Ohs Vizeden Sonra

Occupational Accidents
OHS401
Dr. Emine Kaya Ekinci
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OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
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OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW, ACT NO:6331 SOCIAL INSURANCE AND UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE
LAW ACT NO:5510
Any illness caused by exposure to Occupational disease refer to the temporary or
occupational risks. permanent disease, physical or mental handicapped
status, caused by a reason reiterated due to the
quality of the work made or worked by the
insurance holder or by the working conditions.
DISEASES RELATED WITH WORK

The reason for occurrence is complex, the formation and development of the working environment and
working conditions are among the other factors are important factors.
Ex:According to research done; Factors such as lack of social help, workload, long working hours, injustice
were increased the psycho-social pressure on men and the tendency for heart attack.
As can be seen from the example, the risk of heart attack increased due to work-related stress, although
the only risk factor for the heart attack was not work.
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In order for a disease to be accepted as
occupational disease;
presence of causality between disease and
occupation is required.
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Properties
The main characteristics that distinguish occupational diseases from non-
occupational general diseases:
• Causality : A direct causal relationship between disease and a specific work
environment or occupational exposure.
Lead poisoning in battery workers or silicosis in sandblasting professions
• Clustering: In a certain occupational group, the disease is seen at a higher rate than
the general population.
• Silent Period : Reasonable time between the start of exposure and the occurrence of
the disease (This period can be weeks, months, years, even decades. It may appear
even after he / she is away from work or even retired.)
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CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
(According to the organs affected)
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Hematopoietic System
• Musculoskeletal System
• Excretory system
• Hearing System
• Multiple Organ
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(According to the cause of occupational disease)
CHEMICAL CAUSES BIOLOGICAL CAUSES
 Metals and metalloids  bacteria

 Gases  viruses
 solvents  parasites
 Acid and alkali substances
 Pesticides
DUSTS PHYSICAL CAUSES
 Chemical dusts  Noise
 Organic dusts  Vibration
 Inorganic dusts  Thermal comfort
 Biological dusts  Lighting
 Inert dusts  Ionizing and non-ionizing rays
 Toxic
 Low and high pressure
 Allergic
 fibrogenic
 Carcinogenic
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(Other Classifications)
The way the agent enters the body:
• Respiratory
• Skin
• Digestion
Affected region :
• Local
• Systemic
The course of the disease :
• ACUTE: sudden emergence
• CHRONIC: emerging in a long time
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Classification of Occupational Diseases in Turkey
Groups Subgroups and diseases

Group A: Occupational diseases with 25 subgroups, 67 diseases
chemical substances
Group B: Occupational skin diseases Skin cancer and non-cancer skin diseases in
2 subgroups
Group C: Pneumoconioses and other 6 subgroups, 9 diseases
occupational respiratory diseases
Group D: Occupational Infectious Diseases 4 subgroups, 30 diseases
Group E: Occupational diseases with 7 subgroups, 12 diseases
physical factors
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• Which diseases are considered occupational diseases
and
in case of occurrence of the disease how many days at the latest
after the actual separation from the insured job, the occupational
disease will be accepted and determined according to the List of
Occupational Diseases.
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Classification of Occupational Diseases in Turkey
Example: Occupational Disease Caused by Nitrous Gases (N0, NO2, N20,
N203, N205)
Acute symptom: irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract
If the employee leaves the work no later than 15 days after he / she leaves
the work (the period between the actual separation of his / her old job and
the occurrence of the illness) it is accepted that the disease comes from his /
her profession.
Chronic symptom: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, hand, hair, teeth and skin
yellow color, decay in the teeth
If the employee leaves the work at the latest one year after his / her
departure, it is accepted that the disease comes from his / her profession.
What jobs can occur? Nitriding processes, nitric acid usage
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• In cases where any occupational disease is confirmed by clinical and
laboratory findings and the factor causing occupational disease is
proved by the examination of the workplace, even if the duration of
the liability in the list of occupational diseases is exceeded, the
mentioned disease can be considered as occupational disease by the
decision of the Social Security High Health Board.
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• In case of any diseases other than the diseases in the Occupational
Disease List, the disputes that may arise about the occupational disease
are decided by the Social Insurance High Health Board.
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Pre-diagnosis Process of Occupational Disease
Occupational physicians or health care providers shall refer workers who

have been pre-diagnosed with an occupational disease to health care
providers authorized by the Social Security Institution.
The employer shall notify the Social Security Institution within three
work days after receiving the notification of an occupational disease
from health care providers or occupational physicians.
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The diagnosis process of occupational disease
health report issued by authorized healthcare providers:
• Ministry of Health Occupational Diseases Hospitals

• Education and Research Hospitals
• State University Hospitals
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Notification of Occupational Disease After Diagnosis
The Authorized Health Service Servers shall inform the Social Security
Institution of the cases diagnosed as occupational disease at the latest
within ten days.
The Institution Health Board examines the diagnosis of the reports

submitted by the Authorized Health Service Servers and examines the
documents that are based on this diagnosis.
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PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION
Workplace protection measures
• Carry out risk analysis in the workplace environment and take
measures(Control of the environment, substitution, separation, shutdown,
ventilation, wet method application, etc.)
• take measures with ambient measurements
Protection measures of the worker
• Training of employees
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment
Medical protection measures
• Employment examinations
• Periodic medical checks
• Early diagnosis
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TREATMENT
• Stop exposure - avoid further exposure (removal of person
from workplace)
• Use of the method to increase the excretion of the agent or
to reduce its effect (Specific treatment - if any)
• General supportive treatment (Symptomatic treatment)
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
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OPERATION PROGRESS
• All kinds of treatment are covered by SSI (SGK).
• If incapacity occurs, the insurance shall pay compensation.
• When the negligence of the employer is determined, insurance may recoup some of
the compensation paid to the employer.
• When the negligence of the employer is determined, the SSI may recourse the
health expenditures to the employer.
• In the event of death, compensation for non-pecuniary damage and loss of support
may be requested from the employer.
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Health and Safety Signs
REGULATION ON SAFETY AND HEALTH SIGNS
(RG: 23.12.2003 – 25325)
Health and Safety Sign:
signs referring to a specific object, activity or situation and providing

information or instructions about safety and/or health at work by means of;
a signboard,
a color,
illuminated or acoustic signs,
a verbal communication,
hand signal.
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What are Health and Safety Signs?
SIGNBOARDS
ILLUMINATED SIGNS
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
HAND SIGNALS
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Signboard: a sign which provides specific information by a
combination of a geometric
shape
colours
a symbol or pictogram
and which is rendered visible by lighting of sufficient intensity.
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Symbol or Pictogram: a figure which describes a situation or
prescribes specific behaviour and which is used on a signboard or
illuminated surface.
safety colour: a colour to which a specific meaning is assigned
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MEANING AND
COLOUR INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
PURPOSE
Prohibition sign Dangerous behaviour
Stop, shutdown, emergency cutout devices
Danger alarm
RED Evacuate
Fire-fighting
Identification and location
equipment
YELLOW or Be careful, take precautions
Warning sign
AMBER Examine
• Specific behaviour or action
BLUE Mandatory sign
• Wear personal protective equipment
Emergency escape, first Doors, exits, routes, equipment, facilities
GREEN aid sign
No danger Return to normal
*Blue
When used only in a circular shape, it is considered a safety color.
With out safety signs it can be used instead of yellow.

