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UNIT- V

POSITIVE RESUME ACTION / ACTIVE VERBS:

Action verbs are verbs that specifically describe what the subject of the sentence is
doing. These types of verbs carry a great deal of information in a sentence and can convey
emotion and a sense of purpose that extends beyond the literal meanings of the words.

Using active, positive words (these are normally verbs) in a CV or in an application

form can give it additional impact and make a stronger impression on potential employers.
Use action words (also called buzz words) to put over what you have achieved in vacation
jobs or posts of responsibility - not just the tasks you have carried out.

For example (1), rather than writing:

"For my final-year project, I had to carry out a survey of patients' attitudes to

health care services for the elderly. This involved interviewing patients in hospital and in
their homes. A database was used to keep track of data collected. This project was finished
on time and was awarded a 2.1 grade."

For example (2)You should instead write:

"Devised and prepared a survey of patients' attitudes to health care services for the
elderly as my final-year project. Interviewed 70 elderly patients and obtained a substantial
amount of data. Created a database to analyse and interpret this material. Completed this
project three weeks ahead of schedule and achieved a 2.1 grade."

The first example starts with a number of weak and passive verbs (in red) whereas
the second example contains strong targeted active verbs (again in red) such as devised and
created which suggests a person who has initiative and takes action.

Action words help to give an impression of a positive, motivated person who knows
how to present themselves in a businesslike way and will be likely to succeed in a variety of
work areas whereas passive verbs such as had to and went suggest the opposite.

The top ten words to make a good Ten words to make a poor
impression impression

 Achievement  Always,
 Active  Awful
 Developed  Bad
 Evidence  Fault
 Experience  Hate
 Impact  Mistake
 Individual  Never
 Involved  Nothing
 Planning  Panic
 Transferable skills  Problems
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POSITIVE INDICATORS:

The goal of non-verbal communication is to put the other person at ease while
receiving the message. Non-verbally expressing an open and positive attitude leads to a
supportive and collaborative atmosphere in which goals may be met. The table below
describes the positive indicators of non-verbal communication during two-way
communication.

Positive indicators:

 Puts forward argument confidently and convincingly.

 Demonstrates enthusiasm and commitment to proposals.
 Influences others to reach agreement to course of action.
 Present concise and clearly constructed communication.
 Communications geared of others.
 Dealing rationally with problems.
 Asking them could this be done better?
 Provides opportunity to air views.
 Praising good work.
 Willing to have a laugh and a joke.
 Communicates clear goals and objectives.

Area Positive Indicators

 Turn and face sender.
 Relax your body.
 Lean slightly forward toward the person.
Body
 Move slowly.
 Limit repetitive movements(e.g., moving a leg up and down).

 Nod to express your understanding.

 Tilt or turn an ear slightly toward the sender to help indicate you are
Head
listening.

 Look at the person but be aware of their comfort.

Face  Smile frequently.

 Keep arms relaxed and open.

Arms  Rest arms on the table or the arm of your chair.

 Keep hands open with palms up.

 Touch the person gently.
Hands
 Use gestures of understanding.

 Use a soft tone of voice.

Voice  Reduce verbiage.
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INTERPERSONAL AND INTRAPERSONAL SKILLS:

Interpersonal skills are the skills used by a person to interact with others properly.
In the business domain, the term generally refers to an employee's ability to get along with
others while getting the job done. Interpersonal skills include everything from
communication and listening skills to attitude and deportment. Good interpersonal skills are a
prerequisite for many positions in an organization.

These are the skills required when a conversation is carried among two or more
individuals. GDs, Panel interview etc, are some of interpersonal conversation. Interpersonal
skills include

 way of talking
 How you greet people
 How you tackle angry people
 How you take your group to a common decency etc etc
 Self confidence
 POSITIVE ATTITUDE
 Communication
 Team player
 Critical thinking and problem solving
 Time management skills
 Coping with pressure
 Flexibility
 Ability to accept constructive feedback
 Strong work ethic

Intrapersonal skills

Intrapersonal skills are the foundations of a successful career. This is emotional

intelligence, the ability to know, understand and mange your own emotions.

