Social Media for Online

Journalism
Social networking sites provide online space
to create their online profiles and update them
with their activities.
 People can also engage in group activities
and display feeds information on their home
page.
For journalists and news organizations, it is a
platform that can connect with people to
share and receive as much information as
they can. Journalists can use this platform in
the following ways:
 Social Media for Online
Journalism
 Online journalists can showcase their stories here. It
is a platform where journalists can develop personal
brands of themselves.
 Online websites can create their page on social
networking sites to share some of the important
stories there. With the help of this, a website can
increase its traffic.
 Social networking sites can develop widgets and
applications to give important news feeds
customized to individual needs and demands.
 For example, developed a special page named 'I love
my Ethiopia' where they keep posting important news
and activities in Ethiopia.
 Social Media for Online
Journalism
 Journalists can develop their network to get
information, and some lead to an incident and make

a comprehensive story.

 There are several examples where the news

organizations received the first information through

social media.

 Online news websites should not always try to post

links only, and they should also try to share

something as small write-ups. This will be helpful in

 At the end

 Finally, I summarize by saying that online media and

technological developments, are changing not only
the media, but also the way we think media.
 Part two
Online journalism and traditional journalism

The major difference is the medium used for

information dissemination.
Traditional journalism disseminates
information through printed materials, such as
newspapers and other broadcasting medium,
such as television and radio.
WHILE Online journalism, on the other hand,
has its articles published in the internet.
The length of the articles posted also differ. In
online journalism, the writer can write a lengthy
article, while in traditional the writer has limited
space for their article.
Difference between them
 In online journalism Internet users only get to read
news articles when they are connected online.
 While in traditional journalism, people get
happenings of event without being dependent in the
Internet.
 In Online journalism, readers can comment or can
give their feedback instantly on that particular .
 But in traditional journalism, reader’s response is too
delayed and limited reader’s comments are
published in Traditional journalism.
Cont…
In Online Journalism, information is
regularly updated by minute to minute, as
they happen.
While on the other hand, in Traditional
Journalism, it takes time, like as in
newspaper, if something is happened after
the publishing of that day’ newspaper, that
happening will be published on the next
day’ newspaper.
Cont…
For online journalism, the writer or journalist writes his articles on
his weblog (blog). There are some online journalists, who are not
employed in any media outfit, and works as a freelancer.

Some online journalists also do not gain any profit from their
articles. Being unemployed, they do not have any deadlines to
beat when posting an article.

Traditional journalists, on the other hand, writes their articles for

newspaper. Whether they are working as a freelance writer or for
a media outfit, they get paid for their articles and have deadlines
to beat.
Mainstream Media based journalism
 Mainstream based journalism means working and
dissemination of news and information via Newspapers,
television news networks, cable news, and radio .
 Newspapers, television news site, cable news, and radio
are generally considered mainstream media outlets.
 All of these organizations have the following in common
characteristics , i.e They hire trained journalists to cover
the news, editors to ensure quality and accuracy, and
media staff to present the news across channels.
 Mainstream media uses multiple channels to reach their
audience, which may include: print, video, broadcast,
digital, podcasts, live recordings, etc.
 Alternative media
 Alternative media is generally defined as
independently owned news and information websites,
publications, magazines, and digital media.
 They cover the news from a specific point of view,
whether that viewpoint is from a political minority, an
ethnic group, or another independent community.
 Examples of alternative MEDIA include The Amhara
media Network ,Dimtse wayane, oromo broadcast
service , Cush media .
Alternative media cont…
Alternative media relies upon and amplifies
“citizen journalism,” which encourages news
and commentary from ordinary people on
current events, such as taking video at protests
and reporting on local or national news events.
 Depending on the publication or news site,
alternative viewpoints can range from standard
news coverage and analyses of current events to
editorial commentary and the occasional conspiracy .
 Internet television
Internet television first developed in the late 1990s,
becoming more popular with the growth of broadband,
or high-speed data transmission.
Internet television is defined as being able to access
televised content using internet-enabled devices such
as smart TVs, smart phones and tablets.
Instead of coming home in the evening and turning on
their cable or satellite TV programming, internet TV
viewers stream, or receive a ''flow'' of content, by
relying on their internet connection.
Internet radio
 Internet radio on the other hand called Online radio
means listening to radio via the internet.
 In internet radio, the radio signal is not transmitted
via AM or FM, but streamed via the internet. This
means that your device needs to be connected to
the internet to receive the radio station.
 These services are accessible via the internet on
lots of devices, including laptops and smart phones.
 Streaming means the content that you are listening
to is brought to you directly from the internet.
 If your internet is not fast enough then the radio
station will start and stop playing.
 Internet newspaper
 An online newspaper (or electronic news or electronic
news publication) is the online version of a newspaper,
either as a stand-alone publication or as the online
version of a printed periodical.

 Going online created more opportunities for

newspapers, such as competing broadcast journalism
in presenting breaking news in a timelier manner.

 Due to the advancement of online technology, the

movement away from the printing process can also
help decrease costs.
 Hybrid journalism
 Hybridity has often been used to describe ongoing
transformations in journalism.

 Journalism as a social practice is always in the

process of combining the old and new to create hybrid
forms, but the acceleration of this process leads
some to argue that Hybridity has become a defining
feature of the modern media eco-system.

 As the name indicates hybrid journalism is the either

online nor traditional journalism rather it is the
mixture of both.
Hybrid journalism cont…
 CJ is supported by new internet technologies,
especially Web 2.0–based websites known as
participatory webs.

 Through CJ and other types of user-generated content

(UGC), members of the public express their opinions
and raise issues of importance.

 Participatory users who use interactive modes are

increasingly influencing the world of mainstream
media, including online outlets.

Due to that
Hybrid journalism cont…
 Media institutions adapt to the development of
Citizen journalism, for example, by giving greater
spaces for the public to publish works online.

 Furthermore, online media must adapt to CJ products,

which are mostly distributed through social media.

 Some media choose entrepreneurial journalism as an

approach to building a news startup that embodies a
certain form, namely, hybrid journalism.
The change of media landscape
 The “media landscape” refers to the way people get their
news/information and entertainment. In earlier times, we
read newspapers and books, listened to the radio,
watched television, collected records, and went to the
movies. That was the “old media landscape.”

 Now we have smart phones, electronic notebooks,

digital books, home theaters, and the Web.