*Bright orange It is noteworthy in poor natural vision conditions. 6
supplementary signboard : a signboard used together with signboard, which
provides supplementary information
illuminated sign: a sign produced by a device made of transparent or translucent
materials which are illuminated from the inside or the rear in such a way as to
give the appearance of a luminous surface
acoustic signal: a coded sound signal which is released and transmitted by a
device designed for that purpose, without the use of a human or artificial voice
verbal communication: a predetermined spoken message communicated by a
human or artificial voice
hand signal: movement and/or position of the arms and/or hands, in coded form,
for guiding persons who are carrying out manoeuvres which constitute a hazard
or danger for workers. 7
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
The effectiveness of a sign must not be adversely affected by:
the presence of another emission source of the same type which interferes with visibility
or audibility; therefore, in particular,
• the placing of too many signs too close together should be avoided;
• two illuminated signs which are likely to be confused are not to be used at the same
time;
• an illuminated sign is not to be used in the proximity of another similar illuminated
source;
• two acoustic signals are not to be used at the same time;
• an acoustic signal is not be used if there is too much ambient noise;
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
properly designed
sufficient number
properly placed
good maintenance and repair
ensure correct operating/functioning
should be cleaned, checked, maintained and repaired
periodically.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :
 The number and positioning of signs or signalling devices to
be installed will depend on the extent of the hazards or
dangers or on the zone to be covered.
 Signs requiring some form of power must be provided with a
guaranteed emergency supply in the event of a power cut,
unless the hazard has thereby been eliminated.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :
 The triggering of an illuminated sign and/or acoustic signal
indicates when the required action should start, the sign or
signal must be activated for as long as the action requires.
Illuminated signs and acoustic signals must be reactivated
immediately after use.
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SIGNBOARDS
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Basic Characteristics of Signboards
 Signboards are to be made of shock and weather-
resistant material suitable for the surrounding
environment
 The dimensions and colorimetric and photometric

features of signoboards must be such that they can be
easily seen and understood.
 Pictograms must be as simple as possible and should

contain only essential details.
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Placement of Signboards
Signboards are in principle to be installed
 at a suitable height
 in a position appropriate to the line of sight,
 taking account of any obstacles, either at the access point to
an area in the case of a general hazard, or
 in the immediate vicinity of a specific hazard or object
 in a well-lit
 easily accessible
 visible location
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Placement of Signboards
The number and location of signs and signaling devices
shall be determined by the size of the hazard and the area
in which they are to be applied.
The signboard must be removed when the situation to
which it refers ceases to exist.
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Kinds of Signboards
Prohibitory signs: A sign prohibiting behavior that may cause
danger or expose to danger
Warning signs: Signs warning about a danger or hazard sources
Mandatory signs: A sign indicating a compulsory behavior

Emergency escape or first-aid signs: Signs providing
information about emergency exits, first aid or rescue
Fire-fighting signs
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Prohibitory Signs
 round shape
 black pictogram on white background, red edging and diagonal
line (the red part to take up at least 35 % of the area of the sign)
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Warning Sign
 triangular shape
 black pictogram on a yellow background with black edging (the
yellow part to take up at least 50 % of the area of the sign)
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Warning Sign
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Mandatory Signs
 round shape
 white pictogram on a blue background (the blue part to take up at
least 50 % of the area of the sign).
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Mandatory Signs
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Emergency Escape or First-Aid Signs
 rectangular or square shape
 white pictogram on a green background (the green part to take up at
least 50 % of the area of the sign)
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Emergency Escape or First-Aid Signs
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Fire-Fighting Signs
 rectangular or square shape
 white pictogram on a red background (the red part to take up at least
50 % of the area of the sign).
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ILLUMINATED SIGNS
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ILLUMINATED SIGNS
 The light emitted by a sign must produce a luminous contrast which

is appropriate to its environment, in accordance with the intended
conditions of use of the sign, but without producing glare for an
excessive amount of light or poor visibility as a result of insufficient
light.
 The luminous area emitting a sign may be of a single colour or
contain a pictogram on a specified background.
 The single colour must correspond to the table of colours and their
meanings.
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ILLUMINATED SIGNS
If a device can emit both continuous and intermittent signs,

 the intermittent sign should be used to indicate a higher level of
danger or
 a more urgent need for the requested/imposed intervention or
action than is indicated by the continuous sign.
The duration of each flash and the frequency of the flashers of an
intermittent illuminated sign must be such as to
 ensure the proper perception of the message, and
 avoid any confusion either between different illuminated signs or
with a continuous illuminated sign.
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ILLUMINATED SIGNS
 If a flashing sign is used instead of — or together with —

an acoustic signal, identical codes must be used.
 Devices for emitting flashing signs in the event of grave

danger must be under special surveillance or be fitted
with an auxiliary lamp.
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ACOUSTIC SIGNS
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ACOUSTIC SIGNS
Acoustic signals must:
 have a sound level which is considerably higher than the level of

ambient noise, so that it is audible without being excessive or painful;
 be easily recognizable, particularly in terms of pulse length and the

interval between pulses or groups of pulses, and be clearly distinct from
any other acoustic signal and ambient noises.
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ACOUSTIC SIGNS
 If a device can emit an acoustic signal at variable and constant
frequencies, the variable frequency should be used to indicate a higher
level of danger or a more urgent need for the requested/imposed
intervention or action in relation to the stable frequency.
 The signal for evacuation must be continuous.
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VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
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VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Verbal communication is direct (by means of the human voice) or indirect
(by means of a human or artificial voice which is broadcast by whatever
means is appropriate).
 Spoken messages are to be as short, simple and clear as possible
Start: to indicate the start of a command
Stop: to interrupt or end a movement
Raise: to have a load raised
quickly: to speed up a movement for safety reasons.