These are the skills that are possessed by a person individually. Some of intrapersonal
skills are

 Confidence
 Body language
 Language(must be audible and should be uttered properly)
 Gestures etc

INTERPERSONAL AND INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication:

Introduction:

We, humans, are social animals, and we always need someone to talk or share our
opinions, news, and even feelings. Communication is a substantial part of our life, whether
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we say something or not, it automatically conveys a message to the persons surrounding us,
because it is inescapable. It can be intrapersonal communication or interpersonal
communication.

Interpersonal communication is that kind of communication which takes place within

or among more than two people with use of different mediums of communication. With
betterment and advancement of the communication mediums, it has brought the community
more closely and as a family.

Definition:

When communication which takes place from one to another, face to face, both
communicator and communicated persons reflects personal characteristics as well as social
role and relationship. Some theorists may include particularly the role of mediator of the
communication.

Relationship:

For forming a proper communication, both models of communicator should have a

conducive relationship to each other, to communicate, understand and accept for any kind of
responses.

Face to face meeting:

Communication involves face to face meetings whilst exchanging idea, thoughts and
other form of words between the participants. Here the communication might be mediated by
using different types of mediums of communication such as television channels, telephonic
lines and other modern mediums.

There are different types of communications in terms of number of participants

involving:

1. Dyadic communication:

This type of communication lies within two people, for instance discussion takes place
between the Teacher and his student about communication

2. Group communication

The group communication consists of participants more than three; here proper group
communication of interpersonal communication can be resembled when lesser number of
people will be involved. However, there is no distinctive number of exceeding participants to
be involved in the group communication when it limits more than three.

3. Public communication

This types of communication involves a larger participants basically forms in one way
style of communication process. The feedback of the receiver is minimal. It takes place in
larger audience and mostly takes place for entertainment and persuasion
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Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal communication takes place within one person. It is meant to reflect

oneself to clarify something. There are three concept of intrapersonal communication namely
as following:

1. Self-conception

It is the one of the concepts of intrapersonal communication because it determines

how he sees himself and which to oriented to others. It is also known as self-awareness.
There are several factors effecting the communication.

a) Belief

It is self-orientation to know what is true or false, good or bad. It might be descriptive

or prescriptive.

b) Values

Values are integral part of belief to determine what is right or wrong. It is a deep seated
foundation lying within the person’s mind and concept.

c) Attitude

It is a learned idea of the person and it is generally consistent with value. It is often
emotional.

2. Perception

When the self-concept lies internally and perception focuses outward. It is deep rooted
in belief, values and attitude. It related and closely intertwined with self concept to create
better understanding of both within and outside world.

3. Expectation

It is futuristic oriented message dealing with long term occurrence. People form
expectation on the base of the strength of one’s learned ideas within the society.

There are different types of intrapersonal communications as following

1. Internal discourse

Internal discourse relates to thinking, concentrating and analysing within one self. It
might of day dreaming, praying or meditating.

2. Solo-vocal
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It is that communication which takes place while one shouts loudly for clarifying one-
self or rehearsing, when you are talking to yourselves when students don’t do homework
properly, you might talk yourself to remind on the next time to redo it.

3. Solo-written communication

It deals with writing for oneself and not for others. Like writing notes for your future
use.

COMPARISON CHART:

Basis for Comparison Intrapersonal Intrapersonal

Communication Communication
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Communication is the
Communication is one, that
communication between two
Meaning we have with ourselves, i.e.
or more person, through
the communication that
verbal or non-verbal
occurs in our mind.
messages.
Persons Involved One At least two
Continuous due to human
Occurrence Regular, due to social needs.
nature.
Only a person's internal Supported by a verbal and
Media
senses are involved. non-verbal media.
Exchanging and sharing of
Concerned with Thinking and Analysis
ideas or information

Key Differences between Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Communication

The difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, can be drawn clearly
on the following grounds:

1. The communication that we have with ourselves, i.e. the communication that occurs
in our mind, is known as intrapersonal communication. The communication between
two or more person, through verbal or non-verbal messages, is called interpersonal
communication.
2. The intrapersonal communication is the communication with oneself, and so only one
person is involved in it. On the contrary, interpersonal communication is always
between two or more persons.
3. Intrapersonal communication occurs continuously because it is the human tendency to
think, analyse and interpret things. Conversely, Interpersonal Communication occurs
regularly on a personal and professional level.
4. In intrapersonal communication, only an individual’s internal senses are involved. As
against this, interpersonal communication requires media, i.e. to pass on the message
to the other party.
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5. In intrapersonal communication, is based on the thinking and analysis while

interpersonal communication is concerned with the exchange of ideas, information,
opinions, feelings and so on.

Conclusion

Intrapersonal communication is the base of interpersonal communication because it

is our experience on which our perception relies and our perception influences our interaction
with the other persons. In intrapersonal communication the information is always kept in a
person’s mind, however, in an interpersonal communication, the information flows from one
person to another.

INTERPERSONAL ETHICS

Communication

 the act or process of communicating; fact of being communicated.

 the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing,

or signs.

Ethics

 a system of moral principles

 deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and
wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends
of such actions.

Communication ethics

The principle governing communication, the right and wrong aspects of it, the moral-
immoral dimensions relevant to Interpersonal communication are called the ethics of
Interpersonal communication.

 Maintaining the correct balance between the speaking and listening

 the legitimacy of fear and emotional appeal

 degree of criticism and praise

 A death or an overdose of either of the factors could result in unfavorable

consequences.

 The principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because any
amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent.

Fundamentals of ethical communication

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 responsible thinking

 decision making

 development of relationships and communities

 Contexts

 Cultures

 Channels

 Media

Interpersonal communication Ethics:

 Interpersonal communication refers to communication with another person. This kind

of communication is subdivided into:

o Dyadic communication- In practice, this relationship refers to dialogic

relations or face-to-face verbal communication between two people involving
their mutual ideas, thought, behaviour, ideals, liking, disliking, and the queries
and answers concerning life and living in nature.

o Public communication- "Public relations is a strategic communication

process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations
and their publics." Public relations can also be defined as the practice of
managing communication between an organization and its publics.

o Small-group communication- Communication in small groups is

interpersonal communication within groups of between 3 and 20 individuals.
Groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social.

GROUP DISCUSSION

Group Discussion! Is a methodology or in simple language you may call it an interview

process or a group activity. It is used as one of the best tools to select the prospective
candidates in a comparative perspective. GD may be used by an interviewer at an
organization, colleges or even at different types of management competitions.

A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the candidate has certain

personality traits and/or skills that it desires in its members. In this methodology, the group of
candidates is given a topic or a situation, given a few minutes to think about the same, and
then asked to discuss the topic among themselves for 15-20 minutes. Freshersworld.com
brings you an elaborate section for GD as you had ever seen anywhere else. It is a very useful
tool to screen the candidate’s potential as well as their skills.

GD evaluation is done by the subject experts based on the discussions. A report will be
prepared on analyzing the facts at the end of the discussion.
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The main areas tested in GD are:

 � Content: Content includes logical arguments on the subject. Collect the important
points on the given topic and use them as a weapon for discussion. Be relevant to the
topic and don’t discuss irrelevantly. It is advised to practice with a group of friends to
perform exactly.
� Communication skills: Communication is a dual process from both the
perspectives of listeners and speakers. Listening is also important like speaking.
Listen carefully while others speaking and make your points in a clear and concise
way. Make a note of important points and build on others’ points and give a
conclusion to the discussions made by the entire team.
� Group dynamics: GD is designed to test your behavior and influence in your
group. Formal English language and mutual respect are considered while speaking.
Don’t give strong concluding statements at the beginning of the discussion. Learn to
disagree politely if required without saying the words disagree.
� Leadership: Leadership means not controlling the group it is an activity to guide
the group in terms of content. A good leader allows the group to express their views
and conclude the given topic.

