Analysis of Antibacterial Effect … Erwin F, Novita BD, Prawesti GN

ANALYSIS OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CURCUMINOID WITH

MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS
EPIDERMIDIS

Ferdinand Erwin1), Bernadette D Novita2), Galuh N Prawesti3)

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The rate of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis is high. The

previous study shows that 79% of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria isolated were resistant
to Methicillin, while 98% were resistant to Penicillin. The active substance Curcuminoid in
Turmeric is known to have an antibacterial effect. Nowadays, nanoparticle-based medicine
has been developed which can increase bioavailability and solubility in the water, as well as
the cellular uptake.
Aim: The study aimed to analyze the inhibitory and killing effect of Curcuminoid from
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with mesoporous silica nanoparticles against Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Methods: This research performs a microdilution test of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica
nanoparticles at concentration 2000 – 32000 µg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis on
the microplate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) were obtained from its optical density value after evaluating its turbidity
on the spectrophotometer.
Results: In this research found the MIC of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica nanoparticles
against Staphylococcus epidermidis was at the concentration of 32000 µg/mL.
Conclusion: Curcuminoid from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with mesoporous silica
nanoparticles has an inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Keywords: Antibacterial effect, Curcuminoid, mesoporous silica nanoparticles,

Staphylococcus epidermidis

1) Student of Faculty of Medicine, Widya Mandala Catholic University of Surabaya, Jl. Kalisari Selatan No. 1
Surabaya. Email : [email protected]
2)
Pharmacology and Therapy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Widya Mandala Catholic University of
Surabaya, Jl. Kalisari Selatan No. 1 Surabaya
3)
Clinical and Community Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Widya Mandala Catholic University of
Surabaya, Jl. Kalisari Selatan No. 1 Surabaya

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2012 showed that out of 100

INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a isolated, 79% were resistant to Methicillin,

gram-positive bacteria from the genus while 98% were resistant to Penicillin(9).

Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus Indonesia is a tropical country that

epidermidis is a coagulase-negative has the potential of plants that are

(10)
Staphylococcus, and it is the most normal hereditary used as herbal medicines .

flora in the human skin and mucous One of the traditional plants that have been

membrane(1,2). Infection due to coagulase- studied and has an antibacterial effect is

negative staphylococci (CoNS) is a turmeric or Curcuma longa L (11). Turmeric

nosocomial infection that can cause is commonly used as a coloring agent,

infection on implanted medical devices, flavoring, and food deodorizer (12–14). In the

such as prostheses in the knee, turmeric rhizome, there is curcumin, which

cerebrospinal fluid shunts, central venous is a polyphenolic compound which is

catheter, intravascular catheter, cardiac included in Curcuminoid which is

pacemaker, and urinary tract catheter hydrophobic. Curcumin content in turmeric

especially in patients with very young or has several benefits, besides being

old age, or patients with beneficial as an antibacterial, it can also be

immunocompromised conditions. About used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

75% of infections caused by coagulase- antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-

negative staphylococci and cases of allergic, antiarthritis, Alzheimer's

bacteremia in medical device implants are treatment, anticancer, hepatoprotective,

caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis(1–6). neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and

Infection caused by Staphylococcus anti-HIV(15,16).

epidermidis is difficult to treat because Curcumin inhibits bacterial cell

Staphylococcus epidermidis can form proliferation and breaks bacterial cell

biofilms on the surface of prosthetic walls, causing cell rupture which leads to
(11,17)
devices that can protect bacteria from bacterial cell death . Curcumin has a

antibiotics and the immune system. There problem in the low level of solubility in

is a correlation between biofilms and the water which then causes a decrease in

resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis absorption, increased metabolism, and

bacteria to several types of antibiotics increased excretion which causes low

(1,5,7,8)
. The research results by Gordon in bioavailability of curcumin(11,18).

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 Analysis Of Antibacterial Effect … Erwin F, Novita BD, Prawesti GN

To overcome the low level of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica

solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, nanoparticles used was 2000 - 32000 µg /
nanoparticle-based drugs are developed. mL.
These drugs can increase bioavailability Preparation of Curcuminoid with
and solubility in water, and increase Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
cellular uptake(11,14). Mesoporous silica Add 480 mg of Curcuminoid with
nanoparticles have been studied and are mesoporous silica nanoparticles obtained
known to have interesting properties, such from the Chemical Engineering
as hydrophilic surface, longer blood Department into a test tube. Add 5 mL
circulation time, very low toxicity, and tween 20 to the test tube filled with
better absorption(19–21). Therefore, this Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica
study was conducted to determine nanoparticles then mix until homogeneous
inhibitory activity and kill Curcuminoid using vortex. Curcuminoid with
originating from Curcuma longa L. with mesoporous silica nanoparticles solution
mesoporous silica nanoparticles against was obtained with a concentration of
Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, in the 96000 µg / mL.
hope of being developed into an Preparation of Bacterial Suspension
antibacterial candidate. S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 was taken
with a sterile ose and then suspended into a
METHODS
tube containing 5 mL 0.9% NaCl solution
This study used an experimental study to obtain bacterial turbidity similar to 0.5
with a nonequivalent control group design. McFarland standard turbidity on Mc
This research was conducted in the Farland densitometer to obtain a bacterial
Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of suspension containing 1.5 x 108 CFU / mL.
Medicine, Research Laboratory Faculty of Antibacterial Test
Pharmacy Widya Mandala Catholic Antibacterial activity testing was
University of Surabaya, and Laboratorium performed by the microdilution method.
Mikrobiologi Klinik Balai Besar This study was divided into a control group
Laboratorium Kesehatan (BBLK) and a treatment group with a volume of
Surabaya. The population of this study was each well of 150 µL.
S. epidermidis bacteria. The samples taken K1-4 = The control group consists of:
were S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 obtained K1 = Mueller Hinton Broth
from the BBLK Clinical Microbiology K2a-e = Mueller Hinton Broth +
Laboratory. The concentration of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica

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nanoparticles on concentration 2000 – shows that the higher the concentration of

32000 µg/mL Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica
K3 = Mueller Hinton Broth + S. nanoparticles, the lower the value of OD.
epidermidis + Penicillin Concentration in the range 2000 - 32000
K4 = Mueller Hinton Broth + S. µg / mL with the lowest concentration is at
epidermidis + tween 20 P1, and the highest concentration is at P5.
P0-5 = The treatment group consists of: Table 1. Results of optical density
P0 = Mueller Hinton Broth + S. Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica

epidermidis nanoparticles values on a spectrophotometer

P1-5 = Mueller Hinton Broth + S. Concentration x̅ ± SD

epidermidis + Curcuminoid with P0 0,16 ± 0,026

mesoporous silica nanoparticles on P1 0,23 ± 0,03

concentration 2000 – 32000 µg/mL. P2 0,25 ± 0,038

Then the microplate was incubated P3 0,22 ± 0,042

for 24 hours at 37 oC. After incubation, P4 0,07 ± 0,028
turbidity was observed by using a P5 0,01 ± 0,01
spectrophotometer to evaluate the optical
density value. After that, the results of In Figure 1 shows that the higher
microdilution were planted in Mueller the concentration of Curcuminoid with
Hinton Agar and then incubated for 24 mesoporous silica nanoparticles, the higher
hours at 37 oC to evaluate bacterial growth. the percentage of inhibition to the
Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The
RESULTS highest percentage inhibition was at a
The optical density value (OD) on concentration of 32000 µg / mL which was
the spectrophotometer reading (Table 1) equal to 90%.
Figure 1. Percentage of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica nanoparticles inhibition S. epidermidis

Percentage of Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica

nanoparticles inhibition against S. epidermidis
bacteria
P
P 5
100,00%
4
80,00%
60,00%
P
40,00% P 3
20,00% P 2
0,00% 1
2000 µg/mL 4000 µg/mL 8000 µg/mL 16000 µg/mL 32000 µg/mL

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 Analysis Of Antibacterial Effect … Erwin F, Novita BD, Prawesti GN

In Figure 2 shows that after planting K1 and K2a - K2e. In the K3 there was no
on MHA and incubating for 24 hours at 37 bacterial growth. In the K4 appears
o
C, all bacteria in the treatment group grew bacterial growth.
on MHA. There was no bacterial growth in

Figure 2. Observation of treatment group (A), control of K2a - K2e (B), and control K1 - K4 (C)
o
after growing on MHA and incubating for 24 hours at 37 C.

DISCUSSION nanoparticles. In this study found MIC

The results of this study show that Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica
Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica nanoparticles against Staphylococcus
nanoparticles has an antibacterial effect on epidermidis located at a concentration of
Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Based 32000 µg/mL. Several factors are thought to
on the results of observations on the play a role in influencing this study
spectrophotometer, it was shown that the including the effectiveness of Curcuminoid
higher the concentration of Curcuminoid as a single antibacterial preparation,
with mesoporous silica nanoparticles would thermolabile Curcuminoid properties, the
also be followed by a decrease in the value pore size of mesoporous silica
of OD. This means that more bacteria die if nanoparticles, and Curcuminoid release
the concentration of Curcuminoid with process from mesoporous silica
mesoporous silica nanoparticles is nanoparticles.
increased(22). The effectiveness of Curcuminoid as a
The calculation of the percentage of single antibacterial preparation is thought to
resistance to Staphylococcus epidermidis be less effective when compared with water
also shows a trend that increases along with extract from turmeric rhizome as in the
the increase in the concentration of study conducted by Niamsa, N. (2009).
Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica Allegedly this is because, in addition to

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containing Curcuminoid, water extract from released and interact with bacterial cells to
turmeric rhizome also contains sequesters cause an antibacterial effect.
and isoflavones which have antibacterial The antibacterial mechanism of
effects(23–26). The thermolabile Curcuminoid Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica
properties are also thought to play a role in nanoparticles is thought to originate from
the occurrence of changes in the structure of the ability of Curcuminoid to inhibit
Curcuminoid during the loading process bacterial cell proliferation and has the
into the pores of mesoporous silica ability to breaks bacterial cell walls causing
nanoparticles that require heating at a bacterial cell rupture which leads to
temperature of 55 ° C. In a study conducted bacterial cell death(12,15). Curcuminoid also
by Kharat (2017), the percentage of has an antibiofilm effect, especially in
curcumin retention in fat emulsions in water bacteria that can form biofilms such as the
will decrease with increasing temperature, Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria.
the greatest decrease in retention of Curcuminoid inhibits the expression of
curcumin is found in heating at 55 ° C (27). biofilm-forming and quorum sensing genes
Another factor that is thought to from bacteria. The ability of bacteria to
influence the results of this study is that the form a biofilm depends on quorum sensing,
pore size of mesoporous silica nanoparticles such as the ability to produce alginate,
that contain Curcuminoid is not uniform, motility, and moving in a colony(12,15).
causing a difference in the number of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L). also has the
particles of Curcuminoid in the same ability to reduce the attachment of bacteria
measurement of concentration. This can to the surface of the substrate and reduce
cause differences in the effectiveness of the adhesion to the biofilm surface so that
Curcuminoid with mesoporous silica microorganisms are more difficult to attach
nanoparticles as antibacterial preparations. to previously formed biofilms.
In this study, it was assumed that the release
CONCLUSION
process of Curcuminoid from mesoporous
silica nanoparticles was hampered so that it Based on the results of the study it can
could affect the antibacterial effect of be concluded that Curcuminoid with
Curcuminoid. The blockage of curcuminoid mesoporous silica nanoparticles has an
release from mesoporous silica inhibitory effect on the growth of
nanoparticles causes a longer time needed Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a
so that the Curcuminoid can be completely concentration of 32000 µg / mL.

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