Sustainability 14 01869 v2
Sustainability 14 01869 v2
Sustainability 14 01869 v2
Review
The Role of the Interface and Interface Management in the
Optimization of BIM Multi-Model Applications: A Review
Nawal Abdunasseer Hmidah 1, *, Nuzul Azam Haron 1 , Aidi Hizami Alias 1 , Teik Hua Law 1 ,
Abubaker Basheer Abdalwhab Altohami 1 and Raja Ahmad Azmeer Raja Ahmad Effendi 2
Abstract: This review targets the BIM interface, the BIM multi-model approach, and the role of
employing algorithms in BIM optimization to introduce the need for automation in the BIM technique,
instead of complicating manual procedures in order to reduce possible errors. The challenge with
adopting BIM lies in the limiting ability of computer-aided design (CAD) to generate a read-able
and straightforward Revit by BIM, requiring the homogeneous data format to be generalized better
and maintain a super data mod. Furthermore, the communication and management inter-face (CMI)
faces some shortcomings due to limitations in its ability to recognize the role of the interface during
the project construction phase. This review demonstrates several proposals to simplify the interface,
in order to facilitate better communication amongst participants. The industry foundation class (IFC)
model requires a new technique to unlock the potential future of intelligent buildings using the
Citation: Hmidah, N.A.; Haron, N.A.;
BIM multi-model approach integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT). Trials conducted to enhance
Alias, A.H.; Law, T.H.; Altohami, the BIM model lack advanced methods for optimizing cost, energy consumption, labor, material
A.B.A.; Effendi, R.A.A.R.A. The Role movement, and the size of layout of the project, by utilizing heuristic, metaheuristic, and k-mean
of the Interface and Interface algorithms. The enhancement of BIM could involve algorithms to achieve better productivity, safety,
Management in the Optimization of cost, time, and construction frameworks. The review shows that some gaps and limitations still exist,
BIM Multi-Model Applications: A especially considering the potential link between BIM and building management system (BMS) and
Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869. the level of influence of the BIM-IoT prototype. Future work should find the best approach to solve
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031869
facility management within the dynamic model, which is still under investigation.
Academic Editor:
Antonio Garcia-Martinez Keywords: BIM; management interface; BIM multi-model; BIM-BMS system; optimization
adopt BIM for their projects [3]. BIM adoption level varies from one country to another,
depending on the size and complexity of the projects.
At its inception, building information modelling (BIM) was associated with using
3D modeling with the availability of various software tools and techniques. Traditionally,
although 3D construction models had been integrated for additional measurements of
time and cost, they were found inadequate in terms of including all the project-specific
details necessary for a building project. On the other hand, BIM is equipped with enough
technicalities to create virtual 3D models by integrating relevant information, and simul-
taneously granting project participants a better understanding of the project phases [4].
Concerning expanding models, Ivson et al. [5] developed several models that were utilized
to represent models and several corresponding sub-models to serve different operations
simultaneously.
Accordingly, the philosophy of the multi-model approach has emerged to collate data
from various sources with different formats into a single exchangeable resource [6], which
can be characterized as object-oriented [7].
The objective of BIM is to create accurate, reliable, complementary, and replaceable
information for the construction of buildings [8]. These objectives can only be attained
by implementing interoperability and parametric (adjusting variables) behavior. East-
man et al. [9] defined BIM as a technology equipped with a set of processes that aim at
producing, communicating, and analyzing building models. BIM is widely considered a sig-
nificant factor in the construction industry. BIM describes an integrated model-based view
of a facility’s lifecycle, including design, planning, and construction, as well as operation
and maintenance (O&M) [10].
Recently, BIM has been adopted in various types of projects, and in projects that
require dynamic data exchange amongst multiple actors with information aggregation,
such as designing a project, running software, handling data, revising all or parts of the
project [11], and improving the efficiency of construction [12].
Briefly, the BIM model is described as a mixture of graphical and non-graphic data
that can communicate throughout specific data-exchange formats.
Recently, it has been observed that BIM applications are expanding to many fields,
owing to the introduction of 3D geometric models and 3D coordination [13]. These appli-
cations go beyond architecture and engineering, to cover and initiate a strong motive for
homeowners, facility managers, contractors, and fabricators [14]. The project focuses on
BIM adoption, provided by utilizing automation in the modeling process. This modeling
improves communication and accuracy among various parties throughout, exchanging
views and reducing the errors in the coordination of building activities [15]. BIM ap-
plications plan, design, build, construct, operate, and reduce energy consumption [16].
These developments were not applicable to certain countries; they are, instead, applied
to all countries, sharing the same principles of integration of BIM and building energy
management (BEM) in a single tool [17].
The fundamental contributions of BIM are in energy-related matters, simulations, and
information, which can be described as involving the automation of energy to better present
output in order to enhance storage and organizational capabilities concerning new-building
data. The other contribution of BIM concerns the facilitation of output presentations in
energy management systems [18]. Similarly, [19] studied a conceptual framework for a BIM-
based energy management support system (BIM-EMSS) by developing a real-time energy
simulation using eQuest. Based on the determination of [18], visualizing the geometric
data in BIM could allow the user to monitor the real-time energy performance of different
zones in a building.
