refused to pay the balance of its account with IBASPI.

"On June 24, 1998, IBASPI filed a complaint against API, with the Regional Trial Court of
Pasay City, for the collection of its account, including a 10% broker?s fee, praying that, after
due proceedings, judgment be rendered in its favor as follows:

?WHEREFORE, [respondent] respectfully prays of this Honorable Court to render

judgment:

1) Ordering the [petitioner] to pay the [respondent] the sum of US$59,798.22

x x x or its equivalent in legal tender with interest at the legal rate from May
1997 until full payment;

2) Ordering the [petitioner] to pay the [respondent] further sum of

US$6,513.00 or its equivalent in legal tender as intermediary?s commission;

3) Ordering the [petitioner] to pay the [respondent] another sum of

US$13,026.00 or its equivalent in legal tender as actual damages in the form
of attorney?s fees;

4) Ordering the [petitioner] to pay the [respondent] expenses of litigation as

can be proved;

5) Ordering the [petitioner] to pay the costs of the suit; and,

6) [Respondent] prays for such further or other relief as may be deemed just
or equitable.?

"The [respondent] appended to its complaint the ?Receipt/Agreement? executed by the

[petitioner], on March 20, 1998. In its ?Unverified Answer?, API alleged, inter alia, by way of
?Affirmative Allegations?, that:

?8. In support of the foregoing denials and by way of affirmative allegations,

[petitioner] states:

?9. On 6 November 1997, we received a letter from [respondent] demanding

payment of $65,131.00 allegedly for the ferry flight services rendered by Universal
and brokered by [respondent].

?10. On 1 December 1997 and 12 January 1998, we sent letters to [respondent]

acknowledging receipt of their demand letter[.] However, we mentioned in the letters
that we needed time to process the documents submitted by [respondent] to support
their claim.

?11. APC made it very clear that if an obligation on the part of [petitioner] is proven to
exist, [petitioner] would be more than willing to settle the obligation.

?12. In fact, as mentioned in the complaint, [petitioner] made a payment of

P200,000.00 to cover claims which [petitioner] did not contest; [petitioner] opted not
to settle the balance of the claim pending verification of the submitted supporting
documents.

?13. [Petitioner] verbally requested [respondent] to further substantiate its claim by

sending their accountants to the offices of APC[.]
 ?14. [Respondent] did not heed this request; thus, APC could not release any other
amounts to cover the claim of [respondent.]

?15. The documents sent by [respondent] were not accompanied by any explanation
and were merely a loose collection of statements from various companies[.]

?16. Thus, [petitioner] was surprised when [respondent] filed the instant complaint[,]
for[,] as far as the former [was] concerned[,] the accounting of the claim was nowhere
near definite nor clear[.]?

"On November 17, 1998, the Court issued a ?Pre-Trial Notice? setting the pre-trial
conference on December 7, 1998, at 8:30 x x x in the morning, requiring the parties to file
their respective ?Pre-Trial Brief? at least two (2) days before the scheduled pre-trial. The
[respondent] did file its ?Pre-Trial Brief?[,] but the [petitioner] did not. During the pre-trial, on
December 7, 1998, Atty. Manolito Manalo, counsel of the [petitioner], appeared[,] but without
any ?Special Power of Attorney? from the [petitioner]. The Court granted the [petitioner] a
period of ten (10) days, from said date, within which to file its ?Pre-Trial Brief? and ?Special
Power of Attorney? executed by the [petitioner] in favor of its counsel. In the meantime, the
pre-trial was reset to January 11, 1999 at the same time. However, the [petitioner] failed to file
its ?Pre-Trial Brief?. On January 11, 1999, at 9:20 x x x in the morning, the [petitioner] filed
an ?Urgent Ex-Parte Motion for Extension of Time to File Pre-Trial Brief and For
Resetting of Pre-Trial Conference?, with a plea to the Branch Clerk of Court to submit the
said motion for consideration of the Court immediately upon receipt thereof. When the case
was called for pre-trial, there was no appearance for the [petitioner] and its counsel. The Court
issued an Order denying the motion of the [petitioner] and allowing the [respondent] to adduce
its evidence, ex parte, before the Branch Clerk of Court, who was designated, as
Commissioner, to receive the evidence of the [respondent], ex parte. On January 13, 1999,
the [petitioner] filed with the Court another ?Urgent Ex-Parte Motion for Extension of Time
to File Pre-Trial Brief and for Resetting of Pre-Trial Conference?. On January 15, 1999,
the [petitioner] filed a ?Motion for Reconsideration? of the Order of the Court, dated
January 11, 1999. The [petitioner] appended to its motion the ?Affidavit? of Atty. Manolito
Manalo, its counsel, stating the reason for his failure to appear at the pre-trial conference on
January 11, 1999. On January 22, 1999, the Court issued an Order denying the ?Motion for
Reconsideration? of the [petitioner]. On January 25, 1999, the [respondent] did adduce
testimonial and documentary evidence in support of its complaint.

"Among the documentary evidence adduced by the [respondent] were the xerox copy of the ?
Certification? of Captain Alex Villacampa, and the ?Memorandum? of Rodolfo Estrellado.

"On April 7, 1999, the Court rendered judgment in favor of the [respondent] and against the
[petitioner], the decretal portion of which reads as follows:

?WHEREFORE, IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING uncontroverted and substantiated

evidences of the [respondent], judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the
[respondent] and against the [petitioner] ordering the latter to pay the former the
following:

1. the amount of US59,798.22 dollars or its equivalent in legal tender plus

interest at the legal rate from May, 1997 until fully paid;

2. the amount of US6,513.00 or its equivalent as intermediary?s commission;

3. [P]50,000.00 as and for attorney?s fees; and,

Costs of suit.
 ?SO ORDERED.?

