Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ICAEW Assurance
ICAEW Assurance
ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
Assurance
INTRODUCTION
1
1. PAPER INTRODUCTION
Paper Background
1. PAPER INTRODUCTION
Specification grid
This grid shows the relative weightings of subjects within this module and
should guide the relative study time spent on each. Over time the marks
available in the assessment will equate to the weightings below, while
slight variations may occur in individual assessments to enable suitably
rigorous questions to be set.
Weighting (%)
The concept, process and need for assurance 20
Internal controls 25
Gathering evidence on an assurance engagement 30
Professional ethics 35
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1. PAPER INTRODUCTION
Method of assessment
2. ASSURANCE - CONTENT
Chapter 1. Concept of and need for assurance
Chapter 2. Process of assurance: Obtaining an engagement
Chapter 3. Process of assurance: planning an assignment
Chapter 4. Evidence and Reporting
Chapter 5. Introduction to internal control
Chapter 6. Revenue system
Chapter 7. Purchases system
Chapter 8. Employee costs
Chapter 9. Internal Audit
Chapter 10. Documentation
Chapter 11. Evidence and sampling
Chapter 12. Written representations
Chapter 13. Substantive procedures
Chapter 14. Codes of Professional ethics
Chapter 15. Integrity, objective and independence
Chapter 16. Confidentially
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See you next lesson!
7
ICAEW
ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
4
Chapter 1
OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain the concept of assurance
recognise the elements and subject matter of an assurance engagement
explain the different levels of assurance
appreciate the benefits of assurance reports and why users require them
compare the different responsibilities of the parties involved in an
assurance engagement
identify examples of the 'expectations gap'
and answer questions relating to these areas
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5
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS ASSURANCE?
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1. ELEMENTS OF ASSURANCE
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1. ELEMENTS OF ASSURANCE
Key elements
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1. ELEMENTS OF ASSURANCE
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1. ELEMENTS OF ASSURANCE
Levels of assurance
There are two key levels of assurance you need to be aware of.
It is important to determine the level of assurance required as this will
determine the amount of evidence required to support the conclusion in
the report. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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1. ELEMENTS OF ASSURANCE
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2. TYPES OF ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENT
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Statutory audit
A common type of assurance engagement is the audit of a company’s financial statements.
In the UK, audits are governed by:
Companies Act 2006
International Standards on Auditing (ISAs).
ISA 200 states that the overall objectives of the auditor are:
to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are
free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error
to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material
respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.
In order to comply with these requirements, the auditor must:
Comply with relevant ethical requirements.
Plan and perform the audit with professional scepticism.
Exercise professional judgement.
Obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate on which to base their opinion.
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2. TYPES OF ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENT
Legal requirements
Companies Act 2006 exempts small private limited companies from a mandatory
audit if they satisfy two out of the following three criteria:
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An auditor must
Be a member of Recognised
Not be ineligible
Supervisory Body (RSB)
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3. BENEFITS AND LIMITATION
OF ASSURANCE
Why is assurance important?
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4. THE EXPECTATIONS GAP
Many shareholders and members of the public do not understand the
nature of a statutory audit.
As they may rely on the auditor’s report on the financial statements of the
companies they own shares in, are employed by, or trade with, these
misunderstandings can cause problems for the auditing profession.
Examples of these misunderstandings include the perception that:
The auditor detects all fraud and error
The auditor tests 100% of transactions
The auditor verifies the accuracy of the financial statements
The company is guaranteed to continue to trade for the foreseeable
future if a true and fair opinion is issued
The Statement of Financial Position shows the true value of the company
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ICAEW
ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
25
Chapter 2
PROCESS OF ASSURANCE:
OBTAINING AN ENGAGEMENT
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain how assurance firms obtain work
identify the key issues to be considered before accepting engagements
describe the contents and purpose of a letter of engagement
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Methods
OBTAINING AN
ENGAGEMENT
Procedures after
Considerations accepting the
prior to acceptance engagement
Appointment Money
Sources of
decision laundering
information
process check
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1. METHODS OF OBTAINING AN
ENGAGEMENT
There are two key methods of obtaining an engagement:
Tender
Advertising (subject to ethical guidance which is not in the
Assurance syllabus).
In your exam, questions about obtaining an engagement will be in
the context of an accountant being invited by a potential client to
accept an engagement.
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Key elements
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Test your understanding
You work for Star LLP, a small firm of accountants with fou partners and two offices in
York and Newcastle.
The firm has been approached by two potential clients.
Thomas Ltd
Thomas Ltd has just sacked its auditors due to a disagreement over the valuation
of its properties, and has put the audit out to tender. The company has invited a
large number of firms to tender, in the hope that competition will keep the audit
fee low. The Managing Director is the sole shareholder with a reputation for
being a very persuasive character. You are aware that:
The Finance Director has recently left and is claiming constructive
dismissal after having problems working with the MD.
Several members of staff have left the company after a short period of time
and it now uses a number of temporary staff in its admin and finance
departments.
Thomas Ltd has outlets in 30 locations across England and Wales, with its head
office in York.
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Test your understanding
James Ltd
This three year old company is expanding quickly, and has good results, a
sound financial position and is owned and managed by an experienced Board
of Directors following a management buyout from a large international group.
James Ltd is looking for a firm of accountants that can help them expand from
Yorkshire into the north-east of England.
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Test your understanding
The following factors should be considered in relation to the potential clients:
Thomas Ltd
Disagreement with the previous auditor may suggest a client that is difficult to
work with, although valuation is a subjective area so we need more information as
our firm may come to a different conclusion to the previous auditors.
From a commercial point of view, competition in the tender process may mean
the ‘winning’ audit fee is so low that the audit is not worth taking on. This may
also indicate management’s view that the audit is not worthwhile, which may
make it more difficult to obtain the necessary information and explanations.
The dominant director/shareholder may be difficult to work with.
The lack of a Finance Director, coupled with high staff turnover and temporary
staff in the accounts department, increases the risk of errors and misstatements in
the financial statements, and may make it harder to obtain the information and
explanations required for the audit.
The geographical spread of Thomas Ltd may be a challenge for a small audit firm,
so the availability of staff for e.g. inventory counts should be considered.
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Test your understanding
James Ltd
The information suggests the company has stable management and
is a good fit with Star LLP. The only concern at this stage is that the
firm may require more than just an audit (“...looking for a firm of
accountants that can help them expand...”) so we will need to be
clear about the work involved in an audit.……………………………………….