Other benefits of BIM applications include storing, monitoring, and organizing energy-
related information in real-time energy systems. The system can generate information
related to home energy consumption and how to relate activities to environmental tem-
perature and the degree of occupancy. The adoption of BIM models in real-time energy
monitoring systems was explained by Alahmad et al. [20], who proposed a combined
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 3
temperature and the degree of occupancy. The adoption of BIM models in real‐time en
ergy monitoring systems was explained by Alahmad et al. [20], who proposed a combined
system that usessystem
a hardware
that usescomponent
a hardware system and asystem
component software
and system.
a softwareWoo et al.Woo
system. [21] et al. [21
reported other BIM applications
reported other BIMin aapplications
building equipped with equipped
in a building sensors that provide
with sensorsreal-time
that provide real
data to BIM models
time using
data toaBIM
standard
modelsschema to facilitate
using a standard processing
schema theprocessing
to facilitate data related
the to
data related
sensors and actuators. The
to sensors andother important
actuators. application
The other importantofapplication
BIM is performed by linkingby linking
of BIM is performed
existing libraries, wherelibraries,
existing a great where
amount of information
a great about the thermal
amount of information conductivity
about the thermal conductivity
properties
properties is available. Theis life
available. The life cycleofassessment
cycle assessment a buildingofcan
a building can be better
be estimated estimated
by better by
integrating CAD and BIM. This link provides information about
integrating CAD and BIM. This link provides information about optimizing the building optimizing the building
envelope or sizing the
envelope or sizing the HVAC system [22]. HVAC system [22].
2. BIMManagement
2. BIM and Interface and Interface Flowchart
Management Flowchart
The
The flow of topics inflow
thisof topics is
review inoutlined
this review
in is outlined
Figure in Figure
1. The 1. The
purpose of purpose of this flowchar
this flowchart
is to guide readers for easy access to the topics that are included
is to guide readers for easy access to the topics that are included in this review, and in this review,
to and to
present the contents in a
present the contents in a structured fashion.structured fashion.
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 3.4. Communication and Management Interface (CMI) 6 of 29
The format limitation of the standard BIM file‐based model could be used to share
the most recent building progress [41]. CMI was integrated into BIM to facilitate discuss‐
ing, sharing, and responding to issues related to the BIM elemental interface during the
construction phase [28]. CMI enables project engineers and managers to access previous
construction phase [28]. CMI enables project engineers and managers to access previous
records regarding BIM models for a given project. In the future, it will manage the response
records regarding BIM models for a given project. In the future, it will manage the re‐
to interface
sponse problems,
to interface as illustrated
problems, in in
as illustrated Figure
Figure3.3.The
Theliterature
literature focuses onCMI
focuses on CMIin‐integration;
however, it lacks a suitable platform for BIM-based CMI [42].
tegration; however, it lacks a suitable platform for BIM‐based CMI [42].
Figure 3. Application of integrated CMI in BIM for construction interface management [28].
Figure 3. Application of integrated CMI in BIM for construction interface management [28].
3.5.3.5.
Interface Management
Interface SystemSystem
Management (IMS) (IMS)
In 2014, IMS was defined, within the guidelines of interface and IM, as a combination
In 2014, IMS was defined, within the guidelines of interface and IM, as a combination
of managerial and relational communication that can be delivered among two or more
of managerial and relational communication that can be delivered among two or more
interface stakeholders. [43]. It was mentioned earlier that IPs, IAs, and IADs are the ele‐
interface stakeholders. [43]. It was mentioned earlier that IPs, IAs, and IADs are the
ments of IMS. IMS was studied in terms of a six‐step framework execution, as shown in
theelements of IMS.Figure
self‐explanatory IMS was4. studied in terms of a six-step framework execution, as shown in
the self-explanatory Figure 4.
Figure 4. Mechanism of IMS framework from searching to the end of the contract.
Figure 4. Mechanism of IMS framework from searching to the end of the contract.
Recently, there has been increasing concern about IM practices among contractors.
Based on the IM definition, a new framework could be used to define the interface man‐
agement system (IMS). IMS includes many IPs, with each IP including multiple IAs, and
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 7 of 29
Recently, there has been increasing concern about IM practices among contractors.
Based on the IM definition, a new framework could be used to define the interface man-
agement system (IMS). IMS includes many IPs, with each IP including multiple IAs, and
each IA may include various IADs [27]. There are several types of interface management,
as explained in Table 2.
Category Definition/Purpose
Managing relational communications between more than
Interface Management (IM)
one stakeholders.
It is a part of formal interface management agreement of
Interface Stakeholder
the project.
It is the soft (hard) contact point between two
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEWInterface/Interface Point (IP) 8 of 31
interdependent interface stakeholders.
The formal communication documents between two
Interface Agreement (IA) interface stakeholders concerning desription, actions
IAI regulates tasks andinvolved, and
activities todates.
perform the defined
Interface Action Items (IAI)
IAIagreement in each
regulates tasks and interface agreement.
activities to perform the defined
Interface Action Items (IAI)
agreement
To identify and capture ininterface
each interface agreement.
information prior to
Interface Control Document
approvement.
