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Cat Forklift Gp30k Service Operation Maintenance Manual
Cat Forklift Gp30k Service Operation Maintenance Manual
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**CAT Forklift GP30K Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual** Size: 26.2 MB
Format: PDF Language: English Brand: CAT Caterpillar Type of Machine: Forklift
Type of Manual: Service Manual, Operation & Maintenance Manual Model: CAT
GP30K Forklift Date: 2016 Content: Main Harness 99719-82130-00 Chassis and
Mast: Foreward 99719-82130-01 Chassis and Mast: General Information
BROUGHTON.
The finest vein of asbestos ever yet worked in Canada was
discovered at Broughton, when the Fraser Mine was first opened and
worked by Dr. Reed; although doubtless the largest, most
continuous, and consequently best paying veins have been found at
Thetford, some of which, it has been stated, were over six inches in
thickness. I confess I have not been fortunate enough to see
anything like this, but I have seen many veins there, the produce of
which was of surprising beauty, and specimens of which I have
before me as I write, which are broad enough and good enough for
any purpose to which the fibre can possibly be put.
It must, however, be borne in mind that the same rule obtains
with many other things as is noted in the vegetable world—namely,
that the largest specimens are not necessarily the best. The broader
veins of asbestos do not, as I have already remarked, yield as a rule
fibre of so fine a quality as those of a medium, or even of a small
size. The length of the fibre, moreover, cannot be determined with
any absolute certainty from the thickness of the vein. On the
contrary, the broader veins are not seldom found to be separated at
right angles to the length of fibre by minute bands of serpentine,
chrome, or magnetite, sometimes even by a separation without any
perceptible layer of rock, the only indication of this being an
irregular, scarcely visible line, readily detected by the expert.[9]
Under the hammer the big veins, in which the separation exists,
are at once divided into two, or it may be into three lengths of fibre;
but if the cotton be pure and clear, this is no very great detriment.
Veins of an inch or an inch and a half extracted from compact rock
seldom have these intersections. The veins, moreover, are extremely
irregular in character, a small vein at the surface frequently
developing into one of considerable size lower down, or breaking off
altogether. This is the special characteristic of the veins in the
Coleraine district—notably at Black Lake—at the mines of the Anglo-
Canadian Company, and at Danville. At Thetford, on the other hand,
where the ground is of a more uniform character, and at a lower
level than at Black Lake, fine veins are frequently met with just
below the surface, which continue for a considerable distance with
very little change.
It will clearly be seen, therefore, that it is not possible properly to
appreciate the value of such a mine as this without inspection and
thorough examination by an expert. Fine specimens can at any time
be obtained, and have before now been exhibited at a distance as
being the produce of some particular mine for which a purchaser
was wanted, when anyone visiting the spot would at once see the
utter impossibility of such having been the case; and even if it were
proved to be true that the specimens exhibited came from the place
indicated, it would be important to know at what depth they were
got, with the nature and general disposition of the mine, as well as
the proportion of superincumbent rock requiring to be removed
before the valuable veins could be worked. Without a knowledge of
this it is self-evident that no practical estimate of expense to be
incurred could possibly be made.
The discovery at Broughton made a great stir at the time; but the
big vein there was to all appearance soon worked out, the supply
thought to be exhausted, and work in consequence discontinued.
That, at any rate, was the view taken by the gentleman who then
worked the mine. About 130 tons, I was told, were got out, which
fetched from $100 to $120 a ton. It would now be worth a much
better price.
The Scottish Asbestos Company have since then purchased this
property, and from the extensive preparations they are making for
work, and the great outlay they are incurring for machinery,
buildings, and plant, it is clear that they do not by any means
coincide in the view above expressed. The stratification at Broughton
is peculiar, and different from anything that is found either in
Thetford or Coleraine. It is quite possible, therefore, that the
Company's advisers may be right, and that the surface deposits will
be found to continue in richness and volume lower down. The
developments at present consist of an open cut 15 to 20 feet deep
by 8 feet wide following the vein and the serpentine reef is laid open
for a length of about 900 feet.
When I last visited Broughton, in the autumn of 1886, I went over
the ground in company with the late Mr. Fraser, who was then
resident on the property, but was unable, from the quantity of water
in the cut, to trace any of the big veins which had previously been
worked. It was evident, however, that in consequence of a sudden
dip downwards considerable expense would have to be incurred, and
much very heavy work done, before the seam could be reached
again. The belt of serpentine here is very narrow, and the veins of
asbestos are closely pressed together. The strike is east and west,
and the dip 30°.