 The change of Media landscape is simply related with

the advancement of technology and internet.
The change of media landscape
 In the past time people were wait to listen or read news
and information via radio and television as well as
newspaper and magazine while now they can get newly
update news on time via different online methods .
The change of media landscape
 The change of Media landscape is simply related
with the advancement of technology and internet.

 In the past time people were wait to listen or read

news and information via radio and television as well

as newspaper and magazine while now they can get

newly update news on time via different online

methods this simply change the way of consumption

of media is shift from traditional to online .

Cont...
Example people are listening and watch news and
information by using their smart phone and internet in
fast way even if the story is breaking news.

 Here are four ways brand can benefit from the shift in
the media landscape.

Greater content control

Direct connection to target audiences
More video.
More spontaneous and live connection
 Media convergence
 Media Convergence simply refers to the merging of
different types of mass media such as Traditional
Media, Print Media, Broadcast Media, new media and
the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive
technologies through digital media platforms.
 This results in the combination of 3Cs, i.e.
Communication, Computing and Content as all three
are integrated through technology.
 Media convergence is the joining, or ''converging,'' of
media contents through distinct technologies into
one.
 But media convergence isn't only an end result like a
smartphone, but also a process in how we create,
consume, and distribute media.
Examples Of Media Convergence
Smartphone (converging camera, music, the
internet, books, and all other media together)
Online Radio (converging radio with the
Internet)
E-books (converging paperbacks with the
digital technology)
News Websites and Apps
 In short media convergence is ability of digital media to
unit various media forms on a single platforms ,and it
requires multiple skill form of journalism .
 Media Convergence
The most relevant example of media convergence is a
Smartphone that blends together various media, i.e.
print media (e-books, news apps), broadcast media
(streaming websites, radio, music apps) as well as
new media (the internet) into a single device that
performs various functions from calling and texting to
photography, videography, gaming and so much more.

But media convergence isn't only an end result like a

smartphone, but also a process in how we create,
consume, and distribute media.
Advantages of media convergence
Here are the most important advantages of Media Convergence:
 The instant availability of news and moment-based
content in one media.
 The content producers can specifically target the best
audience or group they are aiming towards by publishing
customized content.
 With media convergence, the audience has also become
the creator themselves.
 providing instant and latest content on an international
level.
 With the media convergence between traditional media
and new media, the cost of digital marketing has also
become economical.
Types of Media Convergence

The three main types of Media Convergence are:

1.Technological Convergence

2.Economic Convergence

3.Cultural Convergence
 Technological convergence
 Technological convergence is the merging of
technologies that allows us to access previously
inaccessible technologies on one device.
device
 For example, you now have the ability to watch
television or movies and listen radio on your smart
phones.
 You can also play video games, which previously were
only available on a separate home gaming device.
 For example people used to listen music by using radio ,
but now due to technological convergence and
advancement have involved and the majority use
mobile phone to listen music, call for each other ,
capturing photo and so on .
 Technological convergence
Technological convergence is a term that
describes the layers of abstraction which
enables different technologies to interoperate
efficiently as a convergent system.
It is when new technologies are created and
take over from past technologies and perform
the same task in a more efficient manner.
Technological convergence is the tendency
that as technology sometimes evolves
towards performing a similar task.
Economic Convergence
 Just like the general definition of Economic convergence
which suggests that countries with lower GDPs are going
to grow faster than countries with higher GDP, the
Economic media convergence allows a single company to
target larger interest groups through various kinds of
media.
 Some of its key features are:
 In Economic convergence large companies use old and new media
to their advantage by selling merchandise or the rights of the
product.
 Example some of print media can be conduct
advertisement in both online and traditional ways , the
same is true different broadcast media .
 Cultural Convergence
 This concept of media convergence occurs when two
or more cultures adopt each other’s traits and become
more alike.
 Those Increasing similarities between cultures are not
limited to beliefs of consumer brands and media. Some
of the major forms of cultural media convergence are:
 Acculturation: When weaker among two cultures adopt
traits from more dominant culture e.g. SNNPE mostly
speaking the different language.
 Assimilation: When original traits of weaker culture are
completely erased and replaced by traces of more
dominant culture e.g. war immigrants no longer speak
the native language.
Importance of Media Convergence
It transforms the modes of communication, news
reporting, and journalism. For example, Media
journalism.
It led to cross-media since a huge amount of content is
now being accessed through portable devices. For
instance, news organizations no longer simply rely on
print or AV transmission.
Many new media forms are born like news portals,
podcasts, news feeds, blogging, websites and mobile
applications.
The newly converged media platforms provide online
access to the archives, and endless opportunities for
users to comment on the story or provide links to
relevant material.
 3Cs of Media Convergence
 The 3Cs of Media Convergence are Computing,
Communications, and Content.

 Media Convergence unites these 3Cs of Computing,

Communications and Content and is an immediate
result of digitization and promotion of the Internet.

 To put it even more simply, the convergence of Content

with Communication technologies and Computer
Networks is what leads to Media Convergence.
3Cs of Media Convergence
Disadvantages of Media Convergence
 Here are the major disadvantages of media convergence:
 Difficulty in assessing consumer responses and reactions
 More competition for consumer’s time and attention with
various media platforms in one device.
 Audiences often feel overwhelmed with massive amounts
of information overload.
 The older generation and the disabled sections of the
community find it hard to learn the digital skills to use
different types of media
 Highly relied on technology and the internet thus the areas
deprived of these two aspects can face issues with using
online information.
 PART THREE
Introduction to social media
 Social media is as a set of software and application web
tools that help users interact via online, to share content
and develop a personalized network of friends, or
organizations.
 Social Media is a platform where many users from in
different places around the world, people can interact
each other and be connected through internet at the
same time.
 Social media deals with the exchange of information,
content, ideas, with the help of electronic
communication.
Cont…
 Know a day the modes of communication are changing
from face-to-face communication to social networking
on the virtual platform due to the availability and
advancement of social media .
 Smartphone’s, for social media is a very effective tool for
connecting with people. However, there are a few privacy
and security issues worth keeping in mind.
 The most well-known social media platforms are
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn and telegram
etc. These websites allow you to share photos, videos
and information, organize events, chat, and play online
games.
History of social media
 Six Degrees is widely considered to be the very first social
networking site and it Founded by Andrew Weinreich in
May 1996, the site launched the following year and
combined popular features such as profiles, friends lists
and school affiliations in one service.
 The first recognizable social media site, is Six Degrees,
launched at the beginning 1997. It enabled users to upload
a profile and make friends with other users.
 The telegraph was invented in 1792, and it allowed
personal messages to be delivered over long distances
much faster than a horse and rider could carry them.
 Although telegraph messages were short, they were a
revolutionary way to convey news and information.
 In fact, many claim the birth of social media corresponded
with the development of the telegraph.
History of cont…
 Technology began to change rapidly in the 20th Century,
and so did the evolution of social media.
 After the first super-computers were created in the 1940s,
scientists and engineers began to develop networks
between those computers, which later would lead to the
birth of the internet and the World Wide Web.
 Today, there are a tremendous variety of social
networking sites, and many of them can be linked to allow
cross-posting.
 This creates an environment where users can reach the
maximum number of people without sacrificing the
intimacy/physically contact of person-to-person
communication.
Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
 Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
Linkedin: - It was launched in 2003. It is a network site which
targets professionals and promotes itself as a platform where
one can make business contacts and find jobs. In short it is
most of the time used as professional and carrier development .
 Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
Facebook: -Facebook founded in 2004, initially started as a service for
college students but soon opened for everyone. This is easily the largest
social networking site in the world and one of the most widely used for
political platform and activism .
 Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
Twitter: -Twitter was launched in July 2006. It has become
synonymous with social movements in many countries. Eg
#hashtage no more