To identify andICDs areinterface
capture useful information
for separate
prior to
Drawing
Interface (ICD)
Control Document
approvement. ICDs are useful for separateinterface.
organizations
Drawing (ICD) organizations with a common particular
with a common particular interface.
Based on the above discussion, interface stakeholders are involved in many deliver‐
able information
Based on the orabove
tasks to handle the
discussion, interface
interface efficiently.areIninvolved
stakeholders each interface
in manypoint, there
deliverable
are numerous or
information interface
tasks toagreements.
handle the These agreements
interface efficiently.can
Inbe delivered
each topoint,
interface other parties.
there are
Each interface
numerous stakeholder
interface can dealThese
agreements. with agreements
several interface
can be points and agreements,
delivered as illus‐
to other parties. Each
interface
trated stakeholder
in Figure 5. can deal with several interface points and agreements, as illustrated
in Figure 5.
ble APIs enable access to massive data volumes. APIs are versatile technical solutions that
may be utilized in various applications. The first application is the Google Maps Platform,
which has a Places API that provides access to over 150 million locations worldwide. Firms
use APIs to refer to products, add more data to databases, or create specific APIs [46]. The
second application is to perform functions related to procedural languages, such as C, to
act as a function call, by involving information about all the functions and routines that it
provides.
APIs are a collection of methods that enable programs to access data and communicate
with external software components, operating systems, or microservices. APIs are a
critical component of many modern software architectures, because they provide high-level
abstractions that simplify programming processes, create distributed and modular software
systems, and allow code reuse [47]. Hence, APIs make necessary accessible functionalities
for developers to enable IoT cloud infrastructures [48]. APIs are digital apps that can help
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 3
in communicating with back-end services [45].
AP can be expanded to describe all calls, subroutines, or software, to enable application
programs in services such as application, operating system, network, or another lower-level
software program lower‐level software
[49]. APIs program
facilitate [49]. APIsfor
information facilitate information
developers to workforwith
developers to work wit
essential
capabilities or data to leverage and govern IoT cloud infrastructures. APIs allow partnersAPIs allow
essential capabilities or data to leverage and govern IoT cloud infrastructures.
or the public topartners
activateorparticipants
the public to activate participants and generate new revenue streams [50].
and generate new revenue streams [50].
Additionally, APIs help establish an interface that connects functions in one uniqu
Additionally, APIs help establish an interface that connects functions in one unique
system, cutting down transaction costs, and improving efficiency [51]. Another feature o
system, cutting down transaction costs, and improving efficiency [51]. Another feature
API is providing third‐party developers with access to private data owned by Googl
of API is providing third-party developers with access to private data owned by Google,
Facebook, Twitter, and many other large firms [52].
Facebook, Twitter, and many other large firms [52].
APIs, then, constitute the interfaces of the various building blocks that a develope
APIs, then, constitute the interfaces of the various building blocks that a developer
needs to create an application [53]. An API currently summarizes a set of programmin
needs to create an application [53]. An API currently summarizes a set of programming
codes to transfer data between one software product and another. APIs are composed o
codes to transfer twodata between one
fundamental softwaretechnical
components: product specifications
and another. describing
APIs are composed of choice
data exchange
two fundamental components: technical specifications describing data exchange choices
between solutions in the form of a request for processing, and data delivery protocols an
between solutions in the interface
a program form of abased
request
on for
the processing,
specificationsand data
they deliveryToday,
represent. protocols
APIsand
come in thre
a program interface based on the
types—standard, specifications
widespread, and they represent.
versatile. FigureToday, APIs
6 explains come
the mainintypes
threeof API an
types—standard, widespread, and
the corresponding versatile. Figure 6 explains the main types of API and
policies.
the corresponding policies.
two users based on the IFC standard data model. IFC is equipped with a high degree of
interoperability that can facilitate the opening data standard known as buildingSMART
(ISO 16739), depicting the whole building geometry. In addition, IFC provides digital
building models to help architects sharing the BIM environment. The Information Delivery
Manual (IDM) is a systematic tool for identifying and specifying information flow during a
facility’s lifecycle. Furthermore, IFC has been developed by buildingSMART and registered
under ISO 29481-1:2010 and ISO 29481-2:2010. Concerning IFC schema needed to satisfy
one or many ERs, MVD defines a subset published by the software tool ifcDoc developed
by BuildingSMART [55]. Furthermore, Zhang [55] considers BCF is an important tool to
exchange information in terms of queries, ideas, or demands between different software
products, resulting in a technological solution for communication among stakeholders.
In addition to addressing the IFC data model, BCF addresses the position as defined
in snapshots or camera perspectives. It is well-known that transforming data into another
using software applications with heterogeneous models can be conducted with a single
multimodal [7]. Hence, the common practice of BIM models is to exchange information
about building structures throughout their life cycle, which is a standard industry practice.
