PRASHANT KIRAD

CLASS 10 NOTES

GEOGRAPHY &1
0
9
HUB
P
EX

Manufacturing
Industries

PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Manufacturing industries

Introduction:
Production of goods in large quantities after processing
from raw materials to more valuable products is called
manufacturing.

10
&
Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.
9
B
The economic strength of a country is measured by the
U
H
development of manufacturing industries.
P
EX
Importance of Manufacturing: E.M
ex am m ei ay eg . A
a

The manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone

of development.
Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture
as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
The export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce and brings in much-needed foreign exchange.
It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the
economy.
With globalization, global competition is increasing. Hence
self-sufficiency alone is not enough.
Our goods must be on par with the international market.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Agriculture and Industries

Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other.
Industries give a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity by providing their tools and products such as
fertilizers etc.
Industry depends on agriculture for raw materials and
sells their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers,
insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines
and tools, etc. to the farmers.

E .M .A
Industrial Location
0
Industrial locations are influenced by the availability of
1
&
raw materials, labour, capital, power and market.
9
B
After an industrial activity starts, urbanization follows.
U
H
Cities provide markets and also provide services such as
P
EX
banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and
financial advice, etc. to the industry.

Agglomeration economies:

It refers to the benefits received by the firms and

people when they come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban cities that prove
helpful to them.
.
Many industries tend to come together to make use of
the advantage offered by the
urban centres/agglomeration economics.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Classification of Industry
1. On the basis of source of raw materials used:
Agro-based industries: Cotton, woolen , jute, silk, rubber
and sugar, etc.
Mineral-based industries: Iron and steel, cement,
aluminium machines, tools and petrochemicals.

2.According to their main role:

Basic or key industries: Which supply their products or

raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and
copper smelting.
Consumer industries: Produce goods for direct use by
consumers - sugar toothpaste.
10
3.On the basis of Capital Investment:
9 &
B
Uindustry which requires a
Small scale industry: Such
H
maximum investmentPup to rupees one crore It employs a
X
small number ofElabouresrs.
Large scale industry: If investment is more than one
crore on any industry then it is known as a large-scale
industry.
4.On the basis of ownership:
Public Sector: Owned and operated by government
agencies. e.g. BHEL, SAIL
Private Sector: Owned and operated by Individuals or a
group of Individuals. e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Joint sector: Jointly run by the state and individuals or
group of individuals. e.g. Oil India Ltd.
Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by producers
and suppliers of Raw materials. e.g. Sugar industries in
Maharashtra, AMUL.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw materials and

finished goods:
Heavy Industries: Such as iron and steel
Light Industries: That use light raw materials and
produce light goods such as electrical industries.

E .M .A
Agro-based Industry
Textile Industry
Textile industry is the only industry in the country which is
self-reliant and complete in the value chain. It occupies a
unique position in the Indian economy.

10
9 &
UB
PH
EX
It contributes 4% towards towards GDP.
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-
reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw
materials to the highest value-added products.
It is the second-largest employment-generating sector
in India after agriculture (directly employing 35 million
persons.)

Cotton Textile
Textile Industry
Jute Textile
 PRASHANT KIRAD
E .M .A
Cotton Textile

India producing cotton textiles since ancient times with

hand shipping and handloom weaving techniques.
After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use and
traditional industries suffered a setback.
They could not compete with the mill-made cloth from
England.
The first successful textile mill was established in
Mumbai in 1854.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was
concentrated in the cotton-growing belt of Maharashtra
and Gujarat.
This was due to the availability of raw cotton, market,
0
transport including accessible port facilities, labour,
1
moist climate, etc.
9 &
U B
Cotton Textile
P H
EX
Supported other industries
Closely linked with
chemicals and dyes, packaging
agriculture and farmers
materials and engineering works.

