12 Polsci23 24 sp01

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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 01 (2023-24)
Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours
General Instructions:
1. The question paper consists of five sections (A, B, C, D and E) with 30 questions in total.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
4. Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50-60 words each.
5. Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100-120 words each. There is
an internal choice in two of the 4 marks questions
6. Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
7. Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170-180 words.
8. There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.
SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

1. Arrange the following in chronological order-
i. 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers meet in Washington, D.C
ii. Signing of the Atlantic Charter
iii. 189 member countries in IMF
iv. Lebanon crisis
a) iii, i, ii, i
b) iv, iii, ii, i
c) ii, i, iv, iii
d) iii, iv, i, ii
2. Which project was allotted a huge amount in the first five-year plan?
a) Both Narmada and Bhakra Nangal project
b) Bhakra Nangal project
c) Narmada project
d) Ganga river dam project
3. When did Hindu Mahasabha come into existence?
a) 1924
b) 1914
c) 1885
d) 1915
4. A section of big industrialists got together in 1944 and drafted a joint proposal for setting up a planned economy in the
country. It was called ________.
a) Bombay plan
b) Constituent assembly
c) Drafting committee
d) Planning commission
5. Match List I with List II regarding globalization in ancient times and the modern era.
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List-1 List-2
(a) Writing books and visiting countries (i) MNCs investing in various industrial and infrastructure
physically projects
(b) Humans and animals transport commodities (ii) Pandemic

(c) Foreign invaders stayed and built monuments (iii) Connecting through telecommunication and Social Media
(d) Epidemic (iv) Cargo, ships and trains

a) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
b) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
c) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
d) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
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6. Assertion (A): Princely states covered one-third of the land area of the British Indian Empire.
Reason (R): Some of the princely states clearly wanted to become part of the Indian Union.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
7. After second World War, the world was divided into the blocks of
a) USA and USSR
b) Japan and Korea
c) USSR and China
d) USA and UK
8. Which among the following political party was not a part of the grand alliance of 5th general elections?
a) Communist Party of India
b) Bharatiya Jana Sangh
c) Swantantra Party
d) Bharatiya Kranti Dal
9. Which of the following dictated the ideas of the foreign policy of India?
a) International Organization
b) Unipolar world
c) National Interest
d) Bipolar World
10. Assertion (A): Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Soviet Union.
Reason (R): The USA became only the powerful country in the world.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
11. In which year agreement took place between Sheikh Abdullah and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi?
a) 1980
b) 1976
c) 1970
d) 1974

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12. In East Pakistan, the popular struggle against West Pakistan domination was led by
a) Sheikh Mujib Ali Rahman
b) Sheikh Mujib Mohammed
c) General Yahya Khan
d) Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman
SECTION- B (12 MARKS)
13. List any three new sources of threats to security.
14. Write a short note on BAMCEF.
15. Who are indigenous people? What institutions do they follow?
16. Mention any two problems which were faced by the Government of Indira Gandhi during 1969 - 1971.
17. State any four events that are responsible for the strained relations between India and China.
18. How did the Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967?
SECTION-C (20 MARKS)
19. What is meant by traditional notion of external security? Describe any two components of this type of security.
20. Justify India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the UN Security Council on any four grounds.
21. ‘Global commons have not only common, but differentiated responsibilities’? Do you agree with this view? Why?
OR
"States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment" Analyse the statement giving suitable
examples.
22. ‘A militant group issued a statement threatening college girls who wear western clothes’. Analyse.
OR
Mention any four political consequences of globalisation.

23. Why did the movement for secession in the Mizo hills area gain popular support? How was the problem resolved?
SECTION-D (12 MARKS)
24. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Just before Independence, it was announced by the British that with the end of their rule over India, the paramountcy of
the British crown over the Princely States would also lapse. This meant that all these states, as many as 565 in all, would
become legally independent. The British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or
Pakistan or remain independent if they so wished. This decision was left not to the people but to the princely rulers of
these states. This was a very serious problem and could threaten the very existence of a united India. The problems
started very soon. First of all, the ruler of Travancore announced that the state had decided on Independence. The Nizam
of Hyderabad made a similar announcement the next day. Rulers like the Nawab of Bhopal were averse to joining the
Constituent Assembly.
i. How many princely states were there in India at the time of independence?
a) 565
b) 436
c) 665
d) 336
ii. What was the ruler of Hyderabad was popularly referred to as?
a) Iron Man
b) Nizam
c) Maharaja
d) Tipu
iii. What were not the choices given to the princely states by the British?