The IFC standard in BIM applications acts as a medium for data exchange across domains
and stages [56]. The domain of exchanging data for BIM modeling resembles the IFC
scheme subset [57]. The benefit of IFC-mapped data exchange is to help the software
vendors developing practical import/export features to allow project participants to share
and exchange BIM model information. During the different stages of projects, BIM plays an
important role in exchanging data and information with specific formats amongst architects,
engineers, clients, and contractors to serve throughout the project lifecycle [58].
In construction, stakeholders rely on each other to acquire details. The most critical
issue here is to automatically interpret and process the information mapping into data for
BIM applications with cross-domain and inter-stage coordination [56]. This process leads to
an automated system that needs reliable interoperability for marketing and technological
levels [59]. The interoperability process requires exchange information for all contributors
to understand the need and provide this information for usage. The goal of interoperability
is to provide a better communication system that can be placed at various levels and
contribute to achieving the result. Interoperability creates the significant digitalization of
the whole process towards full automation and efficient management of these processes [8].
The preparation to establish a construction is a multi-facet issue that started before the
initiation of the construction and continued for the whole lifecycle.
One of the most important matters is the scope of each construction, which consumes
time with the collaborators throughout the project phases. In this case, there is software to
be developed by architects, structural engineers, and designers to store and analyze data.
This is called heterogeneous information, since the data are stored, shared, and preserved
in different realms to ensure consistency [60].
The construction industry domains involve distinctive advanced data exchange for
BIM models, using specialized fields of architecture and construction such as neutral for-
mats found in the industry corporation categories. The IFC schema for diverse disciplines
should define the type of BIM standards [61]. IFC, an exchangeable neutral format, is
often used in design, engineering, manufacturing, and facility management [62]. The data
exchange amongst various software across BIM models and the relevant incremental or
“as-built” collection archiving is the main scope of the IFC applications [61].
5. Developing Framework
The framework is defined in different ways, and for various purposes. In the early
1980s, Model-View-Controller (MVC) was the first object-oriented framework [63]. Since
then, several papers have been published to show the broad and spread nature of using the
term ‘framework’. The most reliable definition for the framework is that the one connected
to software engineering, which refers to designing and implementing large object-oriented
software [4].
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 10 of 29
complete official record amongst participants, and difficulty of tracking interface events
and obtaining interface information from other participants [33].
The role of IM in tracking all participants’ involvement could lead to improving oper-
ational management, minimizing detrimental change, and enhancing beneficial change.
Morris [38] identified two interfaces—static and dynamic. Furthermore, other interfaces,
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 31
such as personal, organizational, and system interfaces were identified by [39]. More
closely, Pavitt and Gibb [29] proposed three main interface types: physical, contractual,
and organizational. The significant number of interfaces could create difficulties in applica-
thetions.
construction
Hence, tophase. In this
simplify thisphase, interface
issue, the searchproblems can be should
for an interface categorized as construc‐
be aligned with the
tion, processing, space‐related, communication, and variability problems
construction phase. In this phase, interface problems can be categorized as construction, interfaces [33].
processing, space-related, communication, and variability problems interfaces [33]. and
The development of 2D to 3D patterns improves the shape, size of a component,
spatial The
relationships
development between
of 2Dthe to components. BIM, as athe
3D patterns improves digital
shape,tool, can
size of continue
a component, updat‐ and
ingspatial
and sharing projectbetween
relationships design information
the components.[77]. However, the 3Dtool,
BIM, as a digital pattern requires precise
can continue updating
geometry to support
and sharing projectthe design,
design procurement,
information [77].fabrication,
However, and the construction activitiesprecise
3D pattern requires [9].
Accordingly, BIM‐based visualization could express information more
geometry to support the design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities intuitively by re‐[9].
alizing real‐time construction [78]. In addition, 3D also provides
Accordingly, BIM-based visualization could express information more intuitively by participants mindful ofre-
accuracy
alizing and adequacy
real-time [79]. BIM[78].
construction andIn CAD share 3D
addition, similar
also views concerning
provides the construc‐
participants mindful of
tion interface
accuracy andmanagement
adequacy [79]. andBIM develop
and CAD ConBIMIM system,
share similar viewsa concerning
mixture of the construction,
construction
BIM, and IMmanagement
interface [33]. and develop ConBIMIM system, a mixture of construction, BIM,
andBIMIM is a comprehensive system which enables participants to track project updates
[33].
and to BIMproideis adata and information
comprehensive systemabout models
which whose
enables aim is to to
participants manage the effects
track project of
updates
theand to proide
databases ondata and information
a specific about models
model, capturing whosefrom
information aim ais particular
to managemodel, the effects
and of
the databases
preserving adding on industry‐specific
a specific model, applications
capturing information
[80]. IMS, fromon thea particular
other hand, model,
is theand
preserving
source adding industry-specific
for providing applications [80].
a simple and straightforward IMS, on the other
representation hand, interfaces;
of various is the source
for providing
clarifying a simple
the events and
of the straightforward
current representation
interfaces; extending of various interfaces;
the relationships clarifying
among interface
the events of the current interfaces; extending the relationships among
events, and helpings BIM users to track and identify interface events using different colors interface events,
and helpings BIM
[33], as shown in Figure 7.users to track and identify interface events using different colors [33], as
shown in Figure 7.
stores digital interface information to facilitate easy updates and interface transferring. As a
result, the 3D interface information can be identified, tracked, managed, and further solved
problems. The ConBIM-IM enables participating engineers to share and save all documents
in 3D formats, and be available upon future request. Figure 8 details the 3D interface
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 maps
of 31
framework equipped with the eight components of ID, topic, date, description, owner,
people, attachments, and history.