"The [petitioner] filed a ?Motion for New Trial? on the grounds that: (a) it was deprived of its
day in court due to the gross negligence of its former counsel, Atty. Manolito A. Manalo; (b)
the ?Receipt/Agreement? executed by Atty. Manolito A. Manalo, in behalf of the [petitioner],
was unauthorized as there was no ?Resolution? of the Board of Directors authorizing him to
execute said ?Receipt/Agreement? and, hence, said counsel acted beyond the scope of his
authority; (c) the claim of IBASPI was excessive and unjustified; [and] (d) the [petitioner] never
agreed to pay the [respondent] a commission of 10% of the billings of UWAI.

"On July 26, 1999, the Court issued a ?Resolution? denying the ?Motion for New Trial? of
the [petitioner]. The latter forthwith interposed its appeal, from said Decision and Resolution of
the Court a quo."5

Ruling of the Court of Appeals

Affirming the Decision of the lower court with some modification, the CA ruled that under the Rules of
Civil Procedure, petitioner could not avail itself of a new trial, because its former counsel was guilty of
only simple -- not gross -- negligence. In addition, petitioner, being equally negligent as its counsel,
could notbe relieved from the effects of its negligence. Thus, it was held liable for US$59,798.22 and
attorney?s fees, but not for the 10 percent commission or broker?s fee, for which the requisite
quantum of evidence in its favor had not been mustered by respondent.

Hence this Petition.6

The Issues

Petitioner submits the following issues for our consideration:

"1. Whether or not the Honorable Court of Appeals ruled in accordance with prevailing laws
and jurisprudence when it upheld the ruling of the Honorable Trial Court denying the Motion
for New Trial dated April 27, 1999 despite the fact that the gross negligence, incompetence
and dishonesty of Petitioner APC?s former counsel, Atty. Manolito A. Manalo, have effectively
denied Petitioner APC of its day in court.

"2. Whether or not the Honorable Court of Appeals ruled in accordance with prevailing laws
and jurisprudence when it took cognizance of and/or gave credence to the ?Memorandum? of
Rodolfo Estrellado, and the ?Billings? of Universal Weather as well as the documents/receipts
in support thereof despite the fact that they are clearly hearsay and have no probative value
considering that Luisito Nazareno, the lone witness of Respondent IBAS, had no personal
knowledge of the contents and/or factual bases thereof and failed to properly authenticate
and/or identify the same.

"3. Whether or not the Honorable Court of Appeals ruled in accordance with prevailing laws
and jurisprudence when it took cognizance of and/or gave credence to the Receipt/Agreement
dated March 20, 1998 despite the fact that Atty. Manolito A. Manalo was not authorized to
execute [the] same for and [in] behalf of Petitioner APC.

"4. Whether or not the Honorable Court of Appeals ruled in accordance with prevailing laws
and jurisprudence when it upheld the ruling of the Honorable Trial Court that Petitioner APC is
liable to pay and/or reimburse Respondent IBAS for the payments allegedly made by the latter
to Universal Weather despite the fact that the claims submitted by Universal Weather and/or
Respondent IBAS were patently baseless and/or unsubstantiated.

"5. Whether or not the Honorable Court of Appeals ruled in accordance with prevailing laws
and jurisprudence when it upheld the ruling of the Honorable Trial Court that Respondent
 IBAS is entitled to legal interest and attorney?s fees despite the fact that it has failed to
establish its claims against Petitioner APC."7

These issues all boil down into two: first, whether the Motion for New Trial should be denied; and
second, in the event of such denial, whether the monetary awards were duly proven.

The Court?s Ruling

The Petition has no merit.

First Issue:

New Trial Not Warranted by Simple Negligence of Counsel

Axiomatic is the rule that "negligence of counsel binds the client."8 The basis is the tenet that an act
performed by counsel within the scope of a "general or implied authority"9 is regarded as an act of the
client.10 "Consequently, the mistake or negligence of counsel may result in the rendition of an
unfavorable judgment against the client."11

While the application of this general rule certainly depends upon the surrounding circumstances of a
given case,12 there are exceptions recognized by this Court: "(1) where reckless or gross negligence of
counsel deprives the client of due process of law;13 (2) when its application will result in outright
deprivation of the client?s liberty or property;14 or (3) where the interests of justice15 so require."16
Woefully none of these exceptions apply herein. Thus, the Court cannot "step in and accord relief" 17 to
petitioner, even if it may have suffered18 by reason of its own arrant fatuity.

First, as aptly determined by the appellate court, petitioner?s counsel is guilty of simple, not gross,
negligence. We cannot consider as gross negligence his resort to dilatory schemes, such as (1) the
filing of at least three motions to extend the filing of petitioner?s Answer; (2) his nonappearance during
the scheduled pretrials; and (3) the failure to file petitioner?s pretrial Brief, even after the filing of
several Motions to extend the date for filing.19 There was only a plain "disregard of some duty imposed
by law,"20 a slight want of care that "circumstances reasonably impose,"21 and a mere failure to exercise
that degree of care22 that an ordinarily prudent person would take under the circumstances. There was
neither a total abandonment or disregard of petitioner?s case nor a showing of conscious indifference
to or utter disregard of consequences.23

Because "pre-trial is essential in the simplification and the speedy disposition of disputes," 24
nonobservance of its rules "may result in prejudice to a party?s substantive rights." 25 Such rules are
"not technicalities which the parties may ignore or trifle with."26 The Rules of Court cannot be "ignored
at will and at random to the prejudice of the orderly presentation and assessment of the issues and
their just resolution."27

Counsel?s patent carelessness in citing conflicting reasons in his Motions for Reconsideration verily
displays his lack of competence,28 diligence29 and candor,30 but not his recklessness or total want of
care.