HAND SIGNALS
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HAND SIGNALS
Hand signals must be
 precise,
 simple,
 expansive,
 easy to make and to understand, and
 clearly distinct from other such signals.
Where both arms are used at the same time,

 they must be moved symmetrically and
 for giving one sign only.
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HAND SIGNALS
signalman:The person giving the signs
Operatör: the person receiving the signs.
 Signalman, will use arm/hand movements to give manoeuvring

instructions to the operatör
 The signalman must be able to monitor all manoeuvres visually without

being endangered thereby. Thefore one or more extra singnalmen can
be deployed
 The operator must interrupt the ongoing manoeuvre in order to

request new instructions when he is unable to carry out the orders he
has received with the necessary safety guarantees.
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HAND SIGNALS
 The operator must be able to recognize the signalman without

difficulty.
 The signalman is to wear one or more appropriate distinctive items, e.g.

a jacket, helmet, sleeves or armbandds, or carry bats.
 The distinctive items are to be brightly coloured, preferably all of the

same colour and for the exclusive use of signalmen.
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Coded signals to be used
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SIGNS ON
CONTAINERS AND PIPES
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SIGNING OF CONTAINERS AND PIPES
 Containers used at work for dangerous substances or
preparations
 containers used for the storage of such dangerous

substances or preparations, together with the visible pipes
containing or transporting dangerous substances and
preparations, must be labelled
 pictogram
 symbol
against a coloured background

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SIGNING OF CONTAINERS AND PIPES
Signs must be mounted as follows:
• on the visible side(s),
• in unpliable, self-adhesive or painted form.
The labels used on pipes must be positioned visibly in the vicinity of the most dangerous
points, such as valves and joint, and at reasonable intervals.
Areas, rooms or enclosures used for the storage of significant quantities of dangerous
substances or preparations must be indicated by a suitable warning sign marked unless the
labelling of the individual packages or containers is adequate for this purpose.
Stores of a number of dangerous substances or preparations may be indicated by the

warning sign for general danger.
The signs or labels referred to above must be positioned, as appropriate, near the storage
area or on the door leading into the storage room.
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MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE IDENTIFICATION AND
LOCATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING
EQUIPMENT
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Fire-fighting equipment
must be identified by using
a specific colour for the
equipment and placing a
location signboard, and/or
by using a specific colour
for the places where such
equipment is kept, or their
access points.
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MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
GOVERNING SIGNS USED FOR
OBSTACLES AND DANGEROUS
LOCATIONS, AND FOR
MARKING TRAFFIC ROUTES
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Signs for obstacles and dangerous locations
Places where there is a risk of colliding with obstacles, of falling or of objects falling should
be marked with alternating yellow and black, or red and white stripes in built-up zones in
the undertaking to which workers have access during their work.
The dimensions of the markings must be commensurate with the scale of the obstacle or
dangerous location in question.
The yellow and black or red and white stripes must be at an angle of approximately 45o and
of more or less equal size.
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Marking of traffic routes
Permanent traffic routes in built-up areas outdoors should, as far as is

practicable, be similarly marked, unless they are provided with suitable
barriers or pavements.
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Marking of traffic routes
Where the use and equipment of rooms so requires for the protection of workers, traffic
routes for vehicles must be clearly identified by continous stripes in a clearly visible
colour, preferably white or yellow, taking into account the colour of the ground.
The stripes must be located so as to

indicate the necessary safe distance
between the vehicles and any object
which may be near by, and between
pedestrians and vehicles.
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Personal Protective
Equipment
(PPE)
Using PPE
When engineering, work practice and
administrative controls are not feasible
or do not provide sufficient protection,
employers must provide personal
protective equipment (PPE) to their
employees and ensure its use.
 collective protection based on technical

measures
 business organization
 working methods
 PPE
OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;
Engineering Faculty of Gazi Üniversity
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Definition of PPE
PPE is equipment that will protect the user
against health or safety risks at work. It can
include items such as safety helmets,
gloves, eye protection, high-visibility
clothing, safety footwear and safety
harnesses. It also includes respiratory
protective equipment
Personal protective equipment,

commonly referred to as “PPE”, is
equipment worn to minimize exposure to
a variety of hazards.

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Definition of PPE
Protective device, tool or material
which can be separated or
inseparable to be used in a certain
activity without being used for
protection purposes
Replaceable parts which are only

required for this type of
equipment, which are necessary
for the comfortable and functional
operation of personal protective
equipment.
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Regulations on PPE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

REGULATION
Resmi Gazete Date/No: 29.11.2006 / 26361
Manufacturing, importation, placing on the

market, service delivery, supervision of PPE

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Series production of PPE;
1. Before placing a PPE model on the market, the
manufacturer or his authorized representative established
in Turkey shall submit the technical documentation and
the model of PPE to the inspection body which is
competent authorities by European Community-Type
Examination. An EC-type examination certificate is issued
by inspection body for the model.
2. Prepares an EC Declaration of Conformity for all other
PPEs. Then «CE» mark is placed on all PPE.
3. The inspection body shall carry out the necessary controls
of the product at least 1 per year.

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EC type-examination shall not be required in the case of PPE
models of simple design where the designer assumes the user
can himself assess the level of protection provided against the
minimal risks concerned the effects of which, when they are
gradual, can be safely identified by the user in good time.
gardening gloves, gloves affording protection against diluted

detergent solutions, etc.

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Regulation on PPE
 The CE marking must be affixed to each piece of manufactured PPE so as to be

visible, legible and indelible throughout the expected life of the PPE; however,
if this is not possible in view of the characteristics of the product, the CE
marking may be affixed to the packaging.

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Regulations on PPE
REGULATION ON USE OF PERSONAL

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN
WORKPLACES
Resmi Gazete Date/No: 02.07.2013/28695
Characteristics, supply and use of PPE

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EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF PPE CLASSES NOT
COVERED BY THIS REGULATION?
 Ordinary work clothes and uniforms not specifically designed to protect the
employee's health and safety,
 Equipment used by disaster and emergency units in response activities
 PPE designed and manufactured specifically for use by the armed forces or in the
maintenance of law and order
 Helmets and visors intended for users of two- or three-wheeled motor vehicles.

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EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF PPE CLASSES NOT
COVERED BY THIS REGULATION?
PPE for self-defence (aerosol canisters, personal deterrent
weapons, etc.).
Portable devices (detectors, etc.) that detect and alert risks
and undesirable situations
Sports equipment (shovel, etc.)

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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
APPLICABLE TO ALL PPE
All personal protective equipment;
1) appropriate to prevent the risk without creating additional risk.
2) appropriate to the conditions in the workplace.
3) meets the ergonomic requirements and health status of the user.
4) fits the use when necessary adjustments are made.
5) in the products covered by the Personal Protective Equipment
Regulation, contains the CE marking and the Turkish instruction
manual as appropriate.