Figure 8. The concept and framework of the 3D-based interface maps approach [33].
Figure 8. The concept and framework of the 3D‐based interface maps approach [33].
5.3. A Typical Framework
5.3. A Typical Framework
Figure 9 shows the BIM-based interfaces framework communication and management
Figure with
integrated 9 shows the BIM‐based
the Interface Breakdowninterfaces framework
Structure (IBS) andcommunication
MBS. The process andthenmanage‐
creates
ment integrated with the Interface Breakdown Structure (IBS)
an IBS and a Model Breakdown Structure (MBS) before integrating them in BIM. IBS and MBS. The process then
can
creates an IBS and a Model Breakdown Structure (MBS) before integrating
break IM into elements of related interfaces. Meanwhile, IBS is a hierarchical representation them in BIM.
IBS can break IM
of interfaces, into elements
starting at higheroflevels,
related andinterfaces.
increasing Meanwhile, IBS is a hierarchical
to more acceptable rep‐
level interfaces.
resentation
Furthermore, of interfaces, startingmanagement
MBS in interface at higher levels, and increasing to more
is a deliverable-oriented acceptable
breakdown of alevel
BIM
interfaces.
model into Furthermore,
more minorMBS in interface
elements management
for interface management.is a deliverable‐oriented break‐
MBS is a crucial interface
down of a BIM
integrated withmodel
elements intoofmore
BIM minor
models. elements for interface
The CMI-related management.
information storedMBS is a cru‐of
in elements
cial
the interface
BIM model integrated
includes both with CMI-related
elements ofproblems
BIM models. The CMI‐related
and solutions [81]. The CMIinformation
essential
stored in elements
information should ofinclude
the BIMthe model includes
interface both CMI‐related
description, responding, problems and
or related solutions
attachments
[81].
suchThe CMI essential
as documents, information
reports, drawings, should include the interface
and photographs. CMI then description, responding,
enables communication
orand
related attachments
activates responses such as documents,
associated reports,
with projects, drawings,
activities, and photographs.
people, CMI then
and organizations. Iden-
tifying communication
enables the connection between the information
and activates responsesofassociated
CMI and the withcorresponding interfaces
projects, activities, peo‐is
crucial
ple, and to the project’s management.
organizations. Identifying the connection between the information of CMI and
the correspondingtointerfaces
In addition these developments,
is crucial to theproject engineers
project’s can acquire CMI-related issues
management.
before sharing them
In addition to thesewith correspondingproject
developments, BIM model elements.
engineers The 3DCMI‐related
can acquire BIM model issues
known
as thesharing
before DBCMIthem system with can be illustratedBIM
corresponding at different CMI access
model elements. Thelevels depending
3D BIM on user
model known
asroles. As the information
the DBCMI system can is beupdated in the
illustrated DBCMI system,
at different the server
CMI access levelsautomatically
depending on informs
user
corresponding participants by sending e-mails to the project participants.
roles. As the information is updated in the DBCMI system, the server automatically in‐ CMI is equipped
with an
forms initial stage participants
corresponding through which by all responsible
sending e‐mailsparticipants
to the project or participants.
project managers CMI are is
identified. The second stage allows the project participants to edit
equipped with an initial stage through which all responsible participants or project man‐ the information sent and
selectare
agers theidentified.
appropriateThe BIM model.stage
second In the final stage,
allows the engineers
the project can submit
participants to editthetheinterface
infor‐
issues associated
mation sent and selectwith the the appropriate
BIM model elements
BIM model. to the
In DBCMI
the finalsystem
stage, for
the approval.
engineers Aftercan
submit the interface issues associated with the BIM model elements to the DBCMI system
for approval. After the approval stage, the corresponding participants respond to prob‐
lems via the selected interface in the DBCMI system. The system can track all these activ‐
ities to show the status and the results for each interface problem [81].
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 13 of 29
Figure 9. The framework of database- and BIM-based interfaces communication and management [28].
Figure 9. The framework of database‐ and BIM‐based interfaces communication and management [28].
