MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

JSPM’s

JAYAWANTRAO SAWANT POLYTECHNIC,

HADAPSAR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Academic Year: 2020-21

PROJECTREPORT
On

“Prepare a report on Pump used in industry.”

Program: ME Program code: ME6I

Course: Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics

Course code: 22655

Guided By
Mr. K.H.Raut
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll Student Name Enrollment No. Exam Seat No.

No
17 Vinayak Gonel 1807110283

36 Tejas Hade 1807110336

14 Yashraj Dhemare 1807110332

Of third Year of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Institute, Jawantrao

Sawant Polytechnic Hadapsar, (Code: 0711) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in Subject- Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics (22655) for the
academic year 2020- 2021. As prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Hadapsar Date: ___ / ___ / ______

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 ANEXURE II
Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year: 2020-21 Name of the Faculty: Mr. K.H.Raut
Semester: 6th Course code: 22655

Title of the project: Prepare a report on Pump used in industry.

COs ADDRESSED BY THE MICRO-PROJECTS:

MAJOR LEARNING OUTCOMES ACHIEVED BY STUDENTS BY DOING THE PROJECT:

Practical Outcomes: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Unit Outcomes in Cognitive Domain: ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Outcomes in Affective Domain: ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Comment/Suggestions about Team Work/Leadership/Inter-Personal Communication(If Any)

______________________________________________________________________________

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of 6 Marks out of

for performance 4for
Roll Student Name in group activity performance in Total out of 10
No (D5 Col.8) oral/
presentation
(D5 Col.9)
17 Vinayak Gonel

36 Tejas Hade

14 Yashraj Dhemare

Name and Signature of Faculty Name and Signature of HOD

 INDEX

SR.NO. CONTENT

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2
PROJECT ABSTRACT

3 INTRODUCTION

4 CONCLUSION

5 RESOURCES USED

Acknowledgement
At the outset we are so much thankful to Dr. S. M. Deokar, Principal, Jayawantrao Sawant
Polytechnic, Hadapsar, and Pune for his inspiration to undertake this micro -project. We are also
indebted to Prof. A.D.Sable, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, for his support while
undertaking this micro-project.
We are immensely grateful to Mr.K.H.Raut, Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department,
for his continuous pinpointing while completing this micro-project. Without his guidance
completion of this project would be impossible.
We are also thankful to all those who have motivated and supported us directly and indirectly
while undertaking this micro project.
Jawantrao sawant polytechnic

Micro Project- Prepare a report on Pump used in

industry.

Subject- Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Class- TYME-1

Subject Code- 22655

Subject teacher- Mr. K.H.Raut

Team members:-

Name Roll No.

Vinayak Gonel 17

Tejas Hade 36

Yashraj Dhemare 14
Introduction

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified
into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift,
displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including
manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, and come in many sizes, from microscopic
for use in medical applications, to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells,
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel
injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers
and other components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical
industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine,
and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile
prosthesis.

When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage pump. When a
casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; bio
mimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

Types
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external to the
fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive-displacement pumps,

impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are
three basic types of pumps: positive-displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In
centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over
impeller, while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.[2]
Positive-displacement pumps

Lobe pump internals

A positive-displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.

Some positive-displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side
expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant
through each cycle of operation.

Positive-displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive-displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal, can theoretically produce the same flow at a
given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive-displacement pumps are
constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases
prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive-displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of
the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive-displacement pump
operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the
discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is therefore
necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the
option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a
safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the
suction line or supply tank provides increased safety of human and equipment both.

Positive-displacement types

A positive-displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to

move the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal or external gear pump, screw pump, lobe pump,
shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical
twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid-ring pumps

Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps

Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

Rotary positive-displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and
draws in the liquid.

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they can handle highly viscous fluids with
higher flow rates as viscosity increases.

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump
and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high
speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass
through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive-displacement pumps fall into 5 main types:

Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed around a pair of gears.

Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against each
other to pump the liquid

Rotary vane pumps

Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps), similar
to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing. As the rotor
orbits and rotates to some degree, it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the
fluid through the pump. It is used for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-derived products, and
it can also support high pressures of up to 290 psi.