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Personal protective equipment is selected which is
suitable for co-ordination and which is not interfered
with the risks (not interfering with each other) when
multiple risks are present and employees require more
than one personal protective equipment at the same
time (such as a hard hat and goggles).
Terms of use of personal protective equipment and

especially the lifetime of PPE is determined by
considering the degree of risk, exposure frequency,
the characteristics of each employee's work and the
performance of personal protective equipment
(Such as the need to change the filter of dust mask)
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In cases where personal protective equipment, which is
essential for use by one person, used by more than one
person in compulsory cases, any measures shall be
taken to prevent any health and hygiene problems due
to this use.
Personal protective equipment is provided free of

charge by the employer, maintenance, repair and
periodic checks are carried out according to the user
manual to be provided by the manufacturer, the
necessary parts are replaced (such as mask filter),
kept under hygienic conditions (such as keeping in a
closed cupboard) and available for use.

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Employers have duties concerning the provision and use of personal
protective equipment at work.
Employer shall ensure employees are trained to use it properly.
The employer provides practical training on the use of personal
protective equipment.
PPE, except in exceptional and PPE shall be kept in an easily
specific circumstances, only used accessible place and in sufficient
in accordance with purpose. quantities.
Personal protective equipment is used in accordance with the

instructions, maintenance and cleaning is done. Instructions must
be understood by employees.

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USİNG PPE
• PPE is used in cases where risks cannot be
prevented or fully restricted by collective
protection methods.
Employer Employee
 takes precautions to ensure The employee is obliged;
that employees use the PPE • to properly use PPE
appropriately. • to protect PPE,
 gives information about in • to keep PPE properly in
which situations to use PPE. appropriate place.
 provides practical training in
using.

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TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS
• Head Protectors
• Hearing Protectors
• Eye and Face Protectors
• Respiratory Protectors
• Body Protectors
• Hand and Arm Protectors
• Foot and Leg Protectors
• Skin Protectors
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Head Protectors
Risks:
Impact from falling or flying objects, risk of
head bumping, hair getting tangled in
machinery, chemical drips or splash
Types
1. Protective helmets used in industry
(mining, construction, etc.)
2. Used in the protection of hair skin,
such as cap, hair net etc.
3. Protective headgear (cap etc.)
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Head Protectors
1.Helmets/Hard hats
Protective helmets used in industry (mines, construction sites
and other industrial areas)
Design:
• Prevent the impact of contact to head,
• To distribute the intensity of impact by suspension

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1.Hard Hats
A. Plastic Hard Hats
 Used to protect against impact effects.
 It protects against the effects of objects weighing 10-15 kg
depending on the falling distance.
 Due to its insulating properties, it provides safety at low
voltages (up to 600 V).
 It is used in iron and steel, mining, building, ship, tunnel
construction and various industries.
 Plastic helmets with a high polyethylene content should
never be used in hot environments.
 Plastic helmets weigh a minimum of 300 gr and can be used
for 5 years if used well.
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1.Hard Hats
B. High Level Insulated Plastic Hard Hats
 It is used against both impacts and electrical
energy hazards.
 It has a high level of insulating properties.
 Usually used in electrical works.
 There are no metal parts such as ventilation

holes and rivets on these types of helmets.

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1.Hard Hats
C. Aluminum Hard Hats
 It is suitable to use against the risk of bumps to
standing obstacles.in the workplace
 It should be used in places where the risk of electric
accident is very low.
 It can be used in hot working environment because
it is made of aluminum.
 Due to its light and heat resistance, it is suitable for
jobs where plastic helmets will not be used.
 It is used in oil wells, refineries and chemical plants.

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2. Protection of Scalp:
It is used for protecting the hair of the female
workers from the rotating machine parts.
3. Koruyucu Başlık
Protective headgear
– Keep your hair and head clean in dirty and
dusty jobs and establishments.
– Protection from rotating and moving machine
parts.

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Ear Protectors
80dB(A) 85dB(A) 87dB(A)
Ear protectors shall be Ear protectors

taken to ready shall be used
Exposure of worker
In no way it can not
exceed 87dB(A)!!!

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Ear Protectors
Types
• Ear plugs and similar devices
• Ear muffs
• Headphones used with industrial helmets
• Ear protectors with low frequency closed circuit

communication receiver
• Semi-insert/canal caps

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Eye and Face Protectors
Hazards and Risks:

• Splashing piece
• Harmful beam
• Chemical splashes
• Spark
• Hot etc ...

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• Types
• Safety glasses
• Goggles
• X-ray Glasses, Laser eyewear
Ultra-violet, infrared, visible
radiation glasses
• Face shield
• Arc-rated face shield, Welder’s
goggles, Welder’s helmet, Optical
face shield

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Glasses
 It is used for protection from flying parts and dangerous
rays.
 Made of transparent, colored glass or plastic.
 Side shieds are used for side hazards.
 Using Glasses
• Dust Goggles
• Semi-open protective goggles
• Glasses with bendable frame
• Acid glasses (glass)
• Welder goggles
• Impact resistant glasses
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Face Shield Hard Hats
 It is used to protect the upper part of the head, the
area behind the ears, the face and neck.
 On the front there is a window with filter glass
installed.
 Impact resistant lenses and available in graduated
shades of light filtration
 Face Shield
 For use with potential chemical splash or
projectiles, apparatus under pressure or vacuum,
cryogenics handling
 The face shields must be of an insulating and non-
sparkling type.
80
Respiratory System Protectors
 Harmful substances in workplace air; metal powders,
solvents cause various intoxications.
 Biological agents cause disease
 Harmful substances such as silica, asbestos and coal
dust cause lung dust disease called pneumoconiosis.
 If these and similar harmful substances exceed their
maximum concentration, appropriate aspiration
systems should be used.
 When airborne contaminants cannot be adequately
controlled by engineered exhaust ventilation
respiratory protection can be needed.

81
Types:
• Respirators/filtering devices;
devices that clean the air in the environment.
Masks that provide the user with fresh air by cleaning the air in
the environment with the help of a filter.
• Gas filter
• Dust filter
• Radioactive dust filter
• Masks with gas and dust filter
• Breathing apparatus : Clean air supply devices provides fresh

air with a hose.(Self-contained breathing apparatus )

82
Respirators
a)Non-powered b)Powered
filtering contaminants from workplace air
< 19,5
Breathing apparatus
provides fresh air

83
Disposable Half Masks

84
Reusable Half Masks Respirators (Particle filters)

85
Full face mask respiraotrs (particle filter)

86

87
Full face mask respirators (Gas/Vapor filters)

88
Respirators must not be used in oxygen-deficient
atmospheres
DO NOT USE!!!
Gas / steam filter for protection from particles

Particle filter for gas / steam protection
If it is dirty, if it is damaged, if the parts are lost

89
Powered airpurifying respirator

90
Powere respirators with hoods/helmets
91
Respirators must not be used in oxygen-deficient
atmospheres
DO NOT USE!!!
Gas / steam filter for protection from particles

Particle filter for gas / steam protection
If it is dirty, if it is damaged, if the parts are lost
If the fan stops or the flow rate slows down

92
Breathing apparatus
needs a supply of breathing-quality air from an

independent source
(eg air cylinder or air compressor)
can be used against a range of airborne hazards and in

different atmospheres.

