Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M02 Measrment
M02 Measrment
Control Technology
Level – II
Based on March ,2022Curriculum Version
Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of TVT instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
Sc specific conductivity
DMM Digital multicenter
LCR inductance capacitance resistance
PPE Personal protective equipment
DC Direct current
AC Alternative current
CIP Cleaning in place
COP Clean on of place
Apply PPE
Identify hand tools and measuring instrument
Confirm and apply work station safety
Identify object or component to be measured
Obtain correct specification
PPE includes safety goggles and face shields and should be used for tasks that can cause eye damage or
loss of vision, sprays of toxic liquids, splashes, and burns.
PPE includes full-face respirators, self-contained breathing apparatus, gas masks, N95
respirators, and surgical masks are used for a task that can cause inhalation of harmful materials
to enter the body. This includes harmful gas, chemicals, large-particle droplets, sprays, splashes,
or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria such as COVID-19, viral infections, and more.
Hearing Protection
PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems
and loss of hearing.
Safety Tips:
Use protectors that reduce noise to an acceptable level to have a room for communication.
Hand tools
A hand tool is a device for doing a particular job that does not use a motor, but is powered solely
by the person using it.
Striking Tools
Measurement and Level Tools
Long tapes, tape rules etc…
Striking Tools
a) Ball-Peen Hammer
The head is made of heat treated forged high carbon steel that is harder than a claw hammer.
The round “peening” end is used less in metalworking than it used to be, but it is meant to work
and shape malleable metals.
Dead blow hammers are specialized striking tools used to minimize damage to a part’s surface.
The head of a dead blow is polyurethane and is with sand or lead shot to absorb the impact of the
strike.
Dead blow hammers are specialized striking tools used to minimize damage to a part’s surface.
The head of a dead blow is polyurethane and is with sand or lead shot to absorb the impact of the
strike.
a) Rubber Mallet
a) Claw Hammer
The claw hammer is the tool most people think of when they think of hammers. The head of this
tool is used for driving nails into wood and the claw on the back is used to pry nails out of wood.
c) Round
Figure1. 9. Round
A round file is a fine cutting tool with a cylindrical shape that can remove small amounts of
material from wood, plastic, or metal. It is used to break sharp corners, remove burrs from a
work piece, or smooth out the surface of a work piece. A round file is primarily used to file the
insides of small holes and small inner radii.
Use backward strokes. The teeth are angled forward and will not remove any material on
backward strokes
d) Knives
X-Acto Knife
X-Acto is a brand name for a variety of cutting tools and office products. Cutting tools include
hobby and utility knives, saws, carving tools and many small-scale precision knives used for
crafts and other applications.
Is a tool used to measure or mark wood, metal, and other materials.A. Measuring is normally
done using rulers, wooden folding rules, measuring tapes, or 100 foot wind up tapes. Rulers can
be one foot, yardsticks, and meter sticks. Wooden folding rules are generally 6 foot long and
their rigidness makes them useful in making vertical measurements. Locking tape measures
come in lengths ranging from 6 foot to 30 foot, a width of ½ to 1 inch, they lock open, and use a
spring to retract the tape with the push of a button. The 100 foot wind up tape is useful in
building layout work where distances over 30 feet must be measured. Most construction in this
country is done using standard English measurement units of inches, feet, and yards. Metric
measurements using millimeters, centimeters, and meters is used in many other countries
Tape Measure
Figure1. 2T Square
In the picture above, the grey plastic part of the T-square is called the head and the metal part
with the scale is called the blade. The head and the blade of a T square are perpendicular to each
other. T-squares are used to draw horizontal lines in manual drafting. They can also be used to
layout cut lines on drywall and plywood.
vernier caliper
A measuring device that is used for the measurement of linear dimensions. It is also used for the
measurement of diameters of round objects with the help of the measuring jaws.
Dial readout
Digital readout
How to Read Vernier Calliper
The first step is to measure nothing through which we can check if the main and the vernier
scales are aligned.
Medical usages
Science labs
Industries such as steel and aerospace
Educational sectors
A. Micrometer (device)
There are various types of micrometers available, each suited to varying uses and applications.
Outside micrometers are one of the most widely used varieties, but inside and depth micrometers
are alternatives that may be more appropriate for use in certain scenarios. Below are some of the
most common types of micrometers:
Outside Micrometer: The outside micrometer is the most commonly used type of
micrometer. It is used to measure external dimensions such as the outside diameter of an
object.
Inside Micrometer: Inside micrometers are used to measure inside dimensions like the
inside diameter of a hole or tube. There are two types of inside micrometers: caliper-type
inside micrometers and tubular and rod inside micrometers.
Caliper-Type Micrometer
Caliper-type inside micrometers have measuring jaws similar to those found on a dial caliper or Vernier
caliper.