There is another approach to generate a dynamic energy simulation model for a single
existing building by There is another
collecting approach
existing to to
data generate
prepare a dynamic
energy energy simulation
retrofits modelcost
at the lowest for a sin‐
gle existing building by collecting existing data to prepare
possible. The proposal includes establishing a polygon model by employing photogram- energy retrofits at the lowest
cost possible. The proposal includes establishing a polygon
metrically generated point clouds with the Tool for Energy Analysis and Simulation for model by employing photo‐
grammetrically generated point clouds with the Tool for Energy Analysis and Simulation
Efficient Retrofit (TEASER) and AixLib. A single-family house was taken as a case study to
for Efficient Retrofit (TEASER) and AixLib. A single‐family house was taken as a case
achieve the purpose. The model reproduces the internal air temperatures during syntheti-
study to achieve the purpose. The model reproduces the internal air temperatures during
cal heating upsynthetical
and cooling down,
heating upwith building
and cooling heatwith
down, transfer coefficients
building (HTC)
heat transfer agreeing(HTC)
coefficients
within a 12% range. The model requires accurate window characterizations
agreeing within a 12% range. The model requires accurate window characterizations and justifies and
the use of a very simplified
justifies the use ofinterior
a very geometry. However,
simplified interior uncertainties
geometry. However,arose regarding
uncertainties arose re‐
comparing different
gardingtypologies
comparing showing differences
different typologies in pre-retrofit
showing heat
differences demand ofheat
in pre‐retrofit aboutdemand
±20% to the average
of about[82].
±20% to the average [82].
In modern environments,
In modern environments, high‐rise buildings
high-rise buildings have becomehave become
indicativeindicative of a diverse
of a diverse
building environment
building environment that requiresthat requires
special special treatment
treatment by monitoring
by monitoring activitiesactivities
such assuch
fireas fire
hazards. BIM limits fire accidents by creating, developing, and
hazards. BIM limits fire accidents by creating, developing, and implementing an integrated implementing an inte‐
fire disaster prevention system. The disaster response system is composed of a complete of a
grated fire disaster prevention system. The disaster response system is composed
plan, includingcomplete
preventionplan, including prevention and evacuation. However, this alarming disaster sys‐
and evacuation. However, this alarming disaster system is prone
tem is prone to human errors, wrong location, poor communication, and incompleteness.
to human errors, wrong location, poor communication, and incompleteness. However, the
However, the role of BIM is to minimize possible human errors. The system could be bet‐
role of BIM is to
terminimize
performedpossible
in case ofhuman errors.
providing The system could
3D visualization be better
to support performedplanning,
the assessment, in
case of providing 3D visualization to support
and detection of fire safety [83]. the assessment, planning, and detection of
fire safety [83].
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 31
The IM system consists of interface points (IPs), interface agreements (IAs), and
interface agreement deliverables (IADs), as shown in Figure 11. In addition, IPs may
contain
Sustainability 2021, 13, manyREVIEW
x FOR PEER IAs, with each IA possibly including many IADs, which means that a typical 1
project may include tens of thousands of IADs which need accurate management to design
phases of complex projects that work towards reducing cost and improving [25].
Since 2013, researchers
project have affecting
participants been steadily developing
the number an effective
of interface pointsweb-based
during theIM
project life
system platform, such as Lin [84], who instrumented a connection amongst project partici-
[32].
pants for managing interface problems during the construction phase. Within four years,
The IM system consists of interface points (IPs), interface agreements (IAs), an
Ju et al. [85] had successfully developed an integrated interface model through which the
terface agreement deliverables (IADs), as shown in Figure 11. In addition, IPs may co
traditional methods have been changed to a more standardized and structured aiming
many IAs, with each IA possibly including many IADs, which means that a typical p
at improving an IM system. During the period from 2013 until very recently, the heavy
may include tens of thousands of IADs which need accurate management to d
research on IM was not successful in eliminating the gaps about visualizing the IM system
phases of complex projects that work towards reducing cost and improving [25].
in the design phase [86].
Metrics Description
Project information Project name, type, cost, country, region, etc.
Goal of BIM introduction Producticvity improvement and schduling reduction in cost.
Revit architecture, Bentley architecture, ArchiCAD, Navisworks, Vico
BIM tool
control, etc.
BIM application phase Design phase-conceptual, construction phase, etc.
Performance capability
Organization, technology, management
maturity
Figure 12. General process for the development of VPL-based computational algorithms for geometric
Figure 12. General process for the development of VPL‐based computational algorithms for geo‐
optimization in BIM [112].
metric optimization in BIM [112].
Figure
Figure 13. The 13. The compliance
compliance of the automated
of the automated and logicaland logical
building building
codes usingcodes
NLPusing
[112]. NLP [112].
8. Summary of Previous Empirical Research
8. Summary of Previous Empirical Research
Based on the paper title, the role of the interface and interface management, the concept
Based on the paper title, the role of the interface and interface management, the con‐
of the multi-model and the relevant applications, and the role of algorithm optimization
cept of the multi‐model and the relevant applications, and the role of algorithm optimiza‐
are highlighted in Table 4. The table shows five elements: objective, methodology, gap(s)
tion are highlighted
presented, in Table 4. of
and the contribution The table
each shows
article. One five
of elements: objective,
the most proper methodology,
methodologies to
gap(s) presented,
reduce BIM complexityand the contribution
is the automation, of each article. One [120]
as Mukkavaara of thereported,
most proper whomethodol‐
proposed
ogies to reduce
BIM-based BIM complexity
automation in the design is the automation,
process. The reason as Mukkavaara
for automation [120]
is toreported,
manage who well
proposed BIM‐based automation in the design process. The reason
in every single application of BIM. This issue was discussed from a different point of view for automation is to
manage well in every single application of BIM. This issue was discussed
by integrating interface management building with BIM, as comprehensively discussed by from a different
pointetofal.view
Eray [32], by integrating
aiming interface
at developing management
a framework thatbuilding withasBIM,
can be used a goodas comprehen‐
coordinator
sively discussed by Eray et al. [32], aiming at developing
for communication amongst participants over interface-related problems in the a framework that can be used
projectas
a good coordinator for communication amongst participants over interface‐related
definition and design phases. The reason for this interface integrating is the ever-increasing prob‐
lems in the of
complexity project definition
constructing and design
projects, such as phases.
