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    This document provides an overview of antimicrobial drugs including their classification, mechanisms of action, and factors considered in their selection and dosing. It discusses how antimicrobials are classified based on their activity (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal), spectrum (narrow, extended, broad), and mechanism of action (inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, etc.). Selection depends on microbial and patient factors like infection site, immune status, age, and organ function. Dosing frequency is based on pharmacodynamics like time-dependent bactericidal effects. Rational dosing considers pharmacokinetics and achieving optimal drug concentrations at the site of infection.

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    This document provides an overview of antimicrobial drugs including their classification, mechanisms of action, and factors considered in their selection and dosing. It discusses how antimicrobials are classified based on their activity (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal), spectrum (narrow, extended, broad), and mechanism of action (inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, etc.). Selection depends on microbial and patient factors like infection site, immune status, age, and organ function. Dosing frequency is based on pharmacodynamics like time-dependent bactericidal effects. Rational dosing considers pharmacokinetics and achieving optimal drug concentrations at the site of infection.

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    15 views3 pages

    All (Introduction To Anti-Mic

    Uploaded by

    Miki Abera
    This document provides an overview of antimicrobial drugs including their classification, mechanisms of action, and factors considered in their selection and dosing. It discusses how antimicrobials are classified based on their activity (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal), spectrum (narrow, extended, broad), and mechanism of action (inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, etc.). Selection depends on microbial and patient factors like infection site, immune status, age, and organ function. Dosing frequency is based on pharmacodynamics like time-dependent bactericidal effects. Rational dosing considers pharmacokinetics and achieving optimal drug concentrations at the site of infection.

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    All ( Introduction to anti-microbial drugs) lecture examples:

    Antibiotics: penicillin G, tetracycline


    Antibacterial agents: fluoroquinolone, sulfonamides

    Characteristics of Antimicrobial agents


    Penicillin, cephalosporine act on( microbial cell wall)

    Classification of Antimicrobial agents according to activity

    Bacteriostatic: Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Sulfadiazine, Erythromycin


    Bactericidal: Aminoglycosides, penicillin, cephalosporine, Fluoroquinolones

    Classification of Antimicrobial agents according to spectrum activity

    Narrow spectrum: benzyl penicillin (Gt), Aztreonam (G-), Isoniazid (M. TB)
    Extended spectrum: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
    Broad Spectrum: tetracycline, Chloramphenicol

    Classification of Antimicrobial agents according to their mechanism of action


    1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis: B-lactams; Penicillin, cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Vancomycin
    2. of protein synthesis: Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol
    3. of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis: Quinolones, Metronidazole, Rifampin
    4. Disruption of bacterial cell membrane: Polymyxin B, Colistin
    5. Blocking of metabolic pathway essential for MO. : Sulfonamide, Trimethoprim

    Selection of antimicrobial agents depend on

    1. Microbial factor: Empiric therapy;


    > combination of Gentamicin + Clindamycin
    Empiric therapy choice is depending on (infection site, patient age, Clinical settings), Eg ;
    Meningitis in neonates mostly caused by S. Agalactiae sensitive to penicillin G
    but in 40 YOpatient mostly caused by S. Pneumoniae ---=-> resistant to penicillin G and high dosed 3rd
    generation cephalosporines are given as treatment like: Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin.
    2. Patient factors:
    A. Immune system: they require bactericidal not bacteriostatic like (penicillin, cephalosporine,
    fluoroquinolones)
    B.
    Renal function: Erythromycin, Doxycycline
    C. Hepatic function: Amoxicillin, Meropenem
    D.
    Poor perfusion: Levofloxacin, Linezolid for diabetic foot infections
    E. Age: Neonates;
    Chloramphenicol: green baby syndrome
    Sulfonamide: Jaundice, Kernicterus (both caused by bilirubin)
    Young;
    Tetracycline (teeth discoloration), Quinolones (cartilage deformity)
    F. Pregnancy and lactation: Tetracycline is contra indicated during pregnancy bcz it cause teth and
    bones dysplasia.

    3. Site of infection:

    Gentamycin: UTIs -> urinary tract infections


    Cprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole: prostatitis
    Levofloxacin: Pneumonia
    Ceftriaxone: Meningitis

    4. Drug properties
    Lipid solubility: Chloramphenicol, Metronidazole ,
    Agent safety Penet"i'
    Therapy cost

    Rational dosing of antimicrobial agents based on

    Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics

    Dosing frequency of AB depends on:

    A. Time dependent bactericidal effects: penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, macrolides, clindamycin,

    C. Post-antibiotic effect
    Penicillin:

    -lactam bactericidal antibiotic, cell wall synthesis Inhibitor, narrow spectrum


    Tetracyclines:
    Bacteriostatic, Broad Spectrum, protein synthesis in og pregnancy and young

    Cephalosporins (eg;Vancomycin) :
    Bactericidal, cell wall synthesis Inhibitor

    fluoroquinolone:
    Bactericidal

    Erythromycin:

    c St , ro▇ ▇ ▇ ▇▇

    Quinolones:

    Bactericidal, bacterial nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor, contra indicated in youth

    MMH

    BY*una nadnanm0ud HaaC

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