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IVRR Research+Article+-+03.08.2022
IVRR Research+Article+-+03.08.2022
ABSTRACT
Experimental investigations are focused on behaviors of liquid to binder ratios, NaOH molarities, and
alkaline ratios on strength properties of geopolymer mortars. The liquid binder ratios used in the study
are 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45, and the NaOH solution molarities are 8M, 10M, 12M, 14M, 16M, and 18M along
with alkaline solution ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3. By considering the different parameters total 72 mix
trials are complied. For the investigations, manufacture sand and fly ash were used for the different
combination of mixes. According to the results of the experimental investigations, the mix containing
14M performed better than the other mixtures in terms of compressive strength. The ideal mixture
produced specimens with LB ratios of 0.45, alkaline ratios of 2.5, and 14M which exhibited a maximum
strength of 36.08 MPa.
INTRODUCTION
Geopolymer concrete is the most current technological development in the construction industry.
Geopolymer concrete has been developed as an alternative to replacing cement with different mineral
admixtures, binder materials, and alkaline activators, as a result of research conducted over the past few
decades to identify alternative, useful, economically feasible, and environmentally benign materials for
use in construction. The outcomes of these attempts to discover alternative, practical, affordable, and
ecologically friendly materials for use in construction. Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials
that are chemically very similar to zeolites .They are composed of base materials containing aluminium
and silicon which are activated by mixing alkaline solution which serves as a binder. Geopolymer
concrete is produced by alkali activating aluminosilicate materials, such as fly ash, granulated blast
furnace slag, pond ash, palm oil volcanic ash, etc. using alkali activators such water glass, potassium
hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Studies employing m-sand were conducted on geopolymer concrete by
Abdul Aleem M.I et al. (2013)[1]. It is shown that by using m-sand instead of regular concrete, critical
parameters like compressive strength, split strength, and flexure improved. By adjusting sodium
hydroxide in the range of 8 to 12M at room temperature, C.Sashidhar et al. (2015) [29] tested
selfcompacting geo-polymer concrete consisting of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag.
According to reports, using manufacture sand in place of natural sand has no negative impact.
Geopolymer concrete with m-sand was explored by R Janani et al. (2015) [15] In comparison to
geopolymer concrete with natural sand, the results showed an increase in compressive strength, flexure
and tensile strength of 9 percent, 10 percent, and 12 percent, respectively. J. Gomathi et al. (2016) [12]
conducted research to determine the viability of using manufactured sand in geopolymer concrete. The
research discovered that when manufactured sand was substituted for natural sand in a 75 percent ratio,
the highest values of compressive strength and split tensile strength were noted.S.Nagajothi and
S.Elavenil (2016) [20] used manufactured sand in place of natural sand and low calcium flyash as a
binding ingredient. Compressive and tensile strength were reported to rise as m-sand proportions
increased, leading to the conclusion that natural sand might be completely substituted by manufactured
sand. The characteristics of freshly mixed and hardened geopolymer mortar were reviewed by Zhang P et
al (2018) [37]. It was claimed that the geopolymer showed promising futures in terms of improved
characteristics and its use as an eco-friendly building material. According to the study, the geopolymer
mortar had better workability, setting time, compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic characteristics,
flexure strength, resistance to acid attack, and resistance to temperature increase than cement mortar. A
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study conducted by Jindal, B.B. (2019) [16] suggested, adding mineral admixture improves the
geopolymer mortar properties. The study found that slag increases the compressive strength and
durability of geopolymer mortar and decreases the duration of the initial and final setting time. The
workability would be hampered since more water would be needed. After curing at room temperature,
addition of nano-silica accelerates the rate at which the silica and alumina phase dissolve, improving
mechanical characteristics and durability. Naghizadeh, A et al,(2018) [21] suggested a mix design that
addressed a wide range of important mix parameters. For this, a range of sodium hydroxide (SH)
concentrations, binder types, and sodium hydroxide molarities were suggested. Saravanan.S. et al (2019)
[28] worked on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with manufactured sand. According to
the findings, when river sand is completely replaced with m-sand under hot curing conditions, the strength
rose by around 10%. Mallika G.S.et al (2020) [17] reviewed the performance of geopolymer composites.
According to the study, geopolymer materials outperform cement-based materials in terms of acid and
shrinkage resistance. Flexure strength, compression strength, and workability all improved as sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) level increased. While the compressive strength increased with an increase in the
sodium hydroxide/fly ash ratio initially and then dropped over time, it increased with an increase in the
sodium silicate/fly ash ratio.