Indeed, the lawyer?s failure to live up to the dictates of the canons of the legal profession makes him
answerable to both his profession and his employer.31

Second, the negligence of petitioner and that of its counsel are concurrent.32 As an artificial being
whose juridical personality is created by fiction of law,33 petitioner "can only exercise its powers and
transact its business through the instrumentalities of its board of directors, and through its officers and
agents, when authorized by resolution or its by-laws."34 Atty. Manalo is an employee, not an outsider
hired by petitioner on a retainer basis. In fact, he is the officer-in-charge of its Legal Department.
There is no showing that he was not authorized to exercise the powers of the corporation or to transact
its business, particularly the handling of its legal affairs. Besides, it is presumed that the ordinary
course of business has been followed.35 Therefore, counsel?s corporate acts are supposed to be
known and assented to by petitioner.

For petitioner to feign and repeatedly insist upon a lack of awareness of the progress of an important
litigation is to unmask a penchant for the ludicrous. Although it expects counsel to amply protect its
interest, it cannot just sit back, relax and await the outcome of its case. 36 In keeping with the normal
course of events, it should have taken the initiative "of making the proper inquiries from its counsel and
the trial court as to the status of its case"37 and of extending to him the "necessary assistance."38 For its
failure to do so, it has only itself to blame. Indeed, from lethargy is misfortune born.

It is of no consequence that its Human Resources and Personnel Departments were not aware of the
progress of its case. Of judicial notice is the fact that a corporation has much leeway in determining
which of its units, singly or in consonance with others, is responsible for specific functions. Yet, it is
unusual that these departments were tasked with monitoring the progress of legal matters involving
petitioner. Nonetheless, having assigned these matters to them, it should have undertaken prompt and
proper monitoring and reporting thereof. Again, for its failure to do so, it has only itself to blame. These
departments do get involved in finance and accounting, especially in budget preparation and payroll
computation, but billing and collection are hardly tangential to their concerns.

Third, there was no denial of due process39 to petitioner. Under the Rules of Court, an aggrieved party
may ask for a new trial on the ground of excusable negligence,40 but this was not proved in this case.41
"Negligence, to be ?excusable,? must be one which ordinary diligence and prudence could not have
guarded against"42 and by reason of which the rights of an aggrieved party have probably been
impaired.43

The test of excusable negligence is whether a party has acted "with ordinary prudence while x x x
transacting important business."44 The reasons raised by petitioner in urging for a new trial do not meet
this test; they are flimsy. As we mentioned nearly thirty years ago, "[p]arties and counsel would be well
advised to avoid such attempts to befuddle the issues as invariably they will be exposed for what they
are, certainly unethical and degrading to the dignity of the law profession."45

"The essence of due process is to be found in the reasonable opportunity to be heard and submit any
evidence one may have in support of one?s defense."46 Where the opportunity to be heard, either
through verbal arguments or pleadings, is accorded, and the party can "present its side" 47 or defend its
"interest in due course,"48 "there is no denial of procedural due process."49 Petitioner has been given its
chance, and after being declared in default, judgment has not been automatically "rendered in favor of
the non-defaulting party."50

Rather, judgment was made only after carefully weighing the evidence presented. Substantive and
adjective laws do complement each other51 "in the just and speedy resolution of the dispute between
the parties."52

Petitioner was not deprived of its day in court. Actually, it never even complained against the manner
in which its counsel had handled the case,53 until late in the day. It must therefore "bear the
consequences"54 of its faulty choice of counsel whom it hired itself and whom it had "full authority to fire
at any time and replace with another."55 Moreover, in all the pertinent cases cited by petitioner, the
denial of due process was attributable to the gross negligence of retained counsels, who had either
been single practitioners or law firms; none had referred to counsels who, like Atty. Manalo, were
employees of the aggrieved party.

Fourth, the negligence of petitioner?s counsel did not result in the outright deprivation of its property.
In fact, it intractably refused to comply with its obligation to reimburse respondent, after having already
generated profits from operating the ferried unit. When sued, it simply relied upon its own dillydallying
counsel without even monitoring the progress of his work. Now it tries to pass the buck entirely to him,
after he has been relieved and replaced by another. Throughout the course of litigation, none of its
assets was reduced; on the contrary, its fleet of aircraft even increased. While it has incurred legal
expenses, it has also earned interest on money that should have been reimbursed to respondent.

Fifth, the interests of justice require that positive law be equally observed. Petitioner has not sufficiently
proved the injustice of holding it liable for the negligence of its counsel. On the contrary, there is a
preponderance of evidence56 to demonstrate that both law and justice demand otherwise. Much
leniency has already been shown by the lower court to petitioner, but "aequetas nunquam contravenit
legis."57 Equity never contravenes the law.58

For these reasons, the rendition of an unfavorable judgment against petitioner by reason of its
counsel?s simple negligence is therefore apropos. To hold otherwise and grant a new trial will never
put an end to any litigation,59 "as there is a new counsel to be hired every time it is shown that the prior
one had not been sufficiently diligent, experienced or learned."60

Second Issue:

Monetary Awards Sufficiently Established by a Preponderance of Evidence

As correctly put by the appellate court, the Receipt/Agreement executed by the parties validated the
inter-office Memorandum that petitioner issued on July 29, 1997, and the set of Billings it had received
from respondent in 1996.