93
94
95
Hands and Arm Protectors
Hazards and Risks:
• Cuts and abrasion,
• Extremes of temperature
• Skin irritation and dermatitis
• Electirical accidents
• Radiation
Using Gloves:
• Clean hand to the appropriate
size,
• fit for purpose, (Use /
protection)
• Unobstructed to grip and
touch.
96
Hands and Arm Protectors

97
Feet and Legs Protectors
Hazards and Risks:
• Wet, hot and cold conditions
• electrostatic build-up
• Slipping
• cuts and punctures
• falling objects
• heavy loads
• metal and chemical splash,
• vehicles

98
Wellington boots: Rubber or plastic boots are
used in wet, muddy and acidic environments.
Foundry boots: To protect the legs against fire
and sparks; used in foundries and furnaces.
The safety boot or shoe: In rolling and heavy
material work to protect the toes, steel toe
shoes or boots are used.

99
Insulating Shoes: They are guards in electric shock
accidents. The upper part is made of leather, base
and heels are made of special rubber. Provides
effective protection when dry (Electricians)
Conductive Shoes: In places where explosives are
used, static electricity generated in the human body
can be transmitted to the soil without any danger. It
gives no protection against the electric shock
Antistatic foot wear: Prevents the built up static
electricity on the wearer. It reduces the danger of
igniting a flammable atmosphere and gives
protection against the electric shock
100
Skin Protectors
Protective creams / balms

101
Whole Body Protectors
Hazards and Risks:
 Blow, puncture, cut
 Heat and flame
 Molten metal splashes
 Chemical
 Biological agent
 X-ray
Jackets, gowns, vests, body belts / belts

102
Body Protectors
Working at Height
Fall prevention,
Keep the body in the air,
Adsorb the impact of
bump
103
Body Protectors
Chemical, Heat and Biological
Work aprons
Raincoat
Welder apron
Heat and flame protective clothing
Coveralls
104
İSG 402; 2020-21 GÜZ DÖNEMİ; Gazi
105
Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi
EMERGENCY PLANS
and
EVACUATION
(EMERGENCY REGULATION)
DEFINITIONS
EMERGENCY SITUATION
The events that stop or interrupt the normal life and activities of the
whole or certain parts of the society and which require emergency
intervention and the crisis state formed by these events. (Binaların
Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik)
Events suchs as fire, explosion, dispersion of hazardous chemicals,

natural disasters that may occur in all or a part of the workplace and
requiring emergency response, struggle, first aid or evacuation.
(İşyerlerinde Acil Durumlar Hakkında Yönetmelik)
2
DEFINITIONS
EMERGENCY PLAN:
Plans showing how and by whom actions which are intervention,

protection, search-rescue, first aid will be made at emergency situations
and must be prepared before emergency situaiton.(Binaların Yangından
Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik)
A plan, including application-oriented actions and information on

actions to be taken in case of an emergency situations in workplace.
3
DEFINITIONS
SECURITY ZONE:
The area where people who evacuated from the
building can wait safely.(Binaların Yangından Korunması
Hakkında Yönetmelik)
SAFE PLACE:
The area which is far enough or sheltered to avoid
people from negative effects of emergency situations.
4
DEFINATIONS
A PLACE OF SAFETY :
Must be far enough to avoid people from negative
effects of emergency situations.
Must be marked with a guideboard which can be
seen people who evacuated.
Must be large enough to avoid stampede.
5
EMERGENCY REGULATION
(Offical Newspaper: 18.06.2013 / 28681)
6
• OBJECT:
• Preparing Emergency Plans at workplace.
• Identify the work to be done on prevention, protection, evacuation, fire
fighting, first aid and similar issues.
• Manage these issues safely.
• Identify the employees to be assigned for these issues.
• SCOPE: This regulation shall apply to all workplace which is covered by the
Occupational Health and Safety.
7
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EMPLOYER
• Assess the foreseeable emergency situations which could
arise and identify those that might possibly and potentially
affect workers and work environment taking into account
the work environment, substances used, equipment and
environmental conditions present in the workplace
• Take measures to prevent and limit adverse effects of
emergency situations.
8
• Conduct measurement and assessments to afford protection against

adverse effects of emergency situations
• Prepare emergency plans and ensure that the emergency drills get
done.
• Note: Emergency plans and emergency drills will be explained in the next
slides.
9
Employer designate a sufficient amount of support staffs adequately
equipped and trained. Employer ensures that the support staff are always
ready. Subject of staff Hazard Class Nu. of support stuff
(min)
At a workplace having less search, rescue and Very hazardous Up to 30 employees : 1
than 10 employees and is evacuation Hazardous Up to 40 employees : 1
in less hazardous classes,
it is sufficient to assign 1 Less Hazardous Up to 50 employees : 1
support staff for these Fire fighting Very hazardous Up to 30 employees : 1
two subjects.
Hazardous Up to 40 employees : 1
Less Hazardous Up to 50 employees : 1
Depending on the hazard class, one more support staff is assigned for up to 30, 40
and 50 employees.
First aid Very hazardous Up to 10 employees : 1
Hazardous Up to 15 employees : 1
10
Less Hazardous For 20 employees : 1
Support Staffs
Duties of the Fire Fighting Team
As soon as they learn the fire, they inform the fire protection district and the related persons
by telephone as soon as possible. They inform the fire protection district the exact location
of the fire place and the type of fire.
They try to extinguish and control the fire by using appropriate fire extinguishers in the
workplace.
When they see any live in the fire, they inform the Search-Rescue-Evacuation Team.
After the fire protection district staff arrives, they abort the extinguish and they help them
when asked.
11
Support Staffs
Duties of the Fire Fighting Team
By turning the area around the fire zone with security strips, they prevent unrelated persons
from entering the fire zone.
They provide guidance by removing the vehicles and other obstacles on the route to assist
the fire and ambulance vehicles.
After extinction, the ensure that the fire place is cleaned by maintaining environmental
safety measures. They help to other teams for designnating the source and cause of fire,
determining the financial and other losses and preparing a report on fire.
12
Support Staffs
Duties of the Search-Rescue-Evacuation Team
They reach the fire place with their equipment in the fastest way and start the
search-rescue-evacuation studies in the light of the information to be taken from
the fire fighting team.
Without endangering their own safety, they try to reach the living things in the
fire using the necessary equipment.
They move salvaged alives to intervention zone for first aid.
13
Support Staffs
Duties of the Search-Rescue-Evacuation Team
If there are materials and items that must be recovered, they do the work of removing
them out of fire.
After the fire protection districts arrive, they help them to do search-rescue-evacuation
works.
A staff from team takes care of the persons such as young workers, older workers,
disabled, pregnant or breastfeeding workers who need specific policies.
Those on the team should never endanger their own safety.
14
Support Staffs
Duties of the First Aid Team
They provide first aid intervention in emergency situations which require first aid and
they ensure that take injureds to health care providers.
They help the ambulance and the medical team who came to scene.
15
• In the workplaces where more than one staffs should be assigned for
each issue, these staffs work in coordination with other members of
the team according to their subjects. Each team has a ganger.
• In case of emergency, a responsible person is assigned to ensure
necessary coordination between teams.
16
• Question: At least …. support staffs in search-rescue-evacuation
subject, ……… support staffs in fire fighting subject and …….. support
staffs in first aid subject must be assigned in a detergent factory with a
total of 83 employees. Detergent factories are in hazardous class.
17
• Especially in subjects about search-rescue-evacuation, fire fighting and