By using this platform ,public figures became keeping in touch with
their audience directly by giving immediate news and updated
information what they perform.
 Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
Instgram: - Instagram was launched as a unique social
networking platform that was completely based on sharing
photos and videos. Also used as Beauty and model related
activities mostly by females.
 Major web based types of social media /
networking sites
 Youtube: -YouTube is the world‘s largest video-sharing social
networking site that enables users to upload and share videos,
view them, comment on them and like them.
 This social network is accessible across the globe and even
enables users to create a YouTube channel where they can
upload all their personally recorded videos to showcase to
their friends and followers. And finally it gives momentum to
amateur journalists.
 Whatsapp: - Despite having been acquired by Facebook in
2014, this instant messaging platform exists as an
independent entity and it is mostly used for the seek of sound
and video call and it believed to be secured platform .

 ETC ARE…………………………………………………………
 Types of Social Media Content
1. Video (short form, specifically)
 With this in mind, creating short-form videos is a worthwhile
investment, and some common examples are TikTok videos,
Instagram Reels, and YouTube shorts.
2. Audio chats and lives rooms.
 Audio chat is another type of social media content, and many
platforms have native features like Twitter Spaces, LinkedIn
Live, or Facebook Live Audio.
3. Content that represents brand values.
 Content that represents brand values is anything that shares
what your company stands for in addition to and outside of
the products you sell, such as commitments to sustainable
production practices, treatment of employees, or any causes
you support.
Cont…
6. Shoppable content.

 Shoppable social media content allows consumers to

browse through products on your accounts, discover things
they like, and even make a purchase without leaving the
app.

7. Educational content.

 Educational content shares helpful information with

audiences that helps them reach their goals and meet their
needs. Educational content can come in infographics,
videos, text-based posts, images any of the content types
we discussed in this
Cont…
8. High-quality images
 Images are a must on social media platforms, capturing
attention and drawing people in. Images can be things like
high-quality product photos or even a trending meme that
relates to your business.
9. User-generated content.
 User-generated content (UGC) is content your audience
creates that features your business/brand that is not paid
for by your business. For example, someone shares a non-
sponsored TikTok about how much they like your product
or posts a picture wearing your clothing and tags your
business.
Cont…
 In User-generated content (UGC) user can not only
consumer rather they can be create media contents
 At the time user can affect and shapes journalists priority
and attention
 And user can not passive audiences instead of active
content creators .
 Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated
Media Companies

Media companies are increasingly active on all kinds of

different platforms by combining print and broadcast already
was developed in the in the world more than several decades
before.

Now a day social media emerged these platforms multiplies as

professionals were expected not only to publish for different
media but also to communicate with users, readers, viewers
and listeners on their platforms.
 Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated
Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated Media Companies
Media Companies

The obvious rationale for media companies to integrate the

efforts on different platforms is that there is synergy in
combining content, personal and resources.

The expectation was that integrated media traditional print

and broadcast media that expand online would incorporate
social media because it offered a quick and easy way to
drive traffic to the media website and resolved the problem
of costly moderation.
Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated Media Companies
Social Media Writing and How to Do
 Structure of social media story
The headline :- is the really opener for an Online story. In
New media parlance, this can be referred to as
Newsticker. It must be very catchy, short and precise/
précis. It should not more than 6 word

Samples of Headlines (Newsticker)

Polices Arrests journalists .

Innocent people killed in west wollega

Prosperity party member killed each other .

Cont…
The Intro and the Paragraphs This must
answer the 5Ws and H. (Who, What, Where,
When and How).
Put the main points of your document in the
first paragraph, so that readers scanning your
pages will not miss your point.
E.g. Eye witness people said “yesterday
Around 50 Innocent people killed in west wollega in
danger way.”

In other paragraphs must provide more

information in a creative manner.
6/16/2023 61
Cont…
Readers can pick out information
more easily from a list than from
within a paragraph because most
Web readers scan pages for relevant
materials rather than reading
through a document word by word.
Guide the reader by highlighting the
salient points in your document
using headings, lists, and
typographical emphasis.
6/16/2023 62
 Cont….
 In general the story structure for social media platform
must be

1. First, start your story with an attention-grabbing

opening which is positive and upbeat.

2. Next, create a chain of benefits, facts, and reasons to

turn attention to interest and then to desire.

3. Finally, end it with a strong call to action which makes it

easy for your audience to respond.

Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated Media Companies
Social Media Writing and How to Do
Social Media Strategies and Practices of Integrated Media Companies
Cont,,,,
Ethical issues in Social Media
 HATE :- Hate speech is speech that offends or attacks people
on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, gender,
sexual orientation, disability, disease, or other traits.
 OBSCENITY :- Obscenity is famously hard to define, but in
general refers to content that strongly offends the prevalent
morality of the time.
 MISINFORMATION :- Misinformation is false or inaccurate
information. Examples of misinformation include false
rumors, insults and pranks, while examples of more
deliberate disinformation include malicious content such as
hoaxes, spear phishing and propaganda.
 HARASSMENT :- Harassment refers to unwanted behavior that
makes someone feel degraded, humiliated or offended.
 Restrictions on Freedom of Speech and Expression in
social media
 Individuals have the ability to freely express themselves
and share their opinions with the rest of the world thanks
to the Internet and social media.
 Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights both guarantee the right to freedom
of speech, and this protection applies to the internet and
social media platforms as well.
 cont….
 Article 19 of the UDHR and Article 19(2) of the
ICCPR(International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights) also provides for freedom of speech and
expression even in case of internet and social media.
 Thus, it is seen that freedom of speech and expression is
recognized as a fundamental right in whatever medium it
is exercised under the Constitution of international
documents.
 And in the light of the growing use of internet and social
media as a medium of exercising this right, access to
this medium has also been recognized as a fundamental
human right.
Cont…
Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR) imposes restrictions on the
following grounds:-
A. For respect of the rights of reputations of others
B. For protection of national security, or public order, or
public health or morals.
According to Ethiopian constitution Article 29. Right of
Thought, Opinion and Expression.” Thus, it is seen that
freedom of speech and expression is recognized as a
fundamental right in whatever medium it is exercised
under the Constitution of international documents”.
Cont…
In this case As per Article 29 of the Constitution of
Ethiopia, the legislature may enact laws to maybe
impose restrictions on the right to speech and
expression on the following grounds:-
 If the speech is danger for Sovereignty and integrity of
country
 If the speech is danger for Security of the State
 If the speech is danger for Friendly relations with foreign
States
 If the speech is danger for Public order
 If the speech is danger for Decency or morality
 If the speech is danger for Contempt of court
 If the speech is Defamation
 If the speech is danger for Incitement/ motivate to an
offence
 Social media and politics
 The power of social media to influence politics is
enhanced due to their ability to amplify messages
quickly through diverse media platforms.
 The evolution of social media, like Facebook, Twitter,
and YouTube, from platforms facilitating networks
among friends to powerful political tools has been
an especially momentous development.
 Political leaders have use appropriated social media
effectively to achieve political ends, ever-more
frequently pushing the boundaries of discursive
action to extremes.
Social media and politics cont….
 Social media’s political function in campaigns,
government, and political movements, as well as
their role in the news media ecosystem, has rapidly
broadened in reach, consequence, and complexity.
 Social media have emerged as essential
intermediaries that political and media actors use to
assert influence.
 These factors have encouraged the ubiquitous/
exist in all place spread of false information that
threatens to undermine democratic governance that
relies on citizens’ access to quality information for
decision-making.
Current challenge in social media management
Social media management is an emerging field of
academic research and organizational practice.

It is concerned with the operational issues, managerial

challenges, and comparative advantages that ensure from

the adoption and use of social media platforms for

organizational functions such as marketing and sales,

customer support, product innovation etc.

Below, we break down four of the most common social

media marketing challenges brands face and how to solve

them.
Current challenge in social media
management
1. Poor post engagement
One of the main reasons for poor post engagement is
the constantly changing algorithm that social media
platforms use. Social media managers have to
remain up-to-date with these algorithm changes so
they can adjust their social media marketing strategy
accordingly.
Current challenge in social media
management
2. Time Management
Another significant challenge that most social
media managers face is time management.
Creating content, particularly engaging content,
takes time and effort.
It involves brainstorming, research, the actual
creation of content, and getting approval.
Apart from these, social media managers also
have to be on top of notifications and messages
from the platforms they’re managing.
If a brand is present on multiple social media
platforms, then cross-posting and keeping up
with notifications can eat up time.
Current challenge in social media
management
3. Coming up with fresh and creative content
Coming up with fresh content ideas is challenging enough,
but coupled with previously established issues, it can be
downright frustrating.
The thing about social media is whether the content a
brand publishes falls flat or becomes viral and attracts new
followers, social media managers are expected to keep
producing new ones.
You can’t repeat content. You have to be original not just
among your competitors to set yourself apart, but also
compared to your own old posts.
Current challenge in social media
management

4. Coming up with the right content strategy

 It shouldn’t be difficult for a social media expert to

come up with a social media strategy for a brand.
And yet, several factors can lead to this scenario.

 Keeping up with the latest trends, as previously

established, makes it difficult to come up with a solid
social media marketing plan. Some brands also have
a limited social media budget, which may make it
difficult to come up with a strategy that works.
Current challenge in social media
management

 On top of all these, the social media platforms that

brands use can also present challenges to
strategizing. For one, social media experts must
identify the right platforms for the brand for optimal
results. Then, they have to come up with a platform-
specific strategy since social media sites have
different algorithms, audience types, and content
requirements. As such, cross-posting content is not
always feasible/possible.
 PART FOUR
Citizen Journalism and Participatory Journalism
Definition of Citizen Journalism
Citizen can be described as people, or individuals who make
or create the news but, Who are not trained in the art of
writing news.
Citizen Journalism is more pronounced with the
advancement of technology.
This allows the citizen to take photo, write stories, record
sound bites or audio and video clips, process it and post
these photos, stories and sounds audio and video to
personal websites, blogs, social networks such Facebook,
You tube and Twitter among others.
 Cont…
Citizen Journalism is also known as "public", "
participatory", "democratic"),“ or "street"
journalism is based upon public citizens "
playing an active role in the process of
collecting, reporting, analyzing, and
disseminating news and information."
Citizen journalism "as an alternative and
activist form of newsgathering and reporting
that functions outside mainstream media
institutions.
Citizen journalism is a specific form of both
 Cont…
 New media technology, such as social net working and
media-sharing websites, in addition to the increasing
prevalence of cellular telephones, have made citizen
journalism more accessible to people worldwide.

 Due to the availability of technology and the availability of

different social media platforms , citizens often can report
breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters.