The jaws are inserted into the space to be measured and are adjusted by turning the thimble or ratchet
speeder.
Both tubular micrometers and rod micrometers are placed within the space to be measured and extended
until the measuring faces contact the edges of the space to be measured.
Rod micrometers come with a selection of measuring rods which, when attached to the tool, extend the
measuring capabilities of the micrometer. Some rod micrometers have a handle that connects to the
instrument and helps the user to measure inaccessible or difficult-to-reach spaces.
Depth Micrometer
Depth micrometers are used to measure the depths of holes, slots, and steps.
They come with a variety of interchangeable rods of different lengths so that they can be used to
measure a range of depths.
This practice isn't a necessary step for measuring, but keeping the surfaces of the anvil and
spindle clean ensures precise measurements.
2. Hold the object in your left hand and place it against the anvil. The anvil is stationary and
can withstand more pressure than the spindle. Make sure the object doesn't move or scratch
the surface of the anvil.
Hold the micrometer with your right hand. The frame will rest gently on your palm. You can
also fasten the frame on a stationary vise; this helps free up both hands for the measuring
process.
4. Spin the ratchet counter clockwise. Be sure the 0 on the thimble is lined up with the scale on
the sleeve
5. Twist until the spindle is against the object. Apply enough force. The thimble often clicks.
Three clicks is a good stopping point.
7 . Slide out the object carefully. Be sure to avoid scratching either surfaces of the anvil or
spindle; the slightest scratch can ruin the micrometers measuring accuracy.
8. Write down the measurements before unlocking the spindle. If the spindle loosens, be sure to
remeasure
Method 2
On the sleeve is a scale that measures by the one-hundred thousands or 1/10 of an inch; in
decimal form it would be .100.
In between those whole numbers are three lines that represent twenty-five thousandths of an
inch; in decimal form, it would look like .025.
The thimble has evenly spaced lines that represent one-thousandth of an inch; in decimal form it
would be .001.
Above the whole number scale on the sleeve are lines that measure to ten-thousandths of a inch;
in decimal form it looks like .0001.
3. Read how many lines come after the whole number. Look at the individual markings
exposed4.Find the number and corresponding marking on the thimble scale closest to but
underneath the measurement line on the stock. If it's closest to 1, then it would be .001.
You can also fasten the frame on a stationary vise; this helps free up both hands for the
measuring process
Figure1. 11 reading
6. Flip the micrometer over to read to the 10 thousandths marking. Read that line that lines
closest with the sleeve. If, for example, it lines with 1, then the measurement will will
read .5261
Method 3
Reading a Metric Micrometer
The horizontal lines above the scale on the sleeve will measure to the thousandth of a millimeter,
or .001 mm.
The line on the sleeve usually has top line showing millimeters, and below that line the marks
represent half millimeters.
The marks on the thimble usually go to 50, and each line represents a hundredth of a millimeter
or .01 mm.
4) Add up all three lines. In this example, add 5 + .5 + .33. The measurement is 5.83 mm.
Screw Drivers
Flat Head
A screwdriver is a hand-tool for turning (driving) screws (and sometimes bolts or other machine
elements with a mating drive system. A screwdriver is identified by its tip, which is shaped to fit,
or mate with, a screw the head of which has a particular contour, or surface shape. A screwdriver
is, thus, a mechanism to apply torque to a screw
Philips Head
Allen Wrenches
Pliers
Tongue-and-groove pliers are commonly used for turning and holding nuts and bolts, gripping
irregularly shaped objects, and clamping materials.
Bolt Cutters
Wrenches
Box Wrench
A wrench (or spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep
them from turning.
Spud Wrench
A hollow cylinder that fits over one end of a nut or bolt head, and is attached to a ratchet handle
for leverage. It generally has a six-point, eight-point or twelve-point recess, may be shallow or
deep, and may have a built-in universal joint.
Double Crimper
Crimper/Stripper
Cable Cutter
Wire Crimper
Used to crimp ring lugs, quick disconnects, and other terminals onto wire.
A cordless drill is an electric drill that uses rechargeable batteries. These drills are available with
similar features to an AC mains-powered drill. This driver drill has a clutch, also called a torque
limiter, which aids in driving screws into various work pieces without damaging them. Read
more about how to safely use this tool in the manual.
A safe work environment is not enough to control all electric hazards. You must also work
safely. Safe work practices help you control your risk of death from workplace hazards. If you
are working on electrical circuits or with electrical tools and equipment, you need to use safe
work practices.
Electrical workstations include electrical outlets that are designed to provide a source of power
for the use of tools and equipment. How this type of workstation is designed plays an important
role in how organized and efficient that workspace proves to be for your employees.
