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Module 1: The Endocrine System: Learning Objectives
Module 1: The Endocrine System: Learning Objectives
The hypothalamus is part of the brain that controls many body functions. It is a
critical integrator centre, receiving many signals and ensuring appropriate outputs
to maintain body homeostasis. The hypothalamus is considered to be an endocrine
gland, as it produces neurohormones. The hypothalamus is anatomically connected
to the pituitary gland, and importantly regulates the hormonal output from this other
key endocrine gland.
Learning objectives
Explain why the hypothalamus is both a neural tissue and an endocrine gland.
Neurohormones
The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain. It is part of the central
nervous system. On the diagram below it can be seen as an emerald colour. It is
connected to the pituitary gland beneath the brain by what is known as the
infundibulum or pituitary stalk. Also there are two main parts to the pituitary gland:
the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Image source: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland. Access for free at
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction
Image source: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland. By Oldblueday, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
Whilst you are not expected to remember each of the nuclei, what is important to
appreciate is that there are a concentration of neurons in the hypothalamic nuclei. If
we use the technique of Immunohistochemistry to label a specific neurohormone
(e.g. oxytocin in the figure below), we can observe both the nuclei (clusters of
brown spots) and nerve tracts (faint brown lines). Oxytocin neurons have their cell
bodies in both the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
The paraventricular nucleus can be found on both sides of the third ventricle
existing in the midline, whilst the supraoptic nucleus exists above the optic chiasm
at the base of the brain.
Image source: Oxytocin staining in the rat hypothalamus. Courtesy Jonathan Curlewis.
The hypothalamic neurons that produce oxytocin have axons that extend down the
infundibulum to the posterior pituitary gland (see figure below), as well as other
regions of the brain. Oxytocin is synthesised in the hypothalamus (paraventricular
and supraoptic nuclei), transported down the axons in vesicles, before being
released as a neurohormone into circulation at the posterior pituitary gland, in the
capillary plexus. We shall revisit oxytocin as a posterior pituitary neurohormone later
in this module.
Image source: 'Posterior Pituitary Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH
into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland', modified. Access for free at
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology
Watch the video below to gain insight into the role of the hypothalamus as
an important integration centre.
regulates behaviour. So it
regulates various sorts of
behaviours, reproductive
0:00 / 6:01 1.0x behaviour, feeding behaviour
and other