Liability per Receipt/Agreement and Interest Thereon

First, the Receipt/Agreement was entered into by respondent and petitioner, which was represented by
its agent Atty. Manalo. As an agent, he rendered service to, and did something in representation 61 or
on behalf of, his principal62 and with its consent63 and authority. It cannot be denied that, on its part,
there was an actual intent to appoint its counsel;64 and, on the latter?s part,65 to accept the appointment
and "act on it."66

A corporation, as "a juridical person separate and distinct from its stockholders," 67 may act "through its
officers or agents in the normal course of business."68 Thus, the general principles of agency govern its
relationship with its officers or agents, subject to the articles of incorporation, bylaws and other relevant
provisions of law.69

Second, even assuming that Atty. Manalo exceeded his authority, petitioner is solidarily liable with him
if it allowed him "to act as though he had full powers."70 Moreover, as for any obligation wherein the
agent has exceeded his power, the principal is not bound except when there is ratification, 71 express or
tacit.72

Estoppel likewise applies. For one, respondent lacked "knowledge and x x x the means of knowledge
of the truth as to the facts in question";73 namely, whether petitioner?s counsel had any authority to
bind his principal. Moreover, respondent relied "in good faith"74 upon petitioner?s conduct and
statements; and its action "based thereon [was] of such character as to change the position or status
of the party claiming the estoppel, to his injury, detriment or prejudice."75 If it was also true that
petitioner?s counsel exceeded his authority in entering into the Receipt/Agreement, the negligence or
omission of petitioner to assert its right within a reasonable time only warranted a presumption that it
either abandoned or declined to assert it.76

Third, while it is true that a special power of attorney (SPA) is necessary to a compromise, it is equally
true that the herein Receipt/Agreement was not a compromise.77 The payment was made in the
ordinary course of business. Whether total or partial, the payment of an ordinary obligation 78 is neither
included among nor of a character similar to the instances enumerated in Article 1878 of the Civil
Code.79 All that the law requires is a general power,80 not an SPA.
Moreover, the Receipt/Agreement is not a promise to pay that "amounts to an offer to compromise and
requires a special power of attorney or the express consent of petitioner."81 A compromise agreement
is "a contract whereby the parties, by making reciprocal concessions, avoid a litigation or put an end to
one already commenced."82 No such reciprocal concessions83 were made in this case. Thus, the
Receipt/Agreement is but an outright admission of petitioner of its obligation, after making partial
payment, to pay the balance of its account. And even if we were to consider the same as a
compromise, from its nature as a contract, the absence of an SPA does not render it void, but merely
unenforceable.84

Fourth, in its Answer,85 petitioner failed to deny under oath the genuineness and due execution of the
Receipt/Agreement, which is thus deemed admitted.86 Indeed, before a private document offered as
authentic is received in evidence, its due execution and authenticity must be proved. However, after it
has been offered, failure to deny it under oath87 amounts to its admissibility.88 The "party whose
signature it bears admits that he signed it or that it was signed by another for him with his authority; 89
that at the time it was signed it was in words and figures exactly as set out in the pleading of the party
relying upon it; that the document was delivered; and that any formal requisites required by law, x x x
which it lacks, are waived by him."90 The Receipt/Agreement is thus an instrument that is admittedly
not "spurious, counterfeit or of different import on its face from the one executed." 91

Fifth, what respondent has paid, it may demand from petitioner; and even if the payment was made
without the knowledge or against the will of the latter, respondent can still recover insofar as such
payment was beneficial to petitioner.92 Such payment cannot be considered as one that is neither due
under the provisions of solutio indebiti93 nor recoverable from the creditor by respondent;94 the latter?s
right is against petitioner whose obligation it has paid in advance.95

Sixth, the Memorandum and the Billings have probative value. While it is true that Nazareno 96 did not
have any personal knowledge of the contents thereof, nevertheless, these two documents were
validated by the Receipt/Agreement. Petitioner?s Memorandum contained a recommendation to pay
respondent the amount of US$27,730.60 and to require additional documentation in support of the
balance. In compliance, a Summary of Statement of Account dated January 6, 1998 97 was sent to and
received by petitioner, substantiating it to the extent of US$37,400.95. Not only did these amounts sum
up to a total of US$65,131.55, the unsettled account indicated in the Billings, but these are also
unrefuted by petitioner. In fact, the Receipt/Agreement executed two months later did not contest this
balance, although unvalued therein. When a party fails to object to hearsay evidence, 98 such party is
deemed to have waived its right to do so; thus, "the evidence offered may be admitted," 99 though its
weight must still be measured by the court.

Seventh, the accounting required by petitioner was not a legal impediment to the obligation. There was
in fact no indication that the obligation was subject to such a condition. A pure obligation is
demandable at once,100 and there is nothing to exempt petitioner from compliance therewith.101 In
addition, it would be preposterous for it to issue a corporate check102 -- without any condition or
reservation -- and even waive a demand for payment of the balance, if it did not recognize its
obligation in the first place.

Eighth, the obligation consisted in the payment of a sum of money, and petitioner incurred in delay;
hence, there being no stipulation to the contrary, the indemnity for damages shall be the payment of
legal interest, which is six percent (6%) per annum.103 Such interest may be allowed upon damages
awarded for a clear breach of contract.104

Commission or Broker?s Fee

Indeed, "only questions of law105 may be raised in a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of
the Rules of Court."106 Questions of fact cannot be the subject of this mode of appeal, 107 for this Court --
we have repeatedly emphasized -- is "not a trier of facts."108 One of the exceptions to this rule,
however, is when the factual findings of the CA and the trial court are contradictory. 109
The lower court held petitioner liable for the 10 percent broker?s fee, but the appellate court found
otherwise. It is true that respondent -- on commission basis -- engaged itself as a broker to negotiate
"contracts relative to property,"110 the custody of which it had no concern over; to never act "in its own
name but in the name of those who employed"111 it; and "to bring parties together x x x in matters of
trade, commerce or navigation."112 However, we agree with the CA that respondent?s entitlement to a
broker?s fee should have been adequately proven.