Spinning vs Weaving

Spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra,

Gujarat and Tamil Nadu however, weaving is highly
decentralized to provide scope for incorporating
traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk,
zari, embroidery, etc.
India has world-class production in spinning, but weaving
supplies low-quality fabric as it cannot use much of the
high-quality yarn produced in the country.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Impact : We export yarn, but import fabric.
India have a large share in the world trade of cotton
yarn, about one-fourth of the total trade. However, our
trade in garments is only 4% of the world’s total.
Spinning Mills are competitive but weaving, knitting and
processing unit cannot use much high-quality yarn.

Problems that cotton textiles industry facing nowadays:

Irregular supply of electricity

Old and outdated machinery
Low output of labour
Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry

Jute Textiles E .M .A

10
9 &
Largest producer of raw jute and second largest exporter
after Bangladesh.
UB
H
After partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India
P
EX
but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to
Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at
Rishra.
Most of the Indian jute mills are located in West Bengal,
near the Hugli River.

Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:

Proximity to jute producing areas

Inexpensive water transport
Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate the movement of raw materials
to the mills.
Abundant water for processing raw jute
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of
Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking
insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Challenges faced by the jute industry :

Stiff competition in the international market from

synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like
Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
High cost.
E .M .A
National Jute Policy
National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005.
10
It had increased international demand for jute.

9 &
The government had made it mandatory to use jute for
packaging.
UB
H
The objective was to increase productivity/cultivation of
P
EX
jute, improving quality and ensure good prices for the
jute farmers.

The growing global concern for environment-friendly,

biodegradable materials, has once again opened the
opportunity for jute products.

Sugar Industry:

India is the second-largest producer of sugar in the

world and the largest producer of Gur and Khandsari.
The raw material used in the sugar industry is heavy and
bulky. Due to this, transportation becomes difficult and
the sucrose content keeps on decreasing with time.
60% mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

In recent years, mills are shifted to the southern and

western states, especially in Maharashtra because:

The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.

The cooler climate also ensures a long crushing season.
The cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Challenges faced by the sugar industry:

Seasonal nature of industry.

Old and inefficient methods of production.
Transportation delays.
Need to maximize the use of baggase.

10 E .M .A
Mineral-Based9 Industry
&
UB
PH
EXIndustry:
Iron and Steel
Iron and Steel is the basic industry as all the other
industries – heavy, medium and light, depend on it for
their machinery.

India’s Position:
India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers.
It is the largest producer of sponge iron.
But per capita consumption is only 32kg annually.
Presently there are 10 primary Integrated steel plants
and many Mini steel plants.
In 1950, China and India produced almost the same
quantity of steel.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum

concentration of iron and steel industries because of the
following factors:
(i) Low-cost iron ore (ii) High-grade raw material
(iii)Cheap labour (iv)Market

India is an important iron and steel-producing country in the

world, yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential
largely due to the following reasons:

High costs and limited availability of coking coal

Lower productivity of labour
Irregular supply of energy
Poor infrastructure

0E .M .A
Aluminium Smelting 9 &1
UB
Aluminium Smelting is the second most important
PH
metallurgical industry in India.
EX
It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of
heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with
other metals.
It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Aluminium smelting has gained popularity as a substitute
for steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters.

Bauxite Alumina Aluminium

Major 8 aluminium smelting plants in country are located

in Orissa [NALCO & BALCO], West Bengal, Kerela, Uttar
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Regular supply of electricity and assured source of raw
material at Minimum cost.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Chemical Industries
The chemical industry comprises both large and small-scale
manufacturing units.
Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and
organic sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid,
alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used
for manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber,
plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.

0
Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other
1
chemicals.
&
9 E.M.A
U B
Fertiliser Industry P H
E X
The fertilizer industries are centered around the
production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea),
phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and
complex fertilizers, which have a combination of nitrogen,
phosphate, and potash.
Potash is imported in our country because no reserves of
commercially usable potash or potassium compounds.
India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous
fertilisers.

Fertiliser Indutry Expanded after Green revolution.