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a) All of these
b) Free to join Pakistan
c) Free to join India
d) Free to remain independent
iv. Which of the following were the largest princely states of India?
a) Manipur
b) Junagarh
c) Hyderabad
d) Kashmir
25. In the given political outline map of India, four States have been marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify these States
on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book along with the respective
serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets given in the map as per the following format:
Serial number of the information used Concerned alphabet in the map Name of the State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
i. The State with the largest number of seats in its Legislative Assembly.
ii. The State to which the first Indian Governor General (1948 - 1950) belonged.
iii. The State where the Congress Party did not get majority in 1967 Assembly polls, but formed a government with the
help of others.
iv. The region which is a Union Territory now.

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26. See the cartoons given below and answer the questions that follow:
i. Interpret the role of two key players who are also interested in the region.
ii. Is there any commonality between their perspectives?
SECTION-E (24 MARKS)
27. Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate?
OR
Explain six factors which helped Soviet Union becoming superpower after Second World War.
28. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the
statement? Substantiate your arguments.
OR
Explain the role of the European Union as a supranational organisation.

29. “The end of Eighties of the 20th century witnessed developments which made a long lasting impact on Indian parities”.
Assess any five such developments,
OR
Highlight any three factors that you think are responsible for the victory of National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in 2019
election continuously for the second time.
30. Highlight any three lessons learnt from the Emergency imposed in 1975.
OR
The 1977 elections for the first time saw the Opposition coming into power at the Centre. What would you consider as
the reasons for this development?

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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 01 (2023-24)
Solution
SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

1. (c) ii, i, iv, iii
Explanation: ii. 1941 August: Signing of the Atlantic Charter
i. 1942 January: 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers meet in Washington, D.C:
iv. Lebanon crisis in 2006
iii. 189 member countries in IMF as on 12 April 2016
2. (b) Bhakra Nangal project
Explanation: Bhakra Nangal project
3. (d) 1915
Explanation: Established in 1915, the Mahasabha was known previously as the Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha. In April
1925 the Sarvadeshak (all India) Hindu Mahasabha was formally established and all the regional organisations brought
under it. In April 1921 it changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. It aimed to unite Hindu society by
encouraging the Hindus to transcend the divisions of caste and sect. It sought to define Hindu identity in opposition to
Muslim identity. The founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, was the leader of Hindu
Mahasabha. The lineage of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh can be traced back to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and
the Hindu Mahasabha before Independence.
4. (a) Bombay plan
Explanation: Bombay plan
5. (d) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
Explanation: (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
6. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
7. (a) USA and USSR
Explanation: USA and USSR
8. (a) Communist Party of India
Explanation: Grand Alliance was an electoral alliance formed by all the major non-Communist, non-Congress
opposition parties. The parties were SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swantantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal. The
CPI was an alliance of Indira Gandhi's Congress.
9. (c) National Interest
Explanation: Foreign policy is always dictated by ideas of National Interest. Though Russia it continues to be an
important friend of India in the period after 1990 has lost its global pre-eminence. Therefore, India's foreign policy has
shifted to a more pro-US strategy.
10. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
11. (d) 1974
Explanation: In 1974 Indira Gandhi reached an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah and he became the Chief Minister of
the State. He revived the National Conference which was elected with a majority in the assembly elections held in 1977.