 Important tips for an effective GD

A candidate should follow below tips to face a GD:

 � Get prepared well before the GD on your subject related topics

� Prepare well on some related questionnaires
� Do research before the interview on your area of subject
� Express clearly and communicate well during the GD
� Don’t respond harshly to the interviewer and don’t argue with other Students
� Be polite and try to convince the team members
� Don’t interrupt others while they are speaking and listen carefully while others
speaking

Benefits of group discussion about study topics

 Group discussion on study is essential for effective
learning.
 In group discussion learning is shared and student
 participating in discussion are benefitted.
 When you study a topic, discuss it with your
 classmates in college. Tell your classmates or friend
 that you will discuss about a particular topic
tomorrow
 so that they can prepare the topic for tomorrow’s discussion.
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 In discussion every student has his turn to talk. Try to be

 polite and friendly in discussion. Participating in group discussion has the many
benefits.

INTERVIEWING

One of the hardest skills for a young reporter to master is interviewing. It takes
preparation and persistence to conduct a good interview. Follow these steps and learn how to
interview like a pro!

STEP 1: Research, research, research. Then research some more. The only way to come up
with good questions is to know everything there is to know about your subject.

STEP 2: Contact the person you wish to interview. Ask when a good time would be to do
the interview. Be polite! Say "please" and "thank you." Try to set up the interview in person.
If this isn't possible, then set up a phone interview.

STEP 3: Read over your research and brainstorm a list of 15 questions. The more
specific your questions are, the better! And never ask questions that can be answered with a
simple yes or no. Make your interviewee talk!

Be sure to write all your questions down in a notebook, then practice asking them with a
partner. Become very familiar with your questions before you go into the interview.
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STEP 4: Come prepared with:

 A pencil
 A notebook
 A list of good questions
 A recording device (always ask permission before recording an interview)

STEP 5: Be on time! Arrive at your interview with plenty of time to spare. If you’ve never
been to the place where your interview is taking place, go early and scout it out. There is
nothing more unprofessional than a reporter who is late.

You can also use the time you are waiting to make notes about the surroundings. You won’t
remember details later, so write them down.

STEP 6: Conduct your interview in an organized, timely manner. During the interview:

 Be courteous to your subject.

 Always take time to ask for an explanation about things you don't understand.
 Don’t be afraid of uncomfortable silences and pauses.
 Let the interview take its natural course.
 Look the person in the eye when asking questions.
 Always listen carefully to the answers. Each answer could lead to more questions or
include an answer to a question you haven’t asked yet. Don't ask a question that has
already been answered. Your subject will know you weren't listening and be insulted.
 Don't read through your questions one right after another like you can't wait to be
finished. Conduct your interview like a conversation. One question should lead
naturally into another. If you are LISTENING to the answers this will come naturally!
 Also, take notes on what the person looked like, what the person was wearing, where
he or she sat. If the interview is in an office, make notes of what is on the walls and on
the desk. The objects people surround themselves with hold important clues to their
personalities. Ask about any object that interests you. You’ll find some good stories!

STEP 7: Even if you are recording an interview, take notes. Don't try to write every word
said. It will slow down the interview. Just take down the highlights.

After the interview, while the details are still fresh in your mind, write everything down you
can remember about the person you interviewed. Don’t forget to make note of the sounds in
the background. Take note of what was happening around you. Write it all down as soon as
possible.

At home, expand your notes by following up on things you learned in your interview with
more research!
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STEP 8: Review your research and your interview notes. Circle or highlight quotations
that you think will be good for your article. Now you're ready to begin writing!

EXERCISES

With the above rules conduct an interview with a personality of your choice (educator or
philanthropist), draft it properly, record it and submit it as a class assignment.

PUBLIC SPEAKING

What is the Difference between a Speech and a Power Point Presentation?