There are prospects here to the north-east, apparently of as
valuable a character as those of the mine already opened. A few
days after my visit, I was shown some fine samples from the surface
work of this place, where the ground had just been stripped, and
these bore the precise characteristics of the fine vein already spoken
of. The Broughton ore has a pale yellowish hue, as distinguished
from the greenish metallic lustre which distinguishes the finer
samples from Thetford. This does not, it must be observed, in any
way deteriorate or injuriously affect the clear whiteness of the fibre
when crushed out, although it at once identifies the locality of its
production. There are, in fact, as I have already mentioned, certain
peculiarities, even of colour, attaching to the ore of each locality of
so marked a character that an expert can at once tell, on inspection,
from what locality it was obtained.
There is great abundance of soapstone (steatite) at Broughton;
much of it of good quality, and some of it is remarkably pure. I
brought away a singular specimen, having all the grain and even the
fibrous markings of asbestos, which was nevertheless pure and
unmistakable unfibred steatite.
At present no use is being made of this material at Broughton, but
at Wolfestown, in the same province, there is a manufactory for its
use, and here slabs of very fine quality can be procured. A workable
bed of very superior quality has been found also at Potton, and there
is another at South Ham, near the antimony mines on the Lake
Nicolet estate. Reduced to powder, the softness and unctuosity of
steatite have caused it to be used, in the same manner as
plumbago, for lubricating purposes, and when finely ground it is
employed for giving a surface to some kinds of paperhangings.
The substance called Venetian or French chalk, used by tailors and
others, is nothing more than steatite. It can be readily cut with a
knife, and is infusible in any ordinary furnace heat.
Slaty varieties, of which there are many, are comparatively
useless.
DANVILLE.
There is a mine at Shipton, about four miles from the village of
Danville, contiguous to the line of the Grand Trunk Railway, which
has been for some time worked by Mr. Jeffery, whose acquaintance I
had the pleasure of making in Montreal, but I much regret that time
did not permit of a visit to this mine, so I can give no details of my
own personal knowledge.
The outcrop of the serpentine here, I am told, is quite limited,
with steep sides till round it. It however contains numerous veins of
asbestos which, though mostly of small size, are of good quality.
Faults are numerous, and these considerably affect the value of the
property, some of the good veins, with a thickness of two inches, for
instance, being cut off completely at a distance of fifty feet from the
surface.
In a pamphlet published at Ottawa, by the Department of
Agriculture of the Dominion Government, I find it stated that the
whole output of this mine has been contracted for the next ten
years. This is said to amount to 100 tons per annum, and its value is
given as $60 per ton.
SOUTH HAM.
This mine, the property of Dr. Reed of Reedsdale, Megantic, is
situate on the Nicolet Estate, in the township of South Ham, 7½
miles from the Garthby Station on the line of the Quebec Central
Railway. It was first described as being situate on Big Island, in the
centre of Lake Nicolet, where the serpentine rocks rise very abruptly
to the height of seventy feet, forming precipitous cliffs on the
western side of the island. Recent exploration, however, has shown
that the main body of asbestos is on the hill-side, and is of such
extent as altogether to eclipse that proved to exist on the island,
which was at first thought to be the chief source of supply.
The mine on the island is not being worked, but has been fully
proved by numerous openings which have been made at the most
promising points, revealing in every case veins of asbestos of
remarkably good quality and in great abundance. These, as
mentioned, are now known to pass under the lake, and can be seen
cropping out in many places on the shore and the hill-side.
The mineral as seen on the island presents many points of
difference from that at Thetford and Coleraine; and in the Geological
Survey of Canada, I find it is stated to consist of four varieties, viz.:
—
1st. Small veins, rarely exceeding half an inch in width, the fibres
not easily separable. This, however, does not detract from its
commercial value.
2nd. Apparently occupying a position at right angles to the veins
above noticed, is a coarse fibrous mineral, resembling rope, and
evidently derived from the associated picrolite. The extreme length
which these fibres may attain could not be determined, but judging
from exposed portions, it cannot be less than three feet.
3rd. Veins somewhat resembling the latter in aspect, but much
finer in texture. The fibre can be separated with great facility, though
firmly attached at one end to the parent rock.
4th. A steatitic asbestos rock, resembling "Mountain leather,"
forming important masses, which enclose small concretionary pellets
of asbestos, the centres of which contain a nucleus of serpentine.
Very little (the report says) has yet been done on the island to
develop these asbestos veins, perhaps owing to the difficulty of
transport across the lake. This, however, would probably be more
than counterbalanced by the magnificent returns which this locality
promises to afford.
Dr. Reed at present is altogether neglecting the asbestos and
devoting his attention to the development of a very promising
antimony mine on the shore of the lake.