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17
2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Sources of information relating to new clients
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Appointment decision chart
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Appointment decision chart
Accept/reject appointment
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2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Test your understanding
Which one of the following would most likely lead you to decline the
appointment as auditor of a prospective new client?
The previous year's accounts were regarded as not showing a true
and fair view by the outgoing auditors.
The client asked that you have no contact with the outgoing
auditor, as the two parties are currently in dispute.
The assignment would involve a higher degree of risk than most of
your existing clients.
The answer is: The client asked that you have no contact with the
outgoing auditor, as the two parties are currently in dispute.
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19
2. CONSIDERATION PRIOR
TO ACCEPTANCE
Money laundering check
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3. PROCEDURES AFTER
ACCEPTING THE ENGAGEMENT
Overview
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3. PROCEDURES AFTER
ACCEPTING THE ENGAGEMENT
Purpose and practicalities
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3. PROCEDURES AFTER
ACCEPTING THE ENGAGEMENT
Contents
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3. PROCEDURES AFTER
ACCEPTING THE ENGAGEMENT
Test your understanding
The answer is: All new clients and existing clients where one has not
been previously sent.
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ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
45
Chapter 3
PROCESS OF ASSURANCE:
PLANNING THE ASSIGNMENT
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
define the overall audit strategy and audit plan
explain the need to obtain an understanding of the entity and its
environment
identify suitable sources of information to obtain this understanding
define and apply the concept of materiality
define and apply the audit risk model and its components
use basic analytical procedures
distinguish between fraud and error
explain the difficulties involved in auditing related party transactions
and answer questions relating relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Planning
process
PLANNING THE
ASSIGNMENT
Understand Analytical
Materiality Risk
the entity procedures
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1. THE PLANNING PROCESS
Overview
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Audit strategy
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1. THE PLANNING PROCESS
Audit plan
An audit plan shows how the overall audit strategy will be implemented.
The auditor is responsible for carrying out audit procedures in order to
obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to support his opinion.
These procedures may be discussed with the client in order to plan
effectively.
Audit planning ensures:
Attention is paid to the most important areas
Potential problems are identified
The audit is properly organised and managed
Work is assigned to the appropriate member of the audit team
Appropriate direction and supervision of audit team members
Reviews by more senior auditors are facilitated
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Why?
To assess risk
To help design and perform audit procedures
To develop the audit strategy and plan.
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2. UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY
What?
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3. MATERIALITY
The standard audit report sets out the scope of an audit stating that the
engagement involves “...reasonable assurance that the financial
statements are free from material misstatement...”
The concept of materiality plays a key role in an audit engagement.
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3. MATERIALITY
Definition
Performance materiality
The amount set by the auditor at less than materiality for the financial
statements as a whole to reduce to an appropriately low level the
probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected
misstatements exceeds materiality for the financial statements as a
whole.
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3. MATERIALITY
Using materiality
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3. MATERIALITY
Identifying materiality
Deciding on whether a matter is material or not depends on the auditor’s
judgement.
An item, error or misstatement may be:
Material because of its size (see thresholds below)
Material because of its nature e.g. transactions between the company and its
directors must be disclosed in the accounts, and because of the nature of
these transactions they are considered material regardless of their size.
At the planning stage, a level of planning materiality will be calculated. Different
firms have different methods of calculating materiality but the following
thresholds can be used for the exam:
Item in the financial statements %
Profit before tax 5–10
Revenue ½–1
Total assets 1–2
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk that the financial statements contain Risk that the auditor fails to detect any
a material misstatement Material misstatements
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
Inherent risk
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
Control risk
Detection risk
The risk that the auditor’s procedures will not detect a misstatement
that exists in an account balance or class of transactions that could
be material, either individually or when aggregated with
misstatements in other balances or classes.
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
Illustration: managing audit risk
HIGH HIGH
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4. RISK ASSESSMENT
Significant risks
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Definition
Characteristics of fraud
ISA 240 identifies two categories of fraud that are of concern to auditors:
Misappropriation of assets means theft e.g. the creation of ghost
employees to divert company funds into a personal bank account or
theft of inventory.
Fraudulent financial reporting involves intentionally manipulating
the financial statements to deceive financial statement users.
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5. FRAUD AND ERROR
Management responsibilities
The primary responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud rests with
those charged with governance of an entity and with management.
This should be achieved by the design and implementation of an effective system
of internal control.
Auditor responsibilities
Auditors are required to provide reasonable assurance that the financial
statements are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or
error. In order to meet this responsibility, auditors must plan, perform and
review audits in light of the risk of misstatement due to fraud.
There is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements may not be
detected. This risk is greater in relation to misstatement due to fraud, rather
than error, because of the potentially sophisticated nature of organised criminal
schemes.
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6. RELATED PARTY
A related party is an individual or organisation who is influenced by,
or has influence over the entity. Transactions with related parties
might take place for reasons other than the entity’s normal business.
There is nothing wrong with an entity dealing with a related party.
However, dealing with related parties increases the potential for the
financial results to be manipulated as transactions may be carried out
on a basis other than 'arm’s length'. In these circumstances it is
appropriate for such transactions to be brought to the attention of
shareholders.
Related parties are often difficult to identify in practice. It can be hard to establish
exactly who, or what, are the related parties of an entity. Other problems which may
arise include the following:
Directors may be reluctant to disclose transactions, particularly in the case of
family members.
Transactions may not be easy to identify from the accounting systems because
they are not separately identified from ‘normal’ transactions.
Transactions may be concealed in whole, or in part, from auditors for
fraudulent purposes.
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Definition
Analytical procedures involve the evaluation of financial information through
analysis of plausible relationships among both financial and non-financial data.
Analytical procedures also encompass such investigation as is necessary of
identified fluctuations or relationships that are inconsistent with other relevant
information or that differ from expected values by a significant amount.
ISAs 315 and 520 cover the use of analytical procedures during the audit:
Must be used at planning to identify risk ISA 315.
Can be used as a form of substantive procedure to gather audit evidence
ISA 520.
Must be used to assist in forming an overall conclusion on the financial
statements ISA 520
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Analytical procedures are useful at the planning stage in giving an
overall perspective on the financial statements using both financial and
non-financial data, but there are limitations:
They require a sound knowledge/experience of the entity which may
be limited in a first-year audit.