powerThe reason
plants and for this
rapid interface
transit integrating
systems. Mean-
is the ever‐increasing complexity of constructing projects, such
while, the concept of BIM interface was further discussed by Lin et al. [28] due as power plants andto rapid
the
transit systems.
integrating of BIMMeanwhile, the conceptaiming
and web technology, of BIM at interface
allowing was
thefurther
user todiscussed
communicate by Lin andet
al. [28] due
explore to the integrating
the various links of BIM. of BIM and web technology, aiming at allowing the user to
communicate
The main and explore
purpose the various
of creating a BIMlinks of BIM.
interface is to allow general contractors to enhance
their The
CMImainwork purpose
efficiencyofduring
creatingtheaconstruction
BIM interface is toThe
phase. allow
BIMgeneral
interfacecontractors to en‐
was introduced
by Kang [73] under a different form of human–machine interface (HMI) to monitor was
hance their CMI work efficiency during the construction phase. The BIM interface the
introduced
energy by Kangsystem
management [73] under a different
regarding energy form of human–machine
consumption. The results of interface
introducing(HMI) suchto
monitor
as the were
a measure energy management
positive system
for both the effectregarding energy Tang
and the benefits. consumption. The results
et al. [58] have proposed of
introducing such as a measure were positive for both the effect and the benefits. Tang et
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 20 of 29
a methodology that targeted smart buildings using a building automation system (BAS).
BAS can fill the gap caused by the difficulty of performing the exchange of information
amongst BIM stages. This development depends on introducing the network system in
IFC by mobilizing the interface. The implementation of BIM faces some barriers in ACE,
as reported by Leśniak et al. [121]. They proposed a technique known as the Ishikawa
procedure, in which education, including training and studying BIM technology, could
result in a better understanding of MIM implementation. The computational BIM is a vast
field utilized to automate BIM by optimization to achieve higher efficiency in critical fields,
such as better building materials, opening sizes, and glazing types (Lim et al. [122]). The
optimization was carried out to serve to integrate Revit tools, dynamo visual programming
tools, and multi-objective. As a result, Lim et al. [122] have contributed a series of tools
integration using MATLAB to facilitate the possibility of automating and speeding up the
process of retrofitting constructions.
The idea of exploring the multimodel approach in BIM was enhanced by Pruvost et al. [6]
in projecting uncertainties in designing space by collaborating with the building design
workflow. As a result, they integrated several disciplines to share information from different
data models and formats, to eventually be used as input in building energy analysis (BEA),
including geometry, energy infrastructure, weather, and building usage. Another research
study accompanied the progress made by Pruvost et al. [6]. This was in the same field
conducted by Fuchs and Scherer [7], who approached BIM multi-model throughout nD-
modelling, based on the available original data.
BIM is involved in structural sustainability, as part of the effort to treat the environment
better, as reported by Oti et al. [123], who have utilized API in the extended demonstration
of the conceptual design option of BIM. This demonstration was conducted by modeling
and creating algorithms able to enhance nD building performance. The gap that prompted
using nD building was to exploit expanding BIM scope. Another trial to enhance the
performance of the multi-model was experienced by Cheng and Cheng [124], in which
a genetic algorithm (GA) was employed for better natural selection. The enhancement
was carried out by employing Markov chain theory to determine the criteria of adaptive
termination with minimal cost. The complexity of MIM applications can be reduced using
several techniques.
In 2019, Deng et al. [81] introduced a new parameter in BIM applications as they
considered the safety measures a part of the BIM emergency management plan through
the Revit platform. In this attempt, Navisworks software was employed. By employing an
emergency plan, BIM has become involved in a more detailed approach in construction
management. In addition to the work of Pruvost et al. [6] and Lim et al. (2019) in integrating
BIM with various techniques as discussed earlier, Li et al. [125] prosed another way to
integrate web services with BIM to improve the early design processes called Dynamo BIM,
while [126] investigated some approaches to integrate BIM, IoT, and FM for renovating
existing buildings. All integration trials mentioned above were validated and then assessed
in estimating energy consumption.
The simulation technique is widespread in many fields. In BIM, Siegele et al. [127] used
a new MATLAB simulator to study the construction’s dynamic feature by programming the
object-oriented language of MATLAB. The results have shown that the indoor quality has
improved. The last article was chosen to present the optimization needed to upgrade the
efficiency of BIM applications in specific fields, such as optimizing the energy consumption
and the space occupied by the project.