Main states having this industry are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerela.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Cement Industry
Cement is essential for construction activities such as
building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams
and other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like
limestone, silica and gypsum.
Situated in Gujarat and Coastal area because of
accessibility to Gulf Countries.
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other
policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid
strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
10
This industry is doing well in terms of production as well
as export. 9 &
U B
PH E .M .A
AutomobileEXIndustry
This industry deals with the manufacturing of trucks,
buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and
multi-utility vehicles.
With the increase in competition, this industry also
experienced a rapid growth in last 15 years.
Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and
aligned the industry with global developments.
These industries are located around Delhi, Gurugram,
Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Information Technology and E .M .A

Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products,
from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular
telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers.
Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India.
Other important centres for electronic goods are
Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow and Coimbatore.
18 software technology park - Single window service and
High Data Communication facility.
Contribution in Employment is very satisfactory.

0
30% people employed in this sector are women.
1
9 &
This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner
in the last two or three years because of its fast growing
UB
Buisness Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
PH
EX
Industrial Pollution and
Environmental Degradation
Industries contribute significantly to India‘s economic
growth and development but also causes pollution of land,
water, air, noise, and resulting degradation of the
environment.

Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution:

Air
Water
Thermal
Noise
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Air pollution

It is caused by the presence of a high proportion of

undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
Dust, spray and smoke are emitted by chemical and paper
factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and
the burning of fossil fuels leads to air pollution.
It adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water pollution

It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and

effluents discharged into rivers.
10
9 &
Main culprits:
UB
H
Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum
P
X
refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries.
E
These industries dump substances like dyes, detergents,
acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury,
pesticides and fertilisers, plastic and rubber.
Fly-ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the
major solid waste.

Thermal pollution

It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal

plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Impact : Waste dumped is highly toxic and leads to

cancers, birth defects and Miscarriages. It harms the
aquatic life.
 PRASHANT KIRAD
Relation between soil and water pollution:
Dumping waste on soil [Glass, harmful chemicals,
industrial effluents].
Rainwater percolates them down.
Ground water gets contaminated.

Noise pollution
Noise pollution is the propagation of noise with a harmful
impact on the activity of human or animal life.
It is caused due to industrial and construction activities.
Machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and
pneumatic and electric drills.
Impact : It results in irritation, anger, cause hearing
impairment, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Control of Environmental10
Degradation
& 9
B
Minimising the use of water by reusing and recycling it.
U
H
Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements.
P
EX
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them
in rivers and ponds.
Industrial effluents can be treated in three ways:
a. Primary treatment by Mechanical means.
b. Secondary treatment by Biological process.
c. Tertiary treatment by chemical, physical and
biological process.

Using of groundwater reserves by industries should be

regulated legally.
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting
smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Inertial
Scrubbers
separaters

Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal

in factories.
Machinery and equipment can be used and generators
should be fitted with silencers.
Noise-absorbing material may be used apart from
personal use of earplugs and earphones.

NTPC shows the way:

10
National Thermal Power Corporation has ISO
&
certification for Environment Management System
9
(EMS).
UB
H
NTPC has taken pro-active approach for preserving the
P
X
natural environment and resources.
E
Steps taken :

1. Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximise ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance
(Afforestation).
4. Ash pond management, ash water recycling system and
liquid waste management to reduce environmental
pollution.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database
management for all its power station.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Top 7 Questions:
3 markers

1. Why is manufacturing sector considered the backbone of

economic development of the country? Explain any three
reasons with examples.

Ans. Due to following importance or reasons manufacturing

sector is considered the backbone of economic
development of the country:
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising
agriculture. For example, industries providing fertilisers,
machinery have given a major boost to agriculture by
raising its productivity. 10
9 &
(ii) Manufacturing also reduces the heavy dependence of

UB
people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in

PH
secondary and tertiary sectors.

EX
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce, and brings foreign exchange.

2. Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the

cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.

Ans. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was

concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra
and Gujarat. Availability of raw corton, market, transport
including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate,
etc contributed towards its localisation.
This industry has close links with agriculture and provides
a living to farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,
packaging, tailoring and sewing.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

The industry by creating demands supports many other

industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores,
packaging materials and engineering works. All these
factors determine location of cotton mill in early years.