In order to reduce the dependency on natural resources like cement and river sand in conventional
concrete, significant research was conducted. Studies were conducted using manufacture sand as a
substitute to natural sand. It is well known that using manufactured sand offers benefits due to the
issues of diminishing supply of natural sand, the restriction or regulation of sand mining by the
appropriate authorities from time to time, and the varied physical and chemical properties of river sand
which would change the characteristics of concrete. The improved physical and durability properties of
concrete have encouraged the use of manufactured sand. Research has been done on the use of
manufacture sand in partial or full quantities as a replacement for natural sand . Based on the previous
studies, using manufactured sand enhances the strength characteristics of geopolymer mortar when
compared to river sand. The current experimental work evaluates the effects of various components,
such as the ratio of liquid binder to alkaline solution, molarity of sodium hydroxide solution, alkaline ratio
on the performance of geopolymer mortar with flyash and manufactured sand.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1 Materials
In the current investigation, flyash from the Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), Muddunur,
Cuddapah, was finalised. Fly ash has specific gravity of 2.24 and a fineness 362m2/kg. Table 1 is a list
of flyash's chemical components. manufactured sand from local source is utilized. The sand's specific
gravity is 2.67, and gradation conforms with IS 383's requirements for Zone II. Analytical grade NH pellets
(97 percent pure) were melted in water to create a solution with various concentrations for the
experiment. In Tables 2 and 3, respectively, the chemical constituents of sodium hydroxide and sodium
silicate are provided. For flowability,admixture SP430 is is used.The percentage of admixture is 1.5
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Table 4: Mix constituents of geopolymer mortar
LB Ratio 0.35
Materia
ls AL Ratio 1.5 AL Ratio 2.0 AL Ratio 2.5 AL Ratio 3.0
(Kg/m3 Na2 NaOH Water Na2 NaO Water Na2 NaO Water Na2 NaO Water
) Fly Sio3 Sio3 H Sio3 H Sio3 H
Sand ash
8M 44.71 17.73 106.5 49.68 104.5 103.0 92.43
3 14.77 2 53.22 12.66 9 55.89 20.65
10M 44.71 21.20 103.0 49.68 101.6
6 17.67 2 53.22 15.15 100.6 55.89 13.25 99.83
12M 1448. 482.7 44.71 24.39 99.87 49.68
27 6 20.33 98.96 53.22 17.42 98.33 55.89 15.24 97.84
14 M 44.71 27.33 96.93 49.68 22.77 96.52 53.22 19.52 96.23 55.89 17.08 96
16M 44.71 30.04 94.22 49.68 25.03 94.26 53.22 21.46 94.29 55.89 18.77 94.31
18M 44.71 33.04 91.22 49.68 27.53 91.76 53.22 23.6 92.15 55.89 20.65 92.43
LB Ratio 0.40
Materia
ls AL Ratio 1.5 AL Ratio 2.0 AL Ratio 2.5 AL Ratio 3.0
(Kg/m3 Sand
Na2 NaOH Water Na2Si NaO Water Na2 NaO Water Na2 NaO Water
) Fly Sio3 o3 H Sio3 H Sio3 H
ash
8M 120.3 118.0 116.4
50.52 20.03 6 56.13 16.69 9 60.13 14.31 7 63.14 23.33 104.44
10M 116.4 114.8 113.6
50.52 23.95 4 56.13 19.96 2 60.13 17.11 7 63.14 14.97 112.8
12M 112.8 111.8 111.0
1431. 477.2 50.52 27.56 3 56.13 22.97 1 60.13 19.69 9 63.14 17.23 110.54
14 M 81 7 109.5 109.0 108.7
50.52 30.87 2 56.13 25.73 5 60.13 22.05 3 63.14 19.3 108.47
16M 106.4 106.5
50.52 33.93 6 56.13 28.28 106.5 60.13 24.24 4 63.14 21.21 106.56
18M 103.0 103.6 104.1
50.52 37.32 7 56.13 31.11 7 60.13 26.66 2 63.14 23.33 104.44
LB Ratio 0.45
Materia
ls AL Ratio 1.5 AL Ratio 2.0 AL Ratio 2.5 AL Ratio 3.0
(Kg/m3 Na2 NaOH Water Na2Si NaO Water Na2 NaO Water Na2 NaO Water
) Fly Sio3 o3 H Sio3 H Sio3 H
Sand ash
8M 133.8 131.3 129.5
56.19 22.28 9 62.43 18.57 6 66.9 15.91 5 70.24 25.95 116.17
10M 129.5 127.7 126.4
56.19 26.65 2 62.43 22.21 2 66.9 19.03 3 70.24 16.65 125.47
12M 125.5 124.3 123.5
1415. 471.9 56.19 30.65 2 62.43 25.55 8 66.9 21.9 6 70.24 19.16 122.96
14 M 73 1 121.8 121.3 120.9
56.19 34.34 3 62.43 28.62 1 66.9 24.53 3 70.24 21.46 120.66
16M 118.4 118.4
56.19 37.75 2 62.43 31.46 7 66.9 26.96 118.5 70.24 23.59 118.53
18M 114.6 115.3
56.19 41.52 5 62.43 34.6 3 66.9 29.66 115.8 70.24 25.95 116.17
METHODOLOGY
Alkali activators include sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide pellets (97 percent purity). By
diluting NaOH pellets with water, the alkali activator solution was prepared. The solution was allowed to
cool to room temperature for 24 hours before combining with sodium silicate. Pan mixer was used to mix
geopolymer mortar samples. Before adding the superplasticizer and water to the alkali activator solution,
the binder material was added. Alkaline activator solution is added to the binder in the mixer, which is
then spun for five minutes. Sand is added and mixer run for 3 minutes thus a total mixing time of 13
minutes. In order to test the compressive strength for the current experiment, 216 specimens with
dimensions of 70.50mmx70.50 mmx70.50 mm were cast.
