All Statistical Tests and their Applications; There are numerous statistical tests available,

each designed to address specific research questions and data types. Here is a list of some
commonly used statistical tests: When to use them
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1. t-test: Used to compare means between two groups.

2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Used to compare means between multiple groups.
3. Chi-square test: Used to examine the association between categorical variables.
4. Mann-Whitney U test: Nonparametric test to compare medians between two groups.
5. Kruskal-Wallis test: Nonparametric test to compare medians between multiple groups.
6. Wilcoxon signed-rank test: Nonparametric test to compare related samples.
7. Spearman's rank correlation: Nonparametric test to assess the strength and direction of
monotonic relationships between variables.
8. Pearson's correlation: Parametric test to measure the linear relationship between two
continuous variables.
9. Linear regression: Examines the linear relationship between a dependent variable and
one or more independent variables.
10. Logistic regression: Determines the relationship between a binary dependent variable
and one or more independent variables.
11. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): Extends ANOVA by incorporating one or more
continuous covariates.
12. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test: Compares observed and expected frequencies to
assess if they differ significantly.
13. McNemar's test: Used to compare paired proportions in a 2x2 contingency table.
14. Fisher's exact test: Assesses the association between two categorical variables in a
small sample.
15. Mann-Kendall test: Nonparametric test to assess trends in time series data.
16. Survival analysis: Analyzes time-to-event data, often using Kaplan-Meier estimates
and the log-rank test.
17. Factor analysis: Examines the underlying factors and structure within a set of
observed variables.
18. Cluster analysis: Identifies groups or clusters within a dataset based on similarity.
19. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA): Extends ANOVA to analyze multiple
dependent variables simultaneously.
20. Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Reduces the dimensionality of a dataset while
retaining most of the variation.
This list is not exhaustive, but it covers many commonly used statistical tests across
various research domains. Different tests have specific assumptions and are
appropriate for different types of data and research questions, so it's essential to
choose the appropriate test based on your specific requirements.

Parametric tests

Parametric tests are statistical tests that make certain assumptions about the
population distribution or the parameters of the distribution. These tests are often used
when the data follows a specific distribution, such as the normal distribution, and the
sample size is sufficiently large. Parametric tests are based on parametric statistics,
which involve estimating population parameters.
Some common parametric tests include:
1. Student's t-test: This test is used to compare the means of two independent samples or
to determine if the mean of a single sample is significantly different from a
hypothesized value.
2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): ANOVA is used to compare the means of three or
more independent groups to determine if there are any statistically significant
differences among them.
3. Paired t-test: This test is used to compare the means of two related samples, such as
before and after measurements on the same group.
4. Pearson correlation: This test measures the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two continuous variables.
5. Linear regression: Linear regression is used to model the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
These tests typically assume that the data is normally distributed, the variances are
equal across groups (in some cases), and that the observations are independent.
Violations of these assumptions may lead to incorrect results, so it's important to
check the assumptions before applying parametric tests.

Non-Parametric tests

Non-parametric tests, also known as distribution-free tests, are statistical tests that do
not require specific assumptions about the population distribution or the parameters of
the distribution. These tests are used when the data does not follow a specific
 distribution or when the sample size is small. Non-parametric tests are based on ranks
or other robust statistics that are less influenced by the underlying distribution.
Here are some common non-parametric tests:
1. Mann-Whitney U test: This test is used to compare the medians of two independent
samples. It is an alternative to the independent samples t-test when the data do not
meet the assumptions of normality and/or equal variances.
2. Wilcoxon signed-rank test: This test is used to compare the medians of two related
samples, such as before and after measurements on the same group.
3. Kruskal-Wallis test: The Kruskal-Wallis test is an extension of the Mann-Whitney U
test and is used to compare the medians of three or more independent groups.
4. Friedman test: This test is an extension of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and is used
to compare the medians of three or more related samples.
5. Spearman's rank correlation: Instead of assuming a linear relationship, Spearman's
rank correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the monotonic
relationship between two variables.
Non-parametric tests are more robust to violations of assumptions, such as non-
normality or unequal variances, and can be applied to a wider range of data types.
However, they generally have less statistical power compared to their parametric
counterparts when the assumptions are met. Non-parametric tests are often used when
the data is ordinal or heavily skewed, or when the sample size is small.

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