Ensure that readings are consistent with other measurements that is, the device’s
measurements are compared with and traceable to a known and accepted standard
Determine the accuracy of the device’s readings
Establish the reliability of the device
But just because we all use calibrated tools does not guarantee that everyone measuring the same
part will get the same results.
How can this be? For starters, even when you are using NIST traceable, calibrated measuring
devices, within each device there is a tolerance, indicating accuracy within plus or minus X
amount. What’s more, the tool used to calibrate that device — for example, a pin — also has its
own tolerance. Add to that the tolerance of the tool used to calibrate the pin … You get the idea.
There are some simple “rules” that can help to ensure that calibrated measuring yields accurate
and consistent results
1. Make sure you and your supplier or manufacturer are using the same type of device to do
the measuring. For example, if a manufacturer verifies a specified ID using optical
measurement but you inspect the finished parts using a pin gage, there may be
discrepancies in the results. If you are measuring length, will you be using a caliper, a
micrometer, or a ruler?
2. Make sure that you and your supplier/manufacturer are using measuring devices that are
correctly cross-calibrated. Otherwise, the two devices may measure a part differently. A
Z pin gage versus a ZZ pin gage will not yield the same results. If you are using a digital
micrometer, be sure you are using the same device calibrated in the same units to the
same standard, and rounded to the same number of decimal places
3. If possible, provide your manufacturer with the measuring gage or other device you plan to use
to verify the dimensions of your parts. For example, for functional test requiring a go/no go
1. Skin & body PPE- should be worn by workers to be avoid injuries accidents caused by
3. A -------- is a portable, easy to use, measurement tool that is typically accurate to the
nearest 1/16”.
1. Various types of PPE are available for use only in the school.
2. Dead blow hammers are specialized striking tools used to maximize damage to a part’s
surface.
3. Varner cliper is measuring device that is used for the measurement of linear dimensions.
Test-III Matching
Instruction: select the correct answer for the give choice. You have given 1 Minute for each
question. Each question carries 2 Point.
“A” “B”
Instruction: Use the given figure Read the scale on the sleeve. For this operation you have given
3 Hour and you are expected to provide the answer on the given table.
1. Micrometer
2. Paper
3.Pencil
Mass Kilogram Kg The mass of a platinum– iridium cylinder kept in the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures.
Temperature Kelvin K The temperature difference between absolute zero and the triple point of
water is defined as 273.16kelvin
Temperature Kelvin K The temperature difference between absolute zero and the triple point of
water is defined as 273.16kelvin
Current Ampere A One ampere is the current following through two infinitely long parallel
conductors of negligible cross-section placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum
and producing a force of 2 x 10-7newtons per meter length of conductor
Luminous Candela Cd One candela is the luminous intensity in a given direction from a source
intensity emitting mono chromatic radiation at a frequency of 540 tera-hertz (Hz
X1012)and with a radiant density in that direction of 1.4641mW/
steradian. (1 steradian is the solid angle which, having its vertex at the
centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the sphere surface equal to that of
a square with sides of length equal to the sphere radius)
Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven base quantities via a
system of quantity equations. The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from
these equations and the seven SI base units. Examples of such SI derived units are given in Table
SI derived unit
Units that can be measured in Electrical /electronic include, current, voltage, power, resistance,
conductance, charge, and frequency.
Voltage
Voltage, okay, defining voltage, when some distance separates two bodies with unequal charges
they risk the potential for doing work. Its unit is volt .A devise measure voltage is known as
voltmeter .
Resistance
Resistance is current flowing through a circuit encounters opposition. This opposition is referred
to as resistance. Its unit is ohm. A devise measure voltage is known as ohmmeter.
Current
Current is the movement of charges in a conductor. It is the measure of the number of electrons
that flow past a given point notice per second. One AMP is the amount of current that flows
when one coulomb flows past the point in one second .A devise measure voltage is known as
ohmmeter.
Ampere
Alternating current describes the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. As a result,
the voltage level also reverses along with the current. AC is used to deliver power to houses,
office buildings, etc.
Direct current is a bit easier to understand than alternating current. Rather than oscillating back
and forth, DC provides a constant voltage or current.
Electron Volt
Electron volt is used to state the energy of charged particles, such as electrons, and must not be
confused with the volt unit. An electron which is accelerated through a potential difference of
one volt gains one electron volt (v) of energy.
Ohm
Ohm (Ω) is the physical unit of resistance of a material. One ohm is the amount of electrical
opposition that forces an electron movement through a material. One volt across one ohm will
result in a current of one ampere.
Siemens
Conductivity of a material is the ease with which it passes electrons. Conductivity and resistivity
of a material are inversely related by the formula (G=1/R). The unit of conductance is the
Siemens. The symbol used for the Siemens is (S).