Indeed this estate might very justly be termed a typical Canadian
mineral estate, and is, in its way, unique, for comprised within its
2,000 acres, there are found to exist not only rich veins of antimony
and asbestos, and, as was stated in the notice of Broughton,
enormous quantities of soapstone, but there are also immense
deposits of iron, magnetic, chromic, and bog ore, as well as copper
and sulphur. Silver to the value of $4 per ton of ore is found with the
antimony, and reefs of auriferous quartz run through the entire
property, from which a practical miner from Australia, who was
examined before the committee appointed in 1887 by the Dominion
Government to investigate the gold-fields of Canada, stated that he
had taken samples which on assay gave 2½ ozs. gold to the ton.
Nickel also is found on the property, and cobalt.
Everything necessary for the working of those valuable deposits
already exists on the ground—unlimited water supply, and timber for
building and mining purposes, as well as for charcoal for any
furnaces that may presently be erected: sufficient, if judiciously
managed according to the rules of forestry such as obtain in
Germany, Austria, and Russia, to last until a new growth matures. In
regard to transport, the roads are good, and a line of rail connecting
the Grand Trunk with the Intercolonial will touch the property next
summer, and will, it is expected, have a station there just below the
antimony mine. In regard to steatite, the quantity here is so
enormous that an expert (Captain A. M. Evans, of the firm of
Blakemore and Evans, the well-known civil and mining engineers of
Cardiff), who was lately sent by me to report on this property,
speaking of steatite, says, "All I can say is, there are mountains of
it."
This mineral is a more or less pure and compact talc. When pure
and of close hard grain it is used as a refractory for lining furnaces,
especially those designed for anthracite. It is in demand also for gas
burners, not being liable to rust or corrosion, and also for the
construction of small portable furnaces and open stoves. It is used
also in the manufacture of paints. When very strongly heated,
steatite loses the small portion of combined water contained in it,
and then in consequence becomes much harder.
WOLFESTOWN.
The description of the asbestos area of Wolfestown is given by Mr.
Ells. It is situate on the north-east extremity of a serpentine ridge
which extends south-westerly, with many interruptions, from the
road leading from Coleraine Station to Wolfestown, in the vicinity of
Lake Nicolet. It belongs to Mr. John Bell (John Bell & Co., asbestos
manufacturers, London), and considerable sums have been
expended on the property in the way of exploration. The surface
indications are said not to be equal to those at Black Lake, but show
at several points numbers of veins, some of which are from one and
a half to two inches thick.
A very fair showing of workable veins has been exposed on the
upper part of a deep cut, which it is proposed to intersect at a
considerably lower level. Should the same rule of increase which
holds good at Thetford and Coleraine obtain here, there should be
good paying ground exposed when the lower level is driven in past
the cap of barren rock, provided the veins already disclosed are not
cut off by faults, whose presence is noted here as at other points.
The total amount of asbestos taken from the Belmina district Mr.
Ells puts at about twenty-five tons.
Considerable quantities of chromic iron are found on the hills in
this area, which embraces about six hundred acres.
The foregoing are all the Canadian mines now in work, as far as I
have been able to learn, certainly all of any importance. There can
be no doubt, however, that as the demand increases further
explorations will be made, and new mines discovered, as well as that
increased capital will be put in to further develop those already at
work. At the present time the supply scarcely keeps pace with the
demand, and capitalists are beginning to wake up to the importance
of this industry; it having been now conclusively proved that mining
for asbestos, properly conducted, shows a more steady return for
the money invested, with less elements of risk, than mining for any
other known mineral.
I am unable to say, with any degree of exactness, what is the
amount of the aggregate output of the Canadian mines; but I saw it
stated in a local paper that, in 1885, it was under 1,500 tons, and
that in 1886 it had reached 2,000 tons, giving an increase of over
500 tons for the year. This is quite sufficient to show the rapid
strides the business is making, and is probably near about correct,
judging by the rate of progression in the imports to the States, for
instance. The value of manufactured asbestos imported into the
United States from Canada, in 1880, is given in the Government
Returns as under 10,000 dollars. In 1884 it had risen to 48,755
dollars, and it has been increasing yearly ever since. That the
demand is rapidly increasing is unquestionable, not only for the
present articles of manufacture, but for the new purposes to which it
is being daily applied. More capital will, doubtless, soon be put in,
and then new lines, which almost indicate themselves, will prepare
the way for continued success.
As regards the progressive output of crude asbestos at the mines,
since its introduction in 1887, the following may no doubt be taken
as authentic, being extracted from the "Statistical Report on the
Production, Value, Exports, and Imports of Minerals in Canada
during the year 1886 and previous years," by Eugène Coste, M.E.,
published by authority of the Dominion Parliament. In this Report
the production and value is given as follows:—
Value at the
Mines.