Public speaking may be divided into occasions to a large audience on a general topic.
Presentations are speeches on a particular topic containing a lot of information and s number
of details intended for a much smaller but knowledgeable audience, which is assisted by
audio-visual aids. There are audio-visual presentations and more recently power point
presentations, which make use of the several functions of a computer.

The factors that form the Basis of a Speech:

The three important components in a speech are the subject, the audience and the Speaker. In
a presentation the components are the subject, the audience, the technical aids and the
speaker. The order in which the components have been mentioned above shows the order of
their importance.

The subject

The speaker ------------------------------------------------------ The audience

SPEECH

The Subject

The speaker -------------------------------------------------------------- The audience

Technical Aids – PRESENTATION

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The Preparation for the Speech or Presentation:

1. Identify the organizers and the persons who will be seated on the stage,
because this information will be necessary the beginning or end of the
speech / presentation.
2. Identify the occasions on which the speech is to be delivered, as this will
indicate the way in which the speech should be processed.
3. Identify the other speakers and their topics. This will give you an idea of how
your speech should fit into the general plan. Sometimes speakers are invited to
give differing view- points on the same subject and sometimes to speak about
different aspects of the subject.
4. Identify your audience. The age, knowledge and receptivity of the audience
are important clues to the type of approach the speaker should adopt. A speech
for school students will be different from a speech for a knowledgeable
audience and an entirely different approach will be required for a conservative
or critical audience.
5. Find out the time available/allotted for the speech.
6. Check the details of the program. Find out if there is a ‘question and answer’
session. If there is, run over your speech for possible questions. If the speech
is a part of a ‘face to face’ session, keep your speech very short and
concentrate on the face to face.
7. Identify your relationship to the audience. Do they consider you to be an
expert, or a knowledgeable speaker or an entertaining speaker? Try to answer
questions of this type.

Note: In the case of an audio-visual or power point presentation take care to carefully plan
and synchronise the audio-visuals with the relevant parts of the speech.

Characteristics of a Good Speech:

1. A good speech should be clear and convey information to the audience in a

manner which can be understood and appreciated by it.
2. A good speech in the business context should be polite communication with
the audience as a whole and yet to each member of the audience.
3. In the business context, a speech should try to persuade or inform. The speaker
should not talk down to the audience (should not treat the audience as persons
ignorant of the subject).
4. A good speech in the business context should present concrete ideas vividly.
(Ideas in the speech should be well defined and illustrated with appropriate
examples).
5. The speech should be interesting and a touch of humour may be added
occasionally.
6. A good business report should be just long enough to hold the attention of the
audience. Highly factual, information loaded and technical speeches should be
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brief. It is better to make such speeches power point presentations as

information is split into audio and visual inputs.
7. A speech should be in keeping with the atmosphere of the occasion. For
example, if the occasion is a farewell, the speech should be reminiscent,
respectful and nostalgic. If the occasion is a promotion, the speech should
congratulate and express wishes for a successful career. However, if the
occasion is a condolence meeting, the speech should be very brief, dignified
and somber.
8. A good speech should have a beginning, a middle and an end.
9. The points should be logically arranged.

Use of Audio-Visual Aids

Audio-visual aids complement the spoken word and help to make a stronger impact than a
mere speech. The practice of supplementing a lecture existed before the Second World War
as ‘Lantern Lectures’. A very simple projector called a ‘Magic Lantern’ was used for
supplementing these lectures. Modern Slide Projectors, Automatic Slide Projectors,
Synchronized Tape Recorders cum Automatic Slide Projectors, Filmstrip Projectors and
OHPs (Over Head Projectors) have been in use since the 1960s. Recently computers have
been used for power point presentations. These audio-visual aids are used in marketing
conventions, seminars, symposia, lectures on processes or abstract concepts and also to
explain statistical and financial strategies and information.

Audio-visuals and power point presentations should be properly planned and timed to
complement the flow of spoken communication. They should not be crammed into the
speech, lecture or presentation. They should be used only where it is necessary to supplement
the spoken communication.