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EDITED General Physics 1 - Q2 - 3
EDITED General Physics 1 - Q2 - 3
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FOREWORD
Moreover, there are times when waves do not seem to move but rather,
they just vibrate in place. We can see unmoving waves on the surface of a
pitcher of water in a refrigerator, for example. Vibrations from the refrigerator
motor create waves on the water that oscillate up and down but do not seem
to move across the surface. Take a bowl of soup and place it on a common box
fan. Vibrations from the fan will produce circular standing waves in the bowl of
soup. The waves are formed by the superposition of two or more traveling
waves, for two identical waves moving in opposite directions. If the two waves
have the same amplitude and wavelength, then they alternate between
constructive and destructive interference. The result looks like a wave standing
in place which is called a standing wave. Sometimes when we vibrate a string,
or cord it's possible to get it to vibrate in a manner such that you're generating a
wave, but the wave doesn't propagate. It just sits there vibrating up and down
in place. Such a wave is called a standing wave and must be seen to be
appreciated.
In order to understand these concepts, let us put our focus on the core
concept of superposition of waves, together with the in-depth knowledge
related to superposition theorem.
Lastly, this SLK also allows you to relate the frequency (source dependent)
and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source and the listener.
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OBJECTIVES
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the
distance from the source (STEM_GP12MWSIIe- 34).
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST:
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the missing letters to form words that
corresponds to the given definition beside it. Write your answer on your
notebook/Activity Sheet.
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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:
INTENSITY OF WAVES
Figure 1. The destructive effect of an earthquake is palpable evidence of the energy carried in
these waves. The Richter scale rating of earthquakes is related to both their amplitude and the
energy they carry. (credit: Petty Officer 2nd Class Candice Villarreal, U.S. Navy)
All waves carry energy. The energy of some waves can be directly
observed. Earthquakes can shake whole cities to the ground, performing the
work of thousands of wrecking balls.
Loud sounds pulverize nerve cells in the inner ear, causing permanent
hearing loss. Ultrasound is used for deep-heat treatment of muscle strains. A laser
beam can burn away a malignancy. Water waves chew up beaches.
The power delivered per unit area is defined as wave intensity (also known
as irradiance in optics). Intensity is a ratio in general. For example, as force/area,
pressure is the strength of force. Also, as it is mass/volume, density (symbol) is the
intensity of mass. Wm-2 is the unit of intensity. The formula for calculating wave
intensity is as follows:
where; I = intensity
P = power
r = distance
Example:
Karen measures a wave at 5.0 m with a power of 9.4W. What is the
intensity of the wave?
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Solution:
= 9.4W ÷ 4 (5.0m)2
= 9.4W ÷ 12.57 (25m 2)
I = 3.0 × 10−2 Wm2
This is the inverse square law, which states that sound intensity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the listener.
It's important to note that when comparing sound intensities at two distances r1
and r2 from a source, the source's power remains constant. Therefore, P= 4πr12I1 =
4Πr22I2. This relationship then gives the following useful formula: I2/I1 = r12/ r22.
Examples:
1. Lei found out that the intensity of the wave is 13.4 Wm2 with a power of 2.6W.
What is the distance of the wave from the source?
2. If the sound intensity 3.0 m from a sound source is 4.0 × 10 −6 Wm2, what is the
intensity at (a) 1.5 m and (b) 12 m from the source?
(a).
r1 = 3.0 m
I1 = 4.0 × 10−6 W m2
r2 = 1.5 m
I2 = ?
I2/I1 = r12r22
I2 = I1r12 ÷ r22
= 4.0 x 10–6 W m2 x (3.0 m)2 ÷ (1.5m)2
= 4.0 x 10–5 W m2
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(b).
r1 = 3.0 m
I1 = 4.0 × 10-6 Wm2
r2 = 12 m
I2 = ?
I2 = I1r12 ÷ r22
= 4.0 x 10–6 W m2 x (3.0 m)2 ÷ (12m)2
= 2.5 x 10–7 W m2
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Most waves do not look very simple. They look more like simple water
wave considered in Waves. (Simple waves may be created by a simple
harmonic oscillation, and thus have a sinusoidal shape). Complex waves are
more interesting, even beautiful, but they look formidable. Most waves appear
complex because they result from several simple waves adding together.
When two or more waves arrive at the same point, they superimpose
themselves on one another. More specifically, the disturbances of waves are
superimposed when they come together, a phenomenon called superposition.
Each disturbance corresponds to a force, and forces add. If the disturbances
are along the same line, then the resulting wave is a simple addition of the
disturbances of the individual waves—that is, their amplitudes add.
When two or more waves cross at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
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The individual wave displacements may be positive or negative. If the
displacements are vectors, then the sum is calculated by vector addition.
When the waves pass beyond a point of intersection, they separate out
again and are unaffected.
What happens when two waves meet while they travel through the same
medium? What effect will the meeting of the waves have upon the
appearance of the medium? Will the two waves bounce off each other upon
meeting (much like two billiard balls would) or will the two waves pass through
each other? These questions involving the meeting of two or more waves along
the same medium pertain to the topic of wave interference.
Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet
while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the
medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual
waves upon the particles of the medium. To begin our exploration of wave
interference, consider two pulses of the same amplitude traveling in different
directions along the same medium. Let's suppose that each displaced upward 1
unit at its crest and has the shape of a sine wave. As the sine pulses move
towards each other, there will eventually be a moment in time when they are
completely overlapped. At that moment, the resulting shape of the medium
would be an upward displaced sine pulse with an amplitude of 2 units.
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1. Constructive Interference
2. Destructive Interference
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STANDING WAVES
Figure 4. A wave pulse moving to the right is reflected our of phase upon hitting a rigid barrier
Now, instead of a single wave pulse, if one end of the string is continuously
moved up and down, the incident wave will interfere with the reflected wave.
This will result in an interference pattern shown in the figure below. This is called a
standing wave. The points in a wave where the particles are relatively at rest are
called the nodes, and the positions of maximum transverse displacement are
called antinodes.
Nodes and antinodes should not be confused with crests and troughs.
When the motion of a traveling wave is discussed, it is customary to refer to a
point of large maximum displacement as a crest and a point of large negative
displacement as a trough. These represent points of the disturbance that travel
from one location to another through the medium. An antinode on the other
hand is a point on the medium that is staying in the same location. Furthermore,
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an antinode vibrates back and forth between a large upward and a large
downward displacement. And finally, nodes and antinodes are not actually part
of a wave. Recall that a standing wave is not actually a wave but rather a
pattern that results from the interference of two or more waves. Since a standing
wave is not technically a wave, an antinode is not technically a point on a
wave. The nodes and antinodes are merely unique points on the medium that
make up the wave pattern.
Example:
Find the wave function that describes a standing transverse wave.
Solution:
You can find the wave function of a standing wave using the principle of
superposition. Here, you simply add the wave functions for the incident and the
reflected waves. Let the incident wave be moving toward the +x-axis. Its wave
function is
−
The reflected wave for this incident wave is moving toward the –x
direction and π rad out of phase. Thus, its wave function can be written
as
Using the principle of superposition, the wave function for the standing
wave is
− −
This simplifies to
where
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This wave function for a standing transverse wave can be interpreted as
follows:
Example:
Consider a standing wave with
wavelength λ on a string having an
indefinite length as shown the figure below.
In terms of λ, find the positions x of the
nodes and the antinodes.
Solution:
To find the nodes, set
This gives
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You can see that the nodes can be found at
SOUND
The longitudinal wave that is very important in your daily life is sound
wave. The intensity (I) of sound waves is defined as the time average rate at
which energy is transported per unit area (A) perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. Because the time average rate of energy transported is the
average power you can write sound intensity as
The unit of intensity is W/m 2 or J/s m2. Consider a source of sound shown in
the figure below. The energy transported by the sound through the two
imaginary spheres (with raddii r 1 and r2) shown in the figure is the same. So the
average power through each sphere is also the same.
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This can be neatly written as
This result is the inverse-square law for intensity. This shows that the intensity
of sound waves decreases with the square of the distance from the source.
Your ears can start detecting sound with an intensity of 1x10 -12 W/m 2. This
intensity is the threshold of hearing . Because your ears are very sensitive and
can detect a wide range of intensities, sound intensity levels relative to the
threshold of hearing are used. The unit for sound intensity level is decibel (dB).
The sound intensity level for a sound wave with intensity I id defines as
Note that sound intensity is different from sound intensity level. The intensity
is average power per unit area with a unit of W/m 2, whereas the intensity level
is a scaled value of intensity with a unit of dB.
Example:
Find the sound intensity level for the threshold of hearing
and threshold of pain .
Solution:
As previously said, the threshold of hearing has an intensity of
. The corresponding sound intensity level is
To find the intensity level foe the threshold of pain, simply substitute its
intensity to the following equation:
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This is the intensity
level where your ear starts
to feel the pain due to a
very loud sound. The figure
on the right shows a scale
of varying sound intensity
levels.
Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm
/noise/images/common_sounds.gif
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DOPPLER EFFECT
Have you noticed that the pitch
of a siren from a police car or
ambulance increases when it moves
closer and closer to you? Do you
notice it too with the sound produced
by a train whistle when the train
moves farther and farther away from
you? In situations like these, the
frequency of sound heard by the
listener changes because of the
relative motion between the source of
sound and the listener. This
observation (apparent change in the
frequency of the sound) is called
Doppler Effect. Figure 8. Difference in the frequency heard by
the listener for different relative motions of the
source of sound (S) and the listener (L)
Consider different cases for the motion of the source (S) of sound and the
listener (L), as shown in the figure above.
When S and L are both stationary, the listener hears a sound with
frequency . When S and L are getting close to each other (such as in the cases
when L is approaching S and vice versa), the frequency heard by the listener is
higher than . This is because the wavelength of the wave between them is
shortened, which results in a higher frequency.
On the other hand, when S and L re moving away from each other (such
as in the cases when L is going away from S and vice versa), the frequency
heard by the listener is lower than . This is because the wavelength of the
sound becomes longer, which results in a lower frequency.
You can find the frequency heard by the listener if you know the speeds
of the source and of the listener. To do this, you need to define the following sign
convention:
2. The speed of the sound (v) is taken to be always positive. Its value varies
with temperature. However, you can approximate its typical value to be
equal to 340 m/s for air at many cases.
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Consider a source that emits a sound wave with frequency and moves
at speed and a listener that moves at speed . You can show that the
frequency heard by the listener is
Example:
The siren of a police car emits a sound with a frequency of 70 Hz. The
police (P) is chasing a criminal (C) as shown in the figure below. The police car
moves at 30 m/s, whereas the criminal’s car is moving at 10 m/s. What is the
frequency of the sound emitted by the siren as heard by the criminal?
Solution:
First, note that by sign convention, the positive direction is from the
criminal (listener) to the police (source) as shown in the figure. So, the speed of
the criminal is − and the speed of the police is − . Let
the frequency emitted by the siren (police car) and be the frequency heard
by the criminal. Using the Doppler effect and assuming that speed of sound is
,
( ) −
( ) −
Caution: In analyzing the Doppler effect, many students like you confuse
the pitch of a sound with its loudness. Pitch is associated with the frequency of
sound. A high frequency corresponds to a high pitch. You can hear this as
someone sings the notes ―do re mi fa sol la ti do”. Loudness, on the on the other
hand, is associated with the amplitude of vibration and thus the energy sound
waves. Louder sounds have ―higher decibels‖ than weaker ones.
Performance Task:
Hearing is very important, so you need to take good care of your ears.
Avoid loud sounds, which could hurt your ears and cause hearing damage.
Expound this idea using Physics concepts. Write your answer in a short bond
paper. Be guided with the rubric that follows.
Rubric:
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III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST:
I. TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word true if the statement is correct, false if
otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook/Activity sheet.
II. PROBLEM SOLVING: Solve the given problem below and write your answer
on your Physics notebook/Activity Sheet. Show your solution.
If the sound intensity 4.0 m from a point sound source is 1.0 × 10 -6 Wm2,
what will be the sound intensity at each of the following distances from
the source:
a. 1.0 m? and
b. 2.0 m?
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REFERENCES
Books:
Arevalo, Ryan L. and Mulig, Charity I. General Physics 1. Makati City,
Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2017.
Webpages:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-4/Formation-of-
Standing-Waves
https://physics.info/waves-standing/
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-4/Nodes-and-
Anti-nodes
https://byjus.com/jee/superposition-of-waves/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/16-10-superposition-
and-interference/
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book
%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics
_I__Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/
16%3A_Waves/16.06%3A_Interference_of_Waves
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/Interference-of-
Waves
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/waves/Lesson-3/Interference-of-
Waves
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Division of Negros Oriental
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
ROSEWIN P. ROCERO
JANICE M. SANDIGAN
Writers/Illustrators/Lay-out Artists
_________________________________
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
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SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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