Experienced staff may be required to carry them out.
The quality of analytical procedure depends upon the reliability of
source data.
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Compare Unexpected
Understand Develop an
actual to variations
the business expectation
expectation = risk
Sources of information
Analytical procedures require sound knowledge; therefore information about the
client is important.
Possible sources include:
interim accounts board minutes
Budgets non-financial information e.g. personnel records
management accounts discussion or correspondence with client
VAT returns industry knowledge
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Calculations
The process of performing analytical procedures involves calculations of
amounts that can then be compared with prior year, budget, industry averages
or other plausible benchmarks.
Calculations range from simple trends (e.g. % increase in revenue over the last
year) to more complex ratio analysis.
You may need to use the following accounting ratios as part of your analytical
procedures:
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Revenue
Capital employed
Trade receivables × 365 Assess ability to pay
Interest cover
Credit revenue interest charges.
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Test your understanding
You are planning the audit of Cheviot Ltd for 2018 and have received extracts from
the accounts.
Cheviot Ltd: Year ended 31 December 2018 draft (£000) 2017 audited (£000)
Extracts from the statement of profit or loss
Revenue 2,200 2,000
Cost of sales (1,450) (1,400)
Gross profit 750 600
Admin costs (150) (140)
Distribution overheads (150) (120)
Marketing & advertising (60) (90)
Profit before interest 390 250
Interest expense (200) (10)
Extracts from the statement of financial position
Non-current assets 2,900 1,500
Trade receivables 271 170
Cash – 100
Bank loan and overdraft 2,000 100
Trade payables 111 120
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Cheviot Ltd manufactures and sells garden furniture. During 2018, a bank
loan of £1.75m was taken out to expand the company's manufacturing
operations in Scotland.
The Finance Director has explained the key business developments in 2018:
the launch of a new range of wooden furniture; and
the sale of tables and benches to a chain of 82 pubs, a major new client
who secured a significant discount on Cheviot's standard prices.
Carry out suitable preliminary analytical procedures in order to identify
possible risk areas for your audit.
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
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7. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
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See you next lesson!
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ICAEW
ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
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41
Chapter 4
PROCESS OF ASSURANCE:
EVIDENCE AND REPORTING
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
describe the process of assurance and reporting
apply the rules relating to the collection of evidence
distinguish between substantive testing and tests of controls
identify the differences between auditors’ reports and other
assurance reports
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
PROCESS OF ASSURANCE
AND REPORTING
EVALUATE
OBTAINING CONCLUDING
RESULTS OF
EVIDENCE AND REPORTING
AUDIT WORK
APPROACH
Test of Substantive
controls procedures
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Basic rules
Evidence must be
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Rights and The entity owns the assets, and liabilities are
obligations the obligations of the entity.
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Illustration
In this extract from the financial statements the directors assert that:
these assets EXIST at 30/6/18
the assets are OWNED by the company
£2.65m is an appropriate VALUE for the assets
all of the company's non-current assets are included i.e. figure is COMPLETE.
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
True False
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
True False
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Audit approach
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Revenue
Balance likely to be comprised of large number of transactions.
Tests of controls most cost effective method.
Sampling to be used.
Must have some substantive procedures.
Analytical procedures to be used in combination.
Non-current assets
Few transactions in year.
100% testing of additions and disposals in year.
Substantive testing.
Agree to supporting docs.
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1. OBTAIN EVIDENCE
Preliminary
assessment
of internal
Expect controls to Do not expect
controls
be effective controls to be
including
walkthrough effective
tests
Tests of control
Substantive
testing
Controls Controls
found to be found to be Analytical
effective ineffective procedures
Tests of detail
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2. EVALUATE RESULTS
The auditor should consider whether the evidence gathered on the audit so
far meets the basic rules.
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3. CONCLUDING AND REPORTING
Audit opinions
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Audit opinions
ISA 700 states the following are included in the auditors’ report:
Title
Addressee
Auditor’s opinion on the financial statements
Basis for opinion
Going concern section
Key audit matters (listed companies)
Other information
Management responsibilities
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3. CONCLUDING AND REPORTING
Audit opinions
Auditor responsibilities
Explanation of the extent to which the audit was considered capable
of detecting irregularities, including fraud
Opinion on other matters e.g. whether the information contained in
the. Directors’ Report and the Strategic Report is consistent with the
financial statements.
Matters on which the auditor is required to report on by exception
under Companies Act 2006.
Name and signature of the engagement partner
Auditor’s address
Date of the report
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If the auditor concludes that the financial statements show a true and
fair view the auditors’ report will be unmodified. This means the
standard wording of the ISA 700 auditors’ report can be used and does
not need to be changed.
If the auditor concludes that there are material misstatements in the
financial statements, or that they have not obtained sufficient
appropriate evidence, the auditors’ report will need to be modified. The
report will need to contain information for the user to explain the issues
in the financial statements. You will learn about modified auditors’
reports in the Professional Level Audit and Assurance paper.
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3. CONCLUDING AND REPORTING
Entities applying the UK Corporate Governance Code
Even before the new ISA 700 was issued in June 2016, requiring a section on Key
Audit Matters to be included, auditors’ reports for companies applying the UK
Corporate Governance Code contained additional explanations of the audit
process.
These additional explanations are required within the auditors’ report under the
three headings:
Assessment of risks of material misstatement
Application of materiality
Overview of scope of the audit.
You can see examples of the long-form auditors’ reports used for listed
companies by searching online for a company that you are interested in.
Closing the expectations gap
The features of the auditors’ report, particularly the newer long-form auditors’
reports used for listed companies that have to comply with the UK Corporate
Governance Code, are an attempt to narrow the expectations gap. (We saw in
Chapter 1 that the expectations gap reflects the common misunderstandings
about the role of the auditor.)
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Other reports
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3. CONCLUDING AND REPORTING
Other reports
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105
Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNAL CONTROL
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain the purpose of internal controls
identify and label the different types of internal controls
explain the significance of internal controls to the auditor
describe the limitations of internal controls
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Purpose TO INTERNAL Limitation
CONTROL
INTERNAL CONTROL
SYSTEMS
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNAL
COMPONENTS OF AN
CONTROLS TO THE
INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM
EXTERNAL AUDITOR
Control Information
Monitoring
environment system
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1. INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNAL CONTROL
Definition of Internal Control System
Internal control is:
The process designed, implemented and maintained by those charged
with governance, management, and other personnel to provide
reasonable assurance about the achievement of an entity's objectives
with regard to reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and
efficiency of operations, and compliance with applicable laws and
regulations.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNAL CONTROL
Auditors need to
understand the Assess their reliability for the
client’s internal preparation of financial statements.
control system Design suitable audit procedures.
