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Grignard Reagent Theory
Grignard Reagent Theory
1 Organometallic compounds
Organometallic compounds are the organic compounds in which a metal atom is directly attached to
carbon atom through covalent bond or ionic bond. For example
C – M or C M
(Where C is a carbon atom of an organic molecule and M is a metal atom)
If the metal atom is attached to oxygen, nitrogen. sulphur, etc. then such an organic compound is not
reagrded as an organometallic compound. The following structural formula do not belong to the family
of organometallic compounds.
Mg/dry ether
R–X RMgX (Grignard reagent)
Mechanism
+ +
R – X + Mg Rº + X + Mg R + Mg + X R – MgX
*(RMgX is only Nucheophile)
H H H
R R R
D T Mg/Ether D T D T
R + S
R X R MgX XMg R
H H H
Diastereo.
Reason
R R
H O
R
D T
+2
+ Mg
Mg Function of dry ether : Mg +2 ether
R H
O
(Plannar)
R R
Note : It should be noted that (CH3)4Si (Tetramethylsilane, TMS) is also not an organometallic compond
because sillicon is a nonmetal.
Most important examples of organometallic compounds are Grignard reagents. In Griganard reagent,
the carbon and magnesium atoms are bonded with each other through polar covalent bond and
magnesium atom is attached to halogen by ionic bond.
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4. Aromatic Grignard reagent
1.2 Preparation
Dry and pure
RX + Mg RMgX
Ether
Ether is used as a solvent because it is a Lewis base that donates its lone pair of electrons to electron
-deficient magnesium atom, therefore providing stability to the Grignard reagent by completing the
octet on magnesium atom.
Et Et
Et – O R Et – O R
+ Mg Mg
Et – O X Et – O X
Et Et
Alkylmgnesium halide
dietherate
R MgX R + Mg X
The carbanion (a nucleophile) formed as shown above, attacks the positively, charged electrophilic
centre of other compound. Therefore. It can be said that if a Grignard reagent is regarded as the
substrate, then electrophile displaces MgX, i.e, electrophilic substitution (ESR) reaction takes place.
E
R – MgX R R – E(SE Product)
If Grignard reagent is regarded as the attacking reagent, then the nucleophilic carbonion of Grignard
reagent will attack on the other compound taken as substrate.
R + C=O R–C–O
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(i) Acid base reaction
(ii) electrophilic-nucleophilic reaction
2. Synthesis of alkenes
R – MgX + X' – CH2 – CH = CH2 R – CH2 – CH = CH2
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(ii) From Carbonyl compounds
Z Z Z
HOH
R – MgX + C=O R – C – OMgX R – C – OH
Z' Z' Z'
alcohol
(a) Primary or 1º Alcohols
Primary alcohols are formed on taking formaldehyde
H H H
HOH
R – MgX + C=O R – C – OMgX R – C – OH
H H H
1º Alcohol
(b) Secondary or 2º alcohols
(1) From RCHO Secondary alcohols are formed of any aldehyde other than formaldehyde.
R' R
R – MgX + C=O R – C – OH
H H
2º Alcohol
(2) From formicester:
Secondary alcohols are obtained on hydrolysis of the product obtained by taking excess of Griganard
reagent and adding formic ester to it.
H H H H
RMgX H3O
R + C – OEt R – C – OEt – Mg(OEt)X
R–C–R R–C–R
MgX O OMgX OMgX OH
O OMgX OH
Various alcohols can be prepared by changing R in the above synthesis.
6. Synthesis of Ethers
Higher ethers can be synthesised by reacting a lower chlorinated ether with Griganard reagent.
R –MgCl + Cl – CH2 – O – R R – CH2 – O – R + MgCl2
CH3MgCl + Cl – CH2 – O – C2H5 CH3 – CH2 – O – C2H5
Chloromethyl ethyl ether Diethyl ether
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7. Synthesis of Aldehydes
Corresponding aldehyde is obtained on hydrolysis of the product obtained by reacting of formic ester
and Grignard reagent in equimolecular ratio.
H H H H
HOH – EtOH
R + C – OEt R – C – OEt R – C – OEt R–C
MgX O OMgX OH O
The above conversion can be simplified as follows for convenience.
8. Synthesis of Ketones
(i) From Alkyl cyanides
A ketimine is formed on hydrolysis of the adduct obtained by the reaction of Grignard reagent and an
alkyl cyanide, which gives ketone on further hydrolysis.
RMgX + RCN R2C = NMgX HOH R2C = NH HOH R2C = O
Ketimine Ketone
R
X
H–C N + RMgX H – C = NMgX R – C – H + Mg
O OH
Mechanism :
H2O
R – CH = N MgX R – CH = NH + Mg(X)OH
H immine
H H
OH O H
H2O
R – CH – NH3 R – CH – NH2 R – CH – NH2
–H
R – CH – OH R – CHO
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RMgX + R' – C – NH2 R – H + R' – C – NHMgX
O O
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Q. 1 Which of the following compound reacts with methylmagnesium iodide to form n-Butane?
(A) n -Butyl alcohol (B) n - Propyl alcohol (C) Isopropyl iodide (d) n - Propyl chloride
Q.3 Which of the following compound is formed on hydrolysis of the product obtained on the reaction of
ethylmagnesium iodide and propanone?
(A) tert-Amyl alcohol (B) Isoamyl alcohol
(C) tert-Butyl alcohol (D) Isobutyl alcohol
Q.4 The compound formed on hydrolysis of the adduct of methylmagnesium iodide and benzaldehyde
(A) Is a phenol (B) Gives iodoform test
(C) Is a primary alcohol (D) Gives benzophenone on oxidation
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O
+
Q.5 Cl – C – OC2H5
1 mole
A
CH3MgBr
B
CH3MgBr
C
H /
D
CH3MgBr 1 mole H2O
O O
(A) CH3 – C – OC2H5 (B) CH3 – C – CH3
CH3 CH3
(C) CH3 – C – CH3 (D) CH3 – C = CH2
OH
excess
Q.6 0.7 gm CH3MgBr Volume of CO2 at STP.
Q.7 Compare the reactivity of the above derivative with grignard reagent (Nu).
(i) CH 3 – C – Cl (ii) CH3 – C – O – C – CH3 (iii) CH3 – C – OCH3 (iv) CH3 – C – NH2
O O O O O
ANSWER
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B
5. C
0 .7
6. 2 22.4 volume of CH4
Mw
7. All acid derivative gives NSR
a > b > c > d Reason extent of the positive charge at C = O or leaving group.
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