Vibratory pumps or vibration pumps are similar to linear compressors, having the same operating
principle. They work by using a spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet connected to AC
current through a diode. The spring-loaded piston is the only moving part, and it is placed in the
center of the electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the AC current, the diode allows energy
to pass through the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field that moves the piston backwards,
compressing the spring, and generating suction. During the negative cycle of the AC current, the
diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet, letting the spring uncompressed, moving the
piston forward, and pumping the fluid and generating pressure, like a reciprocating pump. Due to
its low cost, it is widely used in inexpensive espresso machines. However, vibratory pumps
cannot be operated for more than one minute, as they generate large amounts of heat. Linear
compressors do not have this problem, as they can be cooled by the working fluid (which is often
a refrigerant).
Reciprocating positive-displacement pumps

Simple hand pump

Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at the Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia, US

See also: Reciprocating pump

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or
membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for
suction to take place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease
pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and
the inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into
the delivery pipe at a high velocity.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four)
cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder.
They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge
on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be
powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used
extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water
pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy
oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance.
Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps
and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive-displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
constant given each cycle of operation and the pump's volumetric efficiency can be achieved
through routine maintenance and inspection of its valves.

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed
by suction on the way back.

Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which
is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump
hazardous and toxic fluids.
Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid
or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.

Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a radial direction.

Various positive-displacement pumps

The positive-displacement principle applies in these pumps:

1. Rotary lobe pump

2. Progressive cavity pump
3. Rotary gear pump
4. Piston pump
5. Diaphragm pump
6. Screw pump
7. Gear pump
8. Hydraulic pump
9. Rotary vane pump
10. Peristaltic pump
11. Rope pump
12. Flexible impeller pump
13. Gear pump

Gear pump

Main article: Gear pump

This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears
that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer
periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in
the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power
packs.

Screw pump

Main article: Screw pump

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with
opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws
are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and
everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As
with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is
minimal.

Progressing cavity pump

Main article: Progressive cavity pump

Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge contaminated with large
particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be
visualized as a central core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of
thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in a single casting. This shaft fits inside a
heavy-duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor
gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low
volumes.

Cavity pump

Roots-type pumps

A Roots lobe pump

Main article: Roots-type supercharger

Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the liquid trapped
between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating
inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point
of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can
work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.

Applications include:

High capacity industrial air compressors.

Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.

A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

Peristaltic pump
360° Peristaltic Pump

Main article: Peristaltic pump

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive-displacement pump. It contains fluid within a flexible

tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A
number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor
turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the
tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws
(restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological
systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Plunger pumps

Main article: Plunger pump

Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive-displacement pumps.

These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are
mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke, the plunger retracts and the suction
valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke, the plunger pushes
the liquid out of the discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder
in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through
the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is
wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and water hammer may be a
serious problem. In general, the problems are compensated for by using two or more cylinders
not working in phase with each other.

Triplex-style plunger pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating
plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump
ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid
and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number
of plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The
increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.

Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In
1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that
car washes could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-
pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic
plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex
pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a
home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours
between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the
quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.

The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud
pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the surface.
Drillers use triplex or even quintuplex pumps to inject water and solvents deep into shale in the
extraction process called fracking.

Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive-displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-

diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air, these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although
all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps
are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of
bunds to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is
manufactured – elastomers / body construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle
viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle pumping process ideal for transporting shear-
sensitive media.

Rope pumps

Rope pump schematic

Main article: Rope pump

Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very
simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope pump.
Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grassroots organizations and the techniques for
making and running them have been continuously improved.

Impulse pumps

Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped
in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a
pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.
Conventional impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored temporarily in an air-
bubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.

Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.

Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles move
upward

Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of
hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion
event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct
transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber).
Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the
adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed by ETH
Zurich.

Hydraulic ram pumps

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.

It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher
hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop
pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where
the water started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head
hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source.
In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than
the kinetic energy of flowing water.

Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses an impeller with backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is
added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain
in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump
into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the First
law of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is
achieved.