Watt
Watt is the unit of power or the rate of doing work in an electrical circuit. The power converted
in an electrical circuit is 1 watt when energy is converted at the rate of 1 joule-per-second.
Coulomb
Coulomb (Q) is the unit of electrical charge. One coulomb is a charge of 6.25 X 1018 electrons.
A flow of one coulomb past a point in one second is one ampere.
Hertz
Second
In electronics, measurements may be specified in either the English system or the metric system,
and for this reason we must convert from one system to the other system of measurement.
However, the metric system is preferred and should be used in all scientific writing. However,
since both systems are in current usage we must learn to convert from one to the other.
As we noted earlier, electronics is a science which uses very large and very small units,
such as a thousand-ohm resistor, a millionth-farad capacitor, a thousand million-cycles-per-
second and soon. To save time in writing and speaking these terms, symbols have been
universally adopted to replace those most commonly used terms.
Pico P 10-12
Nano N 10-9
Micro µ 10-6
Milli M 10-3
Kilo K 103
Mega M 106
Tera T 1012
There are many injuries while using hand tools on the job. Many of these injuries occur from
improper use, but there are also injuries that involve a tool that was broken or in need of repair.
What tool is being used will decide what needs to be inspected on it. In this safety talk, we will
discuss basic handheld tools that are not electric or pneumatic.
Common hand tools found on almost every job site and at home across the country are
screwdrivers, hammers, chisels, and wrenches. This is not an all-inclusive list, but these are some
of the most commonly used hand tools.
Hammer
Ensure that the handle is not broken or chipped. If a handle is taped, more than likely it is
broken and needs replaced. On any tool, tape is not a manufacturer’s approved fix for a needed
repair. Ensure the head of the hammer is tight on the handle. Throw the hammer away if part of
the claw is broken off.
Screwdrivers
Ensure the handle is not chipped or broken. Many people will use the screwdriver as a chisel
and hit the back end of it with a hammer. This causes damage to the screwdriver and will
damage the handle. If the head of the screwdriver is chipped or worn down, replace the
screwdriver.
Chisels are strong tools, but just like any other tool they will begin to break down over time.
Check the back of the chisel. Often times, the back will begin to mushroom. When mushrooming
occurs the chisel either needs to be repaired properly or replaced.
Wrenches
Check that the wrench is not bent. Replace any wrench that is chipped or excessively worn.
Losing the grip on a bolt due to a worn or broken wrench can easily cause hand injuries to the
user.
Pliers
If a plier is electrically insulated, check that the insulation has not been compromised, exposing
the underlying conductive material.
Pliers are not being abused. e.g.: hammering the jaws to cut a wire or bolt.
When not in use they should be disconnected from the energy source and properly stored.
They do not show signs of being operated outside their designed specifications.
The tools, besides being visually inspected, should also be briefly turned on in order to check for
abnormal noises, mal function of switches.
Keep tools clean. Dirty tools are harder to use safely and properly.
Secure all hand tools and store them away properly. Tools left out are much more likely to get
lost, stolen, or damaged.
Here are some steps you can take when measuring the accuracy and precision of your data:
Begin by recording all the data you have for the project or experiment. It's important to collect as
much data as possible to ensure a comprehensive measure of accuracy. If you're working with
large amounts of data, it's helpful to record the measurements electronically using tools such as
spreadsheet software programs. Sort the data values in order from least to greatest to help you
determine the range of data you've collected.
Once you've collected and sorted your data, you can determine the average value of your data,
which can give you a measurement of accuracy. To determine the average value, add all of your
data together and divide by the total number of measurements. If you're using a spreadsheet
program, you can create a formula that can find this value for you. When working with small
amounts of data, you may choose to
For example, if you're measuring the weight of a substance and calculate separate measurements
of 10 pounds, 10.2 pounds, 9.8 pounds and 10.1 pounds, the average value of this data is 10.02.
