3.shear Force and Bending Moment - For Lecture
3.shear Force and Bending Moment - For Lecture
3.shear Force and Bending Moment - For Lecture
1
Types of Beam
2
Types of Beam…
3.Cantilever Beam:-
A beam fixed at one end and free at the other end is known as
cantilever beam.
4.Fixed Beam:-
A beam whose both ends are rigidly fixed is known as fixed beam.
3
Types of Beam…
5.Continuous Beam:-
• A beam supported on more then two support is known as continuous
beam.
4
Types of loads
5
Types of loads…
2.Uniformly Distributed load:-
A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that each unit
length of beam is loaded to the same intensity is known as uniformly
distributed load.
w = U.D.L, It is given in N/m or kN/m.
6
Types of loads…
3.Uniformly Distributed load:-
A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that its intensity
varies uniformly on each unit is called uniformly varying load.
w = U.V.L, It is given in N/m or kN/m.
w
7
Determinate & Indeterminate Beams
1.Determinate Beam
A beam is said to be statically determinate if the total no. of unknown
reactions are equal to the no. of conditions of static equilibrium.
A B
HA
VA VB
A B
HA HB
VA VB
Conditions of Static equilibrium = 3
No. of unknown reactions = 4, so
The beam is statically indeterminate
9
Determinate & Indeterminate Beams…
We will limit our study to shear force and bending moment diagrams of
statically determinate beams.
10
Shear Force & Bending Moment…
C D E
x
4m 5m 5m 1m
RA = 8.2 kN RB=14.8kN
Imagine the beam is cut into two pieces at section x-x and is separated, as shown in
figure.
11
Shear Force & Bending Moment...
4m 5kN
5m 1m
A
10kN 8kN
6m B
8.2 kN
9m 14.8 kN
• To find the forces experienced by the section, consider any one portion of the
beam. Taking left hand portion
• Transverse force experienced = 8.2 – 5 = 3.2 kN (upward)
• Moment experienced = 8.2 × 6 – 5 × 2 = 39.2 kN-m (clockwise)
• If we consider the right hand portion, we get
• Transverse force experienced = 14.8 – 10 – 8 =-3.2 kN = 3.2 kN (downward)
• Moment experienced = - 14.8 × 9 +8 × 8 + 10 × 3 = -39.2 kN-m = 39.2 kN-m
(anticlockwise)
12
Shear Force & Bending Moment...
5kN
3.2 kN
A
39.2 kN-m
3.2 kN 14.8 kN
Thus the section x-x considered is subjected to forces 3.2 kN and moment
39.2 kN-m as shown in figure. The force is trying to shear off the section
and hence is called shear force. The moment bends the section and
hence, called bending moment.
13
Shear Force & Bending Moment...
Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting
on the beam either to the left or right of the section is known as the shear
force at a section.
3.2 kN 39.2 kN
3.2 kN
F M
F
Shear force at x-x Bending moment at x-x
14
Moment and Bending moment
Bending Moment (BM): The moment which causes the bending effect on
the beam is called Bending Moment. It is generally denoted by ‘M’ or
‘BM’.
15
Sign Convention for shear force
F
F
16
Sign Convention for bending moment
Convexity
17
Sign Convention for bending moment…
Convexity
18
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
(SFD & BMD)
19
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection Point]:
20
Relationship between load, shear force and bending
moment.
x x1 w kN/m
x x1
dx L
Fig. A simply supported beam subjected to general type loading
21
Relationship between load, shear force and bending
moment…
w kN/m
x x1
V+dV
M M+dM
v
x dx O x1
M M+dM
v
x dx O x1
Variation of Shear force and bending moments for various standard loads are as shown
in the following Table
24
Example Based on Cantilever Beam
25
Ex1 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN
A B
5.0m
26
10 kN
Ma A B
5.0m
Ra
10 kN
0 1 2 3
50 kN.m
0 1 2 3
5.0m
10 kN
A B
5.0m
10 kN
10 kN
+ve
S.F. Diagram
29
Bending Moment Calculation 10 kN
50 kN.m A
B
x
5.0m
10 kN
A B
5.0m
10 kN
10 kN +ve
10 kN
S.F. Diagram
50 kN.m -ve
(+ve)
B.M. Dia. 31
Ex2 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN
4.0m
A B
5.0m
32
Ex3 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
20 kN 10 kN
C
A B
2.5m 2.5m
5.0m
33
20 kN 10 kN
C B
A
Ma
2.5m 2.5m
5.0m
Ra
100 kN.m
0 2.5m 2 3 2.5m 4 5
1
5.0m
30 kN
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0
30 kN
V1-1 = + 30 kN 20 kN
V2-2 = + 30 kN +ve
10 kN
V3-3 = + 30 – 20
= 10 kN
V4-4 = + 10 kN S.F. Diagram
V5-5 = + 10 – 10 = 0
(Check)
35
Bending Moment Calculation
20 kN 10 kN
C B
100 kN.m A
2.5m 2.5m
x
30 kN 5.0m
-ve 25 kN.m
100 kN.m
5.0m
30kN
30 kN 20 kN
+ve 10 kN
S.F. Diagram
0.0
-ve 25 kN.m
100 kN.m
B.M. Dia.