 Citizen journalism, as a form of alternative media, presents a

“radical challenge to the professionalized and
institutionalized practices of the mainstream media”
classifies media for citizen journalism
J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the
following types:
Audience participation (such as user comments
attached to news stories, personal blogs, photographs or
video footage captured from personal mobile cameras,
or local news written by residents of a community).
Independent news and information Websites (Consumer
Reports, the Drudge Report).
Full-fledged participatory news sites ( Public News site,
DigitalJournal.com, Ground Report, fair observer).
Collaborative and contributory media sites (News vine).
Other kinds of "thin media" (mailing lists, email
newsletters) and Personal broadcasting sites.
Evolution of Citizen Journalism
 Citizen Journalism began in 1988 in the US during
the coverage of the US Presidential election.
 Then, the focus was on promoting journalism that
was “for the people”, by changing the way
professional reporters did their work.
 In 2006, citizens made it clear that they wanted a
voice.
 As with much of the Web, though, the growth in
citizen-based content brings with it questions about
the future.
Evolution of Citizen Journalism
With today’s technology, internet is the first driving
force for or the wheel on which citizen Journalism
radiates.

Anyone interested in this venture needs a digital

camera, or mobile phones, and a personal websites
in some cases.

He/she needs to be connected to any of the social

networks/social media platforms such as Facebook,
Youtube, my space.com, netlog among others.
 Arguments of citizen or participatory journalism
1. Arguments for Spontaneity (unexpected).
 One of the greatest arguments for the relevance of
Citizen Journalism was the ease at which citizen
Journalists get information across to the people and
traditional the media houses instantly once news
breaks anywhere, anytime any day.
2 Arguments against Ethics
 The issues of accuracy and fairness, editorial
independence and Privacy were some of the ethical
nuances(differences) a Journalist must guide against.
 Many argued that Citizen Journalists do not respect
these ethical issues in most cases.
 Cont…
Ethical problems faced by Citizen Journalists include all the problems associated
with photojournalism in general: the digital manipulation of images, privacy
concerns, and the use of graphic images.

3 Authenticity ( accuracy )

As stories and photos are published on the web from all over the world, it is
difficult to check their authenticity.

Traditionally, news organizations were able to ensure the authenticity of photos

through a process of verification with their photographers.

Even with the rise of freelance journalism, there was still some contact between
the news media and the photojournalist.

How ever there is no checking of photos videos in the area of citizen journalism
Traditional Journalism vs. Citizen Journalism
 Traditional journalism (the legacy or mainstream media)
includes the mediums of television, radio, newspapers,
news magazines and their online offshoots.

 These outlets are regulated by media law and press ethics

and were once highly regarded as the bastions of reliable
news. And before the internet, they were the only source.

 Their role is disseminating information in an objective and

unbiased manner, and employing qualified, trained, and
vetted journalists, schooled in these protocols.
 Journalists are meant to be society’s watchdogs, charged
with providing neutral, balanced, and accurate reports of
events, and exposing the truth in government, business,
and institutions.
 Cont…
 Citizen journalists use platforms such as blogs,
podcasts, social media, and YouTube. Technology has
opened many doors and practically anyone with a
Smartphone and laptop, can report on a story.
 There is no gatekeeper for citizen journalists, most act
independently and have no professional credentials
(wittiness).
 Podcasters and bloggers also fit under this umbrella,
especially those tackling controversial topics, and are
like commentators popular within news organizations.
 They are not held to the same standards as traditional
journalists.
 Hyper local journalism
 Hyper local journalism, sometimes called micro-local
journalism, refers to the coverage of events and topics
on an extremely small, local scale, including website
that covers a specific issues.
 Hyper local journalism focuses on news that would
usually not be covered by larger mainstream media
outlets, which tend to follow stories of interest to a
citywide, statewide or regional audience.
 Hyper local journalism content has two major
dimensions: geography and time. Those dimensions
are measures of the relevance or value perceived by
the content consumer in time and space.
 Hyper local journalism
 Hyper local news sites have much in common with
weekly community newspaper, though hyper local sites
tend to focus on even smaller geographic areas. And
while weeklies are usually printed, most hyper local
journalism tends to be online, thus avoiding the costs
associated with a printed paper.
 Hyper local journalists tend to be citizen journalists and
are often, though not always, unpaid volunteers. Some
hyper local news sites such as the local, a site started
by The New York Times, have NO experienced
journalists supervise and edit work done by journalism
students or local freelance writers.
 Hyper local journalism
 Most hyper local sites operate on shoestring budgets
and make little money, with most revenue coming from
sales of ads to local businesses that can't afford to
advertise with larger mainstream news outlets.
 Hyper local journalism content has two major dimensions:
geography and time. The dimensions are measures of
the relevance or value perceived by the content
consumer in time and space.
 Hyper local content is targeted at or consumed by people
or entities that are located within a well defined area.
 Crowd sourcing
 Crowd sourcing means many different things to different
people.
 Journalism crowd sourcing is the act of specifically
inviting a group of people to participate in a reporting
task such as newsgathering, data collection, or analysis
through a targeted, open call for input; personal
experiences; documents; or other contributions.
 Some regard crowdsourcing as synonymous with
distributed reporting, collaborative journalism,
networked journalism, participatory journalism, and
social journalism.
 Forms Of Crowd Sourcing
Most crowdsourcing generally takes two forms:
1. An unstructured call-out, which is an open invitation to
vote, email, call, or otherwise contact a journalist with
information.
2. A structured call-out, which engages in targeted
outreach asking people to respond to a specific request.
 Responses can enter into a newsroom via multiple
channels; including email, SMS, a website, or Google
form. Often, they are captured in a searchable database.
 Activism journalism
 The use of journalistic skills within activist media to
report on, and inspire political engagement with, one
or more issues. Activist journalists are typically
activists first and journalists second, with the latter
function serving the former.
 Media activism is a broad category of activism that
utilizes media and communication technologies
for social and political movement.
 Methods of media activism include publishing news
on websites, creating video and audio investigations,
spreading information about protests, or organizing
campaigns relating to media and communications
policies.
 Cont...
Certain forms of politically motivated hacking and
net-based campaigns are also considered media
activism.
Typically, the purpose of media activism is to
spread awareness through media communications
which sometimes leads to action.
Media activism gives disadvantaged groups the
ability to have their own voices heard and organize
in bigger groups allowing for more autonomies
activism to enact social change.
media activism allows younger generations to have
a voice in situations where legally they cannot .
 PART FIVE
WRITING NEWS FOR ONLINE
Writing Online Stories/ Writing for the Web
 Writing for Online or writing for the web, it is very
imperative to know the nature and characteristics of
people using the website.
 Again, it is quite germane to understand the who, why,
when, where and how the to write must be considered.
 The Web Audience-Surfers This above term is a generic
word for those who use the web; they are Governments
Researchers, Students Individuals, households and Fun
seekers.
 These are the group of people who are eager to be
educated, looking for information, and entertainment.
 Cont…
 Newspapers Reporters, features Writers writes for the eyes,
making effective use of pictures to add value to the stories.
 Broadcast Journalists especially radio writes for the ears,
using inserts/ or audio/sounds to drive home his or her
points.
 For the TV Journalists also referred to as Broadcast
Journalists, he/she writes for the eyes and ears all the
same, combining the audio and visual sounds.
 With the advancement of Multimedia platform/ Online
Journalism, a Journalist would have to go extra mile to
write for all the senses at the same time.
 These are the sense of sight, touch, feel, smell and taste,
using text, pictures, sounds audio and visuals, and
graphics.
Reporting ForCont…
Online News Media
 Here journalists do not have any other option.
Interactive features of the internet has inherent

potential to involve the readers and it becomes the

responsibility of an online journalist to facilitate their

desire.