first aid, he shall make necessary arrangements in order to provide
contact with other organizations.
18
• He shall make necessary arrangements for the deactivation of energy

resources and potentially dangerous systems in emergency situations in
a way that does not affect protective systems.
19
• The employer informs the employees of the subcontractor and
employer who is temporarily employed, and informs other persons in
the workplace such as customers and visitors about emergencies.
• The responsibilities of the employees who are assigned to special cases
related to emergency situations do not eliminate the employer's
obligation on the subject.
20
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EMPLOYEES
• To comply with the preventive and limiting measures taken within the scope of
the emergency plan.
• When they encounter an emergency; immediately informing the nearest
supervisor, the emeployee in charge of the emergency or the workers’
representative.
• In order to remedy the emergency situation, comply with the instructions of the
teams that come to the scene from the relevant organizations outside the
workplace and the employer.
• To act in a way that does not endanger the life of himself and his co-workers
during emergency situations.
21
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EMPLOYEES
• If employees face serious danger and cannot notify their nearest supervisor, they
are allowed to intervene in the information and equipment frame to prevent
undesirable results.
• In such a case, employees shall not be charged for any action they did unless they
are negligent or careless.
22
EMERGENCY PLANS
Identification of Take measures to prevent and limit
Designating the
emergency adverse effects of emergency
support staffs
situations situations.
Renewing of Establishment of
Emergency Drill Documentation emergency situations
Plan response and evacuation
methods.
23
OBJECTIVES OF EMERGENCY PLAN
• Always be prepared for emergencies.
• Rapid and effective prevention and limitation of results caused by
emergency situations.
• Managing emergency situations until emergency services reach the
workplace.
• Informing emergency teams from outside and assisting with
equipment.
• Protecting all employees and people around from the negative
effects of emergency situations. 24
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Emergency management involves the following process.
Perevention: To take preventive physical or operational measures to
prevent emergency situations or to reduce their effects
Preparation: Mobilizing arrangements and all necessary resources to
prevent emergencies
Intervention: Minimizing the effects immediately after an emergency
occurs
Regeneration: The plant should be renewed as soon as possible and
arrangements should be made for the exposed community to get over this
situation quickly.
25
Identification of
emergency
situations
The following points are taken into account when determining emergency
situations:
a) Risk assessment results.
b) Spread and explosion probability due to fire, hazardous chemicals.
c) Incidents that are going to be needing first aid and evacuation.
d) Possibility of natural disasters.
e) Possibility of sabotage.
26
Take measures to prevent and limit
adverse effects of emergency
situations.
(1) The employer takes the necessary measures to prevent

damages that may be caused by possible and probable
emergencies and to limit its effects.
(2) Measures and evaluations are made when necessary to
determine the measures to be taken against the negative
effects of emergencies.
(3) The measures to be taken comply with the principles of
protection from risks and are based on collective protection.
27
Designating the
support staffs
Support Staff
28
(1) In case of emergency situations, emergency response methods such as
warning, search, rescue, evacuation, communication, first aid and fire fighting
shall be determined and written.
(2) Necessary checks are made after the evacuation, including the census for
the identification of employees who may have remained in the workplace.
(3) In case of emergencies, appropriate evacuation

arrangements which can be followed by the
employees in order to move from their location to a
Establishment of
safe place are indicated in the emergency plan and emergency situations
the employees are given the necessary instructions intevention and
in advance.(escape routes, meeting places) evacuation methods.
29
(4) If there is elderly, disabled, pregnant or nursery in the workplaces,
measures are taken to accompany them during evacuation.
(5) When creating emergency response and evacuation methods, the provisions
of the Regulation on the Protection of Buildings from Fire which was put into
force by the Council of Ministers Decree No. 2007/12937 dated 27/11/2007
shall be taken into consideration.
(6) While emergency response and evacuation

methods are created, other persons who are
likely to be in the workplace, such as Establishment of
customers and visitors, are also considered. emergency situations
response and evacuation
methods.
30
The emergency plan shall include following as minimum:
a) Name, address and name of the employer.