37
Ex3 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m
A B
5m
38
10 kN/m
Ma A B
5m
Ra
Solution:
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
- Ma + 10 x 5 x 2.5 = 0 ➔ Ma = 125 kN.m (anticlockwise)
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA – 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ RA = 50 kN
39
Shear Force Calculation:
10 kN/m
0 1 Sec X-X
125 kN.m B
0 1
x
50 kN
5m
(-ve)
50 kN
+ve
125 kN.m A B
x 5m
50 kN
-ve
125 kN.m
B.M. Dia.
(+ve)
B.M.D.
Mx = -wL2/2 + wLx - wx2/2 (parabolic variation)
MA = -125 kN.m [ it is Fixed supported]
MB = -125 + 10 x 5 x 2.5 = 0
41
Sec X-X 10 kN/m
B
A
125 kN.m
5m
50 kN
(-ve)
50 kN +ve
S.F. Dia.
-ve
125 kN.m B.M. Dia.
(+ve)
42
Ex4 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m
2.5 m
A B
C
5m
43
Ex5 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m
A 2.5 m
C B
5m
44
10 kN/m
Ma
A 2.5 m C B
5m
Ra
0 1
93.75 kN.m 2.5 m B
C
0 1
5m
25 kN
25 kN +ve
25 kN
5m
31.25 kN.m
-ve
Parabola
93.75 kN.m betn BC
2.5 m
A
93.75 kN.m C B
25 kN
5m
25 +ve
S.F. Dia.
-ve
31.25
Parabola
93.75 betn BC
linear
B.M. Dia.
48
Ex6 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN
A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m
8m
49
10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN
Ma A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m
Ra 8m
60 kN 8m
240 kN.m A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m
60 kN 8m
B.M.D.
MA = -240 kN.m [Fixed supported] MB = -240 + 60 x 8 - (10 x 2 x (1+6))
MC = -240 + 60 x 2 – (10 x 2 x 1) –(20 x 4) – (10 x 2 x 1)
= -140 kN.m =0
MD = -240 + 60 x 4 - (10 x 2 x (1+2))
= -60 kN.m
ME = -240 + 60 x 6 - (10 x 2 x (1+4))
–(20 x 2) = -20 kN.m
52
10 kN/m 10 kN/m
20kN
240 kN.m A B
2m C 2m D 2m E 2m
60 kN 8m
20 kN.m
Parabola
-ve 60 kN.m
linear
140 kN.m
240 kN.m
linear
53
Ex7 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m
A B
5m
54
10 kN/m
Ma A B
5m
Ra
0 1
83.33kN.m
B
0 1 x
5m
25kN
25 kN -ve
+ve
Fx= wL/2-(x*(wx/L))/2
= wL/2-wx2/2L (parabolic variation) S.F. Dia.
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0
dv
V1-1 = + 25 kN w=
VB = +25 – (0.5 x 10 x 5) = 0 dx
56
10 kN/m
Bending Moment Calculation:
Sec X-X wx/L = 2x
0 1
83.33kN.m
A
B
0 1 x
5m
25kN
A
83.33kN.m
B
5m
25kN
-ve
+ve
25 S.F. Dia.
-ve
83.33
B.M. Dia.
(+ve)
58
Ex8 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
10 kN/m
A B
5m
59
Ex9 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a Cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown
in the figure.
100 kN.m
A
B
10 m
60
100 kN.m
Ma A
B
10 m
Ra
10 m 0 1
SFD VA =0
Shear Force at
V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = 0 S.F. Dia.
VB = 0
BMD +ve 100 kN.m
MA = + 100 kN.m
M0-0 = +100 kN.m
B.M. Dia.