The March 19, 1997 Certification issued by Captain Villacampa is inadmissible in evidence. It was a
mere reproduction of an original that had never been produced or offered in evidence. 113 Under the
best evidence rule114 as applied to documentary evidence, no evidence shall be admissible other than
the original itself when the subject of inquiry is its contents.115 Since none of the exceptions to this rule
has been proven,116 "secondary or substitutionary evidence"117 is not permitted.118

It is of no moment that Nazareno testified as to the intermediary?s commission in open court. Whether
the Certification has actually been executed cannot be proved by his mere testimony, because he was
not a signatory to the document. His assertion was bare and untested. Without substantiation, "such
testimony is considered hearsay."119 Witnesses can testify only to those facts that they know of their
personal knowledge or are derived from their own perception.120 Unlike the unvalued balance in the
Receipt/Agreement, the broker?s fee herein has not been supported by any admissible evidence other
than the demand letters sent by respondent?s counsel.

Attorney?s Fees

Attorney?s fees may be recovered, since petitioner has compelled respondent to incur expenses to
protect the latter?s interest121 in reimbursement. Besides, it is clear from the Receipt/Agreement that
petitioner is obliged to pay 10 percent of the principal, as attorney?s fees.

In sum, petitioner is liable for the unpaid balance of respondent?s claim amounting to US$59,798.22 or
its equivalent in legal tender under the Receipt/Agreement, including legal interest from May 12, 1997
until fully paid; and for attorney?s fees of 10 percent of this unpaid balance, excluding interest. No
broker?s fee can be charged, as it has not been proven by respondent. Since the counsel of petitioner
is guilty of simple negligence only, and since it was equally negligent as he, no new trial can be
allowed.

WHEREFORE, the Petition is hereby DENIED, and the assailed Decision and Resolution AFFIRMED.
Costs against petitioner.

SO ORDERED.

Sandoval-Gutierrez, Corona, and Carpio Morales*, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

*
On official leave.

1
Rollo, pp. 10-48.

2
Id., pp. 50-78. Penned by Justice Romeo J. Callejo Sr. (Thirteenth Division chair and now a
member of this Court), with the concurrence of Justices Renato C. Dacudao and Mariano C.
del Castillo (members).

3
Id., p. 80.

4
Assailed CA Decision, p. 28; rollo, p. 77.
5
CA Decision, pp. 1-5; rollo, pp. 50-54. Citations omitted. Bold types and underscoring in
original.

6
The Petition was deemed submitted for decision on December 16, 2002, upon receipt by the
Court of petitioner?s Memorandum, signed by Atty. Emmanuel S. Ypil. Respondent?s
Memorandum, signed by Atty. Miguel B. Lukban Jr., was filed on December 12, 2002.

7
Petitioner?s Memorandum, pp. 9-10; rollo, pp. 208-209. Citations omitted. Original in title
case format.

8
Saint Louis University v. Cordero, GR No. 144118, p. 9, July 21, 2004, per Davide Jr., CJ.
See also Lapid v. Laurea, 391 SCRA 277, 285, October 28, 2002, per Quisumbing, J. (citing
Del Mar v. CA, 429 Phil. 19, 28, March 13, 2002, per Panganiban, J.); and Curaza v. NLRC,
354 SCRA 451, 462-463, March 15, 2001 (citing Que v. CA, 101 SCRA 13, 20, November 10,
1980).

9
Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, HSK sa Bansang Pilipinas, Inc. v.
Iglesia ng Dios kay Cristo Jesus, 423 Phil. 397, 403, December 12, 2001, per Ynares-
Santiago, J.

10
STI Drivers Association v. CA, 392 SCRA 633, 639, November 26, 2002. See Agpalo, Legal
Ethics (4th ed., 1989), p. 278 (citing Vivero v. Santos, 98 Phil. 500, 503-504, February 28,
1956; Isaac v. Mendoza, 89 Phil. 279, 282, June 21, 1951; Cruz v. Jugo, 66 Phil. 102, 105,
August 12, 1938; Montes v. CFI of Tayabas, 48 Phil. 640, 645, January 27, 1926; and US v.
Umali, 15 Phil. 33, 35, January 15, 1910).

11
Apex Mining, Inc. v. CA, 377 Phil. 482, 493, November 29, 1999, per Davide Jr., CJ. (citing
Salonga v. CA, 336 Phil. 514, 526-527, March 13, 1997). See Agpalo, supra, pp. 278-279
(citing Malipol v. Lim Tan, 154 Phil. 193, 203, January 21, 1974).

12
Apex Mining, Inc. v. CA, supra, p. 493.

The negligence of counsel may be "so gross, reckless and inexcusable that the client is
13

deprived of his day in court." Producers Bank of the Phils. v. CA, 430 Phil. 812, 823, per
Carpio, J.

14
The application may result "in the outright deprivation of one?s property through a
technicality." Del Mar v. CA, supra, p. 29, per Panganiban, J. (citing Amil v. CA, 374 Phil. 659,
665, October 7, 1999; Kalubiran v. CA, 360 Phil. 510, 526, December 21, 1998; Salonga v.
CA, supra, p. 527-528; and Escudero v. Dulay, 158 SCRA 69, 78, February 23, 1988).

15
"x x x [W]here the interests of justice so require, relief is accorded to the client who suffered
by reason of the lawyer?s gross or palpable mistake or negligence." Salazar v. CA, 426 Phil.
864, 874, February 6, 2002, per Ynares-Santiago, J. (citing Aguilar v. CA, 320 Phil. 456, 461-
462, November 28, 1995). See Alabanzas v. IAC, 204 SCRA 304, 308, November 29, 1991.