If the actual standard for this value is 10 pounds, you've produced a highly accurate result. Here's
what the example looks like using the formula
You can also calculate the accuracy of your measurements in percentages by finding the percent
error
This can be a helpful tool for explaining your results to people who may be unaware of the
standard measurement for the data. For example, you can convey the accuracy of your
measurements by stating that they're within 1% of the accepted standard. To find the percent
error, subtract the results of your measurement from the accepted value and divide by the
accepted value. Then, multiply that figure by 100. The formula looks like this:
For example, if you collect data to measure the temperature of a climate and find the average to
be 95.3 degrees, while the accepted value is 96.8 degrees, the percent error of your data would be
1.5%. This means you've produced results within 1.5% accuracy of the accepted value. Here's
what the formula looks like for this example:
After calculating the accuracy of your data, you may also want to know the precision, which can
help you evaluate your measurements. When determining the precision, you begin by finding the
average value of your data. Once you have the average value, you can subtract each individual
measurement from the average value to give you a set of absolute deviations. The absolute
deviation of each measurement shows how close the value is to the average value. Here's the
formula for finding the absolute deviation:
For example, if you're measuring the length of an item and produce data of 5 feet, 5.2 feet, 4.6
feet and 5.4 feet, the average value for this data is 5.05 feet. Here's the calculation for the average
value:
Then, you can find the absolute deviation for each measurement by subtracting the average value
from the measured value. Here's the absolute deviation for each measurement in this data set:
5- 5.05 = 0.05
5.2 - 5.05 = 0.15
4.6 - 5.05 = 0.45
5.4 - 5.05 = 0.35
After calculating the absolute deviation for each measurement, you can determine the average
deviation for the data, which shows you the precision. To calculate the average deviation, add the
absolute deviations for each measurement together and divide by the total number of
measurements.
Record the precision result as the average value plus or minus the average deviation. Here's the
formula for average deviation:
For example, using the absolute deviations from the last step, you can find the average deviation
by adding them together and dividing by four. The average deviation for this data is 5.05±0.25,
which means the data is precise within a range of ±0.25. Here's what the formula looks like for
this example:
1. _______________ is used to state the energy of charged particles, such as electrons, and must
not be confused with the volt unit
A.Current C. Ohm’s
2. ______________is a material measure or physical property that defines or reproduces the unit
of measurement of a base or derived quantity.
A.Accuracy C. Standard
B.Precision D. All
3. _______________is an integrated set of activities that uses resources to transform inputs into
outputs.
Process C. Calibration
Measurement D. none
Test II Matching
Instruction: select the correct answer for the give choice. You have given 1 Minute for each
question. Each question carries 2 Point.
Column A Column B
Direction: Say true and false for the following question below
_______ 1. Accuracy is not the closeness of the agreement between the result of a
Measurement.
measurement.
_________ 3. The measurement process is the set of operations to determine the value
of a quantity.
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
Cleaning measuring instruments
Cleaning is the complete removal of food soil using appropriate detergent chemicals under
recommended conditions. It is important that personnel involved have a working understanding
of the nature of the different types of food soil and the chemistry of its removal.
Cleaning Methods
Scheduled Cleaning
The environment in which you use it: Some situations may cause measuring tools to
require cleaning more often. If you use your tools in a dusty manufacturing environment,
for example, you may need to clean them more often than if you work in a relatively
controlled lab environment
The task for which you use it: The job you use the tool for can also impact how often it
requires cleaning. For example, pressure gage maintenance may involve cleaning it more
often if you use it with liquids, as opposed to solid items. Also, if the measurements are
so precise that small amounts of dirt or residue could throw them off, you’ll need to clean
your instruments more frequently devices. Various factors influence how often you
should plan to clean your instruments.
Legal requirements: In certain industries, rules and regulations may require you to clean tools
more often. For example, food-related businesses must adhere to higher cleanliness standards
than many other industries.
This standard operating procedure (SOP) describes procedures that will be used to obtain field
Parameter measurements for surface water and groundwater parameter samples. These
parameters are pH, temperature, and specific conductivity (S.C.). This SOP describes field
The proper use of tools, equipment and paraphernalia will greatly increase efficiency and
occupational safety in a workplace. Having the proper knowledge and skills in using such tools is
needed in order to operate and use them effectively. But more often than not, problems and
malfunctions may arise while using these tools. These malfunctions can be minimized by
exercising careful usage of the tools.
Malfunctions and other unplanned and unusual event may not be totally eliminated, but it can
surely be minimized.
Listed below are some of the malfunctions and unplanned events when using the different tools
in completing a job requirement:
When using a driving tool, screws may slip the tip of the screw driver. This happens when the
screw driver is not properly aligned with drive of the screw’s head. This can be minimized by
making sure that the tip of the screw driver is well secured in the drive of the screw’s head.
Using a screw driver with a magnetized tip can also help minimize this type of malfunction.
Small objects tend to fall down when being held by a gripping tool like pliers. This usually
happens when the jaws of the pliers are blunt, thus making it hard to hold on things. This can be
prevented by making sure that gripping tools have well maintained jaws that can grasp objects
properly
Listed below are some of the malfunctions and unplanned events when using the different tools
in completing a job requirement (continued):
Mishaps in using cutting tools is also dangerous. Malfunctions may arise from slippage of the
material to be cut. This may also happen if a cutting tool is not sharp enough. These unplanned
events will cause laceration and wounds to the user. To avoid this, cutting tools must always be
kept sharp.
Power tools also impose danger during mishaps. Common problems are electrical short
circuiting or mechanical problems. Malfunctioning power tools may cause electrocution and
even decapitation of the limbs. These accidents can be avoided by making sure that all power
tools are well maintained and are in fit operating condition.
