Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reactor Systems
Reactor Systems
reactors
Book: Chapter 6
• Reactor
Any basin, or other vessel used in environmental and chemical
engineering as a container in which chemical or biological reactions
for treatment or transformation of molecules may take place.
• Flow Reactor
Reactor that operates on a continuous basis with flow into and out of
the reactor.
• Dispersion
Mixing in which a constituent is transported from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration by eddies formed by turbulent
flow or shearing forces between fluid layers.
• Diffusion
Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration due to Brownian motion.
• Steady-State
• Analysis conducted when a reactor is operated for a long enough
period of time with a constant influent concentration such that the
concentration profile in the reactor does not change with time.
Mass of constituent entering system − mass of constituent leaving system − mass of constituent
disappearing + mass of constituent appearing within system due to reaction
= mass of constituent accumulation in system
In − out − loss + generation = accumulation
Characteristics and Differences of Completely
Mixed Batch Reactor (CMBR) and Completely
Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR).
When considering an ideal CMBR, or CMFR the following assumptions
are made:
(1) the contents of the tank are completely uniform with no density
gradients or dead space,
(2) the probability of a particle of water being in any one part of the
tank at any time is the same,
(3) the temperature is uniform throughout the reactor, and
(4) any chemical added to the contents is instantly and uniformly
distributed throughout the reactor.
Continue:
• There are two important differences between the assumptions of the
CMBR and the CMFR when reactions are occurring in the reactor are:
(1) In the CMBR all the reactants are in the reactor for the same
residence time, whereas in the CMFR the reactants are in the reactor
for a variety of residence times; and
(2) in the CMBR the concentration of the reactants changes with time
as the reaction takes place, whereas in the CMFR the concentration of
all the reactants is the same throughout the reactor all the time
(once the reactor has reached steady state)
REMEMER: In − out − loss + generation = accumulation
Q C0 − Q C + Vr|C = 0 NOTE: The value of r |C will
be less than zero if the
component of
interest is consumed by the
reaction; the value of r |C
will be greater than zero if
the component of interest
is produced by the reaction.
Dividing above Eq. by Q, on both
sides The hydraulic detention
time or the volume of the
reactor needed can
be estimated if the
chemical kinetics,
treatment objective
effluent concentration,
influent concentration, and
flow rate are known, as
shown in the equation.
where k = reaction rate
constant
Determination of reaction rate constant
for decomposition of ozone
• In laboratory experiments, ozone was added to a beaker (batch) of
water and the concentration of ozone remaining was measured
periodically. The initial concentration of ozone, C0, was 5 mg/L for all
experiments. The fraction of ozone remaining in the water at pH
values of 7.6, 8.5, and 9.2 are presented in the following table
• Determine the reaction order and reaction rate constant for the
decomposition of ozone in water at three pH values (7.6, 8.5, and 9.2),
considering zero-, first-, and second-order reactions.
C0= 5 mg/L