If the auditor is able to rely on the
system it will be because it contains
some of the components of internal
control as set out in ISA 315.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNAL CONTROL
Components of an internal control system
ISA 315 - Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement
Through Understanding the Entity and its Environment, states that
auditors need to understand an entity's internal controls. To assist this
process it identifies five components of an internal control system:
5 Components of an Internal
control system
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
2 - The control environment
Elements of the control environment that are relevant when the auditor
obtains an understanding include the following:
communication and enforcement of ethical values;
commitment to competence;
participation by those charged with governance;
management’s philosophy and operating style;
organisational structure;
assignment of responsibility;
human resource policies and practices – staff training, recruitment
procedures etc.
This sounds quite high level, but it is really only saying that: If a client
complies with the principles of good corporate governance, the risk of
misstatement will be lower. 113
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
2 - The control environment
Illustration
In the 2016 Annual Report of Barclays PLC, there is a 10 page report from the
Board Audit Committee providing a description of the role they have performed
in the year. The Committee’s activities are summarised in the following
diagram:
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
4 - The entity’s risk assessment process
ISA 315 ((Revised): para. 15), says the auditor shall obtain an
understanding of whether the entity has a process for:
Identifying business risks relevant to financial reporting objectives
Estimating the significance of the risks
Assessing the likelihood of their occurrence
Deciding on actions to address those risks
If the client has robust procedures for assessing the business risks it
faces, the risk of misstatement will be lower.
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
6 – Monitoring of controls
Monitoring of controls is 'a process to assess the effectiveness of
internal control performance over time.
It involves assessing the effectiveness of controls on a timely basis and
taking necessary remedial actions'
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
7 - Controls in a computerized system?
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Examples of Application control
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
7 - Controls in a computerized system?
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WHAT IS INTERNAL CONTROL AND
HOW DOES IT WORK?
8.Limitation of internal control
Any internal control system can only provide the directors with
reasonable assurance that their objectives are reached, because of
inherent limitations. These include:
The costs of control not outweighing their benefits
The potential for human error
Collusion between employees
The possibility of controls being bypassed or overridden by
management
Controls being designed to cope with routine and not non-routine
transactions
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10. RECORDING ACCOUNTING AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Documenting the system
Possible ways of documenting the system and controls are:
Narrative notes (if system is large or complex)
Flowcharts (which can make a complex system easier to follow)
Checklist
Questionnaire
Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ): are used to ask whether controls exist which
meet specific control objectives.
Internal Control Evaluation Questionnaire (ICEQ): are used to determine whether
there are controls which prevent or detect specified errors or omissions.
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10. RECORDING ACCOUNTING AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Documentation
Advantages Disadvantages
Method
• Unusual controls are unlikely
to be included on a standard
questionnaire and may not be
identified
Internal control • The client has to respond • The client may still overstate
evaluations with the control they have controls as they may say a
(ICEs) in place rather than a control is in place for the
yes/no answer which should control objective even if it is not
mean controls are less likely • The checklist may contain
to be overstated control objectives not relevant
• Quick to prepare as a list to the client
of control objectives can be • Unusual risks and therefore
compiled and the objectives may not be identified
client is asked what controls
they have in place to
address them
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Confirming
understanding
HOW
Test of control
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See you next lesson!
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Chapter 6
REVENUE SYSTEM
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
identify the risks, and corresponding control objectives, relating to
sales systems
choose relevant controls to mitigate risks identified
identify appropriate tests of controls
recognise weaknesses in a sales system and answer questions relating
to these areas.
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68
OVERVIEW
STAGES OF THE
REVENUE CYCLE
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Order taken
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1. RISK, CONTROL OBJECTIVE
AND PROCEDURES
Goods despatched
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Invoice raised
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1. RISK, CONTROL OBJECTIVE
AND PROCEDURES
Sale recorded
Reconciliation of receivables
ledger with nominal ledger
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Cash collected
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
If the auditor believes internal controls are likely to be effective, the
auditor may choose to perform tests of controls to obtain evidence
that the controls were operating effectively throughout the period.
To test whether internal controls are operating effectively, the auditor
must first identify the controls that address a given risk.
Procedures should then be performed to check the control is working,
such as making enquiries, observation of processes or inspection of
assets or documents.
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
Test your understanding
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
Test your understanding
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
Test your understanding
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
Test your understanding
Goods are of
inferior quality
Wrong trade
discount is
applied
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
Test your understanding
Goods are of
inferior quality
X
Wrong trade
discount is X
applied
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See you next lesson!
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Chapter 7
PURCHASES SYSTEM
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
identify the risks, and corresponding control objectives, relating to
purchases systems
choose relevant controls to mitigate risks identified
identify appropriate tests of controls
recognise weaknesses in a purchases system
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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76
OVERVIEW
STAGES OF THE
PURCHASE CYCLE
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Order placed
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1. RISK, CONTROL OBJECTIVE
AND PROCEDURES
Goods received
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Invoice received
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1. RISK, CONTROL OBJECTIVE
AND PROCEDURES
Purchase recorded
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Cash paid
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2. TEST OF CONTROL
If the auditor believes internal controls are likely to be effective, the
auditor may choose to perform tests of controls to obtain evidence that
the controls were operating effectively throughout the period.
To test whether internal controls are operating effectively, the auditor
must first identify the controls that address a given risk.
Procedures should then be performed to check the control is working,
such as making enquiries, observation of processes or inspection of
assets or documents
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Chapter 8
EMPOYMENT COSTS
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
identify the risks, and corresponding control objectives, relating to
purchases systems
choose relevant controls to mitigate risks identified
identify appropriate tests of controls
recognise weaknesses in the payroll system
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
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1. INTRODUCTION TO THE EMPLOYEE
COSTS SYSTEM
Calculating wages and salaries is a function of standing data and
variable data.
Standing data is the information in the employee costs system
that doesn’t vary regularly e.g. hourly rates, salary, overtime rate
Variable data includes hours worked or overtime, as recorded on
e.g. timesheets or clock cards.