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:

Continuous energy

Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)

Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head

A practical difference between dynamic and positive-displacement pumps is how they operate
under closed valve conditions. Positive-displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing
a valve downstream of a positive-displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that
can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be
safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

Radial-flow pumps

Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the
centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of radial-
flow pump is a vortex pump. The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the
working wheel. The conversion from the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of
flow comes by means of multiple whirls, which are excited by the impeller in the working
channel of the pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow
rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

Axial-flow pumps

Main article: Axial-flow pump

These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move
fluid axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow
(centrifugal) pumps. Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If
at a low flow rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that
the starting torque would have to become a function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid
in the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90
degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher
pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The
exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and
mixed-flow.

Eductor-jet pump

Main article: Eductor-jet pump

This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and
propels it into a higher pressure region.

Gravity pumps

Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes
called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by gravitational force and so called
gravity pump

Steam pumps

Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of
pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's or the
Pulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in
smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been
viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use
of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that
these types of system are now a cost-effective opportunity.

Valveless pumps

Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a
valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow
direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower
than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or
less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood
circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart's
valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the
development of discernible chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps
have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids.
Ink jet printers operating on the piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping.
The pump chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flow impedance in that
direction and refilled by capillary action.

Applications

Metering pump for gasoline and additives.

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use
of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply,
gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from
very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low
pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

Priming a pump

Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body
surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping:
An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming
the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and
displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace
air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for
example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump should always be lower
than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump
should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the
moving parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming.
Such pumps can also serve as priming pumps, so called when they are used to fulfill that need
for other pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.

Pumps as public water supplies

Main article: Hand pump

Arabic depiction of a piston pump, by Al-Jazari, c. 1206.[28][29]

First European depiction of a piston pump, by Taccola, c. 1450.[30]

Irrigation is underway by pump-enabled extraction directly from the Gumti, seen in the
background, in Comilla, Bangladesh.

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'.
It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps
are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum
where matters of local interest are discussed.[31]

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to
contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to
gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera
outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow
suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the
outbreak then subsided.

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option
for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A
hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the
safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the
Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple
parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has
diminished their utility for these areas.

Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil
drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream
operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and
improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream
properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller
multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.

For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps can be located onshore or offshore
and can be connected to single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase pumps are used to
transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells to downstream processes or
gathering facilities. This means that the pump may handle a flow stream (well stream) from 100
percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every imaginable combination in between. The flow stream
can also contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under
changing or fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps eliminate emissions
of greenhouse gases as operators strive to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks
where possible.

Types and features of multiphase pumps

Helico-axial (centrifugal)

A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires two mechanical seals, this pump uses an
open-type axial impeller. It is often called a Poseidon pump, and can be described as a cross
between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.

Twin-screw (positive-displacement)

The twin-screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid.
Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions
and fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.

Progressive cavity (positive-displacement)

When the pumping application is not suited to a centrifugal pump, a progressive cavity pump is
used instead. Progressive cavity pumps are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or
at the surface. This pump is mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may
contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt. The volumetric efficiency and
mechanical efficiency of a progressive cavity pump increases as the viscosity of the liquid does.
Electric submersible (centrifugal)

These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well
applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped
fluid is mainly liquid.

Buffer tank A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug
flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smooths any fluctuations in the
incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large
variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature
variations, high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The
challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure
maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.[32][34][35]

Conclusion

We have successfully learned many about electric and hybrid vehicles and made a report under
the guide of Mr. N.A.Bhad sir and successfully performed the micro project of sixth semester.
Resources used

 Google
 Wikipedia
 Techknowledge book of automobile engineering
 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
MICRO PROJECT
CLASS:- TYME-1

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF DATE

GUIDE
1 1st Discussion and finalization of
topic

2 2nd Preparation and submission of

Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review

4 4th Collection of Data

5 5th Collection of Data

6 6th Discussion and outline of

Content
 7 7th Formulation of Content

8 8th Editing and proof Reading of

Content
9 9th Compilation of Report and
Presentation
10 10th Seminar

11 11th Viva voce

12 12th Final submission of Micro

Project

Sign of the students