All of the specimens were demoulded twenty hours after they were cast. The cube specimens were
stored at ambient temperature for curing up to test day.The tests to determine the 28-day strength were
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conducted using a compression testing equipment with a 2000KN capability. Compressive strength of
three cubes on average was determined.
Table 5 : Average Compressive Strength (MPa) of Fly-ash Mortar with different Liquid Binder Ratio, Alkaline
Solution Ratio & Molarity
Molarity 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.35 0.4 0.45
8 18.98 17.16 18.51 18.73 18.57 18.61 18.88 18.45 32.76 18.88 19.10 32.55
10 17.55 18.29 18.39 19.65 18.06 18.59 18.27 18.73 30.39 18.16 17.65 27.90
12 19.78 18.98 18.92 18.71 18.04 20.22 18.47 18.47 27.47 18.63 20.27 24.10
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14 18.33 18.53 24.84 30.39 30.59 26.41 18.71 18.31 36.08 18.24 20.53 29.27
16 18.33 18.59 35.39 18.98 20.94 29.00 18.96 18.47 22.47 18.80 23.47 31.47
18 18.37 16.96 18.49 18.53 28.45 31.45 18.73 19.24 22.49 19.00 18.88 33.39
Al. Ratio 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
40.00
Compressive Strength (MPa)
30.00
20.00
10.00
8 10 12 14 16 18
Molarity
30
20
10
8 10 12 14 16 18
Molarity
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30
20
10
8 10 12 14 16 18
Molarity
30.00
20.00
10.00
8M 10M 12M 14M 16M 18M
Molarity
Figure 4: Molarity vs Compressive Strength (MPa) for Alkaline solution ratio 1.5
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30.00
20.00
10.00
8M 10M 12M 14M 16M 18M
Molarity
Figure 5: Molarity vs Compressive Strength (MPa) for Alkaline solution ratio 2.0
40.00
Compressive Strength ( MPa)
30.00
20.00
10.00
8M 10M 12M 14M 16M 18M
Molarity
Figure 6: Molarity vs Compressive Strength (MPa) for Alkaline solution ratio 2.5
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40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
8M 10M 12M 14M 16M 18M
Molarity
Figure 7: Molarity vs Compressive Strength (MPa) for Alkaline solution ratio 3.0
40.00
32.76 32.55
Compressive Strength (MPa)
30.00
20.00
18.98 18.51 18.73 18.61 18.88 18.57 18.45 18.88 19.10
17.16
10.00
0.00
8M
Molarity of NaOH Solution -8M
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40.00
30.39
Compressive Strength (MPa)
30.00 27.90
19.65
20.00 17.55 18.29 18.39
18.59 18.27 18.06 18.73 18.16 17.65
10.00
0.00
10M
Molarity of NaOH Solution - 10M
30.00 27.47
24.10
19.78 18.98 18.92 18.71 20.22 20.27
20.00 18.47 18.04 18.47 18.63
10.00
0.00
12M
40.00
36.08
30.39 30.59
Compressive Strength ( MPa)
29.27
30.00
26.41
24.84
20.53
20.00 18.33 18.53 18.71 18.31 18.24
10.00
0.00
14M
Molarity of NaOH Solution -14M
40.00
35.39
31.47
Compressive Strength ( MPa)
29.00
30.00
23.47
22.47
20.94
18.33 18.59 18.98 18.96 18.47 18.80
20.00
10.00
0.00
16M
Molarity of NaOH Solution
Figure 12: Molarity vs Compressive Strength for16M NaOH solution
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40.00
33.39
31.45
Compressive Strength ( MPa)
30.00 28.45
22.49
10.00
0.00
18M
Molarity of NaOH Solution
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions from the aforementioned experimental programme are as follows.
The strength of the geopolymer mortar increases as liquid binder ratio rises, and it also increase
with rise in alkaline solution ratio . The optimum range is 2.0 to 2.5.
The maximum compressive strength for mortar specimen when the LB ratio is 0.45 is 36.08 MPa
showed 19% increase in comparision with the mortar of LB ratio 0.35 which is 30.39 MPa.
The strength of geopolymer mortar is affected by the sodium hydroxide concentration. The
mortar with molarity of 14M showed higher strength compared to other molarities of
8M,10M,12M,16M and 18M which is 10 %,19%, 31%,61% and 60% respectively.
The ideal mixture produced specimens with LB ratios of 0.45, alkaline ratios of 2.5, and 14M
which exhibited a maximum strength of 36.08 MPa.
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DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.7034973
JOURNAL OF EAST CHINA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(ISSN:1006-3080)
VOL.65 ISS. 3 2022
799