16
Sarraga Sr. v. Banco Filipino Savings and Mortgage Bank, 393 SCRA 566, 574, December
9, 2002, per Sandoval-Gutierrez, J. (citing Apex Mining, Inc. v. CA, supra, p. 493-494).

17
Heirs of Antonio Pael v. CA, 382 Phil. 222, 245, February 10, 2000, per Ynares-Santiago, J.
(citing Kalubiran v. CA, supra, p. 526).

18
People v. Salido, 327 Phil. 928, 934, July 5, 1996.

19
Judgment by Default dated April 7, 1999, pp. 1-2; RTC records, pp. 83-84.
20
Murillo v. Mendoza, 66 Phil. 689, 699, December 8, 1938, per Imperial, J.

21
US v. Juanillo, 23 Phil. 212, 223, October 3, 1912, per Trent, J.

22
A lawyer is required to exercise ordinary diligence or that reasonable degree of care and
skill having reference to the character of the business he undertakes to do, as any other
member of the bar similarly situated commonly possesses and exercises. Agpalo, The Code
of Professional Responsibility for Lawyers (1st ed., 1991), p. 210 (citing Alcala v. De Vera,
155 Phil. 33, 40-41, March 21, 1975). See Suarez v. CA, 220 SCRA 274, 279, March 22,
1993.

Marinduque Iron Mines Agents, Inc. v. Workmen?s Compensation Commission, 99 Phil.

23

480, 485, June 30, 1956.

Tiu v. Middleton, 369 Phil. 829, 837, July 19, 1999, per Panganiban, J. (citing Development
24

Bank of the Philippines v. CA, 169 SCRA 409, 411-413, January 26, 1989).

25
Saguid v. CA, 403 SCRA 678, 684, June 10, 2003, per Ynares-Santiago, J.

26
Tiu v. Middleton, supra, p. 837, per Panganiban, J.

27
Limpot v. CA, 170 SCRA 367, 377, February 20, 1989, per Cruz, J.

Rules 15.05 and 15.07 of Canon 15, and Canon 17 of the Code of Professional
28

Responsibility.

29
Rules 18.03 and 18.04 of Canon 18 of the Code of Professional Responsibility.

Rules 10.01 and 10.03 of Canon 10, and Rules 12.03 and 12.04 of Canon 12 of the Code of
30

Professional Responsibility.

Failure to submit pleadings "within the reglementary period entails disciplinary action. Not
31

only is it a dereliction of duty to his client but also to the court as well." Torres v. Orden, 386
Phil. 216, 220, April 6, 2000, per Vitug, J.

See Villanueva v. People, 330 SCRA 695, 703, April 12, 2000; and Macapagal v. CA, 338
32

Phil. 206, 217, April 18, 1997.

?2 of the Batas Pambansa Blg. 68, otherwise known as the "Corporation Code of the
33

Philippines."

34
De Liano v. CA, 421 Phil. 1033, 1052, November 22, 2001, per De Leon Jr., J.

35
?3(q) of Rule 131 of the Rules of Court.

36
Gold Line Transit, Inc. v. Ramos, 415 Phil. 492, 504, August 15, 2001.

37
Id., p. 504, per Bellosillo, J.

38
Ibid.

39
?1 of Article III of the 1987 Constitution.
40
?1(a) of Rule 37 of the Rules of Court.

41
"A new trial may be granted where the incompetency of counsel is so great that the
defendant is prejudiced and prevented form fairly presenting his defense." Suarez v. CA,
supra, p. 280, per Melo, J.

42
Gold Line Transit, Inc. v. Ramos, supra, p. 503, per Bellosillo, J.

43
?1(a) of Rule 37 of the Rules of Court.

Grandy v. Carolina Metal Products Co., 95 SE 914, 915, May 8, 1918, per Allen, J. (citing
44

Gaylord v. Berry, 86 SE 623, 624, October 27, 1915). See Chatham Lumber Co. v. Parsons
Lumber Co., 90 SE 241, 243, October 25, 1916.

45
Lim Tanhu v. Hon. Ramolete, 66 SCRA 425, 451, August 29, 1975, per Barredo, J.

Ramoran v. Jardine CMG Life Insurance Co., Inc., 383 Phil. 83, 99, February 22, 2000, per
46

De Leon Jr., J. (citing Oil and Natural Gas Commission v. CA, 354 Phil. 830, 848, July 23,
1998, per Martinez, J.). See Salonga v. CA, supra, p. 528, per Panganiban, J.

47
Villa Rhecar Bus v. De la Cruz, 157 SCRA 13, 16, January 7, 1988, per Gancayco, J.

48
Producers Bank of the Phils. v. CA, supra, p. 826, per Carpio, J.

49
Salonga v. CA, supra, p. 528, per Panganiban, J. See Mutuc v. CA, 190 SCRA 43, 49,
September 26, 1990, per Paras, J. (citing Juanita Yap Say v. IAC, 159 SCRA 325, 327, March
28, 1988, per Sarmiento, J.; Richards v. Asoy, 152 SCRA 45, 49, July 9, 1987; and Tajonera
v. Lamaroza, 110 SCRA 438, 448, December 19, 1981.

50
Pascua v. Hon. Florendo, 220 Phil. 588, 595-596, April 30, 1985, per Gutierrez Jr., J.

51
Tupas v. CA, 193 SCRA 597, 600, February 6, 1991.

52
Limpot v. CA, supra, p. 369, per Cruz, J.

53
Tenebro v. CA, 341 Phil. 83, 87-88, July 7, 1997.

54
STI Drivers Association v. CA, supra, p. 640, per Corona, J.

Del Mar v. CA, supra, p. 29, per Panganiban, J. (citing Salva v. CA, 364 Phil. 281, 301,
55

March 11, 1999, per Puno, J.).