In this sense, Amiri et al. [94] have suggested a metaheuristic algorithm to support the
decision-making process: Uses in planning construction site layout. It has been shown that
metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been recognized as very famous hybridizing
algorithms that can work very well with the k-means approach.
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 21 of 29
Table 4. Cont.
9. Contribution
Adopting algorithms in interface and IM in BIM multi-model applications for optimiza-
tion has been considered the most significant contributor to achieving high performance in
construction. This novel contribution was based on introducing suitable methodologies to
accomplish new or upcoming research tasks. The process cannot be accomplished without
specifying API in various software components that may interact, such as accessing the
database, hard drive, disc drive, video card, etc. The interface is established to create
programming codes equipped with programming language routines, data structures, and
classes and variables. This review explains the integration of IBS and MBS in BIM and
interfaces management. The other contribution of this study is to develop an API to enable
BIM viewers to simplify BIM-based interface management.
One of the significant advanced steps to extend BIM use was developing a BIM-IoT
system that allows one to directly use the BIM models for building context and 3D views.
Alternatively, considering the BIM Model management in a native environment, VPL
scripts have been developed to support the integration of BIM and IoT, which requires
employing sensors.
VPL can also help introduce an accessible mode that enables BIM/IoT interfacing,
in which BIM models could be transferred from static to dynamic, with the ability to
self-update essential information. BIM/IoT opens a new trend of communication called
machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, which extends to using external databases
between the real and virtual worlds.
The review also presented an approach for a workflow engine to be integrated into the
BIM multi-model collaboration platform. This type of implementation is considered the
most critical step towards increasing the degree of automation. Another field, in addition
to automation, was to create a multi-model BIM collaboration platform based on ontologies
and BCF. The review has shown that the workflow of specific data can be obtained from
the multi-model IDM/MVD methodology to achieve process and user model and their
linkage information.
The review has introduced factors needed to implement better BIM, such as education,
training, and studying BIM technology. In addition, BIM has expanded in scope as the
algorithms were introduced to enhance nD building performance. Utilizing algorithms
in BIM processes improved the process by demonstrating the GA empirical power based
on two real data examples. Furthermore, integrating Dynamo BIM and web service APIs
could improve site assessments in the early design stage, or even earlier.
Despite the advancement of BIM in construction, the need for optimization BIM
processes still represents the core of current and future developments. Recently, researchers
have been working on adopting metaheuristic algorithms to support making decisions in
construction by considering BIM-based applications. These applications include site layout
to identify the size, energy consumption, and possible constraints concerning optimum
cost outcomes. The algorithm’s involvement has successfully enhanced productivity and
safety in the construction process, saving cost and time by creating an intelligent system
to control moving labor and materials. The optimization has shown clear evidence of the
effectiveness of aggregating the necessary information at the right time.
The review presents limitations, especially in considering the potential link of BIM and
Building Management System (BMS), and the level of influencing the BIM-IoT prototype.
It was also revealed that the solution proposed by BIM skills to solve FM management in
the dynamic model is still an unusual scenario because of the limited contribution of the
BIM model in associating BMS environment.
The applications of interface management have been reviewed academically and
practically in the literature, suggesting numerous BIM-based system developments in
which CMI work is based on the filing system. This filing system has shortcomings which,
alternatively, are replaced by proposing a DBCMI system, due to its capability to overcome
the limitations in the other filing system. Employing a DBCMI system relies on establishing
more effective visualization and sharing for BIM-based interface management during the
project construction phase. It effectively helps integrate discourse in the BIM model and
to improve the communication of information. Furthermore, designing API modules
to be used in the DBCMI system simplifies using interface and operations that increase
the willingness of participants to use the system. Despite the advancement of BIM in
construction, the need to optimize BIM processes still represents the core of current and
future developments.
The review presented the need for optimization by extending the contribution of the
various algorithms in this process. Recently, researchers have been working on adopting
metaheuristic algorithms to support deciding on construction by considering BIM-based
applications. These applications include site layout to identify the size, energy consumption,
and possible constraints concerning optimum cost outcomes. The algorithm’s involvement
has successfully shown an enhancement in productivity and safety in the construction
process, which saves cost, time, and the framework of moving labor and materials. The
optimization has shown clear evidence of the effectiveness of aggregating the necessary
information at the right time. It was also revealed that the solution proposed by BIM skills
to solve FM management in the dynamic model is still an unusual scenario because of the
limitation of the BIM model contribution that is associated with the BMS environment.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, N.A.H. (Nawal Abdunasseer Hmidah) and A.B.A.A.;
methodology, N.A.H. (Nuzul Azam Haron); writing—original draft preparation, N.A.H. (Nawal
Abdunasseer Hmidah), writing—review and editing, N.A.H. (Nuzul Azam Haron) supervision
and reviewed the article, N.A.H. (Nuzul Azam Haron) advice and support, A.H.A. and T.H.L. and
R.A.A.R.A.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding. This work was supported and partial funding
by research management center, University Putra Malaysia.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia, for supporting This review paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sustainability 2022, 14, 1869 25 of 29
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