So for trainees in an accounting firm, the calculation of wages and
salaries might be:
Monthly salary + (overtime hours worked × hourly rate)
In addition to calculating the amounts to be paid to staff, a key
component of the employee costs system is the calculation of payroll
taxes to be paid to HMRC.
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2. RISK, CONTROL OBJECTIVE
AND PROCEDURES
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3. TEST OF CONTROL
If the auditor believes internal controls are likely to be effective, the
auditor may choose to perform tests of controls to obtain evidence that
the controls were operating effectively throughout the period.
To test whether internal controls are operating effectively, the auditor
must first identify the controls that address a given risk.
Procedures should then be performed to check the control is working,
such as making enquiries, observation of processes or inspection of
assets or documents.
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Chapter 9
INTERNAL AUDIT
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
describe the function and importance of internal audit
explain the differences between the role of the internal auditor and
external auditor
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Organisational Auditor
Introduction
structure independence
INTERNAL AUDIT
Comparison of external
Function of internal audit
and internal audit
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1. WHAT IS INTERNAL AUDIT
Internal Audit Function
DEFINITION
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3. Scope of internal audit
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5. Differences between Internal audit &
External audit
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Auditor independence
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See you next lesson!
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Chapter 10
DOCUMENTATION
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain why assurance providers document their work
describe the form and content of working papers
explain why the safe custody and retention of documentation is
important, and how it is achieved
explain the issues of ownership and rights of access to documentation
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Purpose
ASSURANCE
DOCUMENTATION
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1. PURPOSE OF DOCUMENTATION
Introduction
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1. PURPOSE OF DOCUMENTATION
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2. FORM AND CONTENT OF
WORKING PAPER
Audit working papers
To To Evidence obtained
Audit An experienced auditor Understand
allow
documentation with no previous
must be sufficient connection with audit
Significant matters arising
Conclusions reached
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2. FORM AND CONTENT OF
WORKING PAPER
Contents
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2. FORM AND CONTENT OF
WORKING PAPER
Test your understanding
Bearing in mind the description given above of the two types of audit file, decide where
each of the following might be found.
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3. SAFE CUSTODY AND RETENTION
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See you next lesson!
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Chapter 11
EVIDENCE AND
SAMPLING
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
understand the procedures for obtaining evidence
recognise the strengths and weaknesses of particular forms of
evidence
understand how much evidence to obtain
recognise when sufficient appropriate evidence has been obtained
such that a conclusion can be drawn
identify when tests of controls and substantive procedures will be used
answer questions relating to these areas.
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100
OVERVIEW
EVIDENCE AND
SAMPLING
Evaluation of
Sampling
misstatements
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101
1. GENERNAL PROCEDURES FOR
OBTAINING EVIDENCE
Substantive procedures
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1. GENERNAL PROCEDURES FOR
OBTAINING EVIDENCE
Audit data analytics
Auditors may use data analytics to respond to the challenge of managing ‘big
data’ at their clients. Data analytics involves examining data to identify
patterns, trends or correlations.
Data analytics can be embedded in the audit plan to assist with:
Transaction analysis e.g. matching purchase orders, goods received notes
and invoices
Judgemental areas e.g. using sensitivity analysis to test assumptions on
the net realisable value of inventory
Analytical procedures e.g. analysing revenue trends by product
or region.
The results of data analytics may be presented in formats such as bar or pie
charts which allow the auditor to visualise the data more easily.
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Analytical procedures
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1. GENERNAL PROCEDURES FOR
OBTAINING EVIDENCE
ISA 520 states that the auditor can use analytical procedures as a form of
substantive procedure. This can be an efficient way to obtain audit evidence
although it is dependent on a number of factors such as:
The strength/comparability of relationships
The reliability of the data being used in the analysis
The level of disaggregation of the data available
The depth of the auditor’s knowledge of the client.
At the planning stage it is enough to identify risk areas and use this to
determine the audit approach.
At the evidence stage, the auditor must determine whether unexpected
variations are acceptable (influenced by materiality) and if not, seek further
evidence:
Make enquiries of management
Corroborate management explanations with other evidence.
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1. GENERNAL PROCEDURES FOR
OBTAINING EVIDENCE
Directional testing
The auditor’s aim is to identify whether the financial statements are free
from material misstatement.
A misstated balance could be overstated or understated.
Testing for overstatement requires a different approach to testing
for understatement.
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Non-current
Financial statements Physical assets
asset register
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1. GENERNAL PROCEDURES FOR
OBTAINING EVIDENCE
The direction of testing is different for understatement and overstatement.
For overstatement the direction of testing is:
Intermediate Supporting
Figure in accounts
documentation evidence
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ISA 540 sets out the audit approach for estimates, for example:
Depreciation
Allowance for receivables
Provisions.
Estimates are high risk due to their subjective nature and the risk of
management bias.
The most common audit procedures for an accounting estimate are:
Review and test the process used by management to develop the estimate.
Use an independent expert to make an estimate for comparison with the
company's figure.
Review subsequent events for confirmation of the accuracy of the estimate.
Test the operating effectiveness of the controls over how management made
the estimate.
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2. SAMPLING
Introduction to sampling
Assurance providers generally seek evidence from less than 100% of items in the balance
or transaction being tested.
ISA 530 states that the objective of the auditor when using sampling is to provide a
reasonable basis for the auditor to draw conclusions about the population from which the
sample is selected.
Some testing procedures do not involve sampling, for example:
Testing all items in a population (may be appropriate where the population is made up
of a small number of high-value items, or for unusual items)
Testing all items with a certain characteristic such as high-value items (selection is not
representative).
The sampling process can be summarised as follows:
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2. SAMPLING
The population is the entire set of data from which a sample is selected
e.g. revenue, receivables.
ISA 530 requires that the auditor selects items in such a way that each
sampling unit in the population has a chance of selection.
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2. SAMPLING
Selecting a sample
Method Description
Random selection All items in the population have an equal chance of selection by using
random number tables/computerised generator.
Systematic Items are selected using a random start, then a constant interval
selection between selections.
Money Unit Every £1 in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Sampling (MUS)
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2. SAMPLING
Illustration – MUS
Materiality has been set at £50,000 and the sample requires that balances
containing each 50,000th £1 are selected from the receivables ledger as follows:
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2. SAMPLING
Method Description
Sequence or block Select a block of items e.g. 50 consecutive cheques, March invoices.
selection Tends to be used for tests of control.