"By preponderance of evidence is meant the greater weight of the evidence; that it
56

outweighs the evidence of the adverse party." Nickey v. Steuder, 73 NE 117, 118, February 3,
1905, per Monks, J.

57
Heirs of Spouses Dela Cruz v. Heirs of Florentino Quintos Sr., 385 SCRA 471, 477-478,
July 30, 2002, per Austria-Martinez, J. (citing Aguila v. CFI of Batangas, Branch I, 160 SCRA
352, 359, April 15, 1988, per Cruz, J.).

58
See Tupas v. CA, supra, p. 602.

59
Saint Louis University v. Cordero, supra, p. 9.
 Boaz International Trading Corp. v. Woodward Japan, Inc., GR No. 147793, p. 13,
60

December 11, 2003, per Panganiban, J. (citing Gold Line Transit, Inc. v. Ramos, supra, p.
505; and Fernandez v. Tan Tiong Tick, 111 Phil. 773, 779, April 28, 1961). See Heirs of
Spouses Dela Cruz v. Heirs of Florentino Quintos Sr., supra, p. 477 (citing Gacutana-Fraile v.
Domingo, 348 SCRA 414, 422, December 15, 2000).

Petitioner cannot complain that the result of its case may have been different had its
counsel proceeded differently. See Five Star Bus Co., Inc. v. CA, 328 Phil. 426, 434,
July 17, 1996.

61
Dominion Insurance Corp. v. CA, 426 Phil. 620, 625-626, February 6, 2002 (citing Bordador
v. Luz, 347 Phil. 654, 661-662, December 15, 1997).

62
Uy v. CA, 372 Phil. 743, 753, September 9, 1999 (citing Article 1868 of the Civil Code).

Shopper?s Paradise Realty & Development Corp. v. Roque, GR No. 148775, p. 9, January
63

13, 2004.

Victorias Milling Co., Inc. v. CA, 333 SCRA 663, 675, June 19, 2000 (citing Connell v.
64

McLoughlin, 42 P. 218, 219, November 11, 1895).

65
De Leon, Comments and Cases on Partnership, Agency, and Trusts (4th ed., 1996), p. 322.

66
Victorias Milling Co., Inc. v. CA, supra, p. 675, per Quisumbing, J. (citing Central Trust Co.
of New York v. Bridges, 57 F. 753, 764, August 1, 1893, per Taft, J.).

San Juan Structural and Steel Fabricators, Inc. v. CA, 357 Phil. 631, 643, September 29,
67

1998, per Panganiban, J.

68
Id., p. 644, per Panganiban, J.

69
Ibid. (citing Yao Ka Sin Trading v. CA, 209 SCRA 763, 781, June 15, 1992).

70
Lustan v. CA, 334 Phil. 609, 620, January 27, 1997, per Francisco, J. (citing Article 1911 of
the Civil Code and Cuison v. CA, 227 SCRA 391, 400, October 26, 1993, per Bidin, J.).

71
Campos and Campos, The Corporation Code: Comments, Notes and Selected Cases
(1990), Vol. I, pp. 384-385. See Harry E. Keeler Electric Co., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 44 Phil. 19,
25, November 11, 1922.

72
2nd par. of Article 1910 of the Civil Code.

73
Kalalo v. Luz, 145 Phil. 152, 162, July 31, 1970, per Zaldivar, J.

Arcelona v. CA, 345 Phil. 250, 284, October 2, 1997, per Panganiban, J. (citing Cruz v. CA,
74

201 SCRA 495, 505, September 11, 1991, per Davide, J., now CJ).

75
Kalalo v. Luz, supra, p. 162.

76
Therefore, there is also laches which refers to "the failure or neglect, for an unreasonable
and unexplained length of time, to do that which, by exercising due diligence, could or should
have been done earlier x x x." Tolentino, Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code
of the Philippines (1991), Vol. IV, p. 661.
77
Article 1878(3) of the Civil Code.

78
In fact, the words used in the Receipt/Agreement are "in settlement of the demand x x x
contained in x x x letter dated Nov. 6, 1997 x x x."

79
There are acts of administration as distinguished from those of strict dominion or ownership.
Although conveying the ownership of money or property, payment is considered a mere act of
administration when made in the ordinary course of management, and is included in an
agency couched in general terms. See De Leon, supra, pp. 398-399.

Tolentino, Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines (1992),
80

Vol. V, p. 405.

Kanlaon Construction Enterprises Co., Inc. v. NLRC, 344 Phil. 749, 760, September 18,
81

1997, per Puno, J.

Sanchez v. CA, 345 Phil. 155, 182, September 29, 1997, per Panganiban, J. (citing Article
82

2028 of the Civil Code).

Anacleto v. Van Twest, 339 Phil. 211, 215, August 29, 2000. See also Armed Forces of the
83

Philippines Mutual Benefit Association, Inc. v. CA, 370 Phil. 150, 162, July 26, 1999; Galay v.
CA, 321 Phil. 224, 231, December 4, 1995; and Rovero v. Amparo, 91 Phil. 228, 234-235,
May 5, 1952.

84
De Leon, supra, p. 400 (citing Duñgo v. Lopena, 116 Phil. 1305, 1312, December 29, 1962).

85
Dated October 4, 1998; RTC records, pp. 31, 34.

?8 of Rule 8 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. See Syddayao v. Agatep, 46 O.G. No. 3,
86

1118, 1121, June 24, 1948.