Diagnostic tools may not impose a threat to the well-being of a worker but inaccurate reading
may compromise the completion of a job requirement. Inaccurate reading may occur if a
diagnostic tool is not properly calibrated. To avoid this, a regular calibration to all diagnostic
tools must be done.
REMEMBER:
Improper operation
Failure to perform preventive maintenance
Too much preventive maintenance
Failure to continuously monitor equipment
Bad (or no) reliability culture
As per the Electrical Quantities, instruments are broadly classified into two parts. Classification
of electrical measuring instruments.
This instrument gives the value of the electrical quantity to measure in terms of the constant and
its deflection. This instrument is known as ‘Absolute Instrument’.
It is also called a Primary Instrument or Indirect Instrument. These instruments are not required
to compare with the standard values.
Example: Tangent Galvanometer is the best example of an absolute instrument. It is used for
detecting and displaying an electric current unit.
The instrument gives the value of the quantity to be measured directly into the deflection. This
instrument is known as ‘Secondary Instrument’.
These instrument values are required to compare with absolute instruments or the standard
values of the instruments.
Deflection Instrument
Deflection Instrument
The instrument can also be classified based on the nature of the operation. They majorly fall into
the secondary instrument.
Indicating Instrument
Recording Instrument
Integrating Instrument
Null Deflection instrument
Shortly describe as,
1. Indicating Instrument
The Indicating Instrument displays only the value of the electrical quantities per time of
measurement.
This instrument gives the reading only when connected to the electrical supply. Otherwise, it
goes to zero position.
Example: Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, etc are example of the indicating instrument.
2. Recording Instrument
3. Integreting instrument
The Integrating Instrument displays, record, and add the numerical value of the reading of the
electrical quantities per time of measurement
Example :- Energy meter, and Ampere-hour meter are examples of the integrating instrument
The Null Deflection Instrument shows the reading of the electrical quantities without the
deflection angle at per time of measurement.
1. AC Instrument
The AC Instrument is connected with the AC supply. Further, they are classified into two parts
AC Instrument
DC Instrument
This classification is based on the alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)types of an
electrical source.
2. DC Instrument
Example: ‘Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments’ is the best example of the DC
instrument.
So, multiple types of instruments are used to measure and compare the unknown quantities with
the standard value. These instruments protect the device.
In daily routine, multiple instruments are used for multiple purposes. Instruments work on AC or
DC electrical sources as per the appliances use.
Here is the list of the most popular and widely used instruments.
Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the amount of electrical current intensity in a circuit.
The unit of measure is ampere (a). It is connected along or series to the circuit.
Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure electrical pressure or voltage of a circuit. The unit of
measure is volt (v). This is connected across or parallel to the circuit.
Clamp Ammeter is also called tong-tester. It is used to measure current flowing in a conductor.
It is clamped or hanged in a conductor
Multimeter
A multimeter is a popular type of electrical measuring instrument. Like its name, it works like
an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance respectively.
The multimeter is available into two different forms, like-Analog and digital
The analog type of multimeter shows the continuous signal. It detects and displays the electrical
reading by using the moving pointer.
Whereas, the digital type of multimeter shows the discrete signal. And it measures and displays
the numeric measuring unit or value.
So, a digital multimeter (DMM) gives a more accurate, fast response and readable digital output
over an analog multimeter.
With this single smart meter, you can measure multiple units. Instead of buying separate meters
to measure current, voltage, resistance, and so on, you buy digital a millimeter.
Similarly, the LCR meter is a type of millimeter which measures the inductance (L), capacitance
(C), and resistance (R).
From this study, we conclude that measurements and instruments are the most essential term in
electrical, electronics, mechanical, and other related fields.
(a) absolute (b) indicating (c) recording (d) integrating (e) none of the above .
2. Which of the following instruments indicate the instantaneous value of the electrical quantity
being measured at the time at which it is being measured ?
(a) Absolute instruments (b) Indicating instruments (c) Recording instruments (d) Integrating
instruments
3. _____ instruments are those which measure the total quantity of electricity delivered in a
particular time.
(a) Ammeters (b) Voltmeters (c) Wattmeters (d) Ampere-hour and watt-hour meters
(a) wattmeters (b) voltmeters (c) ammeters (d) ohmmeters and resistance bridges (e) all of the
above
11. A moving-coil permanent-magnet instrument can be used as _____ by using a low resistance
shunt.
1. Standard operating procedure (SOP) describes procedures that will be used to obtain field
2. Malfunctions and other unplanned and unusual event may not be totally eliminated, but it can
surely be minimized.
“A” “B”
D. Energy meter
Fractions in which the numerator is 1 are known as unit fractions. For example, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9, and
so on.