b) Name, surname and title of the authors.
c) Date and effective date of preparation.
d) Identified emergencies.
e) Preventive and limiting measures taken.
f) Emergency intervention and evacuation methods.
g) Sketch showing the workplace or sections of the workplace
Documentation
31
The contents of the sketch:
1) Locations of emergency equipment, including those for fire-
fighting purposes.
2) Places where first aid materials are found.
3) Evacuation plan including escape routes, meeting places and
warning systems if any.
4) Name, surname, title, area of responsibility and contact
information of the assigned employees and their backups, if any.
5) Contact numbers of organizations outside the workplace on first
aid, emergency medical intervention, rescue and fire fighting.
Sketch is hang on places where can be seen easily
Documentation
32
33
(1) In order to ensure that the implementation steps of the prepared
emergency plan are applicable and followed up regularly in the
workplaces, at least once a year practice/drill is performed, inspected
and reviewed and necessary corrective and preventive actions are
taken. The drill report is prepared according to the date of the drill
performed, the deficiencies seen and the arrangements to be made in
accordance with these deficiencies.
(2) As a result of the drill carried out, the emergency plans are reviewed and
corrected according to the experiences gained.
(3) Drills in workplaces where there are more than one workplace are
carried out with the coordination of management.
Drill
34
The emergency plan shall be renewed completely
or partially according to the magnitude of the effect in
case of changes in the workplace that may affect the
emergencies or cause new emergencies.
In any case; according to the hazard class very
hazardous, hazardous ve less hazardous workplaces
emergency plan is renewed at least; once in two, four
and six year respectively.
Renewing of
Emergency
Plan
35
•EXAMPLES TO
EMERGENCY
PRECAUTIONS
36
MEASURES FOR FIRE
EMERGENCY: Flammable gas leak
ADVERSE EFFECT: Ignition of a flammable gas then resulting to the fire
Measures to prevent adverse effect Measures to limit adverse effect
A detector that detects leaked gas and stops the leakage Prior identification of evacuation routes and meeting
by stopping the valve before explosive atmosphere is of employees in a safe place by using these routes.
formed. Fire fighting
Keeping emergency exit routes and doors available at
all times (Emergency exit doors are not kept locked,
obstacles are not obstructed, there are no obstacles
to emergency exit routes, etc.)
Correct positioning of fire fighting equipment in the
workplace
The availability of appropriate fire fighting
equipment and periodic control
Emergency valves (for cutting natural gas flow)
37
MEASURES FOR EXPLOSION
EMERGENCY: Explosion
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Having damage of employees in the explosion
With the isolation of explosive areas; that the explosion Prior identification of evacuation routes and safe
takes place in a section that will not affect employees and collection of employees using these routes.
other parts of the workplace. Fire extinguishing systems
Correct positioning of fire fighting equipment in the
workplace
Emergency valves (for cutting natural gas flow)
38
MEASURES FOR SPREAD OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL
EMERGENCY: Overflow of Dangerous Chemical from Tank
ADVERSE EFFECT: Having damage of employees caused by chemical leakage
Preventing the spread of the chemical to the workplace by Prior identification of evacuation routes and safe
the construction of an overflow pool for the tank collection of employees using these routes.
containing dangerous chemicals Using suitable materials such as sand for prevention
of spread of hazardous chemical
PPEs
39
MEASURES FOR FLOOD
EMERGENCY: Flood
ADVERSE EFFECT: Damage to the workplace and employees as a result of flooding the workplace
be careful about not to establish a plant or enterprise on Switching off electricity and water resources in case
stream beds of flooding
Checking and maintenance of rainwater channels exist in Forming of a search, rescue and evacuation team
the workplace Evacuation
40
MEASURES FOR EARTHQUAKE
EMERGENCY: Earthquake
ADVERSE EFFECT: Damages caused by earthquake
Earthquake-resistant construction of the workplace Earthquake drill
Evacuation
Control of the earthquake resistance of the building
Training of employees on earthquake
Fixing cabinets in the office
41
•EXAMPLES TO
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
METHODS
The emergency procedures of the employer are
determined and written.
42
Emergency Response Method for Fire (Example)
If there is a fire warning button in the environment without fuss the
alarm should be pressed.
The fire should be reported to the fire department from the telephone
number 110 . The address of the fire shall be reported in the shortest
and correct manner, if possible with the type of the fire (building,
gasoline, wood, vehicle, etc.).
If possible, use the available facilities to extinguish the fire until the
fire brigade arrives.
If the fire is in a closed area, doors and windows should be closed to
prevent spread.
While doing these we must not endanger ourselves and others.
43
If the flames are increased and there is no way to exit from the building,
places such as wardrobes, cabinets etc. should not be used for hiding. Try
to contact with the outside from the window.
In order to avoid drowning from the smoke, move to lean and crawl until
help comes, and mouth and nose should be covered with a wet cloth or
handkerchief.
If smoke and burns smell come from another room, doors should not be
opened and the door should not be touched.
If your outfit has caught fire, roll down on the floor without running.
Blanket type coverings should be attempted to choke flames.
44
If our body burns, it should be kept in cold water immediately.

In the direction indicated in the framework of the instructions
of the emergency team go to a safe place by using the
emergency exit. Here attend to the census to be held.
45
Emergency Response Method for Explosion (Example)
After the explosion, the nearest emergency button must be

pressed immediately.
Fire and other emergency services should be called and give
information about the explosion and the wounded.
In the direction indicated in the framework of the
instructions of the emergency team go to a safe place by
using the emergency exit. Here attend to the census to be
held.
46
Personnel determined from emergency teams should cut off the

natural gas and electricity of the workplace. Explosive chemicals
should be checking.
After the explosion the fire-fighting team must start fire-fighting
operations with emergency equipment to prevent fire or growth .
47
The search and rescue team should ensure that employees are
evacuated from the explosion area and from the entire
workplace and reach the safe place. After helping the people
to reach a safe place, they should start search and rescue
operations of wounded in the framework of the training they
had.
The first aid team should make the first intervention to the
wounded.
Explosion-related officials should be informed. Subsequent
reports should be contributed.
48
Emergency Response Method for Earthquake (Example)
49
Emergency Response Method for Incidents and Accidents that
Need First Aid and Evacuation (Example)
50
•EVACUATION
51
• The following aspects of evacuation should be considered :
Early evacuation,
To identify a safe place other than high risk areas,
Identify and implement a communication system,
Drills to be prepared for evacuation.
52
•In the event of an emergency situation, it is
necessary to carry out directive studies that
will ensure the rapid evacuation of all persons
(employees, visitors, etc.) in the workplace. An
Evacuation Plan is required.
53
First Aid
and
Emergency Responce
FIRST AID / EMERGENCY RESPONSE
FIRST AID / EMERGENCY RESPONSE;
First aid refers to the emergency or immediate care you should
provide when a person is injured or ill until full medical
treatment is available.
AIM and SCOPE:
To eliminate the main causes of life threatening.
The Chain Of Survival
Thirty years ago, it was discovered that if a series of events took place, in a set sequence, a patient
suffering from a heart attack stood a greater chance of survival. These events are now known as the
'Chain of Survival'.
1. HEALTH ORGANIZATION (112 EMERGENCY SERVICE) CALL
Should be calm,
To answer the questions clearly,
The exact location and address information should be given,
It must be declared who is calling
Definition of the event (fire, explosion, accident, poisoning, etc.),
The number of injured / patients and their status should be notified,
What kind of help they received and the first intervention procedures
should be explained.
2. Early First Aid or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
To give life support to the injured until the health teams reach the
scene.
First Aider: Persons who have been trained according to the first aid
definition and interfered with the patient or the injured .
First Aider
PRIORITY PURPOSES OF FIRST AIDER
To ensure the security of the environment, to prevent panic.
• She/he should first ensure her/his own safety.
• To be able to organize the people in the environment and provide management.
• She/he should remain calm, behave knowledgeable and confident.
To be equipped to intervene.
• Should have basic knowledge about human body and its functions.
• Should use the posibilities well.
First Aider
PRIORITY PURPOSES OF FIRST AIDER
During the intervention She/He should
• eliminate the danger of life.
• ensure the maintenance of vital functions.
• take necessary measures to prevent the worsening of the patient's