87
Ramirez v. Orientalist Co., 38 Phil. 634, 642, September 24, 1918.

88
Herrera, Remedial Law (1999), Vol. VI, pp. 260-264, 326.

89
Merchant v. International Banking Corp., 6 Phil. 314, 316, July 11, 1906.

90
Hibberd v. Rohde, 32 Phil. 476, 478, December 9, 1915, per Trent, J.

91
Bough v. Cantiveros, 40 Phil. 209, 213, September 29, 1919, per Malcolm, J.

92
Article 1236 of the Civil Code.

93
Article 2154 of the Civil Code.

94
The debt has not been remitted, paid, compensated or prescribed.

95
Tolentino, supra, Vol. IV, p. 280.

96
As flight operations officer of respondent, he is in charge of daily business, including
"ground handling, both domestic and international, and to see to it that all operation and flight
services will be in order." TSN, January 25, 1999, p. 3.
97
RTC records, pp. 53-129.

98
Go v. CA, 351 SCRA 145, 160, February 5, 2001.

Bon v. People, GR No. 152160, p. 12, January 13, 2004, per Panganiban, J. (citing SCC
99

Chemicals Corp. v. CA, 353 SCRA 70, 76, February 28, 2001; and Krohn v. CA, 233 SCRA
146, 154, June 14, 1994, per Bellosillo, J.).

100
Article 1179 of the Civil Code.

Tolentino, supra, Vol. IV, p. 143. See Floriano v. Delgado, 11 Phil. 154, 157, August 27,
101

1908.

BPI Check No. 0521306 dated February 26, 1998 for P200,000, payable to IBAS, is under
102

the account name of "Air Phils. Corp." Annex A; RTC records, p. 6.

An exchange rate of P37.50:US$1 was used. The equivalent of P200,000, or

US$5,333.33, deducted from US$65,131.55, gives a difference of US$59,798.22, the
amount of the balance granted by the lower court.

103
Article 2209 of the Civil Code.

104
Article 2210 of the Civil Code.

105
Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. v. Wong, 412 Phil. 207, 216, June 26, 2001.

106
New Sampaguita Builders Construction, Inc. v. Philippine National Bank, GR No. 148753,
p. 14, July 30, 2004, per Panganiban, J.

107
Perez v. CA, 374 Phil. 388, 409-410, October 1, 1999.

108
De Castro v. CA, 384 SCRA 607, 621, July 18, 2002, per Carpio, J.

109
Philippine National Bank v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Co., 381 SCRA 244, 253, April
17, 2002 (citing Fuentes v. CA, 335 Phil. 1163, 1167-1169, February 26, 1997, per
Panganiban, J.). In this cited case, the Court said that the findings of fact of the CA may admit
of review under any of the following conditions:

"(1) when the factual findings of the Court of Appeals and the trial court are
contradictory;

(2) when the findings are grounded entirely on speculation, surmises, or conjectures;

(3) when the inference made by the Court of Appeals from its findings of fact is
manifestly mistaken, absurd, or impossible;

(4) when there is grave abuse of discretion in the appreciation of facts;

(5) when the appellate court, in making its findings, goes beyond the issues of the
case, and such findings are contrary to the admissions of both appellant and
appellee;

(6) when the judgment of the Court of Appeals is premised on a misapprehension of

facts;
 (7) when the Court of Appeals fails to notice certain relevant facts which, if properly
considered, will justify a different conclusion;

(8) when the findings of fact are themselves conflicting;

(9) when the findings of fact are conclusions without citation of the specific evidence
on which they are based; and

(10) when the findings of fact of the Court of Appeals are premised on the absence of
evidence but such findings are contradicted by the evidence on record."

Schmid & Oberly, Inc. v. RJL Martinez Fishing Corp., 166 SCRA 493, 501, October 18,
110

1988, per Cortés, J.

111
Ibid.

Tan v. Gullas, 393 SCRA 334, 339, December 3, 2002, per Ynares-Santiago, J. (citing
112

Schmid & Oberly, Inc. v. RJL Martinez Fishing Corp., supra, p. 501, per Cortés, J.

"The Best Evidence Rule provides that the court shall not receive any evidence that is
113

merely substitutionary in its nature, such as photocopies, as long as the original evidence can
be had." Philippine Banking Corp. v. CA, GR No. 127469, p. 30, January 15, 2004, per
Carpio, J. (citing Intestate Estate of the late Don Mariano San Pedro y Esteban v. CA, 333
Phil. 597, 624, December 18, 1996, per Hermosisima Jr., J.).

114
Regalado, Remedial Law Compendium (9th rev. ed., 2001), Vol. II, p. 590.

?3 of Rule 130(B)(1) of the Rules of Court. See Philippine National Bank v. CA, 326 Phil.
115

46, 53-54, April 2, 1996.

116
?3 of Rule 130(B)(1) of the Rules of Court provides:

"SEC. 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. -- When the subject of

inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the
original document itself, except in the following cases:

(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in
court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror;

(b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party
against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after
reasonable notice;

(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents

which cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact
sought to be established from them is only the general result of the whole;
and

(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is
recorded in a public office."

Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Casa Montessori Internationale, GR No. 149454/149507,

117

May 28, 2004, p. 14, per Panganiban, J. See Regalado, supra, pp. 589-595.
118
?5 of Rule 130(B)(2) of the Rules of Court.

D.M. Consunji, Inc. v. CA, 357 SCRA 249, 253-254, April 20, 2001, per Kapunan, J. (citing
119

People v. Ramos, 122 SCRA 312, 320, May 16, 1983, per Guerrero, J.). See Regalado,
supra, pp. 638-639.

120
?36 of Rule 130(C)(5) of the Rules of Court.

121
Article 2208(2) of the Civil Code.