After deciding on the sample method, the auditor needs to consider the size of
the sample.
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2. SAMPLING
Identifying errors and drawing conclusions
Once the auditor has tested the sample of items from the population, they must draw
conclusions taking the following into account:
The nature of errors identified
Whether errors are true misstatements
e.g. misposting between receivables accounts does not actually reflect an error in the
receivables balance.
The cause of errors identified
Where common features are discovered
e.g. all errors arise in the same location, further testing may be required.
The impact on other parts of the audit
The identification of errors may influence the auditor’s assessment of the accounting and
internal control systems.
The probable misstatement in the population
Results should be extrapolated
If the projected misstatement exceeds or is close to the tolerable misstatement (linked to
materiality) then additional testing may be required.
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2. SAMPLING
Audit firms will have their own methodology but it should apply the
requirements of ISA 530 which gives examples of factors which influence
sample sizes:
Method Description
Increase in the auditor’s assessment of the risk of material Increase
misstatement
Increase in the desired level of assurance (may need less assurance if Increase
other, corroborating procedures are being carried out)
Increase in the tolerable misstatement (linked to materiality) Decrease
Increase in the expected error (linked to risk) Increase
Stratification* of the population Decrease
Increase in the number of sampling units in the population Negligible effect
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2. SAMPLING
Illustration
Adrian has carried out testing on supplier statement reconciliations as part of his
audit of payables. Tolerable misstatement was set at £10,000.
During his testing, Adrian found two errors:
A misposting between two supplier accounts
A purchase invoice of £250 which had not been recorded at all. Adrian has
concluded that:
The misposting is not a misstatement as although two individual supplier
accounts are incorrect, the total of payables is unaffected
The unrecorded liability of £250 is a misstatement and requires extrapolation
When Adrian extrapolates the possible error he finds the projected
misstatement in the entire population is £2,679
As this is well below the tolerable misstatement, no further testing is
required and Adrian concludes that payables are fairly stated.
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3. EVALUATION OF MISSTATEMENT
ISA 450 states that the auditor must evaluate the effect of any
uncorrected misstatements on the financial statements.
The auditor must communicate all misstatements on a timely
basis to management and request they correct them.
Written representations must be obtained from management
stating that they believe the misstatements to be immaterial.
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3. EVALUATION OF MISSTATEMENT
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3. EVALUATION OF MISSTATEMENT
Compare this year’s and last year’s figure taking account of starters and
leavers and pay rises in the year.
Comparing payroll with other related figures in the financial statements,
e.g. number of employees, turnover, and profit.
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Chapter 12
WRITTEN
REPRESENTATION
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain the purpose and nature of written representations from
management
identify when oral representations should be confirmed in writing
explain how reliable written representations are as a source of
assurance evidence
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
MANAGEMENT
REPRESENTATIONS
Contents of
management Reliability
representation letter
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1. NATURE AND PURPOSE OF
MANAGERMENT REPRESENTATION
Management representations
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2. CONTENTS OF MANAGEMENT
REPRESENTATION LETTER
General matters
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2. CONTENTS OF MANAGEMENT
REPRESENTATION LETTER
Other matters
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2. CONTENTS OF MANAGEMENT
REPRESENTATION LETTER
Other matters
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Chapter 13
SUBSTAINTIVE PROCEDURES:
KEY FINANCIAL STATEMENT FIGURES
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
describe the nature of tests on balances carried out by assurance
providers and explain the objectives of those tests
identify suitable tests in a given business scenario
explain when a matter should be referred to a senior member of staff
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
BUSINESS FINANCE
Finance
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1. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ASSERTIONS
When designing substantive procedures the auditor should consider which
financial statement assertions the test needs to address. You learnt about these
assertions in Chapter 4.
The table below contains a reminder of the assertions relating to transactions
and account balances (excluding Classification and Presentation
Assertions about Occurrence Transactions that have been recorded have occurred
classes of and pertain to the entity.
transactions and Completeness All transactions that should have been recorded have
events for the been recorded.
period under audit Accuracy Amounts have been recorded appropriately.
Cut-off Transactions have been recorded in the correct
accounting period.
Assertions about Existence Assets, liabilities and equity interest exist.
account balances at
Rights and The entity owns the assets, and liabilities are the
the period end
obligations obligations of the entity.
Completeness All assets, liabilities and equity interests that should
have been recorded have been recorded.
Accuracy, Assets, liabilities and equity interests are included in
valuation and the financial statements at appropriate amounts.
allocation
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2. NON-CURRENT ASSETS
The auditor should design audit procedures appropriate for tangible and
intangible non-current assets as well as investments, depending on the
assets held by the client.
Audit procedures
Existence Physical verification of assets selected from the non- current asset register
Completeness Trace a sample of assets seen in use to the non-current assets register
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2. NON-CURRENT ASSETS
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3. INVENTORY
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3. INVENTORY
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3. INVENTORY
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3. INVENTORY
Audit procedures
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3. INVENTORY
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4. RECEIVABLES
The audit of receivables usually focuses on whether the customer agrees
with the recorded balance, and whether the debt is likely to be paid.
Audit procedures
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4. RECEIVABLES
Customer confirmations
ISA 505 provides guidance to auditors where they wish to use external
confirmations as a form of audit evidence.
How customer confirmations work :
Banks and
financial markets
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4. RECEIVABLES
Different types of customer confirmation
Our auditors request that you confirm Our auditors request that you
to them directly your indebtedness to confirm to them directly your
us at 30 June 2017, which according indebtedness to us at 30 June 2017,
to our records amounted to £4,766. which according to our records
amounted to £4,766.
Please confirm your agreement, or
notify our auditors of the amount If you disagree with this amount,
shown by your records, setting out please notify our auditors of the
the details of the difference. amount shown by your records.
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4. RECEIVABLES
Positive confirmations encourage definite replies from those contacted.
Negative confirmations only request a reply if the balance is disputed, but
a lack of response might just mean the customer did not receive the
request or chose to ignore it.
Negative confirmations should only be used where:
The risk of misstatement is low
Controls are operating effectively
A large number of small balances are involved
There is no reason to believe that customers will disregard the request.
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5. BANK AND CASH
Accounting knowledge
You can apply your understanding of accounting for cash to the audit.