Types of Fractions
Based on the numerator and denominator, which are parts of a fraction, there are different types
of fractions as listed below
Proper Fraction
Proper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its denominator. For
example, 5/7, 3/8, 2/5, and so on are proper fractions
Improper Fraction
An improper fraction is the type of fraction in which the numerator is more than or equal to its
denominator. It is always the same or greater than the whole. For example, 4/3, 5/2, 8/5, and so
on.
Unit Fraction
Fractions in which the numerator is 1 are known as unit fractions. For example, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9, and
so on.
Mixed Fraction
A mixed fraction is a mixture of a whole number and a proper fraction. For example, 513 where
5 is the whole number and 1/3 is the proper fraction, or, 225, 7911 and so on.
Equivalent Fraction
Equivalent fractions are the fractions that represent the same value after they are simplified. To
get equivalent fractions of any given fraction:
We can divide both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction by the same
number.
Solution:
Equivalent Fraction 1: Let us multiply the numerator and the denominator with the same number
2. This means, 5/7= (5 × 2)/(7 × 2) = 10/14
Equivalent Fraction 2: Let us multiply the numerator and the denominator with the same number
3. This means, 5/7 = (5 × 3)/(7 × 3) = 15/21
Like fractions are the fractions that have the same denominators. For example, 5/15, 3/15, 17/15,
and 31/15 are like fractions.
Unlike fractions are the fractions which have different denominators. For example, 2/7, 9/11,
3/13, and 39/46 are unlike fractions.
Solution
Let us write the equivalent fractions for 5/15 using multiplication and division.
a.) Let us multiply the numerator and the denominator with the same number 2. This means, (5 ×
2)/(15 × 2) = 10/30
b.) Let us divide the numerator and the denominator with the same number 5. This means, (5 ÷
5)/(15 ÷ 5) = 1/3
Fractions.
Example 2: In a class of 48 students, 1/4th of them watch cartoons. How many students do not
watch cartoons?
Solution:
Total number of students = 48, the fraction of students who watch cartoons = 1/4
.) Proper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its denominator.
Solution:
a.) True, proper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its denominator.
b.) False, 9/2 is an improper fraction because the numerator is larger than the denominator.
c.) True, 3/4 and 2/4 are like fractions because their denominators are the same.
Step 1. Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
Step 2. Subtract the top numbers (the numerators). Put the answer over the same denominator.
Step 1. Turn the second fraction (the one you want to divide by) upside down
(this is now a reciprocal).
Numbers
A mixed number is a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction. Mixed numbers are
also known as mixed fractions and they help us to understand a quantity in a simpler way. Let us
learn more about mixed numbers, adding mixed numbers, and conversion of mixed numbers in
this article.
A mixed number is formed by combining three parts: a whole number, a numerator, and a
denominator. The numerator and denominator are part of the proper fraction that makes the
mixed number.
Step 3:: Write down the remainder as the numerator and the divisor as the denominator.
For example, we follow the given steps to convert 7/3 into a mixed number form.
Step 1: Divide 7 by 3
Step 2:: Write quotient, divisor and remainder in form as in step 2 and step 3 above.
One can add mixed numbers by rearranging the whole numbers, adding them separately and
adding the leftover fractions individually and in the end combing
co them all.
1 1⁄2 + 3 3⁄4
whole numbers:
1+3 = 4
A mixed number has a whole number and a fractional part. The fractional part consists of a
numerator and a denominator.
Here, we divide each whole into 2 equal parts. So, the denominator of the fraction is 2. There are
7 shaded parts and the fraction represented is 7 2 .
There are 3 whole parts and one-half part. Thus, the fraction represented is 31 2 .
Step 3: Multiply two fractions by multiplying the numerators and denominators separately.
21 2 =(2×2) + 1 2 = 5 2
21 2 x 2= 5 2 x 2 1 = 5 x 1 1 x 1 = 5 1 = 5
Example 2: 43 5 x 6
43 5 =(4 x 5)+ 3 5 = 23 5
43 5 x 6 = 23 5 x 6 1 = 23 x 6 5 x 1 = 138 1
138 5 = 273 5
Thus, 4 3 5 x 6= 273 5 .
Step 2: Multiply the two fractions by multiplying the numerators and denominators separately.
Example 3: 11 2 x21 3 .
11 2 = (1 x 2) + 1 2 = 3 2
21 3 = (2 x 3) + 1 3 =7 3
11 2 = 21 3 =3 2 x 7 3
Cancel the common factors and multiply the numerators and denominators separately.