By having this in

your mind there are three ways of online reporting.

Reporting For Online News Media
There are three ways of online reporting.
1 Traditional Reporting
 In the traditional reporting method, the online reporter uses
online tools in traditional ways like interviews, observation,
looking through documents, reading online and aggregate
opinion.
 The only difference here is that all these news collection
activities are carried out through online. By using e-mail or
chat they take interviews, journalists keep browsing
different websites and make observations, they read online
documents and finally create a story by aggregating opinion.
 Traditionally reporters do not share the story idea with their
readers while investigating and finding facts in the field.
Reporters do not want to lose a potential scoop to their
competitors.
 Cont...
2 . Open Source Reporting

 Reporters in the open source reporting take the

opposite route of traditional reporting .

 They share their story idea beforehand and ask users

to share their opinion, information and source.

 After getting information, reporters go through all

information provided and come up with a final story.

 However, it is not mandatory that all the information

provided by readers will be used in the final story.
 Cont…
It is up to the reporter to use his/her discretion and
judgments regarding the information provided/
collected. The open source reporting is based on
participatory theory of communication, which is
based on the belief that the group knows more than
an individual.
Open source reporting suggests opening up the
reporting process to engage a community of
readers in making a report, which will give more
information, more analysis than a single reporter.
This type of reporting is best suited for small media
organizations with limited resources.
 Cont…
3 Distributive Reporting
 Distributive reporting takes open source reporting
one step further by relying on readers to submit
information.
 Here, the community itself adds the multifaceted
body of work, often covering all angles of the story.
 It is done especially in stories which affect a large
population.
 This type of reporting is helpful in covering a story
which has a huge impact and which affects a large
population.
 Cont…
 In such a case, the possibility of readers having first-hand
information is more likely and through distributive
reporting all possible information can be tapped easily.
 As distributive reporting involves readers in story
formation it increases the responsibility of a journalist.
 If it is not handled properly it would turn into anonymity,
with fake reports and defamation.
 But keeping the participation theory in mind, this can turn
into the best way of reporting if the readers’ identities are
checked properly.
 Journalists have to design this kind of reporting effectively.
 Distributive reporting can generate a large volume of
information in a fraction of the time.
 Online News Writing Rules
Write with impact.
Capture your audience’s attention and
Use plain words get the facts together.
Display a good mastery of different
Use of appropriate known words.
Use of appropriate active words
Be concise.
 Editing Online Stories
Editing is simply working on a manuscript, book, series,
periodicals, film, radio script, audio or television materials-
audio and video. During this process we must remove, add,
substitute and rewrite.

Editing online stories as making decisions about exactly what

information is going into the text , video, audio, still photos, and
graphics. For this an Online editor need to refine “ rough
storyboards”, figuring out what’s changed from original vision of
the story , and mapping out what your online media have and
what should appear on each page.
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 Editing Online Stories
 Reporter for an online outlet has many things
to keep track of, an editor has more. While

reporters sometimes shoot video, take photos

or record audio themselves, more often each of

these is done by a different reporter, and the

whole works must be put together by an editor.

6/16/2023 106
 Editing Online Stories
With this in mind, it’s up to an editor to assure that:
 Copy is clean, especially spellings of names
and institutions
 Headlines work in attracting reader interest
 Photo captions and credits are in place and
spelled correctly
 All visual elements are correctly placed
 All elements work on multiple platforms, in
multiple browsers
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 Qualities of an Online Editor

The Online editors select and shape the materials to be “delivered”,

readers choose, peruse, sort, news and advertising which delivering
materials to be chosen and peruse by reader

According to Tom Cekay (2002) Online Editors must possess the

following qualities.

1. You must be computer and Web Literate

2. Know the New Media Theory

3. Be a bale to work under constant deadline and pressure

4. Be able to work in Teams and communicate clearly

5. Know the basic production skills of using.

6/16/2023 108
 Qualities of an Online Editor

6. Be Flexible

7. Ability to check thoroughly

8. Clarity of arguments

9. Put the structure of a story in its context, or tone Note what are syntax,

identify grammatical errors, spellings, and punctuation marks

10. Note consistency of terminology and case letters ( namely sentence,

lower or upper, Title and Toggle case)

11. Write Caption and Sandpits sentence(s)

12. Identify angle of a Story.

13. Fitting copy and images to the page appropriately.

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 The Role of an Online Editor

1. Editing Text Reduce the words to at least 6 words or 8 for

clarity, let be Catchy, dramatic, enticing and lure the readers to
log on and read the full story. In this work, proceed to edit the
paragraphs for omissions, errors of facts, grammar and logic
presentation and arrangement of ideas in the story.

2 Editing Video/Visuals. The visual must illustrates an aspect

of the story Keep video/ visuals very short for , 45 seconds, 1
or 2 minutes. The tools to achieve this feat are of two types-
the hardware and software.

3 Editing Audio . As time was of essence in editing video,

quality of inserts, sound bites, or audio is extremely important
in editing audio files. The audio can be subtitled.
 Cont…
4 Editing Still Pictures/ photos Still pictures or
photos tell the story as it is. Pictures can be used
individually, to set a mood or introduce a story or
section of a story. Pictures must be edited to fix
into the frame of the web page in a “PIXELS”.