Illustration
Bank reconciliation £ £
Balance per bank statement 10,500
Less: unpresented cheques
14501 500
14502 1,500
14503 2,600
(4,600)
Add: uncleared lodgements 5,500
5,500
Balance per financial statements 11,400
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Audit procedures
The key financial statement assertions to address with suitable audit procedures
are shown in the table:
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5. BANK AND CASH
Bank confirmations
Obtaining direct confirmation from the client’s bank provides a reliable
form of audit evidence over bank balances. The process is similar to
obtaining a customer confirmation.
Auditor prepares
confirmation request
Bank sends
Client signs* and
confirmation direct
sends to bank
to the auditor
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6. PAYABLES
The key risk is that payables are understated i.e. completeness. This means it is
important to consider the concept of directional testing:
Selecting a sample of payables balances in the payables ledger will not allow
you to identify missing balances
Instead it is important to select from a reciprocal population.
Audit procedures
The key financial statement assertions to address with suitable audit procedures
are shown in the table:
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7. LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Long-term liabilities include debentures, loan stock and other
loans repayable at a date more than one year after the year-end.
It is important that the financial statements disclose the correct
split between current and long-term liabilities.
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7. LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
Audit procedures
The key financial statement assertions to address with suitable audit procedures
are shown in the table:
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8. STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR
LOSS ITEMS
The key financial statement assertion is completeness.
When auditing items in the Statement of Profit or Loss, the auditor is
faced with a large volume of transactions like sales or purchases, so the
most efficient audit approach generally includes a combination of:
Tests of control
Analytical procedures e.g.
Comparison of figures to prior year and budget
Review on a month by month or branch by branch basis
Using the relationship between SPL items and balances e.g. revenue
and receivables, purchases and payables
Proof-in-total for items such as payroll, depreciation or interest
expense
Some tests of detail.
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9. MATTERS WHICH SHOULD BE REFERRED
TO A SENIOR MEMBER OF STAFF
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Chapter 14
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
identify the key ethical codes to which ICAEW members are subject
and the sources that influence them
describe the differences between principles and rules based systems
explain why ethics are important to accountants
describe the key features of IFAC and ICAEW codes
explain the fundamental principles of IFAC and ICAEW codes
and answer questions relating to these areas
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OVERVIEW
Introduction to ethics
for accountants
CODES OF
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
FRC
IFAC Code ICAEW Code
Ethical Standard
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS
FOR ACCOUNTANTS
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS
FOR ACCOUNTANTS
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1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS
FOR ACCOUNTANTS
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2. IFAC CODE
Issuing body
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2. IFAC CODE
Principle Description
Integrity Members should be straightforward and honest in all
professional/business relationships.
Objectivity Members do not allow bias or conflict of interest in
business judgements.
Professional There is a duty to maintain professional knowledge and
competence and skill at an appropriate level and to follow professional
due care standards.
Confidentiality Information on clients must not be disclosed without
appropriate authority, or used for personal advantage.
Professional behaviour Members must comply with relevant laws and avoid
actions that would discredit the profession.
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2. IFAC CODE
Independence
Assurance providers should be, and be seen to be independent.
The highest degree of independence is required for audit engagements.
Independence is a state of mind that permits the expression of a conclusion
without being affected by influences that compromise professional judgement.
The IFAC Code sets out the approach that accountants should take to
independence issues:
Evaluate
Identify and apply
Identify threats significance of
safeguards
threats
Safeguards are steps that the accountant can take to eliminate the threat, or
reduce it to an acceptable level.
If no safeguards are available, the accountant should:
Eliminate the interest or activities causing the threat
If this is not possible, decline or discontinue the engagement.
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2. IFAC CODE
Threats to independence
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2. IFAC CODE
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2. IFAC CODE
Safeguards
The IFAC Code identifies two categories of general safeguards that may
be used to eliminate or reduce the threats to independence.
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2. IFAC CODE
Review procedures
Consultations with independent third parties
Rotation of senior staff
Discussions with those charged with governance
Disclosing fees and services to those charged with governance.
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3. ICAEW CODE
The ICAEW Code of Ethics implements the IFAC Code of Ethics.
It applies to ICAEW members and trainees in all professional and
business activities.
The ICAEW Code of Ethics also applies to personal activities such as
volunteer roles.
Illustration
The ICAEW website contains guidance for ICAEW members who wish to
volunteer in roles such as:
Trustee of a charity
Honorary treasurer.
This guidance states that members must still comply with the ICAEW Code of
Ethics and the five fundamental principles outlined above.
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4. FRC ETHICAL STANDARD
The Ethical Standard identifies six threats to independence: the five
threats from the IFAC Code (see above) plus one additional threat:
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Chapter 15
INTERGRITY, OBJECTIVITY,
AND INDEPENDENCE
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
explain the concepts of integrity, objectivity and independence and
understand their importance
identify threats to integrity, objectivity and independence
identify safeguards for integrity, objectivity and independence
suggest sensible measures to resolve ethical conflicts
suggest how conflicts of interest between employee duty and
professional duty may be resolved
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Concepts of integrity,
objectivity and
independence
INTEGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND
INDEPENDENCE
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Key concepts
Confidence in financial reporting requires the statutory auditor to provide an
opinion on the financial statements that can be trusted.
In order to achieve this, the auditor must:
Be objective in reaching the opinion on the financial statements
Demonstrate independence from the audit client.
Freedom from
A state of mind situations and
which excludes relationships that
Implies not merely
bias and has may lead a
honesty, but fair
regard to all reasonable and
dealing and
considerations informed third
truthfulness
relevant to the party to conclude
task in hand that objectivity is
impaired
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Ethics exercise
In the exam you may be asked to identify the threats to independence, or
appropriate safeguards, for a given ethical problem.
Although you will need a good understanding of the contents of the FRC Ethical
Standard, you should also be able to apply common sense to the scenarios which
may be useful if you forget some of the details.
We will start by discussing some common ethical problems.
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Illustration
The following four situations have arisen in relation to audit clients of your firm, Whites &
Harper LLP. Discuss the ethical issues that arise and consider how your firm might respond to
these problems.
Britejet plc
You are about to start work on the audit of this airline company. The client has offered all of
the audit team free flights to a choice of destinations worth up to £500.
