type of dementia. Alzheimer’s is the most serious yet
common neurodegenerative disease that initially destroys cells of the part of the brain.
It’s responsible for language and memory resulting in memory loss of the patient and
also the ability to perform regular tasks.
As there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, it’s better to detect as early as possible to
slow down the severity of the disease. Usually to diagnose the disease radiologists use
manual methods such as previous medical history, continuous monitoring of the patient
to detect the various stages of AD, however these manual methods may lead to errors!

1.2 Objective:

Implementing Deep Learning algorithm efficiently to identify the stage of the Alzheimer’s
disease patient. Analyzing the various performance metrics of the deep learning
algorithm.

3
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Researchers have made several attempts to classify Alzheimer's patients using

the brain structure information obtained from MR images. Tested the
effectiveness of a method using brain shape information for classification of
healthy subjects and Alzheimer’s disease patients. Here, the shape information
of the brain, particularly that of the lateral ventricles, was analyzed without
considering the septum lucidum.[1].

The neurodegenerative disease is currently the 6th leading source of death in

the US. In 2017 this disease costed the nation $1.1 trillion. This study have
shown that deep CNNs are capable of detecting Alzheimer's disease and
dementia based on 3D MRI imaging and can be used to detect the disease. As
of the this papers writing, detecting Alzheimer's is a difficult and time consuming
task, but requires brain imaging report and human expertise. Needless to say,
this conventional approach to detect Alzheimer's is costly and often error prone.
In this paper an alternative approach has been discussed, that is fast, costs less
and more reliable. Deep Learning represents the true bleeding edge of Machine
Intelligence. Convolutional Neural Networks are biologically inspired Multilayer
perceptron specially capable of image processing[2].

Neelaveni J et al. [3] used machine-learning algorithms, they used psychological

factors to predict Alzheimer's, such as age, MMSE scores, and educational
level. Diagnosis of the disease is done but that too at the later stage only. If the
disease can be predicted earlier, symptoms or progression can be slowed
down.

They demonstrate how whole-brain volume can be automatically calculated and

estimated spinal fluid volume used for determining differences associated with
ideal aging and Alzheimer's disease[4].

4
It is well-established, widely used, and non-invasive to use structural MR
imaging in Alzheimer's disease studies of downstream effect of the
neurodegeneration, or atrophy. In peer-reviewed journals, the imaging and
cohort results have been published in detail, and the data have been made
freely available[5].

Zhao Fan et al. [6], help aid auxiliary diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, with the
help of SVM model to analyze and classify structural brain MR imaging data, in
order to achieve much greater classification predictions, the extracted MRI detail
is combined with the SVM model. The accuracy of classification and prediction
is the best. According to the predicted results, the data characteristics related to
diseases can be determined, which can provide a basis for clinical and basic
research, etiology and pathological changes.

Acharya et al, used several feature extraction techniques along with MR

imaging for classification, the system uses several algorithms for Computer-
Assisted-BrainDiagnosis (CABD) to assess if the scan image shows indications
of Alzheimer's disease. The paradigm consists of a series of quantitative
techniques: filtering, feature extraction, Student’s t-test based feature selection,
and k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) based classification. Additionally, a
comparAative analysis is done by implementing other feature extraction
procedures that are described in the literature. According to their results,
Shearlet Transform (ST) feature extraction is superior to alternative methods for
detecting Alzheimer's disease[7].

Chima Stanley Eke et al. [8] the main basis for their method is machine
learning(ML) techniques (specifically support vector machines), which are
capable of learning patterns from complex data in order to create multi-variable
models. The objective in this study is to develop a method to identify potential
blood-based non-amyloid biomarkers for early AD detection. The use of blood is
attractive because it is accessible and relatively inexpensive. On the basis of the
identified panels, disease detection models were determined to have a
sensitivity greater than 80%, a specificity greater than 70%, and AUC greater
5
than 0.80 at the prodromal stage of the disease.

R. Jain et al. [9] propsed convolutional neural network model (CNNs) were used
to locate gray matter in brain voxels and to segment segmented gray matter for
clinical appraisal. VGG-16 trained on ImageNet dataset is used as a feature
extractor for the classification task. Experimentation is performed on data
collected from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.
The proposed methodology achieved an accuracy rate of 90.47% for segments
of gray matter for clinical evaluation.

Chenjie Ge et al. [10] the paper showcases, an innovative idea to detect

Alzheimer's disease (AD) using 3D multiscale neural network architecture. They
proposed a multiscale deep learning architecture for learning AD features. The
main contributions of the paper include, proposing a novel 3D multiscale CNN
architecture for the dedicated task of AD detection, secondly proposing a
feature fusion and enhancement strategy for multiscale features and at last
empirical study on the impact of several settings, including two dataset
partitioning approaches, and the use of multiscale and feature enhancement. It
successfully achieved an accuracy of 87.24% for detection.

Danail Stoyanov et al. [11] used brain structural MRI scans, they developed a
3D CNN to identify Alzheimer's disease. They highlighted relevant areas of the
network using four distinct ways to visualize gradients and occlusions. Their
neural network model achieved 77% accuracy.

According to a paper by K.S. Biju et al. [12], the authors presented a

mathematical model that uses MRI slices to create a 3 dimension representation
of the brain that can indicate whether Alzheimer's disease is present. A number
of processing steps are carried out on MRI slices, including up sampling, 3D
construction. This 3D image is inspected by a medical professional.