Lacture Notes

31-08-2021
1. Substantive Theory or Theory in Planning or Prescriptive Theory :

- This theory helps planners understand their areas of concern.
2. Procedural Theory or Theory of Planning or Normative Theories :
-Planners understanding themselves and the way in which they operate;
problems related to planner herself, agencies in which she operates, and
procedures which she adopts.
TYPES OF PLANNING THEORY
Theories of the planning process:

Theorizing on objectives of planning, role of
planning in society; skills and responsibilities of the planner.
POINTS OF CONTACT: PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE

THEORY
- Distinction between procedural theory and substantive theory does not

imply they are separate developments.
- Both types of theories are needed for effective planning. This is so
because aspects of procedural and substantive theory enter each other's
explanatory schemes.
- But procedural theory forms an envelope to substantive theory.
- Less focus on procedural theory deprives them of the sound intellectual
basis for their activity of planning, which distinguishes them from other
disciplines.
FACETS OF PROBLEMS OF PLANNING THEORY
This involves:
- Understanding planning, its agencies and procedures.
- Comparing their different forms and transferring experiences from one to
the other.
- Designing planning agencies and their procedures.
CLASS- 5 (SEP 21)

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION
• Participation implies 'efforts to increase public input oriented primarily to

the content of programs and policies'.
• Inclusion means 'continuously creating a community involved in
coproducing processes, policies, and programs for defining and addressing
public issues'.
• Both are dimensions of 'public engagement'
• Communities of practice: Situated practices that produce distinct ways of
knowing and learning.
CURRENT MEANING OF PLANNING

- Planning unduly focuses on land use planning
- Master plan or development plan takes the central stage
- Public Participation revolves largely around commenting on the draft of a
development plan
SUGGESTED SCOPE OF PLANNING:

- Planning involves all those activities, processes, outcomes and
transformations that are related in some way with the production,
reproduction and destruction of built environment.
- Planning is a distributional and re-distributional of astourees, and thus
conflictual in nature, some people will win and others will lose.
- From societal guidance to social transformation (John Friedmann, 1987).
Planning is an action oriented activity.
CURRENT SPACES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING:

• Inviting objections or suggestions from the general public on a draft of
the plan.
• Public hearings through constituted committees: Board of Enquiry and
Hearing.
• Public Grievances Cells.
• Open houses for monitoring and review: An ongoing process in Delhi.
CONSENSUS AND ITS PITFALLS:

- Undermines multiplicity of public interests
- Consensus downplays differences
- Consensus threatens freedoms by eliminating possibility of engagements
in conflicts
- Exclusion of some voices and foreclosure of certain possibilities
- Consensus is utopian in a highly politicized planning environment.
SPACES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION:
• Closed spaces or provided spaces

- Decisions are made by a set of actors behind closed doors, without any
pretense of broadening the boundaries for inclusion.
- Within the state, ...these [are provided spaces [where] bureaucrats,
experts or elected representatives make decisions and provide services to
the people', without the need for broader consultation or involvement.
• Invited spaces
- People are invited as users, citizens or beneficiaries are invited to
participate by various kinds of authorities.
- Levited spaces could be institutionalized ongoing, or more transient
through one-off forms of consultation.
• Claimed spaces or third spaces

- Spaces which are claimed by less powerful actors from or against the
power holders, or created more autonomously by them.
- Organic spaces which emerge out of sets of common concerns or
identifications' and may come into being a result of popular mobilballo and
like-minded people join together in common pursuits
CONFLICTS IN PLANNING
• Low gainers and losers to protest
• Deep differences among social groups
• Caste, religion, region and language
• Economic inequalities
• Diversity of epistemologies (knowledge)
Government policies and diverse interests.
COMPREHENDING POWER:
• POWER OVER- Ability of the powerful to affect the actions and
thoughts of the
powerless.
• POWER TO- Capacity to act; to exercise agency and to realize the
potential of
rights, citizenship or voice.
• POWER WITHIN- Gaining the sense of self-identity, confidence and
awareness that is a
precondition for action.
• POWER WITH- Synergy which can emerge through partnerships and
collaboration with
others.
FORMS OF POWER:
Visible power: observable decision
making processes.
Hidden power: setting the political agenda
Invisible power: shaping meanings
and what is acceptable
Spatial Inequality

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31-08-2021

1. Substantive Theory or Theory in Planning or Prescriptive Theory :

TYPES OF PLANNING THEORY

Theories of the planning process:

POINTS OF CONTACT: PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE

- Distinction between procedural theory and substantive theory does not

FACETS OF PROBLEMS OF PLANNING THEORY

CLASS- 5 (SEP 21)

• Participation implies 'efforts to increase public input oriented primarily to

CURRENT MEANING OF PLANNING

SUGGESTED SCOPE OF PLANNING:

CURRENT SPACES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING:

CONSENSUS AND ITS PITFALLS:

SPACES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION:

• Closed spaces or provided spaces

• Claimed spaces or third spaces

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