Heath Office Solutions Ltd
Bill Self is a partner in your firm. He is leaving Whites & Harper to join Heath Office Solutions as
Finance Director. The client is keen to get Bill on board as he has been the audit engagement
partner for the last few years and knows the business inside out.
Newdell Ltd
The computerised accounting system at your client Newdell has been struggling to cope with
the increased volume of transactions seen as a result of rapid expansion over the last two
years. Your firm has been asked to help them select and implement a new IT system.
Hornets plc
This client has been growing rapidly via acquisitions. In the coming year, total fees from the
company are expected to reach 20% of your practice income.
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Introduction
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2. THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS
Self-interest threat
287
Fee dependence (non- When regular fee income exceeds 10% of the firm’s fee income:
listed client) Disclose to Ethics Partner
Disclose to those charged with governance at the client
Implement independent quality control review of the audit.
When regular fee income exceeds 15% of the firm’s
fee income:
Cannot act as auditor.
Fee dependence (listed client) When regular fee income exceeds 5% of the firm’s fee income:
Disclose to Ethics Partner
Disclose to those charged with governance at the client
Implement independent quality control review of
the audit
Seek to reduce fees.
When regular fee income exceeds 10% of the firm’s
fee income:
Cannot act as auditor.
Lowballing Firm may charge any audit fee but the engagement partner
should document that adequate resources have been allocated in
order to comply with Auditing and Ethical Standards.
Fee cap for listed clients Total fees from non-audit services must be no more than 70% of
the average audit fee of the last 3 years.
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2. THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS
Self-review threat
Audit staff complete loan It is prohibited for audit staff to be temporarily ‘loaned’ to a
assignment to client client.
Accounting services offered Non-listed clients: allowed with safeguards
to an audit client Separate teams
Mechanical/technical work only
Quality control review of audit. Listed clients: not allowed.
Valuation services offered to Non-listed clients: not allowed if material and
an audit client subjective.
If immaterial item, allowed with safeguards.
Separate teams
Second partner review
Management acknowledge responsibility for valuation.
Listed clients: not allowed.
Contingent fees Contingent fees are prohibited.
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2. THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS
Familiarity threat
Scenario giving rise to the Ethical guidance
familiarity threat
Recruitment services provided to an Prohibited for both listed and non-listed clients. This includes advising on
audit client the appointment of a director or employee, or advising on a remuneration
package.
Close family or personal Audit firm employees who have close relationships with client staff
relationships should not work on the audit.
Long association scenarios
Non-listed: engagement partner Situation should be monitored over time to ensure the risk is not too
significant for the audit firm.
The audit firm may decide to ‘rest’ the engagement partner from the
engagement for a period of time to ensure that independence is not
affected.
Listed: engagement partner Rotate off after five years (can extend to seven with Audit Committee
approval).
No return for five years.
Listed: quality control review Rotate off after seven years.
partner No return for five years.
Non-listed client becomes listed: Take previous service into account.
engagement partner If already served more than four years can only continue for two
more.
No return for five years.
Listed: other senior staff Review independence after seven years.
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2. THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS
Intimidation threat
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Management threat
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3. RESOLVING ETHICAL CONFLICTS
You have now seen how the FRC Ethical Standard deals with
common ethical issues.
Remember that the ethical guidance for accountants is principles
based, so when an ethical problem is identified the accountant
should consider the principles as well as the detailed guidance.
The ICAEW Code of Ethics sets out a framework for members to
follow when faced with an ethical conflict.
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4. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND THE
ACCOUNTANT
Professional accountants working in industry may face more pressure to
behave unethically than those in practice, whose employers are also
bound by the codes of ethics applying to the accountancy profession.
Employers outside of accountancy firms may not understand the nature
and importance of an accountant’s professional duty.
For example, an accountant may come under pressure from the board of
directors to prepare budgets which are overly optimistic in order to
increase the company’s chance of securing a bank loan.
The ICAEW Code of Ethics gives advice to accountants in such
conflicting situations.
1. Try to resolve the matter internally
2. Obtain advice from the ICAEW
3. Seek legal advice
4. Consider resignation as a last resort.
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ICAEW
ASSURANCE
BISC TRAINING CENTER
www.bisc.edu.vn
0912 66 1988
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Chapter 16
CONFIDENTIALITY
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OUTCOME
By the end of this session you should be able to:
recognise the importance of confidentiality, including compliance
with GDPR
identify the sources and risks of accidental disclosure of information
identify steps to comply with GDPR and prevent accidental disclosure
of information
state when information may/must be disclosed
identify conflicts of interest and describe how to respond to them
and answer questions relating to these areas.
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OVERVIEW
Safeguards
Risks Disclosure
Money
Importance
CONFIDENTIALITY laundering
Conflicts of interest
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1. CONFIDENTIALITY
The importance of confidentiality
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Data protection
The GDPR is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy that aims to
give individuals control over their personal information. The Data Protection Act
2018 extends domestic data protection laws to areas which are not covered by
the GDPR.
Under both the GDPR and the Data Protection Act:
anyone who processes personal information must ensure that it is protected
individuals have the right to access both their personal data and information
about how it is being processed; and
personal data can only be held if there is a specific lawful reason to do so, or if
the individual has explicitly opted-in to allow storage of data.
Auditors need to be aware of their potential obligations in this area in relation to
any individual whose data they hold.
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Risks to confidentiality
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Safeguards
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Disclosure
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1. CONCEPTS OF INTERGRITY,
OBJECTIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Money laundering
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2. Conflicts of interest
There is nothing improper in an accountant having two clients
whose interests are in conflict.
Indeed, many accountancy firms use their expertise in a particular
industry sector as a selling point, which increases the chances of
them having clients who are in competition with each other. It is
important that the firm can demonstrate that their work on one
client will not adversely affect another client.
The ICAEW Code of Ethics gives advice to accountants in situations
where there is a conflict of interest between their clients:
Notify the relevant clients of the situation
Seek their consent to continue to act for both parties.
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2. Conflicts of interest
If the firm continues to act for two clients whose interests are in conflict
then safeguards should be implemented to preserve confidentiality:
Separate teams
Information barriers
Ensure no overlap between different teams
Physical separation of teams
Procedures for maintaining security of paper and electronic records
Confidentiality agreements signed by employees and partners
Review of the application of safeguards by an independent partner.
If adequate safeguards cannot be implemented, the firm may have to
cease to act for one or both of the clients.
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See you next lesson!
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