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Sheikh Abdullah died in 1982 and the leadership of the National Conference went to his son, Farooq Abdullah, who
became the Chief Minister.
12. (d) Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman
Explanation: Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman
SECTION- B (12 MARKS)
13. The three new sources of threats to security are :
i. Health epidemics: Such as HIV- AIDS, bird flu and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) have rapidly
spread across countries through migration, business, tourism, and military operations. One country’s failure or
success in limiting the spread of these diseases affects infections in other countries
ii. Terrorism: It refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
iii. Global poverty: Poverty in the South has also led to large-scale migration to seek a better life, especially better
economic opportunities, in the North. This has created international political frictions.
14. i. BAMCEF or the Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation was formed in 1978.
ii. It was founded in 1978 to enlist the aid of the comparatively well-educated among the Other Backward Classes,
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and other communities of India who suffer discrimination and
humiliation on the basis of the privilege by 'birth'.
iii. It took a strong position in favour of political power to the ‘Bahujan - SCs, STs, OBCs and the other backward
minorities’.
iv. The origins of BAMCEF organization was for employees of the suppressed communities that was established in 1978
by Kanshi Ram.
15. The Indigenous people are inheritors and practitioners of unique cultures and ways of relating to people and the
environment. The UN defines it as comprising the descendants of peoples who inhabited the present territory of a
country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and
overcame them. The indigenous populations follow the 'World Council of Indigenous People'.
16. Two problems faced by Indira Gandhi government during 1969-1971 were as:
i. The factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open in 1969 when after the death of
President Zakir Hussain's, the post of President of India fell vacant that year. The Presidential candidate was to be
elected.
ii. Various non-congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties.
17. Events that are responsible for the strained relations between India and China were as:
i. The annexation of Tibet by China.
ii. Political Asylum given to Dalai Lama by India.
iii. The border dispute between India and China.
iv. The Chinese invasion, 1962.
18. The Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to following reasons:
i. The Congress was already well-organised party and by the time other parties could think of a strategy, the Congress
had already started its campaign.
ii. Congress had the 'first off the blocks' advantage.
iii. Congress had an organisational network down to the local levels.
iv. Most importantly, as the Congress was till recently a national movement, its nature was all-inclusive.
SECTION-C (20 MARKS)
19. Traditional notion of external security means the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The very origin of
this kind of insecurity is another nation, which by threatening the military action perils the core values of sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity. Military action also endangers the lives of ordinary citizens.
The two components are :

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i. Balance of power: Not every country is equal in terms of power. When other countries are looked around, it can be
judged easily that who is a threat for our nation in the coming future. Some nations are bigger and stronger in
comparison to others. The governments have to be very careful regarding the balance of power between nations, as at
some point of time in future any government can opt to be aggressive.
ii. Deterrence: It is concerned with the prevention of war. It is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking
an action which is not yet started.
20. India’s candidature for the permanent membership of the UN Security Council was as:
i. India is a big nation in terms of its population: India is the second-most populous country in the world comprising
almost one-fifth of the world population.
ii. India respects democracy and human rights: India is also the world's largest democracy and has virtually all of the
initiatives of the UN.
iii. India is a major economic power.
iv. India is a major military power.
21. Yes, I agree with this statement. There is a difference in approach by both North and South regarding ecological
conservation.
Following are the reasons :
i. The developed countries of global North want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
ii. Developing countries of global South state that maximum amount of degradation is because of the industrial
development done by global North.
iii. The developing countries feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial
development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused more degradation, they must also take more
responsibility for undoing the damage now
iv. Moreover, developing countries are in process of industrialization and they must not be subjected to the same
restrictions. They must be taken into account in the development application and interpretation of rules of
international environmental law. This argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992 and
is called ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’.
v. The 1992 United National Framework Conversation on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also provides that the parties
should act to protect the climate system “on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but
differentiated responsibilities.”
vi. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse
gas emissions.
The concept of common and differentiated responsibilities was emphasised upon in 'Rio Declaration at the Earth
Summit' in the year 1992.
OR
India believes in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and therefore is of the view that the
major responsibility of curbing emission rest with the developed countries, which have accumulated emissions
over a long period of time.
India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small fraction of that of
the developed nations on the basis of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, India is of the
opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to curb this problem as they have accumulated
emission over a broad period of time.
At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of the developing countries
are a tiny fraction of those in the developed world.
A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997.
There had been no meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional environmentally-sound

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technology on friendly terms to developing countries, to enable them to meet their commitments under UNFCCC.
India's international negotiation position relies heavily on principles of historical responsibility, as enshrined in
UNFCCC.
India wants that SAARC countries should adopt a common position of major global environmental issues, so that
region voice carries greater weight.
Thus, it can be concluded that states have common but differentiated responsibilities towards the environment.
22. The cultural effects of globalisation lead to the fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. ‘A militant
group issued a statement threatening college girls who wear western clothes’ this statement refers to the cultural
implications of globalisation in the form of fear of a defence group about the imposition of western culture to lead a
shrinkage of rich cultural heritage. Such kind of globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture or cultural
homogenisation. Thus, the culture of the politically and economically, dominant society leaves its imprint on a less
powerful society. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity, for it leads to the
shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.
OR
Political consequences are positive and negative both as:

Negative Aspects:
i. Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is the ability of government to do what they do.
ii. The old welfare state is now giving way to more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as
maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.
iii. Sometimes state withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well being.
iv. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes prime determinant of social and economic priorities.
v. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of
governments to take decisions on their own.
Positive Aspects:
i. The primary function of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political community.
ii. To some extent developing countries have received a boost to become more powerful and strong.
iii. The state continues to discharge its essential function (law and order, national security). Hence, states continue to be
important.
23. i. In 1959 a great famine struck in Mizo hills. Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India and,
therefore, did not belong to the Indian Union. The movement for succession gained popular support only after the
Assam Government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. The Mizo's anger led to
the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga.
ii. After a long struggle, a peace agreement, signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. As per this accord, Mizoram
was granted full-fledged statehood with special powers and MNF agreed to give up the secessionist struggle. This
accord proved a turning point in the history of Mizoram. Today, Mizoram is one of the most peaceful places in the
region and has taken big strides in literacy and development.
SECTION-D (12 MARKS)
24. i. (a) 565
Explanation: 565
ii. (b) Nizam
Explanation: Nizam
iii. (a) All of these
Explanation: All of these
iv. (c) Hyderabad
Explanation: Hyderabad

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Serial number of the

Concerned alphabet in the map Name of the State
25. information used
(i) D Uttar Pradesh
(ii) A Tamil Nadu/ Madras State
(iii) B Rajasthan
(iv) C Jammu & Kashmir
26. i. China and USA are the two key players in the region. Sino-Indian relations have improved significantly over the last
ten years. As shown in the cartoon (I), two leaders from India and China are exchanging agreements regarding trade
commerce and economy. It is being resented by Pakistan who wants China to stick to ‘core’ issues (i.e. border issue)
with India.
ii. The second cartoon shows the role of the USA in the South Asian region. The US has good relations with both India
and Pakistan and therefore works as a moderator in India-Pakistan relations. In the cartoon, the US has been shown
as a referee in a tennis match between India and Pakistan.
Both China and the USA want to have economic ties i.e. trade and commerce in the region in this age of
liberalisation and globalisation.
SECTION-E (24 MARKS)
27. The causes for the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 were as given below:
i. Economic stagnation: The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal
and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system. This led to huge
expenditure and economic stagnation.
ii. Knowledge about the advance of the West: The citizens became more knowledgeable about the economic advance
of the West. They came to know about the disparities between their system and the system of the West.
iii. Stagnation in administration and political sphere: The Communist Party had ruled the Soviet Union for 70 years
but was not accountable to the people. The administration was bureaucratic and authoritarian. There was no place for
dissent. There was too much corruption. There was no system to correct mistakes. Party leaders enjoyed more
privileges than ordinary citizens.
OR
The following six factors helped the Soviet Union becoming superpower after the Second World War are as follows:
i. After the Second World War, the east European countries that the Soviet army had liberated from the fascist forces
came under the control of the USSR.
ii. The political and economic systems of all these countries were modeled after the USSR and collectively were called
the second world. This group of countries was called the Second World or the 'socialist bloc'.
iii. The Warsaw Pact, a military alliance, held them together. The USSR was the leader of the bloc.
iv. The Soviet Union became great power after the Second World War because its economy was more developed than
the rest of the world except for the US.
v. It had a complex communications network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel, machinery production
and a transport sector that connects its remotest areas with efficiency.
vi. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars, though their quality did not match
that of the Western capitalist countries.
28. It is a fact that the emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. China’s
economic success since 1978 has made it great power. China has been the fastest growing economy since the reforms
first began there. It is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. It has enormous influence in
regional affairs. The strength of its economy, together with other factors such as population, land mass, resources,

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regional location, and political influence makes it a powerful country.
Similarly, India had adopted the policy of liberalisation and globalisation. It has made tremendous progress. India along
with China views itself as rising powers in global politics and can challenge the unipolar world. If India and China are
able to lead a coalition of countries, this coalition would more powerful and may succeed in their aim.
OR
The role of the European Union as a supranational organisation is as given below:

i. The European Union is able to intervene in economic, political and social areas. The EU is the world’s biggest
economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005.
ii. It functions as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as the World Trade Organisation.
iii. Its two members - France and Britain - are permanent members of the UN Security Council. Some of its members are
non-permanent members of the UN Security Council. This has enabled the European Union to influence US policies
such as the current US position on Iran’s nuclear programme.
However, there are differences too among its members. For example, in the case of Iraq’s invasion, some members
supported the US-led ‘coalition of the willing’ but Germany and France opposed American policy. Denmark and Sweden
resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the Euro. This limits the ability of the Union to act in matters of
foreign relations and defence.
29. The end of the eighties of the 20th century witnessed five major developments which had a lasting impact on Indian
politics which are as follows:
a. End of Congress system: The end of Congress system means the dominance of Congress for two decades. But the
most important event was the defeat of Congress party in the 1989's elections when the party had won only 197 seats,
which was very low in comparison to 1984 elections where the party won 415 seats. Congress boosted up its
performance and finally, it came back into power in 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi's assassination. But the elections of
1989 marked the end of what political scientists have called the 'Congress system'. Congress remained a major party
but it lost its dominance as it enjoyed earlier in the party system.
b. Mandal issue: The Mandal issue started with the National Front Government's decision to implement the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission in 1990. The recommendation was that 27 percent of job in the Central
Government should be reserved for other backward classes' candidates only. Hence, it brought widespread agitation
and anger and frustration. This conflict between supporters and opponents of OBC and Dalits, etc., the reservation
was popularly called the 'Mandal issue'. It played a crucial role in shaping Indian politics since 1989.
c. New economic reforms: The new economic reforms were announced as the structural adjustment programme. These
reforms were initiated by Rajiv Gandhi, but these were more visible in Narasimha Rao's Governance in the year of
1991. These reforms faced much criticism, but the upcoming governments have continued to follow these reforms.
d. Ayodhya Issue: The Ayodhya Issue was started with the demolition of the Babri Masjid in December 1992. This
incident led to violence and many questions were raised about the nature of Indian Nationalism and secularism. This
issue exemplified, cleared and provoked various changes in the politics of the country and guided the rise of the BJP
and the Hindutva Policy.
e. The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: There was a change in leadership due to the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in
May 1991. He was assassinated during his election campaign at Tamil Nadu by a Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the
LTTE. Although the death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narasimha Rao as the Prime Minister of India,
the elections of 1991 witnessed the Congress Party emerging as the largest single party ever in India.
OR
The following are the reasons for the NDA's continued victory in the 2019 election for a second term:
i. Women Support: The NDA gained women's support by implementing initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat
Mission, the distribution of LPG cylinders through the Ujwala Yojana, and the abolition of the evil practice of triple

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talaq.
ii. Working at the Grassroot level: Free ration distribution, increased NREGA allocations, cash assistance to women
Jan Dhan account holders, credit guarantee scheme for MSMEs, and loan repayment moratorium during the first
wave of COVID.
iii. Weak Opposition: To compete with the NDA, the opposition parties lacked a strong leader and better agendas.
Many political parties are mired in dynastic succession, resulting in a weak opposition.
30. Lesson learnt from the Emergency imposed in 1975:
Democracy as an inevitable identity of the country: Some observers think India ceased to be democratic during
the Emergency, but it must be noticed that normal democratic functioning resumed shortly. Thus, one lesson of
Emergency is that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.
Ambiguities of Emergency: The imposition of emergency brought out some ambiguities regarding the
Emergency provision in the Constitution. These were rectified later to avoid further aberration. Now, an ‘internal’
Emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’ and it is necessary that the advice to the
President to proclaim an Emergency must be given in writing by the Union Cabinet.
Mass awareness of civil liberties: The Emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The
Courts too, have taken an active role after the Emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals. This
is a response to the inability of the judiciary to protect civil liberties effectively during the emergency. Many civil
liberties organisations came up after this experience.
OR
The 1977 elections were evolved as a shock to everyone as Congress party was defeated for the very first time and
opposition party came into power. The following were the reasons for this development:
i. The opposition fought the election on the slogan ‘Save democracy’ against the imposition of emergency earlier.
ii. The Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the Emergency. Its campaign was focused on the non-
democratic character of the rule and on the various excesses that took place during an emergency.
iii. In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press, the public opinion was against the
Congress. Jayaprakash Narayan became the popular symbol of restoration of democracy.
iv. The formation of the Janata Party also ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided.
v. The middle castes form north India were beginning to move away from Congress and the Janata Party became a
platform for many of these sections to come together.
Hence, elections of 1977 were not merely about emergency only.

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Class 12 - Political Science

SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

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(b) Humans and animals transport commodities (ii) Pandemic

(d) Epidemic (iv) Cargo, ships and trains

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Mention any four political consequences of globalisation.

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Explain the role of the European Union as a supranational organisation.

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Class 12 - Political Science

SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

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Political consequences are positive and negative both as:

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Serial number of the

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The role of the European Union as a supranational organisation is as given below:

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