5 Editing Graphics . Graphics in Online Media is

used as a centerpiece(central part) of a story, or
part of a story top reinforce the storyline
especially statistics, figures, graphs and tables
laced with colours of various types.
 Tools of Digital Editing
Tools vary from one media organisation to the
other.
One instrument that is central to this process is
the computer, either desktop or laptop.
Specifically for the newspapers in the present
age computer Desktops, Laptops and Notebooks
closely followed by the Digital cameras and 3G
Phones.
Software such as WordPerfect, PageMaker,
FrontPage, CorelDraw, Adobe Premier and
Photoshop ensures that the digital editing is
perfectly achieved.
 Writing for World Wide Web:
• The World Wide Web is most often called the Web. The Web
is a network of computers all over the world. All the
computers in the Web can communicate with each other. All
the computers use a communication standard called HTTP.
The World Wide Web consists of all the public Web sites
connected to the Internet worldwide, including the client
devices (such as computers and cell phones) that access
Web content. The WWW is just one of many applications of
the Internet and computer networks. The World Web is based
on these technologies:
 HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 Web servers and Web browsers
Writing for Online Media or for web
• In the past most news organizations just
published the same information on their
Web sites as they had in their
newspapers or TV report, but now news
organizations are using the Web for
original material such as multimedia
presentations and interactive features
that include blogs, games and searchable
graphics or databases.
 Language Writing Style-on web
• The language of news writing should be
simple, clear and brief.
• As news is supposed to convey facts,
important points should come first, followed
by less important and then the least
important. A reader needs to get the complete
facts after reading the first paragraph.
• use colloquial or conversational language
while sticking to laid-down framework of
news writing.
 Language Writing Style-on web
• Use present progressive tense as much
as possible to convey the immediacy of
news. Keep the headline in active voice
and be specific rather than general in
conveying the information to your readers.
• You should avoid using definite and
indefinite articles in the headline as it
takes additional space and makes the
URL long and winding and is of not much
use for the search engines.
 Language Writing Style-on web

• The principle of clarity, conciseness, continuity

correctness, commonness, credibility and

completeness should be followed while attempting

all genre of online writing.

• You should have a good functional vocabulary and

knowing synonyms of words will help you avoid

repeating the same word in a sentence.

Steps for using internet resources for online
News gathering and research

• 1. Identify the topic or subject or people,

organisation etc
• 2. Decide which of the resource / search
engine you are going to use
• 3. Type in the name correctly on the space
provided.
• 4. Press enter key, the avalanche of
information will open up
• 5. Peruse the information and decide which
one best suited your use.
 Golden rules of web writing style

• Know your audience. Before drafting content, ask

yourself these questions: Who is my primary
audience? What about a secondary audience who
can influence and inform my primary audience?
• Follow the “inverted pyramid” model. Web readers
have short attention spans they’ll decide whether
your site has the information they need in seconds.
• Structure your content like an upside-down
pyramid or cone. The most important messages
go at the top of the page. Then, gradually drill
down to the more specific, supporting information.
 cont…
• Write short, simple sentences. website content must
be accessible and easy to read will naturally reach
for wider audience. Focus on using nouns and verbs.
Use adverbs and adjectives sparingly.
• Incorporate multimedia. Most the human brain is
visual, and people process visual information many
times faster than text. An easy-to-read chart or
graph can also do a better job of explaining a
complex topic than text alone.
• Use conversational style. Write as though you were
talking to a single reader. Borrow from broadcast
writing. The “you” voice works well online. Try to let
readers know what the story means for them.
 Online Writing versus Print Media
• Writing Online media writing, as we mentioned
earlier, did not come from being taught.
• Sometimes, headlines are changed so as to make it
more search engine friendly and also to attract
eyeballs.
• In some cases, paragraphs are broken into smaller
ones, without affecting the continuity of the story for
the sake of making it easy on the eyes.
• But , Inverted pyramid style of news writing is
favored both for the print and digital media as it
includes the important points in the first paragraph
of the news story.
 Online Writing versus Print Media
• Periodicity of publication has significant impact on the style
of news writing and its dissemination. A newspaper has
news production cycle of 24 hours till the next newspaper is
printed. Digital media involves real time news production
and hence, implicitly needs to convey the immediacy of
news in its news writing.

• While the print news stories stand solo, meaning it has no

relevance or reference to earlier stories, news stories on

digital platforms can have references to earlier stories
through hyper-linking.
 Online Writing versus Writing for broadcast media

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???????????????????? .
 PART SIX
New media and social networking
Definition of New Media
• It is the combination of Social platforms,
blogs, video games and online news
portals can be collectively called the New
Media.
 Types of New Media
Here are some types that are available in
today’s scenario:
 Websites
 Social Media Platforms
 OTT Platforms like Netflix
 Blogs
 Virtual and Augmented Reality
 Email
 Music Streaming like Spotify
The difference between new media
and traditional media
The difference between new media
and traditional media
The difference between new media
and traditional media
The difference between new media
and traditional media
The difference between new media
and traditional media
 characteristic features of Digital
platforms
Definition of New Media
• It is the combination of Social platforms, blogs,
video games and online news portals can be
collectively called the New Media.
characteristic features of Digital platforms
• Interactivity
• Hypertextuality
• Digital
• Simulation
• Asynchronous
• Storage
• Accessibility
characteristic features of Digital
platforms
characteristic features of Digital
platforms
characteristic features of Digital
platforms
characteristic features of Digital
platforms
characteristic features of Digital
platforms
Some advantages of new media.
Some advantages of new media.
Some advantages of new media.
Some advantages of new media.
Some advantages of new media.
 Globalization and new media
• The rise of new media has increased
communication between people all over the
world and the Internet. It has allowed people
to express themselves through blogs,
websites, pictures, and other user-generated
media.
• New media "radically break the connection
between physical place and social place,
making physical location much less
significant for our social relationships"
 Go on …
• It is found that viewers understand and
remember stories much better when the
words and video match.
• When the video and words do not match,
they surely fight each other for the viewer’s
attention, making it difficult for the viewer
to understand the story.
• Also matching the video and word does not
mean that reporters should simply describe
what the viewer can see. Instead, the audio
track should offer information that adds
context and meaning to the picture.
 Cont…
• However, the changes in the new media
environment create a series of tensions
in the concept of "public sphere".
• According to Ingrid Volkmer, "public
sphere" is defined as a process through
which public communication becomes
restructured and partly dis-embedded
from national political and cultural
institutions.
 Cont…

• This trend of the globalized public

sphere is not only as a geographical
expansion form a nation to
worldwide, but also changes the
relationship between the public, the
media and state.
• Simply conclusion for this term is :-
New media has the ability to connect
like-minded others worldwide.
 Impact of New Media on Journalism:

Positive impact of new media on journalism:-

In the past, journalism is done through the television, radio
and newspaper. Now, people turn to the internet to search
for news.