M1-1 = +100 – 100 = 0
Or
MB = 0 62
Example Based on Simply Supported Beam
63
Ex9 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
5m 10kN
A B
C
10m
64
5m 10kN
A B
C
HA
10m
VA VB
0 1 2 3 4
10m
5 kN 5 kN
5 kN
Shear Force at
5 kN + ve
V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = + 5 kN
- ve
V2-2 = +5 kN
V3-3 = +5 – 10 5 kN
= -5 kN
V4-4 = -5 kN S.F. Diagram
VB = -5 + 5 = 0
66
Bending Moment Calculation
10 kN
5m B
A
C
10m
25 kN.m 5 kN
5 kN
+ ve
B.M. Diagram
B.M.D.
MA = 0 [simply supported]
MC = 5 x 5
= + 25 kN.m (Sagging)
MB = 0 [simply supported]
67
5 10kN
A C B
10m
5 kN
5 kN
5 kN
S.F. Diagram 5 kN + ve
- ve
5 kN
25 kN.m
+ ve
B.M. Diagram
68
Ex10 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
4m 10kN
A B
C
10m
69
Ex11 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
10 kN/m
A B
10 m
70
10 kN/m
A B
HA
10 m
VB
VA
Solution: [Clockwise moment is Positive]
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
VA + VB = 10 x 10 = 100 kN --- Eq 1
Using the condition: ΣFx = 0
HA = 0
Using the conditiocn: ΣMA = 0
-VB x 10 + 10 x 10 x 5 = 0 ➔ VB = 50 kN
Placing value of VB in Eq 1 ➔ VA = 50 kN
71
Shear Force Calculation: 10 kN/m
2 3
0 1
C 2 3
0 1 5m
50 kN 10 m
50 kN
50 kN + ve
- ve
S.F. Diagram
Shear Force at V0-0 = 0 50 kN
V1-1 = + 50 kN
VC = +50 – 10 x 5 = 0
V2-2 = 0 – 10 x 5 = -50 kN
V3-3 = -50 + 50 = 0
72
Bending Moment Calculation 10 kN/m
B
A
C
5m
10 m
50 kN
50 kN
125 kN.m
+ ve
B.M. Diagram
B.M.D.
MA = MB = 0 [simply supported]
MC = 50 x 5 – (10 x 5 x 2.5)
= +125 kN.m (Sagging)
73
10 kN/m
74
A B
C
50 kN 10 m 50 kN
50 kN
S.F. Diagram + ve
- ve
50 kN
+ ve 125 kN.m
B.M. Diagram
74
Ex12 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
10 kN/m
A C B
5m
10 m
75
Ex13 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
76
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
HA
2m 2m 3m 1m
VA VB
5N 10N 8N
0 1 2 3 4 5 78 9
6
0 2 4 5
1 3 6 7 8 9
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75 N 13.25 N
SFD
V0-0 = 0; V1-1 = + 9.75 N V6-6 = - 5.25 N
V2-2 = + 9.75 N V7-7 = 5.25 – 8 = -13.25 N
V3-3 = + 9.75 – 5 = 4.75 N V8-8 = -13.25
V4-4 = + 4.75 N V9-9 = -13.25 +13.25 = 0
V5-5 = +4.75 – 10 = - 5.25 N (Check)
78
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N
5.25N
SFD 5.25N
13.25N 13.25N
79
Bending Moment Calculation
80
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
29Nm
19.5Nm
13.25Nm
BMD
81
Ex14 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
82
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
VA VB
Solution:
Calculation of Reactions:
Due to symmetry of the beam, loading and boundary conditions,
reactions at both supports are equal.
.`. RA = RB = ½(5+10+5+2 × 6) = 16 kN
83
Shear Force Calculation:
C 2 3A 4 D5 B7 8 9
E
0 1 6
2m 3m 3m 2m
16 kN 16 kN
Shear Force Calculation: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = - 5kN V6-6 = - 5 – 6 = - 11kN
V2-2 = - 5kN V7-7 = - 11 + 16 = 5kN
V3-3 = - 5 + 16 = 11 kN V8-8 = 5 kN
V4-4 = 11 – 2 × 3 = +5 kN V9-9 = 5 – 5 = 0 (Check)
V5-5 = 5 – 10 = - 5kN
84
5kN 10kN
5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
+
+
5kN 5kN
5kN
SFD 11kN
85
Bending Moment Calculation
5kN 10kN 5kN
2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
16 kN 16 kN
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
14kNm
10kNm
BMD 10kNm
87
10kN 5kN
5kN 2kN/m
C A D B E
2m 3m 3m 2m
11kN
5kN 5kN 5kN
SFD +
+
11kN
14kNm
BMD
10kNm 10kNm 88
10kN
5kN 2kN/m 5kN
x
89
C A x D B E
x
2m 3m 3m 2m
10kNm 10kNm
Points of contra flexure
Let x be the distance of point of contra flexure from support A
Taking moments at the section x-x (Considering left portion)
x2 x = 1 or 10
M x − x = −5(2 + x) + 16x − 2 =0
2 .`. x = 1 m 89
Ex15 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
2 kN 5kN
10kN/m
A
C B D
4m 1m 2m
90
Ex16 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
3m 2m 2m
91
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
3m 2m 2m
VA VB
0 1 2 3
4 5 6
3m 2m 2m
46 kN 144 kN
0 1 2 3
4 5 6
3m 2m 2m
46 kN 144 kN
46kN Parabola 60kN
20kN
44kN
SFD 84kN
94
X 60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
x C B D
X
3m 2m 2m
46 kN 144 kN
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is zero.
The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is available in the
portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a distance ‘x’ from support A
as shown above. The shear force expression at that section should be equated to
zero. i.e.,
Vx-x = 46 – ½ .x. (60/3)x = 0 ➔ x = 2.145 m
95
Bending Moment Calculation
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
3m 2m 2m
46 kN 144 kN
MA = M D = 0
MC = 46 × 3 – ½ × 3 × 60 × (1/3 × 3) = 48 kNm[Considering LHS of section]
MB = -20 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = - 80 kNm [Considering RHS of section]
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment,
Mmax = 46 × 2.145 – ½ × 2.145 ×(2.145 × 60/3) × (1/3 × 2.145) = 65.74 kNm
96
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
A
C B D
3m 2m 2m
46 kN 65.74kNm 144 kN
Cubic
parabola Parabola
Point of
BMD Contra flexure Parabola
80kNm 97
Point of contra flexure:
BMD shows that point of contra flexure is existing in the portion
CB. Let ‘a’ be the distance in the portion CB from the support B at
which the bending moment is zero. And that ‘a’ can be calculated
as given below.
ΣMx-x = 0
(2 + a) 2
144a − 20(a + 2) − 20 =0
2
a = 1.095 m
98
Ex17 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
99
40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
40kN
40x0.5=20kNm 30kN/m
40kN
20kN/m
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
100
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
B C D E
2m 1m 1m 2m
VA VD
101
Shear Force Calculation:
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
20kNm
0 2 3 4 6 E
1 5 7
2m 1m 1m 2m
30 kN 80 kN
Calculation of Shear Forces: V0-0 = 0
V1-1 = 30 kN V5-5 = - 50 kN
V2-2 = 30 – 20 × 2 = - 10kN V6-6 = - 50 + 80 = + 30kN
V3-3 = - 10kN V7-7 = +30 – ½ × 2 × 30 = 0(check)
V4-4 = -10 – 40 = - 50 kN
102
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
20kNm
0 2 3 4 6 E
1 5 7
2m 1m 1m 2m
30 kN 80 kN
30kN Parabola
30kN
x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN
SFD
50kN 50kN
103
Bending Moment Calculation
X
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
X= 1.5 m B C D E
X
2m 1m 1m 2m
30 kN 80 kN
Calculation of bending moments:
MA = M E = 0
MX = 30 × 1.5 – 20 × 1.5 × 1.5/2 = 22.5 kNm
MB= 30 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = 20 kNm
MC = 30 × 3 – 20 × 2 × 2 = 10 kNm (section before the couple)
MC = 10 + 20 = 30 kNm (section after the couple)
MD = - ½ × 30 × 2 × (1/3 × 2) = - 20 kNm( Considering RHS of the section)
104
X
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
20kNm
A
X= 1.5 m B C D E
X
2m 1m 1m 2m
30 kN 22.5kNm 30kNm 80 kN
Parabola 20kNm
10kNm Point of contra flexure
20kNm
105
30kN Parabola
30kN
x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN
SFD
50kN 50kN
22.5kNm 30kNm
Parabola 20kNm
10kNm Point of contra flexure
20kNm
106
Ex18 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
15kN/m
10kN
20kN/m
5kNm
1m 1m 3m 1m 1m 2m
107
Ex19 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a cantilever beam subjected to loading as shown in
the figure.
40kN
0.5m
300
20kN/m
0.7m
B
A
3m 1m 1m
108
Ex20 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram [SFD &
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to loading as
shown in the figure.
8kN 16kN
4kN/m 8kN
A B
2m 2m 2m 2m
109