Tons. Dollars.
1879 300 19,500
1880 380 24,700
1881 540 35,100
1882 810 52,650
1883 955 68,750
1884 1,141 75,079
1885 2,440 142,441
1886 3,458 206,251
The mode of extraction in all Canadian asbestos mines is by open
quarry work. Whether the drills are worked by compressed air, or by
hand in the old-fashioned way, the effect is the same. When a
sufficient number of holes of the proper depth are drilled and duly
charged with dynamite or powder, they are linked together, and fired
by a battery in such a way that the face of rock shall be thrown
outward on to the floor of the pit. The asbestos is then picked out,
the adhering rock roughly broken off, and the ore piled into boxes or
tubs, which are loaded on to trolleys, and run off on tram-lines to
the cobbing-sheds. The refuse rock, of which there is always an
enormous quantity (probably as much as twenty tons of rock to one
ton of asbestos), is loaded into cars, run off and shot over on to the
dumping-ground.
Boys are employed in the cobbing-sheds to chip, or cob, the rock
cleanly from the ore, an operation which is much more troublesome
with thin veins than with those of the better sort to which, as I have
already said, the waste rock is less firmly adherent. This cobbing is a
very troublesome and expensive process, costing about 5 dollars a
ton. After cobbing, great care is required in sorting the ore into the
respective grades of Nos. 1, 2, and 3. It is then put up in bags of
about 160 lbs. each, marked, and stacked away in the bins ready for
shipment. All this is done in a very rough and ready style, and the
waste is simply enormous: there is no doubt, however, that as the
ore increases in value more scientific appliances will be adopted with
good results. At present thousands of tons of rock containing only
thin veins of asbestos are dumped on the refuse heaps as waste
which would all be crushed if a proper machine were at hand, and
the valuable material saved.
In the cobbed state ready for market the ore is worth at the mines
at the present time from 50 dollars to 55 dollars for No. 2, and from
80 dollars to 100 dollars for No. 1. It is evident, therefore, on a
comparison of the cost of extraction with the price realised for the
raw material, that there is ample margin for good profit.
Wages run from 1 dollar to 1 dollar 75 cents a day, according to
the nature of the work performed, for men, and from 50 cents to 1
dollar for lads and cobbers. The comparison of the cost of
production, therefore, with the value of the raw material, shows a
very large margin of profit.
There is no scarcity of labour, a sufficient number of hands, mostly
French-Canadians, being always forthcoming; but at those mines
where there is an insufficiency of houses for married men,
accommodation has to be found in the barrack-like building for
single men; the married men, who cannot be accommodated,
residing frequently at a long distance from their work, which causes
them to be of a migratory disposition, and gives considerable
additional trouble to the management.
A disadvantage in the employment of French-Canadian labour lies
in the great number of festivals incident to their religion, with
consequent loss of work at the mines, but apparently there is no
remedy for this at present. The greatest curse of the place, however,
is gin. Although the district is under the Scott Act, and the sale of
liquor consequently prohibited, like every other place where the sale
is interdicted there is no difficulty, if you know how to go about it,
sometimes even if you don't, in getting as much as you please. At
any rate I never yet was in any such place where I did not find it to
be so.
Here is an instance: On one occasion I had been out driving in the
pouring rain for several hours, had got drenched to the skin, and
was bitterly cold. I pulled up, therefore, at a likely-looking house,
went in and called for some brandy, but to my disgust was told no
liquors could be supplied, as it was against the law. As I turned to go
out again, in no very cheerful mood, the man, seeing the state I was
in, evidently took compassion on me, and said, "Better try some
bitters;" so calling to mind the old saying that all bitters are warm
barring a bitter cold day, which only proves the rule, I assented. He
then pushed over a tumbler and a black bottle, when I at once
poured out and swallowed a pretty strong dose, feeling when I had
done so as if I had swallowed a streak of forked lightning. As soon
as I had recovered my breath I muttered my thanks and paid up.
"Have another?" says he, with a twinkle in his eye. "No, thanks;" I
replied. "Guess you'll remember our bitters," he then laughingly said,
prefixing the name of the place, which I afterwards found was in a
district where prohibition was very strictly enforced, and which I
therefore purposely omit, his breach of the law having no doubt
saved me from the dangerous effects of a chill.
The hip pockets in the men's pants form very convenient
receptacles for the bottles, and are always pretty well filled after pay
days and holidays. The liquor most in favour is a vile compound
called gin. It is supplied in the regular square Dutch bottles from the
familiar green-painted boxes in which "Hollands" is exported, and
which are labelled "De Kuyper;" but the vile stuff is not much credit
to that gentleman's manufacture if it be so, which is much to be
doubted.
FOOTNOTES: