12th Bio - Zoology Previous Year Public Exam Question & Answer EM

https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.
in
REPRODUCTION OF ORGANISMS
1. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples from animals? (May -2022) (A-21)
 The process of development of an egg into a complete individual without fertilization
is known as parthenogenesis.
 Eg. Annelid and sea urchin eggs
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
2. Mention the differences between spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis : ( J-22)
Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
i. It is the process of formation of haploid s It is the process of differentiation of spermatozoon
s p e r m a t o z o a from germinal cells. from a spermatid.
ii. It involves conversion of a diploid It changes a haploid structure into another
structure into haploid structures haploid structure.
iii. There is growth and divisions during There is reconstruction during spermiogenesis.
spermatogenesis. Divisions and growth are absent.
iv. No organelle is lost Golgi bodies are lost during spermiogenesis.
v. A spermatogonium forms four
Here a spermatid forms a single spermatozoon
spermatozoa.
3. Define “Let-Down” reflex (A-21)

Oxytocin causes the “Let-Down” reflexthe actual ejection of milk from the alveoli of the
mammary glands. During lactation, oxytocin also stimulates the recently emptied uterus to contract,
helping it to return to pre - pregnancy size.
4. Draw a labelled sketch of a spermatozoan and explain the structure ? ( S-20) ( J-22) ( A-21)
 The human sperm is a flagellated, motile gamete.

 It is composed of head, neck and a tail.
 The head comprises of acrosome and nucleus.
 Acrosome is a helps to penetrate the ovum during Fertilization.
 The neck is very short and it contains the proximal centriole and
the distal centriole.
 The middle piece possesses mitochondria . It produces energy in
the form of ATP molecules for the movement of sperms.
 Tail is the longest part of the sperm and is slender and tapering.
www.kalvikadal.in
5. What is Inhibin ? State its functions? ( A-21)
 Sertoli cell is in the stratified epithelium of seminuferous tubule, it secrete a hormone inhibin.
 It is involved in the negative feedback control of sperm production.
6. What is the composition for semen? (May-2022)

 Semen is a milky white fluid with sperms and the seminal plasma.
 It is an alkaline fluid with fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, prostag land in, and vesiculase.
 Vericulase is a coagulating enzyme. It enhances sperm motility.
G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
7. Describe the structure of the human ovum with a neat labelled diagram? ( A-21) ( S-20) ( J-22)
 Human ovum is microscopic, non - cleidoic and alecithal.

 It‟s cytoplasm is called Ooplasm. Ooplasm contains large nucleus called
germinal vesicle.
 It has outer thick coat of follicular cells called corona radiata.
 The middle thick layer is called zona pellucida.
 The inner thin transparent layer is called vitelline membrane.
 Between the vitelline membrane and zona pellucida is a narrow space called
perivitelline space.
8. Define Gametogenesis ? ( J-22)

❖ Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes.
❖ Sperms and ova are produced from primary sex organs like testis and ovary.
❖ Meiosis plays a significant role in gametogenesis.
9. Give a schematic representation of spermatogenesis ( J-22) and Oogenesis in humans?
10. Roll of hormone in Spermatogenesis ? ( S-20)

1) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) - initiated the puberty
2) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - testicular growth and enhances the production of Androgen
3) Lutenizing Hormone (LH) – it acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates the synthesis of testosterone
which in turn stimulates the process of spermatogenesis.
11. What is Ectopic pregnancy ? ( S-20)

 If the fertilized ovum is implanted outside the uterus it results in ectopic pregnancy.
 About 95 % of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube.
www.kalvikadal.in
 The growth of the embryo may cause internal bleeding, infection and in some cases even death due
to rupture of the fallopian tube.
12. Describe on extra embryonic membranes :- (M- 2022)

The extra embryonic membranes namely the amnion, yolk sac, allantois and chorion.
It protect the embryo from dessication, mechanical shock and help in the absorption of nutrients
and exchange of gases
1. Amnion :-
 Double layered, translucent membrane filled with amniotic fluid.
 Give buoyant environment to protect the embryo from injury.
 Regulate the temperature of foetus.
 Provide a medium for movement of foetus
2. Yolk Sac :-
Forms a part of the gut and source of the earliest blood vessels and blood cells.
3. Allantois :-
 It is at the caudal end of yolk sac and small out pocketing of embryonic tissue.
 Structural base of umbilical cord and links embryo to the placenta. It becomes the part of the
urinary bladder.
4. Chorion :-
Outer most membrane and it encloses the embryo and all other membranes.
Helps in the formation of placenta.
13. Describe the structure of the Events of Fertilization (A-21) ( S-20)

i) The sperm migrates through the coat of follicle cells.
ii) It binds to the receptor molecule in the zona pellucida of the egg.
iii) Acrosomal reaction is induced.
iv) Sperm releases hyaluronidase into zona pellucida.
v) Zona pellucida is broken by these enzymes. So the sperm is
allowed to reach the plasma membrane of the egg.
vi) The nucleus and other components of the sperm enter the egg.
vii) cortical granules form a barrier called fertilisation membrane.
It is a block to polyspermy.
14. What is ovulation in which day of menstrual cycle it takes place (A-21)
Menstrual cycle.
➢ It occurs in every 28/29 days. It is from puberty (menarche) to menopause (except during pregnancy).
➢ The cycle of events from one menstrual period till the next one is called the menstrual cycle.
Phases of menstrual cycle
1. Menstrual phase.
➢ Progesterone, oestrogen level decreases.
➢ So uterine endometrial lining and the blood vessels break.
➢ It results in menstrual flow for 3 - 5 days.
➢ It occurs only if the ovum is not fertilised.
➢ Absence of menstruation indicates pregnancy.
➢ It is also due to stress, hormonal disorder and anaemia.
www.kalvikadal.in
2. Follicular Phase or Proliferative Phase (From day 5)
➢ Secretion of FSH and LH induces the following changes.
➢ Primary follicle of ovary becomes the mature graffian follicle.
➢ Endometrium regenerates.
➢ Follicular development is stimulated. Oestrogen is secreted by the follicle cells.
3. Ovulatory Phase (about 14th day)
➢ LH and FSH attain peak level.
➢ LH surge (increase) induces the rupture of graffian follicle.
➢ Ovum (secondary Oocyte) is released from the ovary wall into peritoneal cavity. This process is
called ovulation.
5. Luteal or Secretory Phase.
➢ The remaining part of the graafian follicle becomes a transitory endocrine gland. It is called corpus
luteum.
➢ Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. It is needed for the maintenance of endometrium.
➢ After fertilisation the progesterone helps in implantation, of fertilised ovum.
➢ Uterine wall secretes nutritive fluid for the foetus. So this phase is called as secretory phase.
➢ No menstruation occurs during pregnancy.
➢ In the absence of menstruation, the corpus luteum degenerates. It becomes a scartissue called
Corpus albicans.
➢ It initiates the next cycle.
15. Write the basic features of reproduction. ( J-22)

Reproduction:
It is the production process of a new organism of the same kind.
Basic features of modes of reproduction:
1. It is the most basic living process.
2. Reproduction results in the development of each organism.
3. It may or may not be sexual.
4. Each type has its own set of reproductive structures.
5. Sexual reproduction entails the formation of gametes and the fertilization of two distinct organisms.
6. Asexual reproduction is creating a new organism without the use of gametes.
7. Asexual reproduction does not produce genetic variety, but sexual reproduction does.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. What is amniocentesis? Why a statutory ban is imposed on this technique? (A-21) M- 20 ( A-21)
 Amniocentesis is generally performed in a pregnant woman between the 15th - 20th weeks of pregnancy
 By inserting a long, thin needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac to withdraw a small
sample amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid contains cells shed from the foetus.
 It helps to detect chromosomal abnormality in the foetus.
 It is misused to detect the sex of the foetus. It creates chance for female foeticide
2. What are the strategies to be implemented in India to attain total reproductive health? (May-2022)
1. Family Planning programme since 1951 and is periodical assessed every decade.
2. Reproductive and child Health care (RCH) programmes.
www.kalvikadal.in
3. Creating awareness and providing medical assistance to build a healthy society.
4. Introducing sex education in schools to provide information about adolescence.
5. Educating couples and those in the marriageable age groups about the available birth control methods.
6. Awareness about care for pregnant women post natal care of mother and child.
7. Encouraging the government and non-governmental agencies to identify new birth control methods
3. Differentiate foeticide and infanticide. :- (M-2022)( J-22)
Foeticide Infanticide
Foeticide Aborting the female in the mother's womb Infanticide Killing the female child after her birth
4. comment. Importance of POCSO Act – (May-2022)
Prevention of children from sexual offences.

Sexual harassment at workplace – (Prevention, prohibition and redressal) Act.
5. The various steps involve in the Invitrofertilization (IVF) or Test Tube Baby? ( S-20)
1) Ovarian stimulation - Human chorionic Gonadotropin (hcG) is injected.
2) Eggs are prepared and stripped from the sorrounding cells.
3) Sperm is prepared by special media. Sperms and eggs are brought together.
4) Then the zygote is allowed to divide to form 8 celled blastomere.
5) Then transferred into the uterus for a successful pregnancy.
6) The transfer of an embryo in 8 cell stage into uterus is called Embryo Transfer Technique.
6. An ideal contraceptive device characters ( J-22)
i) User friendly
ii) Easily available.
iii) Least side effects
iv) Should not interfere with sexual drive
7. Lactational amenorrhoea ( J-22)
❖ Normal ovarian cycles are delayed for 6 months during breast feeding. This is called lactational
amenorrhoea.
❖ Suckling the baby stimulates the pituitary
❖ Pituitary secretes prolactin hormone to increase the milk production.
❖ High prolactin in mother's blood prevent menstrual cycle
❖ This is done by suppressing the release of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
from hypothalamus. Thus gonadotropin secretion from pituitary is stopped.
8. surrogacy ( S-20)
 It is a method of assisted reproduction or agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy for
another person, who will become the newborn child's parent after birth.
www.kalvikadal.in
9. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ( A-21)
i) It is a prenatal test.
ii)Sample of the placental tissue is taken.
iii) It is tested to find chromosomal abnormalities.
10. Vasectomy &Tubectomy( A-21)
11. Name of the acts which aim at creating a safe and secure evs for both female and males. Add
a note on its importance. ( J-22)
• POCSO Act (Prevention of children from sexual offences),
• Sexual harassment at workplace (Prevention, prohibition and redressal) Act and the changes in
the Criminal law based on the recommendations of Justice Verma Committee, 2013 aims at creating
a safe and secure environment for both females and males
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
1. What is haplodiploidy? ( A-21)

The sex of the off spring is determind by the numbers of sets of chromosomes ex : Honey bee, wasp,Ant
Fertilized egg develops into females. (Queen / worker honeybee).
Unfertilised eggs develop into males (drones) by parthenogenesis.
The males have half the number of chromosomes (haploid).
The Females have double the number (diploid)
Hence the sex determination is called haplodiploidy. It is seen in hymenopteran insects.
2. What is criss-cross inheritance?. OR ( colour blind man X normal visioned woman ) (Annual -2020) OR
( Sex linked characters in human being ) ( J-22)
www.kalvikadal.in
3. What are holandric genes? ( A-21) Mention the symptoms of Phenyl ketonuria. )
• The genes present in the differential region of Y chromosome are called Y- linked or
holandric genes.
• Y linked genes inherit along with y-chromosome and phenotypically express only in the male.
Mention the symptoms of Phenyl ketonuria.
 Mental Retardation.
 Light pigmentation of skin and hair
 Phenylpyruvic acid is excreted in urine
4. Mention the symptoms of Downs syndrome /( 21-Trisomy) :- (Annual -2020)
 Mental Retardation
 Defective development of Central Nervous syste m.
 Increased separation between eyes.
 Flattened nose.
 Malformed ears.
 Mouth is constantly open.
 Tongue Protrudes
5. Explain the genetic basis of ABO blood grouping man/ multiple alleles and their eg ( S-20)
6. How is sex determined in human beings ? (M-22)

Gene determining sex in human beings are located in sex chromosomes called allosomes.
Sex determination is based on chromosomal differences between male and female.
Females have XX chromosomes and Males have XY chromosomes.
Females are homogametic. They produce only one type (X) gamete.
Males are heterogametic. They produce 2 types (X,Y) of gamete (sperms).
www.kalvikadal.in
The egg fertilised by X sperm produce female.
The egg fertilised by Y sperm produce male.
7. What are the applications of Karyotyping ?. ( J-22) ( A-21) ( J-22)

1. It helps in gender (male and female) identification.
2. It is used to detect the chromosomal aberrations like deletion, duplication, translocation, nondisjunction
of chromosomes.
3. It helps to identify the abnormalities of chromosomes like aneuploidy.
4. It is also used in predicting the evolutionary relationships between species.
5. Genetic diseases in human beings can be detected by this technique.
8. What is Haemophilia : (A-21)

 Haemophilia is commonly known as bleeder‟s disease, which is more common in men than women.
 This hereditary disease was first reported by John Cotto in 1803.
 Haemophilia is caused by a recessive X-linked gene.
 A person with a recessive gene for haemophilia lacks a normal clotting substance (thromboplastin)
in blood, hence minor injuries cause continuous bleeding, leading to death.
 The females are carriers of the disease and would transmit the disease to 50% of their sons even if the
male parent is normal.
 Haemophilia follows the characteristic criss - cross pattern of inheritance.
9. The prevent erythroblastosos foetalis – (M-2022)
 If the mother is Rh negative and foetus is Rh positive, anti D antibodies should be administered to the
mother at 28th and 34th week of gestation as a prophylactic measure.
 If the Rh negative mother delivers Rh positive child then anti D antibodies shouldbe administered to the
mother soon after delivery.
 This develops passive immunity and prevents the formation of anti D antibodies in the mothers blood by
destroying the Rh foetal RBC before the mother‟s immune system is sensitized. This has to be done
whenever the woman attains pregnancy.
10. Marriage between normal visioned man and colour blind woman. ( S-20)
If a colour blind woman (XcXc) marries a normal visioned male (X+Y), all F1 sons will be colourblind
and daughters will be normal visioned but are carriers.
Marriage between F1 carrier female with a colour blind male will produce normal visioned carrier
daughter, colourblind daughter, normal visioned son and a colourblind son in the F2 generation
11. Male honey bee have 16 chromosome and female honey bee have 32 chromosomes give the
reason for it (S-20)
www.kalvikadal.in
Reason : 1. A male honey bee – Develop from unfertilized eggs.
2. Female honey bee - Develop from fertilized eggs
12. Draw any four symbols of commonly used in pedigree chart. ( J-22)
MOLECULAR GENETICS
1. Genetic code is „universal ( J-22)
The genetic code is universal. It means that all known living systems use nucleic acids and the
samethree base codons (triplet codon) direct the synthesis of protein from amino acids.
For example, the mRNA (UUU) codon codes for phenylalanine in all cells of all organisms.
2. Differentiate - Template strand and Coding strand (MAY-2022)

www.kalvikadal.in
3. State any three goals of the human genome project. (May-2022) ( J-22)
➢ The main goals of HGP.
➢ Identifying all the genes (approximately 30,000) of human DNA.
➢ Determining the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up the human DNA.
➢ To store these informations in data bases & improve Tools for data analysis.
4. What are the three structural differences between RNA and DNA ? ( A-21)
5. Transcription (M-22)(S-20)
It is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA. This
process takes place in presence of DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
6. What are the advantages of DNA finger printing. ( May-2022) Application of DNA finger printing
Which technique is used to identified criminalS? GIVES ITS other applications ( A-21)
• Forensic analysis - It can be used in the identification of a person involved in criminal activities,
for settling paternity or maternity disputes, and in determining relationships for immigration
purposes.
• Pedigree analysis – inheritance pattern of genes through generations and for detecting
inherited diseases.
• Conservation of wild life – protection of endangered species. By maintaining DNA records
for identification of tissues of the dead endangered organisms.
• Anthropological studies–It is useful in determining the origin and migration of human
populations and genetic diversities.
7. The salient features of genetic code :- (M22) ( J-22)

• The genetic codon is a triplet code and 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for
any amino acid and function as stop codon (Termination).
• The genetic code is universal. It means that all known living systems use nucleic acids and the
same three base codons (triplet codon) direct the synthesis of protein from amino acids.
• A degenerate code means that more than one triplet codon could code for a specific amino acid.
For example, codons GUU, GUC, GUA and GUG code for valine.
•
•
•
www.kalvikadal.in
Non-ambiguous code means that one codon will code for one amino acid.
The code is always read in a fixed direction i.e. from 5'→3' direction called polarity.
AUG has dual functions. It acts as a initiator codon and also codes for the amino acid methionine.
• UAA, UAG (tyrosine) and UGA (tryptophan) codons are designated as termination (stop) codons and
also are known as “non-sense” codons.
8. Write about the Salient features of HGP (M-2022) ( A-21)

1) The human genome contains 3 billion nucleotide bases.
2) An average gene consists of 3000 bases, the largest known human gene being dystrophin with
2.4 million bases.
3) Genes are distributed over 24 chromosomes. Chromosome 19 has the highest gene density.
Chromosome 13 and Y chromosome have lowest gene densities.
4) The chromosomal organization of human genes shows diversity.
5) There may be 35000 - 40000 genes in the genome and almost 99.9 nucleotide bases are exactly the
same in all people.
6) Functions for over 50 percent of the discovered genes are unknown.
7) Less than 2 percent of the genome codes for proteins.
8) Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome. Repetitive sequences have no
direct coding functions but they shed light on chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution
(genetic diversity).
9) Chromosome 1 has 2968 genes, whereas chromosome ‟Y‟ has 231 genes.
10) Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (SNPs –
Single nucleotide polymorphism – pronounce as „snips‟) occur in humans.
Identification of„SNIPS‟ is helpful in finding chromosomal locations for disease associated
sequences and tracing human history.
9. What are Operons ? How many operon groups are present in E.coli ? ( M-20)(A-21)
 Extra cellular or intracellular metabolites triggerinitiation or inhibition of gene expression

 The clusters of gene with related functions are called operons.
 75 different operons present in E.coli.
10. Define Central dogma (A-21)

 Central dogma was proposed by Crick.
 It refers to the flow of information from DNA to mRNA (transcription) and then decoding
the information present in mRNA in the formation of polypeptide chain or protein
(translation)
11. What are the main goals of Human Genome Project ( J-22)
• Identify all the genes (approximately 30000) in human DNA.
• Determine the sequence of the three billion chemical base pairs that makeup the human DNA.
• To store this information in databases.
• Improve tools for data analysis.
• Transfer related technologies to other sectors, such as industries.
• Address the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
12. LAC OPERON (A-21) ( S-20)

Jacob and Monod proposed the classical model of Lac operon to explain gene expression
and regulation in E.coli. In lac operon, a polycistronic structural gene is regulated by a common
promoter and regulatory gene. When the cell is using its normal energy source as glucose, the
www.kalvikadal.in
‘i’ gene transcribes a repressor mRNA and after its translation, a repressor protein is produced.
It binds to the operator region of the operon and prevents transciption as a result, β-
galactosidase is not produced. In the absence of glucose, if lactose is available as an energy
source for the bacteria then lactose enters the cell as a result of permease enzyme. Lactose acts
as an inducer and interacts with the repressor to inactivate it.
13. Methodologies of the Human Genome Project involved two major approaches ( M-20)
The methodologies of the Human Genome Project involved two major approaches. One approach
was focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA (ESTS – Expressed Sequence Tags).
The other approach was sequence annotation. Here, sequencing the whole set of genome was taken, that
contains all the coding and non-coding sequences and later assigning different regions in the sequences
with functions. For sequencing, the total DNA from a cell is isolated and converted into random
fragments of relatively smaller sizes and cloned in suitable hosts using specialized vectors. This cloning
results in amplification of pieces of DNA fragments so that it could subsequently be sequenced with ease.
Bacteria and yeast are two commonly used hosts and these vectors are called as BAC (Bacterial
Artificial Chromosomes) and YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes). The fragments are sequenced
using automated DNA sequencers (developed by Frederick Sanger).
14. Relationship of between gene and DNA are best understood by mutation studies. Justify the
statement ( S-20)
• The relationship between genes and DNA are best understood by mutation studies.
• The simplest type of mutation at the molecular level is a change in nucleotide that substitutes one base
for another.
• Such changes are known as base substitutions which may occur spontaneously or due to the action of
mutagens.
• A well studied example is sickle cell anaemia in humans which results from a point mutation of an
allele of β-haemoglobin gene (βHb).
• A haemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains of two types, two α chains and two β-
chains. Each chain has a heme group on its surface.
• The heme groups are involved in the binding of oxygen.
• The human blood disease, sickle cell anaemia is due to abnormal haemoglobin. This abnormality in
haemoglobin is due to a single base substitution at the sixth codon of the beta globin gene from GAG to
GTG in β -chain of haemoglobin.
• It results in a change of amino acid glutamic acid to valine at the 6th position of the β -chain. This is the
classical example of point mutation that results in the change of amino acid residue glutamic acid to
valine
15. The length of DNA is far greater than the dimension of a typical mammalian nucleus (approximately 10-
6m) how is such a long DNA polymer package a cell. ( S-20)
• Chromosomes are carriers of genes which are responsible for various characters from generation to
generation.
• Du Praw (1965) proposed a single stranded model (unineme), as a long coiled molecule which is
associated with histone proteins in eukaryotes.
•
www.kalvikadal.in
Plants and animals have more DNA than bacteria and must fold this DNA to fit into the cell
nucleus.
• In prokaryotes such as E. coli though they do not have defined nucleus, the DNA is not scattered
throughout the cell.
• DNA (being negatively charged) is held with some proteins (that have positive charges) in a region
called the nucleoid.
• The DNA as a nucleoid is organized into large loops held by protein. DNA of prokaryotes is almost
circular and lacks chromatin organization, hence termed genophore.
16. Nucleosome formation ( J-22)

• In eukaryotes, this organization is much more complex. Chromatin is formed by a series of
repeating units called nucleosomes.
• Kornberg proposed a model for the nucleosome, in which 2 molecules of the four histone proteins
H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are organized to form a unit of eight molecules called histone octamere.
• The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamere to form a
structure called nucleosome.
• A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix. The histone octameres are in close contact
and DNA is coiled on the outside of nucleosome.
• Neighbouring nucleosomes are connected by linker DNA (H1) that is exposed to enzymes.
• The DNA makes two complete turns around the histone octameres and the two turns are sealed off
by an H1 molecule.
• Chromatin lacking H1 has a beads-on-a-string appearance in which DNA enters and leaves the
nucleosomes at random places.
• The chromatin fiber in interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes have a diameter that vary
between 200-300 nm and represents inactive chromatin.
• 30 nm fibre arises from the folding of nucleosome, chains into a solenoid structure having six
nucleosomes per turn
EVOLUTION
1. List out the major gases seems to be found in the primitive earth. (May-2022)
Ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapour.

The atmosphere was oxygen free and the combination of CO2, NH3
2. Explain the three major categories in which fossilization occur ? ( A-21)

1. Actual remain:
 The original hard parts such as bones teech or shells are preserved as such in the earths atmosphere.
 This is the most common method of fossilization.
 When marine animals die, their hard parts such as bones, shells etc. covered with sediments andare
protected from further deterioration.
2. Petrification:
When the animal die the original parts of their body may be replaced molecule minerals and the
Orginal substance being lost through disintegration. This method of fossilization is called petrifaction.
The principle minerals involved in this type fossilization are iron pyries, silica, calcium carbonate and
bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
3. Natural moulds and casts:
Even after disintegration, the body of an animals might leave indelible impression on the soft mud which
later becomes hardened into stones. Such impressions are called moulds.
The cavities of the moulds may get filled up by hard minerals and get fossilized which are called casto.
www.kalvikadal.in
Hardened faecal matter termed as coprolites occur as tiny pellets.
Analysis of the coprolities enables us to understand the nature of diet the pre historic animals thrived on.
3. Who disproved Lamarck‟s Theory of acquired characters ? How ? (May-2022)

Lamarck‟s “Theory of Acquired characters” was disproved by August Weismann.
Who conducted experiments on mice for 20 generations by cutting their tails and breeding them.
All mice born were with tail.
Weismann proved that change in the somatoplasm will not be transferred to the next generation but
changes in the germplasm will be inherited.
4. Define Vestigial organs ( S-20)

Structures that are of no use to the possessor, and are not necessary for their existence are called vestigial
organs.
These organs are included coccyx, wisdom teeth, ear muscles, body hair, mammae in male, nictitating
membrane of the eye.
5. What are coacervates( A-21)

Coacervates are the first pre-cells which gradually transformed into living cells, according to theory of
chemical evolution.
6. Define Lamarck‟s theory ( S-20)

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, was the first to postulate the theory of evolution in his famous book
„Philosophie Zoologique’ in the year 1809. The 2 principles of Lamarckian theory are:
I. The theory of use and disuse - Organsthat are used often will increase in size and those that are not used
will degenerate. Neck in giraffe is an example of use and absence of limbs in snakes.
II. The theory of inheritance ofacquired characters - Characters that are developed during the life time of an
organism are called acquired characters and these are then inherited.
7. Salient features of Mutation Theory (A-21)

Hugo de Vries proposed by Mutation theory are “ sudden random changes that occur in an organism that
Is not heritable”.
His experiments in the Evening Primrose(O. lamarckiana)and observed variations in them due to
mutation.
According to de Vries, sudden and large variations were responsible for the origin of new species.
Whereas Lamarck and Darwin believed in gradual accumulation of all variations as the causative factors
In the origin of new species.
8. Origin and Evolution of Man( M-20)

 Hominid evolution occurred in Asia and Africa.
 Hominids proved that human beings are superior to other animals and efficient in making tools
and culture.
 Prehistoric man like Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus lived some 14 mya and were
derived from ape like Dryopithecus.
 Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees.
Australopithecus
 They are lived in East African grasslands about 5 mya and also known as Australian
ape man.
Height - 1.5 meters, bipedal locomotion, omnivorous, semi erect.
 They are lived in caves.
www.kalvikadal.in
 Low forehead, brow ridges over the eyes, protruding face, low brain capacity - 350 – 450 cc.
 Human like dentition, lumbar curve in the vertebral column were his distinguishing features.
Homo habilis
 They lived about 2 mya.
 Their brain capacity : 650 – 800cc,
 They are vegetarian.
 They had bipedal locomotion and used tools made of chipped stones.
Homo erectus
 They were the first human like being was around 1.7 mya
 They were closer to human in looks, skull was flatter and thicker than the modern man
 Brain capacity - 900 cc.
 They were meat eaters.
 Homo ergaster and Homo erectus were the first to leave Africa
Their brain size of 1400 cc
They lived between 34,000 - 1,00,000years ago.
They used animal hides to protect theirbodies, knew the use of fire and buriedtheir dead.
They did not practice agriculture andanimal domestication.
Cro-Magnon
They are considered as the ancestor of modern Europeans
They were not only adapted to various environmental conditions, but were also known for their
cave paintings, figures on floors and walls.
Homo sapiens or modern human
They arose in Africa some 25,000 years ago
They moved to other continents and developed into distinct races.
They had a brain capacity of 1300 – 1600 cc.
9. The theory of spontaneous generation or Abiogenesis, ( J-22)
According to the theory of spontaneous generation or Abiogenesis, living organisms originated from
non-living materials and occurred through stepwise chemical and molecular evolution over millions of years.
Thomas Huxley coined the term abiogenesis.
10. IN A POPULATION SAYS THAT ‘A ‘ALLELES HAS FRQUENCY (p) OF 0.2 and ‘a’ allels has frequency (q) of
0.8. then p+q=1. Find out the next generation % for AA/, Aa and aa genotypes. ( S-20)
 The allele frequencies in a population are stable and are constant from generation to generation
In the absence of gene flow, genetic drift, mutation recombination and natural selection.
 Evolution is a change in the allele frequencies in a population over time. Hence population in
Hardy Weinberg is not evolving.
 Explain the equilibrium :-
A large population of beetles appear in two colours dark grey(black) and light grey and their colour is
determined by „A‟ gene „AA‟ and „Aa‟ beetles are light grey.
„A‟ allele has frequency (P) of 0.3 and „a‟ allele has a frequency (q) of 0.7 Then p + q = 1
If a population is in hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the genotype frequency can be estimated by hardy wein
berg equation
www.kalvikadal.in
 Hence the beetle population appears to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,. Factors effecting the Hardy
Weinberg law : 1).Gene flow. 2).Mutation. 3).Crossing over. and 4). Natural selection.
11. Differentiate relative and absolute dating ( J-22)

The age of fossils can be determined using two methods namely, relative dating and absolute dating.
Relative dating is used to determine a fossil by comparing it to similar rocks and fossils of known age.
Absolute dating is used to determine the precise age of a fossil by using radiometric dating to measure the
decay of isotopes.
Human Health and Diseases

1. Explain the structure of immunoglobulin with suitable diagram. (May-2022). (A-21) ( J-22)
 In 1950s, Porter and Edelman revealed the basic structure of the

immunoglobulin.
 An antibody molecule is Y shaped structure that comprises of 4 four
polypeptide chains.
 Two identical light chains (L) of molecular weight 25,000 Da (214 amino acids) .
 Two identical heavy chains (H) of molecular weight 50,000 Da (450 amino acids).
 The polypeptide chains are linked together by di-sulphide (S-S) bonds.
 One light chain is attached to each heavy chain and 2 heavychains are attached to
each other to form a Y shaped structure.Hence, an antibody is represented by H2 L2.
 Each chain (L and H) has two terminals. They are C - terminal(Carboxyl) and amino or N-terminal.
 Each chain (L and H) has two regions. They have variable (V)region and constant (C) region.
2. Autoimmunity is a misdirected immune response. Justify (May-2022)

 Autoimmunity is due to an abnormal immune response in which the immune system fails to
Properly distinguish between self and non-self and attacks its own body.
 Our body produces antibodies (auto antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells that destroy our own tissues.
 If a disease-state results, it is referred to as auto-immune disease. Thus, autoimmunity is a misdirected
immune response.
 Autoimmunity is evidenced by the presence of auto antibodies and T cells that are reactive with
hostantigens. When the cells act as antigens in the same body, they are called autoantigens.
 Autoimmune diseases in human can be divided into 2 broad categories:-
1. Organ-specific disease - the autoimmune process is directed mostly against one organ. Examples
Include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease (thyroid gland) and Addison’s disease (adrenal
glands).
2. Non-organ specific (systemic) disorders - autoimmune activity is widely spread throughout the
body.Rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis are example for systemic disorder
3. What is your diagnosis? (i) Write the scientific name of the filarial worm that causes filariasis. (M-22)
(ii) Write the symptoms of filariasis. (iii) How is this disease transmitted? ( A-21)
(i)
(ii)
www.kalvikadal.in
Write the scientific name of the filarial worm that causes filariasis.(May-2022)
ANS : Wuchereria bancroft
Write the symptoms of filariasis.
ANS : Inflammation of the lymph nodes, the obstruction of lymph vessels causes elephantiasis or
filariasis of the limbs, scrotum and mammary glands.
(iii) How is this disease transmitted?
ANS : The life cycle is completed in two hosts, man and the female Culex mosquito. The female
filarial worm gives rise to juveniles called microfilariae larvae. In the lymph glands, the juveniles
develop into adults.
4. List the common withdrawal symptoms of drugs and alcohol abuse. ( S-20)
If the intake of the drug or alcohol is abruptly stopped, he or she would develop withdrawal symptoms.
In a sense, the body becomes confused and protests against the absence of the drug.
The withdrawal symptoms may range from mild tremors to convulsions, severe agitation and
fits, depressed mood, anxiety, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, dryness of throat, etc,
depending on the type of drug abuse.
5. Why do you think it is not possible to produce vaccine against 'common cold'? ( J-22)
 Rhino viruses cause one of the most infectious human ailment called the “Common cold”.
 Do not use an antibiotic to treat viral infections such as common cold .
 Always follow the prescription. Skipping doses or failing to complete the prescription may allowantibiotic
resistance to develop.
5. Amoebiasis :- (May-2022)
❖ Amoebiasis also called amoebic dysentery is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
❖ which lives in the human large intestine and feeds on food particles and bacteria.
❖ Infective stage of this parasite is the trophozoite, which penetrates the walls of the host intestine and
secretes histolytic enzymes causing ulceration, bleeding, abdominal pain and stools with excess mucus.
❖ Symptoms of amoebiasis can range from diarrhoea to dysentery with blood and mucus in the stool
6. Malaria vaccine - (May-2022)

It is used to prevent malaria.
 The only approved vaccine as of 2015 isRTS,S(Mosquirix).
 It requires four injections and has relatively low efficacy (26–50%).
 Due to this low efficacy, WHO does not recommend the use of RTS,S vaccine in babies between 6 and
12weeks of age.
7. Innate immunity protects our body against diseases :- (May-2022)

1) Anatomical barriers – Skin(prevent the entry of microbes),Mucus membranes ( entraps foreign microbes)
2) Physiological barriers – Temperature( inhibits the growth of pathogens), Low pH (kill the
microbes),Chemical mediators- Lysosomes acts as antibacterial agent, Interferons acts as antiviral agent .
3) Phagocytic barriers – Monocytes,Neutrophils,Macrophages-phagocytose, and digest the whole microbes.
4) Inflammatory barriers – Serotonin, Histamine, Prostaglandins.They influx the phagocytic cells into the
affected area.
8. Thymus Uses( M-20)

 One of its main secretions is the hormone thymosin. It stimulates the T cell to become mature and
www.kalvikadal.in
immune competent.Thus thymus is most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods
9. Diagram of Trypanosoma gambiense. Kala – azar or visceral leishmaniasis( A-21)

sucking Tsetse flies. ree species of Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness in man.
1. T. gambiense is transmitted by Glossina palpalis (Tsetse fly) and causes Gambian or Central African
sleeping sickness
2. T. rhodesiense is transmitted by Glossina morsitans causing Rhodesian or East African sleeping sickness.
3. T. cruzi is transmitted by a bug called Triatoma megista and causes Chagas disease or American
trypanosomiasis.
Kala – azar
❖ Kala – azar or visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donovani, which is

transmitted by the vector Phlebotomus (sand fly). Infection may occur in the
endothelial cells, bone marrow, liver, lymph glands and blood vessels of the
spleen.
❖ Symptoms of Kala azar are weight loss, anaemia, fever, enlargement of spleen and
liver
10. Types of malaria ( J-22)

❖ Malaria is caused by different types of Plasmodium species such as P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae
and P. falciparum
❖ Plasmodium lives in the RBC of human in its mature condition it is called as trophozoite. It is
transmited from one person to another by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito
11. Differences between active and passive immunity(A-21)
Sl. Active Immunity Passive Immunity

No
1 Active immunity is produced actively by host’s Passive immunity is received passively
immune system. and there is no active host participation.
2 It is produced due to contact with pathogen or by its It is produced due to antibodies obtained
antigen. from outside.
3 It is durable and effective in protection. It is transient and less effective.
4 Immunological memory is present. No memory.
5 Booster effect on subsequent dose is possible. Subsequent dose is less effective.
6 Immunity is effective only after a short period. Immunity develops immediately.
12. if immunological surveillance is effective, cancer should not occur justify ( S-20)
• The concept of immunological surveillancepostulates that the primary function of theimmune system
is to “seek and destroy ”malignant cells that arise by somatic mutation.
• The efficiency of the surveillance mechanismreduces either as a result of ageing ordue to congenital
or acquired immunedeficiencies, leads to increased incidence ofcancer
13. Ascaris lumbricoides( M-19)
www.kalvikadal.in
Ascariasis is a disease caused by the intestinal endoparasite Ascaris lumbricoides commonly called the
round worms (Fig. 7.6). It is transmitted through ingestion of embryonated eggs through contaminated
food and water. Children playing in contaminated soils are also prone to have a chance of transfer of eggs
from hand to mouth.
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. Give any two bioactive molecules produced by microbes and state their uses. ( S-20 HOUSE HOLD
PRODUCTS)
• Lipases – used in detergent formulations and removal of oily stains.
a) Pectinase, protease and cellulase - Used as a clarifier in Bottled juices
b) Rennet - used to separate milk into solid curds for cheese making
2. Zymology ( A-21)
Zymology is an applied science which deals with the biochemical process of fermentation
and its practical uses
3. Superbug( J-22)
“Superbug” is a term used to describe strains of bacteria that are resistant to the majority of antibiotics
4. Write short notes on the following.

a) Brewer's yeast –
Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly called brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting malted cereals and
fruit juices to produce various alcoholic beverages
b) Ideonella sakaiensis ( J-22)

Ideonella sakaiensis is currently tried for recycling of PET plastics.
 These bacteria use PETase and MHETase enzymes to breakdown PET plastic into terephthalic acid and
ethylene glycol
c) Microbial fuel cells – (May-2022)
 A microbial fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical system that drives an electric current by using bacteria
 Microbial fuel cells work by allowing bacteria to oxidize and reduce organic molecules.
 Microbes at the anode oxidize the organic fuel generating protons which pass through the membrane to
the cathode and the electrons pass through the anode to the external circuit to generate current
5. List the advantages of biogas plants in rural areas. When does antibiotic resistance develop? (M-2022)
1. Biogas is used for cooking and lighting
2. The slurry is drained through another outlet and is used as fertilizer.
3. The technology of biogas production was developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
6. Which is referred to as Industrial alcohol ? why ?/ Preparation of Ethanol (March-2020).(A-21)

1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major producer of ethanol (C2H5OH). It is used for industrial,
laboratory and fuel purposes. So ethanol is referred to as industrial alcohol.
2. Bacteria such as Zymomonas mobilis and Sarcina ventriculi are also involved in ethanol production.
3. The principal substrates for the commercial production of industrial alcohol include molasses or
corn, potatoes and wood wastes.
www.kalvikadal.in
4. The process of ethanol production starts by milling a feed stock followed by the addition of dilute or
fungal amylase (enzyme) from Aspergillus to break down the starch into fermentable sugars.
5. Yeast is then added to convert the sugars to ethanol which is then distilled off to obtain ethanol which is
up to 96% in concentration.
6. The two most common type of bio fuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel, both of them represent
the first generation of bio fuel technology.
7. Ethanol is often used as a fuel, mainly as a bio fuel additive for gasoline
7. What is Bioremediation ? ( J-22)
1. The use of naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to reduce or degrade pollutants is
called bioremediation.
2. Bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other remediation’s available.
3. It is grouped into in situ bioremediation (treatment of contaminated soil or water in the site) and ex situ
bioremediation (treatment of contaminated soil or water that is removed from the site and treated)
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. What is genetically engineered Insulin? Explain how “Rosie” is different from a normal cow?
( J-22)
1. Production of insulin by recombinant DNA technology started in the late 1970s.
2. This technique involved the insertion of human insulin gene on the plasmids of E.coli.
3. Insulin produced by recombination DNA technology to treat diabetic patients is called genetic engineered
insulin. It is otherwise known as humulin.
2. What are DNA vaccines? (A-21)

1. A DNA vaccine consists of a gene encoding an antigenic protein, inserted onto a plasmid, and then
incorporated into the cells in target animal.
2. DNA instructs the cells to make antigenic molecules which are displayed on its surfaces.
3. Differentiate between Somatic cell gene therapy and germ line gene therapy (A-21) ( J-22)
SOMATIC CELL GENE THERAPY GERM LINE GENE THERAPY
Therapeutic genes transferred into the Therapeutic genes transferred into the
somatic cells germ cells
Introduction of genes into bone marrow cells,
Genes introduced into eggs and sperms.
blood cells, skin cells etc.,
Heritable and passed on to later
Will not be inherited in later generations.
generations
4. The most important and potential application of human stem cells :- (March- 2020) (A-21)
1. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in most of the multi cellular animals. These cells maintain their
undifferentiated state even after undergoing numerous mitotic divisions.
2. Most of the adult stem cells are multipotent and can act as a repair system of the body, replenishing adult
tissues.
3. The red bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells.
4. The most important and potential application of human stem cells is the generation of cells and tissues that
could be used for cell based therapies. Human stem cells could be used to test new drug.
5. One of the applications of biotechnology is “gene therapy” to treat a person born with a hereditary
disease i) What does “gene therapy” mean? (M-22)
➢ Gene therapy :
➢ It is treatment process for a person is born with a hereditary disease
www.kalvikadal.in
➢ Principle : Replacement of healthy gene in place of defective / mutant alleles
➢ This process involves the transfer of a normal gene into a person’s cells that carries one or more mutant
alleles.
➢ Expression of normal gene in the person results in a functional gene product whose action produces
normal phenotype.
➢ Delivery of the normal gene is accomplished by using a vector.
➢ Strategies involved in gene therapy - Gene augmentation therapy and Gene inhibition therapy.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of cloning ( J-22)

Advantages
 Offers benefits for clinical trials and medical research.
 It can help in the production of proteins and drugs in the field of medicine.
 Aids stem cell research.
 Animalcloningcouldhelptosave endangered species.
 It is used to save endangered animals
Disadvantages :
 The process is tedious and very expensive.
 It can cause animals to suffer.
 Cloned animals were affected with disease and have high mortality rate.
 Human health affected through consumption of cloned animal meat.
 Cloned animals age faster than normal animals and are less healthy than the parent organism as
discovered in Dolly
 Cloning can lead to occurrence of genetic disorders in animals.
 More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable offspring.
7. Explain how recombinant Insulin can be produced. ( A-21)

➢The Human insulin is synthesized by the β cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
➢roduction of insulin by recombinant DNA technology started in the late 1970s.
➢This technique involved the insertion of human insulin gene on the plasmids of E.coli.
➢The polypeptide chains are synthesized as a precursor called pre-pro insulin, which contains A
and B segments linked by a third chain c) and preceded by a leader sequence.
➢The leader sequence is removed after translation and the C chain is excised, leaving the A and B
polypeptide chains.
➢Insulin was the first ever pharmaceutical product of recombinant DNA technology administered to
humans.
➢In 1986 human insulin was marketed under the trade name Humulin.
8. What are the applications of PCR ( J-22)

1. The differences in the genomes of two different organisms can be studied by PCR.
2. PCR is very important in the study of evolutions, more specifically phylogenetics.
3. As a technique which can amplify even minute quantities of DNA from any source, like hair, mummified
tissues, bones or any fossilized materials.
4. PCR technique can also be used in the field of forensic medicine.
5. A single molecule of DNA from blood stains, hair, semen of an individual is adequate for amplification by
PCR.
6. The amplified DNA is used to develop DNA fingerprint which is used as an important tool in forensic
science.
www.kalvikadal.in
7. Thus, PCR is very useful for identifications of criminals.
8. PCR is also used in amplification of specific DNA segment to be used in gene therapy.
9. Write the differences between multipotency and oligopotency. (M-2022)

Multipotency oligopotency
It refers to the stem cells that can differentiate It refers to stem cells that can differentiate into
into various types of cells that are related. few cell types.
Example: Blood stem cells can differentiate Example: Lymphoid or myeloid stem cells can
into lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils etc. differentiate into B and T cells but not RBC
10. Two strategies involved in gene therapy namely (S-20)

 There are two strategies involved in gene therapy namely;
 Gene augmentation therapy – which involves insertion of DNA into the genome to replace the missing
gene product
 Gene inhibition therapy - which involves insertion of the anti sense gene which inhibits the expression of
the dominant gene.
11. Yeast is more suitable for production of interferon rather than e.coli give the reasons ( S-20)
 The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more suitable for production of recombinant interferons than
E.coli, since E.coli does not possess the machinery for glycosylation of proteins
12. Explain vaccine and their types. ( J-22)

➢ A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular
disease and resembles a disease- from weakened or attenuated or killed forms of the microbes, their
toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
➢ The vaccines are classified as first, second and third generation vaccines.
➢ First generation vaccine is further subdivided into live attenuated vaccine, killed vaccine and
toxoids.
➢ Live attenuated vaccines use the weakened (attenuated), aged, less virulent form of the virus.
➢ E.g : MMR vaccine and the Varicella vaccine,
➢ Killed (inactivated) vaccines are killed or inactivated by heat and other methods.
➢ E.g : Salk’s polio vaccine.
➢ Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or chemical secreted by the bacteria or virus.
➢ E.g : DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus).
➢ Second generation vaccine contains the pure surface antigen of the pathogen.
➢ E.g : Hepatitis-B vaccine.
➢ Third generation vaccine contains the purest and the highest potency vaccines which are
synthetic in generation.
➢ The latest revolution in vaccine is DNA vaccine or recombinant vaccine
13. Describe the structure of lymph node ( A-21)

1. Lymph node is a small bean shaped structure and is part of the body’s immune system. It is the first one to
encounter the antigen that enters the tissue spaces.
2. Lymph nodes filter and trap substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid. They are packed tightly with
white blood cells, namely lymphocytes and macrophages.
3. There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body. They are connected to one another by lymph
vessels.
4. Lymph is a clear, transparent, colorless, mobile and extracellular fluid connective tissue. As the lymph
percolates through the lymph node, the particulate antigen brought in by the lymph will be trapped by the
phagocytic cells, follicular and inter digitating dendritic cells.
www.kalvikadal.in
5. Lymph node has three zones they are the cortex, paracortex and medulla. The outer most layer of the lymph
node is called cortex, which consists of B-lymphocytes, macrophages. And follicular dendritic cells.
6. The paracortex zone is beneath the cortex, which is richly populated by T lymphocytes and interdigitating
dendritic cell.
7. The inner most zone is called the medulla which is sparsely populated by lymphocytes, but many of them
are plasma cells, which actively secrete antibody molecules.
8. As the lymph enters, it slowly percolates through the cortex, paracortex and medulla, giving sufficient
chance for the phagocytic cells and dendritic cells to trap the antigen brought y the lymph.
9. The lymph leaving a node carries enriched antibodies secreted by the medullary plasma cells against the
antigens that enter the lymph node.
10. Sometimes visible swelling of lymph nodes occurs due to active immune response and
increase concentration of lymphocytes.
11. Thus swollen lymph nodes may signal an infection. There are several groups of lymph nodes. The most
frequently enlarged lymph nodes are found in the neck, under the chin, in the armpits and in the groin.
14. Explain the method of diagnosis of AIDS by ELISA test. ( S-20)

ELISA is based on the principle of antigen - antibody interaction.
➢ ELISA test can be used in diagnose of AIDS
➢ HIV Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of very small amount of
proteins, glycoproteins, or by detecting the antibodies synthesised against the pathogen.
1. ELISA is a biochemical procedure to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample of
serum, urine, etc.,
2. It is a very important diagnostic tool to determine if a person is HIV positive or negative.
3. ELISA is a tool for determining serum antibody concentrations (such as the antibodies produced in a person
infected by pathogens such as HIV).
4. ELISA is highly sensitive and can detect antigens in the range of a nanogram.
5. ELISA will help to detect the presence of HIV antigens in the blood to show if the person is infected with
HIV or not since it is only based on determination of antigens or antibodies in the sample being tested
serum, urine etc.,
ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
1. Differentiate between Eurytherms and Stenotherms. (May-2022) ( S-20)
1. Organisms which can survive a wide range of temperature are referred to as Eurytherms.
Example : cat, dog, tiger, human.
2. Those organisms which can tolerate only a narrow range of temperature are Stenotherms.
Example : Fish, Frogs, Lizards and Snakes.
2. Explain hibernation and aestivation with examples. (J-22)

In certain conditions, if the organisms is unable to migrate, it may avoid the stress by becoming
inactive.
This is seen commonly in bears going into hibernation during winter.
Some snails and fish go into aestivation to avoid summer related problems like heat and desiccation.
3. Write short notes on : Natality and Mortality :- (M -20) & (May -2022) ( J-22)
Natality (Population increase):
i) Populations increase because of natality
ii) Birth rate (Y) = number or birth per unit time
Average population
Mortality (Population decrease):
i) Mortality is the population decline factor.
www.kalvikadal.in
ii) Death rate (d)= number of deaths per unit time
Average population
4. Give an account of the properties of soil :- (M-22) (A-21) ( J-22)
1. Texture of soil:
1. The texture of soil is determined by the size of the soil particles.
The types of soil include sand, silt and clay on the basis of their size differences.
2. Porosity:
1. The space present between soil particles in a given volume of soil are called pore spaces.
2. The percentage of soil volume occupied by pore space or by the interstitial spaces is called porosity of the
soil.
3. Permeability of soil:
1. The characteristic of soil that determines the movement of water through pore spaces is known as soil
permeability.
2. Soil permeability is directly dependent on the pore size.
3. Water holding capacity of the soil is inversely dependent on soil porosity.
4. Soil temperature:
1. Soil gets its heat energy from solar radiation, decomposing organic matter, and heat from the interior of
earth.
2. Soil temperature effects the germination of seeds, growth of roots and biological activity of soil- inhabiting
micro and macro organisms.
5. Soil water:
In soil, water is not only important as a solvent and transporting agent, but also maintains soil texture,
arrangement and compactness of soil particles, making soil habitable for plants and animals.
6. Soil (Pedogenesis) -four major functions-( J-22)

Soil is formed from rocks which are the parent materials of soil, by weathering and is called
embryonic soil (Pedogenesis).
It has four major functions-
• medium for plant growth
• means for water storage and purification
• modifier of earth’s atmosphere
• habitat for many organisms, which in turn modify the soil
Soil is formed of many horizontal layers called as Soil Profile.
7. Population density ( M-20)

The density of a population refers to its size in relation to unit of space and time or population
density is the total number of that species within a natural habitat.
8. List out the intrinsic factor and extrinsic factors for population growth ( S-20)
Once the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, population numbers remain static or
fluctuate depending on environmental conditions. This is regulated by many factors which are
1. Density independent – Extrinsic factors
2. Density dependent - Intrinsic factors
Extrinsic factors include availability of space, shelter, weather, food, etc.
Intrinsic factors include competition, predation, emigration, immigration and diseases
9. How do people acclimatize to higher altitude within few days ( A-21) or Accliatization.
Animals are known to modify their response to environmental changes (Stress) in reasonably short time
spans. This is known as Accliatization.
Example:
People who have moved from the plains to higher altitudes show enhanced RBC count within a few days
www.kalvikadal.in
of settling in their new habitat. This helps them cope with lower atmospheric oxygen and higher oxygen demand
10. Solar energy advantages. ( M-19)

• Clean: It is considered to be the cleanest form of energy as there is no carbon dioxide emission like in the
case of fossil fuels which is one of the causes of global warming.
• Renewable: There is ample energy available on earth as long as the sun exists.
• Reliable: The energy can be stored in the batteries, so there is no unreliability.
• reduction in utility costs.
• Free energy because it can be trapped easily.
•
11. Allopartic and sympartis speciation ( M-19)
Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation
The physical isolation of the population The evolution of new species from one
due to the extrinsic barrier is called ancestral species living in the same habitat is
allopatric speciation called sympatric speciation
12. Describe the population growth models/curves (S-20)
Populations show characteristic growth patterns or forms. These patterns can be plotted and
termed as J-shaped growth form and S-shaped growth form (Sigmoid form).
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
1. Define endemism. ( S-20)

 It is the ecological state of a species being native to a single defined geographic location, such as island,
nation, countary or other defined zone, or habitat type.
 Organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
2. How many hotspots are there in India ? Name them. ( A-21)

India is home to four biodiversity hotspots. They are
i) Himalaya (the entire Indian Himalayan region)
ii) Western Ghats.
iii) Indo-Burma: includes entire North- eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands
(and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Southern China)
iv) Sundalands: includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines)
3. What are the three levels of biodiversity ? ( J-22)

Biodiversity‟ to describe diversity at all levels of biological organization from populations to biomes.
There are three levels of biodiversity –
1. Genetic diversity. 2 .Species diversity. 3. Community/Ecosystem diversity.
4. What are called endangered species ?Explain with examples. ( S-20)

A species that has been categorized as very likely to become extinct is an Endangered species.
Endangered (EN), as categorized by the IUCN Red List, is the second most severe conservation status for
www.kalvikadal.in
wild populations in the IUCN's scheme after Critically Endangered (CR).
In 1998 there were1102 animal and 1197 plant species in the IUCN Red List.
In 2012, the list features 3079 animal and 2655 plant species as endangered (EN) worldwide.
5. Will you encounter one such extinction in the near future. Enumerate the steps to be taken to prevent
it. 1.Mass extinction :- (May-2022) 2. Steps to taken for the Preventive measure :
1. The earth has experienced quite a few mass extinctions due to environmental catastrophes.
2. A mass extinction occurred about 225 million years ago during the Permian, where 90% of shallow
water marine invertebrates disappeared.
The steps to be taken to prevent:
1. Identify and protect all threatened species.

2. Identify and conserve in protected areas the wild relatives of all the economically important organisms.
3. Identify and protect critical habitats for feeding, breeding, nursing, resting of each species.
4. Resting, feeding and breeding places of the organisms should be identified and protected.
5. Air, water and soil should be conserved on priority basis.
6. Wildlife protection Act should be implemented.
6. List out the various causes for biodiversity losses. (A-21) ( J-22)
1. Habitat loss, fragmentation and destruction (affects about 73% of all species)
2. Pollution and pollutants (Smog, pesticides, herbicides, oil slicks, GHGs)
3. Climate change.
4. Introduction of alien/ exotic species.
5. Over exploitation of resources (poaching, indiscriminate cutting of trees, over fishing, hunting,
mining)
6. Intensive agriculture and aquaculture practices.
7. Hybridization between native and non-native species and loss of native species.
8. Natural disasters (Tsunami, forest fire, earth quake, volcanoes)
9. Industrialization, Urbanization infrastructure development, Transport Road and shipping
activity, communication towers, dam construction, unregulated tourism and monoculture are
common area of specific threats.
10. Co-extinction.
7. What are types of Species diversity :- (May-2022)

1) Alpha diversity- It is measured by counting the number of taxa (usually species) within a
particular area, community or ecosystem.
2) Beta diversity - It is species diversity between two adjacent ecosystems and is obtaining
by comparing the number of species unique to each of the ecosystem.
3) Gamma diversity - refers to the diversity of the habitats over the total landscape or geographical area
8. Coextinctions (A-21)
Coextinction of a species is the loss of a species as a consequence of the extinction of another. (Eg.,
orchid bees and forest trees by cross pollination). Extinction of one will automatically cause extinction of the
other. Another example for co-extinction is the connection between Calvaria tree and the extinct bird of Mauritius
Island, the Dodo. The Calvaria tree is dependent on the Dodo bird for completion of its life cycle.
9. Gene bank ( M-20)

Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic materials. Seeds of different
genetic strains of commercially important plants can be stored in long periods in seed banks, gametes
of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using
cryopreservation techniques
www.kalvikadal.in
10. In Many parts of the Chennai number of dove increase rather than crow. What type of habitat loss it is?
define( S-20)
• Mining * Construction of highways
• Over population * Urbanization, industrialization
• Agricultural advancements * Filling wetlands
• Ploughing grasslands * Cutting down trees
• Deforestation * Caving mountains
• Changing the course of rivers and filling of seashore
11. Human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each other’s need. Explain this statement
with MAB programme. ( S-20)
Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative
parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/ marine
ecosystems or a combination thereof. BRs are designated to deal with the conservation of biodiversity,
economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values. Biosphere Reserves
are thus special environments for both people and nature and are living examples of how human beings
and nature can co-exist while respecting each other’s needs. The Biosphere Reserve Programme is
guided by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme, as India is a signatory to the landscape
approach supported by MAB programme. The scheme called Biosphere Reserve was implemented
by the Government of India in 1986. There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in the country
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. How can we control eutrophication? (M-22) ( S-20)

1. Waste water like sewage should be discharge into river or other sytem only after proper treatment.
2. Algal bloom should be removed from water.
3. Use phosphate free detergents to reduce eutrophication.
4. Growth of algae in water can also be controlled by applying algicides such as CuSO4 .
5. Prevents flooding of water from agricultural soil containing fertilizers to water system.
2. Discuss briefly the following : a. Catalytic converter b. Ecosan ( J-22)
a. Catalytic converter :-
 Catalytic converters in vehicles help to reduce polluting gases drastically.
 Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles cuts particulates.
b. Ecosan :-
 Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) is a sustainable system for handling human excreta by using dry
composting toilets.
 EcoSan toilets not only reduce wastewater generation but also generate the natural fertiliser from
recycled human excreta, which forms an excellent substitute for chemical fertilisers.
 This method is based on the principle of recovery and recycling of nutrients from excreta to create a
valuable supply for agriculture
3. Effect of Agrochemicals :- (March -2020)
 May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
 Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
 Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
 Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution.
 Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
 Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
 Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
www.kalvikadal.in
 Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
 They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.Beneficial insects and animals can be affected
4. Methods of disposal of radioactive wastes :- (M22)

1. Limit generation - Limiting the generation of waste is the first and most important consideration in
managing radioactive wastes.
2. Dilute and disperse - For wastes having low radioactivity, dilution and dispersion are adopted.
3. Delay and decay - Delay and decay is frequently an important strategy because much of the
radioactivity in nuclear reactors and accelerators is very short lived.
4. Concentrate and confine process - Concentrating and containing is the objective of treatment
activities for longer-lived radioactivity
5. Explain Medical waste and management ? (M-22, J-22)
Medical wastes contain body fluids like blood, urine, body parts and other contaminants,culture dishes,
glasswares, bandages, gloves, discarded needles, scalpels, swabs and tissues.
Waste disposal: Involved by incineration, chemical disinfection, autoclaving, encapsulation, microwave
irradiation are methods of waste disposals.
Final disposal includes landfill and burying as per norms inside premises.
6. The management of E-Waste ? (May-2022)

 Electronic waste or E-waste describes discarded electrical electronic devices and components and
substances
 Their disposal is a growing problem because electronic equipment frequently contains hazardous
substances.
 Which are non-degradable Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or
disposal are also considered e-waste.
 Recycling and disposal of E-waste may be taken great care and to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling
operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.
7. The management of Plastic Waste :- ( J-22)

 Plastics are low molecular weight organic polymers that are non-degradable in the natural environment.
 They are used in several items including cars, bulletproof vests, toys, hospital equipment, carry bags and
food containers.
 Remedies: „4R‟- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle mantra is the best available remedy for plastic waste
pollution.
 Tamil Nadu State government successfully implemented the ban on single use plastics from 1st January
2019
8. Differentiate Rapidly degradable or non-persistent pollutants: Slowly degradable or

persistent pollutants ( J-22) ( A-21)
a) Rapidly degradable or non-persistent pollutants: These can be broken down by natural
processes. Domestic sewage and vegetable waste are examples of such pollutants.
b) Slowly degradable or persistent pollutants: These are pollutants that remain in the environment for
many years in an unchanged condition and take decades or longer to degrade, as in the case of DDT
9. Biomagnification (A-21)
non-degradable substances enter the food chain, they do not get metabolized or broken down or
expelled and instead get transferred up the tropic levels of the food chain. During this process, they show an
increase in concentration which is referred to as biomagnifications.
www.kalvikadal.in
10. What is the bioremedial solution for it. ( S-20)
 The use of naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to reduce or degrade pollutants is
called bioremediation.
 Bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other remediations available.
 It is grouped into in situ bioremediation(treatment of contaminated soil or water in the site) and
 ex situ bioremediation (treatment of contaminated soil or water that is removed from the site and treated)
Bioremediation of wastewater includes the aerobic treatment (oxidation ponds, aeration lagoons) and
anaerobic treatment (anaerobic bioreactors, anaerobic lagoons)

12th Bio - Zoology Previous Year Public Exam Question & Answer EM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12th Bio - Zoology Previous Year Public Exam Question & Answer EM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

3. Define “Let-Down” reflex (A-21)

 The human sperm is a flagellated, motile gamete.

6. What is the composition for semen? (May-2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

 Human ovum is microscopic, non - cleidoic and alecithal.

8. Define Gametogenesis ? ( J-22)

9. Give a schematic representation of spermatogenesis ( J-22) and Oogenesis in humans?

10. Roll of hormone in Spermatogenesis ? ( S-20)

11. What is Ectopic pregnancy ? ( S-20)

12. Describe on extra embryonic membranes :- (M- 2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

13. Describe the structure of the Events of Fertilization (A-21) ( S-20)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

15. Write the basic features of reproduction. ( J-22)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

3. Differentiate foeticide and infanticide. :- (M-2022)( J-22)

4. comment. Importance of POCSO Act – (May-2022)

Prevention of children from sexual offences.

6. An ideal contraceptive device characters ( J-22)

7. Lactational amenorrhoea ( J-22)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

10. Vasectomy &Tubectomy( A-21)

PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

1. What is haplodiploidy? ( A-21)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

4. Mention the symptoms of Downs syndrome /( 21-Trisomy) :- (Annual -2020)

6. How is sex determined in human beings ? (M-22)

7. What are the applications of Karyotyping ?. ( J-22) ( A-21) ( J-22)

8. What is Haemophilia : (A-21)

9. The prevent erythroblastosos foetalis – (M-2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

1. Genetic code is „universal ( J-22)

2. Differentiate - Template strand and Coding strand (MAY-2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

7. The salient features of genetic code :- (M22) ( J-22)

8. Write about the Salient features of HGP (M-2022) ( A-21)

 Extra cellular or intracellular metabolites triggerinitiation or inhibition of gene expression

10. Define Central dogma (A-21)

12. LAC OPERON (A-21) ( S-20)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

16. Nucleosome formation ( J-22)

Ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapour.

2. Explain the three major categories in which fossilization occur ? ( A-21)

3. Who disproved Lamarck‟s Theory of acquired characters ? How ? (May-2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

4. Define Vestigial organs ( S-20)

5. What are coacervates( A-21)

6. Define Lamarck‟s theory ( S-20)

7. Salient features of Mutation Theory (A-21)

8. Origin and Evolution of Man( M-20)

9. The theory of spontaneous generation or Abiogenesis, ( J-22)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

11. Differentiate relative and absolute dating ( J-22)

Human Health and Diseases

 In 1950s, Porter and Edelman revealed the basic structure of the

2. Autoimmunity is a misdirected immune response. Justify (May-2022)

G.HARIPRABU P.G.ASST IN ZOOLOGY  NATIONAL MATRIC, HR SEC SCHOOL- VARATTAMPATTI

6. Malaria vaccine - (May-2022)

7. Innate immunity protects our body against diseases :- (May-2022)

8. Thymus Uses( M-20)

9. Diagram of Trypanosoma gambiense. Kala – azar or visceral leishmaniasis( A-21)