Also, new media has provided a platform for open-

interaction and hence paved a path for free flow of ideas
without emphasizing on whether the ideas exchanged
are constructive or destructive.

6/16/2023 146
 Web Design Software

Web design software enables users to create

and edit the front-end visualization of web pages
or website proto types.
These tools provide layout templates, a library
of animations and interactions, and vector
graphic creation to create unique and
customized websites.

Web design software provides a more

customizable platform than website builder, but
shares some similar features with those products.

6/16/2023 147
 Essentials to a Great Website Design

1. Understand your user

Before you can build a website you need to know who
you are building the website for. Who are your target
audiences and who is your main audience?
•2. Well-organized navigation
A cluttered navigation is frustrating to users. Keep short
navigation titles but avoid acronyms.
•3. Useful homepage
A homepage should direct traffic to other areas of your
website. Use clear call to actions that highlight the
major initiatives and goals of your website.
6/16/2023 148
 cont…

•4. Accessible
We wrote another post all about accessibility for your website. make
sure you are building a website that can be used by all people even
those with disabilities.
•5. Responsive design
Users should be able to view your website content on smartphone,
tablet, or computers. You can use analytics to see the device usage of
your specific website, but expect to see over half of visitors using a
device other than a full-sized computer.

•6. Search Engine Optimization

You want prospective families to find your website in online searches.
Things like being responsive, accessible, using alt tags for images,
using keywords in page titles and throughout the content of your page
will all help increase your rankings with Google.

6/16/2023 149
 cont…

• 7. Use your analytics

How do you know how to improve your website if you aren’t
tracking data? What pages are users on when they leave your
website? What are your most-visited pages? What pages are
viewed for the longest amount of time? What are people
searching for on your website? Use data and metrics to make
action plans and tailor your content to your audience.
• 8. Engaging images
Images can make or break the first impression of your website.
Use your own, high-resolution images and do not rely too
heavily on stock photos

6/16/2023 150
 cont…

•9. Clear contact information

Don’t make it hard for contact you. Have an email address, phone number,

and address in the footer so it displays on all pages. Add a full contact page

•10. Quality assurance

Building a website is never done. Websites need careful attention and

frequent updates to verify the information you are providing to users is

accurate and honest. Check links, update images often, view pages on

multiple devices, build accessible content, and create the content your users

are searching for.

6/16/2023 151
 Critical Elements Every Website
• 1. Headline
Within three second a website needs to tell visitors
what the business has to offer. It may only be a few
words, but it's one of the most important pieces of
copy on your website.
Keep the headline itself clear and simple.
• 2. Sub-headline
Your sub-headline should supplement the headline by
offering a brief description of what you do or what you
offer. This can be done effectively by zeroing in on a
common pain point that your product or service solves.
6/16/2023 152
 •3. Primary Calls-to-Action
The goal of your homepage is to compel visitors to dig
deeper into your website and move them down the funnel.
Include two to three calls-to-action above the fold that
direct people to different stages of the buying cycle and
place them in spots that are easy to find.
•4. Supporting Image
Most people are visual. Make sure to use an image (or even
a short video) that clearly indicates what you offer. Use
images that capture emotion, drive action, and visually tell
the story you’re writing about.
5. Features
In addition to benefits, list some of your key features. This gives people more of an
understanding of what's provided by your products and services. Again, keep the copy
light and easy to read.

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 Common Types of
Websites
eCommerce website
Business website
Blog website
Portfolio website
Event website
Personal website
Membership website
Nonprofit website
Informational website
Online forum
6/16/2023 154
 cont…
• eCommerce website
What is it: An e Commerce website allows you to sell
products from your online store. You can even
incorporate a drop shipping model into your online
business to sell products from a third-party distributor
• 2. Business website
What it is: Whether you’re creating a consulting
website, corporate website, or a startup website, a
business website establishes your brand’s online
presence.

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03. Blog website
•What it is: Blogs are a space for people to share written
and visual content about whatever they desire. You can
even make money blogging by using affiliate links or
working with advertisers. Some of the most popular
types of blogs include travel blogs, food blogs and
lifestyle blogs.

04. Portfolio website

•What it is: Creative professionals, such as graphic
designers, artists and writers, use portfolio websites to
consolidate and display examples of their work. That
way, potential employers can head over to someone’s
portfolio to easily check out their skills and expertise.

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5. Event website
• What it is: An event website allows for streamlined event
management, from invites to marketing, and even through
follow-up. Your site is your event’s central command station,
acting as the anchor of your event marketing efforts.
6. Personal website
• What it is: Personal website is a great way to give your online
presence a boost. You can create a personal website to
promote your individuality and interests, such as fan website
or hobby website . People also utilize personal and CV
website templates to display who they are and what they’ve
accomplished professionally. These personal sites are
similar to portfolios but typically contain fewer visual
elements, as the objective isn’t necessarily to display past
work.

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7. Membership website
• What it is: A membership website ensures exclusivity by
requiring visitors to sign up or pay a fee to receive full
access to its services, tools or resources. Perhaps you
have an online magazine or publication that requires
membership to read
8. Nonprofit website
• What it is: With a nonprofit website template, you can
create a website that informs visitors of your
organization’s mission, goals and core values. Whether a
university website church website or animal rescue site,
be sure to include information about past events, your
mission statement, and a donations page.

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9. Informational websites
• What it is: Informational websites act as a
resource to convey information. Examples
include encyclopedias and news outlet websites.
• They often include long form content to satisfy
reader curiosity and implement search functions,
so visitors can find what they are looking for.
You can start your informational website on a blank
slate and simply add the necessary web pages.
Alternatively, you can use a news website template if
it’s relevant to your goals.

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9. Informational websites
• What it is: Informational websites act as a
resource to convey information. Examples
include encyclopedias and news outlet websites.
• They often include long form content to satisfy
reader curiosity and implement search functions,
so visitors can find what they are looking for.
You can start your informational website on a blank
slate and simply add the necessary web pages.
Alternatively, you can use a news website template if
it’s relevant to your goals.

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The end thank you

2015

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