3 2 x 7 3 = 1×7 2×1 = 7 2
7 ÷ 2 = Q3 R1
7 2 = 31 2
Thus, 11 2 = 21 3 = 31 2
Example 4: 32 3 = 52 5
32 3 =(3 x 3) + 2 3 = 11 3
52 5 =(5 x 5) + 2 5 = 27 5
32 3 = 5 2 5 = 11 3 x 27
5
Cancel the common factors and multiply the numerators and denominators separately.
11 3 x 27 5 = 11
1 x 9 5 = 11x 9 5 = 99 5
99 ÷ 5 = Q19 R4
99 5 = 194 5
Thus,
Facts
Multiplying a mixed number by a whole number is performing the repeated addition of the
mixed number as many times as the whole number. For example, 11
11 2 x 3 =11 2 + 11 2 + 11 2 = 1 + 1 + 1 +1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 = 3 + 3 2 = 6 2 + 3 2 = 9 2 = 41 2
1. How many 2/3 kg pieces can be cut from a cake of weight 4 kg?
A. 6 B.7 C.10 . D. 1
A. 1 B. 129 C 5 D, none
Part II True or False
1 Improper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its denominator
2. Proper fraction is the type of fraction in which the numerator is more than or equal to its denominator
“A” “B”
D.2 1/4
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
Handle tools without damage
Perform preventive maintenance
Identify object to be measured
Obtain correct specification
Proper lubrication of measuring instruments will prevent damage due to corrosion and oxidation.
Precision measuring instruments should be lightly oiled after each use, and any excess oil should
be removed from metal surfaces with a clean, dry cloth. A visibly "wet" instrument can attract
and hold minute particles that can cause internal wear of precisely fabricated parts, especially
those that move against one another.
In addition, do not use penetrating oils or other compounds designed for purposes other than light
lubrication. For example, avoid spraying your instruments with WD-40, as it may leave a film
that can alter the calibration of the instrument. Even the thinnest layer of a foreign substance can
throw off the accuracy of some measuring instruments, such as calipers and micrometers.
Whenever you place an instrument in its storage location, be sure the location is well-protected
from destructive elements. Do not store precision instruments where they can jostle against one
another in a drawer; instead, separate instruments from one another using dividers or place them
in padded cases. Avoid stacking instruments on top of each other, unless they are well-protected
in cases.
Once you have a precise measuring instrument in your hand, it becomes that much more
important to protect that tool from harm or providing false readings. There are a few things you
should do that will help prevent damage or miscalibration during use, including avoiding sudden
shocks or rough treatment. Do not drop, throw, or bang measuring instruments against hard
surfaces.
If you use precision instruments often at a workbench, then consider investing in a rubber mat
that can rest on the floor beneath the edge of the bench. This will help protect your instruments
from damage should they be dropped. In addition, it should go without saying to never use a
measuring instrument to pry or hammer another object.
In addition, keep instruments from experiencing temperature extremes. If you are handling a
measuring instrument, it is important to avoid permitting it to either heat up or cool down.
Expansion and contraction can alter the calibration of the instrument, and that is why you should
endeavor to keep it within a normal room temperature range. Avoid holding instruments in your
hands for an extended period of time, for example, and don't rest them on surfaces that are either
too hot or cold.
Some measuring instruments require occasional recalibration to ensure they continue to function
as designed, and that is why it is important to have a professional relationship with a precision
instrument manufacturer or supplier. They can keep your instruments in top-notch condition so
they'll provide years of reliable service.
Inspection
Inspections are a necessary part of preventive maintenance and aid organizations in two ways.
First, facility inspections ensure that equipment is safe to use. Regular inspections help prevent
workplace injuries and provide a business with increased liability protection. Second, regular
inspections protect property. Inspections ensure that equipment is functioning as the manufacturer
intended.
Detection
significant money, which is why many facility managers choose to utilize a preventive approach
to maintenance. Preventive maintenance helps facility managers detect problems early, when
issues are still relatively easy and inexpensive to fix.
Correction
Facility managers can combine inspection records and maintenance notes to learn from past
mistakes and correct repeated issues with equipment. Prevention of asset failure reduces stress
and increases productivity for facilities teams. When equipment works as inspected, staff can
focus on proactive (rather than reactive) maintenance tasks.
Preventive maintenance has two overarching goals: to increase asset longevity and productivity
and to keep people and assets safe from harm.
The principles of preventive maintenance to achieve various benefits, including the following:
During measurement:
1. Quality: Make sure the chosen, instrument is the best, the right position when taken result,
the frequent of measurement.
D. No answer
2.Whenever you place an instrument in its storage location, be sure the location is well-protected
from destructive elements
A. True B, False
3. Inspections are a necessary part of preventive maintenance and aid organizations because of
A. Regular inspections help prevent workplace injuries and provide a business with increased
C A&B D. no answer
1. List ways of Ways of facilities teams can stay on top of preventive maintenance.