3. Explain any three problems faced by cotton textile

industries in India.

Ans. Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India

are:
(i) Power supply is erratic. Regular power supply without
breaks is essential for this industry.
(ii) Output of labour is low because the machinery is
outdated. Particularly in the weaving and processing
sectors, the machinery needs to be upgraded.
10
(iii) This industry faces stiff competition from the
9 &
synthetic fibre industry in terms of cost and convenience
of use.
UB
H
P are not exclusive of each other.”
4.
E X
“Agriculture and industry
Support your answer by giving any three arguments.

Ans. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.

They move hand in hand.
The role of industries in the development of agriculture
can be seen through the following points:
(i)The agro-based industries have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising productivity of those crops which are
used as raw material in industries.
(ii) The agro-based industries provide industrial products
such as fertilisers, insecticides, irrigation pumps, PVC
pipes, machines and tools, etc to the farmers to increase
agriculture productivity..
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(iii) The industrial sector provides employment to the

excess labour (labours who are actually disguised
unemployed) in the agriculture sector.

Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing

industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing
their production but also made production process very
efficient.

5. Classify industries on the basis of raw material. How are

they different from each other?

Ans. On the basis of source of raw material, industries are

dassified into agro-based industries and mineral-based
industries.
10
The differences between agro-based and mineral-based
industries are: 9 &
B
U Mineral-based Industries
Agro-based Industries H
X P
E
Industries which are Industries which are
dependent on agriculture dependent on mineral
to obtain their raw resources to obtain their raw
material are called gro- material are called
based industries. mineral-based industries.
These industries provide These industries provide
employment in rural employment both in rural and
Areas the urban areas.
These produce consumer These produce both consumer
pods For example, cotton and value based goods. For
miles, jute textiles, gar example, iron and steel
industry, etc. industry, cement industry,
aluminium industry, etc
 PRASHANT KIRAD

5 markers

1. Explain any three physical factors and two human factors

for the industrial location.

Ans. The factors affecting the location of industry are grouped

into physical and human factors. These are:

Physical Factors
(i) Availability of Raw Materials: The factory needs to be
close to the location of raw material if they are heavy and
bulky to transport. For example, iron and steel industry is
located near the source of raw material.
(i) Water Source: Water is an important factor that
determines the location of industries. industries. Water is
10
required for various industrial processes. River water and

9 &
waterfalls can also be used to generate hydroelectricity.

UB
(iii) Climate: It plays a significant role in establishment of

PH
industries. Harsh climate is not much suitable for

EX
industries. Extremely hot, humid, dry or cold climate is not
very conducive for industries. For example, cotton textile
industry requires humid climate because thread breaks in
dry climate.

Human Factors
(i) Labour: A large and cheap labour force is required for
labour-intensive and manufacturing industries. High-tech
industries have to be located where suitable skilled
workers are available.
(ii) Capital: This is the money that is invested to start a
business. The amount of capital will determine the size and
location of the factor.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

(iii) Government Policies: Industrial development is

encouraged in some areas and restricted in others.
Industries that are located in backward areas may receive
financial incentives and assistence from the government in
the form of low rent and tax rates.

2. Why does the ‘Chota Nagpur Plateau region’ have the

maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?

Ans. The reasons responsible for the concentration of iron and

steel industries in and around the ‘Chotanagpur Plateau
Region' are as follows:

(i) Low Cost of Iron Ore: Iron mines are located in the
nearby areas. It helps to reduce the transportation cost
of iron ore to the industries. 10
9 &
(ii) High Grade Raw Materials in Proximity: Other bulky
UB
raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are also available
in proximity.
PH
EX
(iii) Availability of Cheap Labour: From the adjoining
areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha cheap labour is
available in abundance.
(iv) Dense Transport Network: This region is w connected
with roadways and railways that help in the swift
movement of raw materials and finished goods to the
industry and market areas, respectively.
(v) Port Facilities: Kolkata is a well developed port that is
near to this area.
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Map Work:

10
9 &
UB
PH
EX