condition.
• facilitate healing.
First Aid Principles
SAFEGUARD CALLING SAVING
S C S
SAFEGUARD:
To prevent the worsening of the accident or the occurrence of other
accidents;
evaluating the scene and identifying the dangers that may occur at the
scene and creating a safe environment.
To avoid wrong interventions;
• Not to allow interventions of people without first aid training.
• To keep people who have no first aid training away from the scene
• Not to allow all unconscious interventions.
Calling:
The event / accident should be reported as quickly as possible to

the 112 which have a free telephone line via telephone.
Saving/Intervention:
The intervention to the sick / injured at the scene should be done

quickly but calmly and confidently.
INTERVENTION
1st ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT / INJURY
Basic Life Support
Life Findings:
Respiratory
Circulation (pulse, blood pressure)
Body temperature
Consciousness
2nd ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT / INJURY
Consultation
Checking whole body
1st ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT / INJURY
Basic Life Support: In order to save lives
drug-free interventions;
• after the airway deficit is provided
to ensure;
• breathing and / or oxygen to the lungs of the person
who stopped heart attack by artificial respiration,
• pumping blood from the heart by external cardiac
massage
.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
The first-aid-critical priorities are called the
ABC of first aid.
2nd ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT / INJURY
After the guaranteed the existence of life-signs of the patient /
wounded
Consultation Checking from top to bottom
• Introduces himself, • Consciousness,
• Learns the name of the patient / wounded and comprehension, perception
call him/her by name, • Respiratory count, rhythm,
• Provides trust by being tolerant and polite, depth
• Relieves the concerns of the patient / injured, • Pulse count, rhythm, severity
• The nature of the event, conditions, personal • Temperature, moisture and
resumes, as a result of what they eat, used color of body or skin
drugs and the presence of allergy learns by • Control of other possible
asking. adverse effects in the body
(bleeding, wound, fracture,
etc.)
Other Interventions
Frequently encountered in labor accidents;
– Checking and stopping bleeding
– Intervention of wounds
– Detection of fractures
should also be provided.
Other hazardous situations that require first aid;
• Burns
• Chemical contact
• Coma
• Shock
• Choking
• Freezing
BLEEDING
TYPES OF BLEEDING
According to the wound According to the bleeding
zone
• Atrial vein bleeding • Internal bleeding
• Bladder bleeding • External bleeding
• Capillary bleeding • Outward bleeding (from
natural holes)
If there is severe bleeding:
■ apply direct pressure to the wound;
■ raise and support the injured part (unless broken);
■ apply a dressing and bandage firmly in place.
Fractures
A fracture is a break or crack in a bone that can be caused by an accident, fall, or blow.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• pain or tenderness at or near the site of the injury

• swelling
• deformity
• discolouration, redness, bruising
• loss of function
• the patient felt or heard the break occur
• a coarse grating sound is heard or felt as bones rub together
If a broken bone or spinal injury is suspected, obtain expert help. Do not move casualties unless they are in
immediate danger.
Intervention to the Fractures
• SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. DO NOT attempt to transport victim if you suspect head, back, or
neck injury; if there's a visible deformity of bone; or if the victim cannot be splinted or transported without
causing more pain.
• Suspect back or neck injury if victim is unconscious or has head injury, neck pain, or tingling in arms or legs. If
neck or back injury suspected, DO NOT move victim unless necessary to save victim's life.
• Immobilize and support affected bone in position found. DO NOT try to push protruding bone back into body
or let victim move or use affected area.
• Control any bleeding through direct pressure, but DO NOT elevate affected area.
• If bone is protruding, cover with clean cloth once bleeding is controlled.
• Observe for shock . DO NOT give victim anything to eat or drink.
• Immobilize injured area, and, if no open wound present, apply ice pack wrapped in clean cloth.
Intervention to the Fractures
Immobilizing Fractured Bone:
• Check for sensation, warmth, and color of toes or fingers below

suspected break.
• Place padded splint under area of suspected break:
-Use board, rolled newspaper or magazines, broomstick, or rolled blanket

for splint.
-Wrap splint in cloth or towels for padding.
-Bind splint to limb using neckties, cloth, belts, or rope. DO NOT bind
directly over break.
• Recheck often for sensation, warmth, and coloring. If fingers or toes turn blue
or swell, loosen binding.
• For arm or shoulder injury, place splinted arm in sling, with hand above elbow
level. Bind arm to victim's body by wrapping towel or cloth over sling and
around upper arm and chest; tie towel or cloth under victim's opposite arm.
Burns
While some burns can be easily treated in the home, serious burns require
immediate medical attention and first aid.
Causes: Contact with intense heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation
(including sunlight)
To apply emergency treatment, you must first determine the degree of the
burn:
• First degree: red or discolored skin, mild swelling and pain
• Second degree: deeper burn, red skin and blistering, more severe
swelling and pain
• Third degree: white or charred (black) skin, skin layers destroyed, lack of
pain, bleeding
Intervention to the Burns
First- and Second-Degree Burns:
1.DO NOT burst blisters. DO NOT put pressure on burn area. DO NOT use antiseptic sprays,
ointments, butter, or other home remedies.
2.Remove constricting clothing and jewelry.
3.Immerse burned area in cool (not ice) water for at least 10 minutes. For facial burns, apply
clean towels soaked in cold water.
4.Cover burned area loosely with clean gauze or cloth.
5.Seek medical attention for burns on the face, genitals, hands, or feet.
Intervention to the Burns
Third-Degree, Chemical, or Electrical Burns:
• Call for emergency medical services (EMS) (112)
Until EMS arrives:

• DO NOT remove shreds of skin or burst blisters. DO NOT apply antiseptic spray, ointment, butter, or
other home remedies. DO NOT remove adhered particles of clothing, but be sure all clothing is
extinguished.
• Remove constricting clothing and jewelry.
• If burn is from a chemical, remove contaminated clothing and place victim under shower of cool water
for at least 5 minutes.
• Check airway, breathing, and circulation
• Cool burned area with clean, cool water. However, do not cool more than 20 percent of an adult's
body or 10 percent of a child's body at a time, due to the risk of hypothermia or shock.
• Cover burned area lightly with sterile nonadhesive dressing or clean, dry towel.
• Elevate burned area higher than level of heart. If burn is on face, keep victim sitting up.
• Observe for shock
Intervention in Chemical splash
By looking at the MSDS of the chemical, the interventions to be done
for first aid and the other issues that should be known with this
chemical are intercepted.
CHEMICAL CONTACT:
• Contaminated clothing is removed, if the skin contact regions affected by
the chemical washed with water (if not any negative interaction with
water) (15-20 min).
• If splashes occur, wash the eye (eyelid open) with plenty of water or eye
solution (consult the specialist if necessar
INHALATION OF CHEMICAL VAPOR:
• The person who exposed to chemical vapor is
brought to fresh air.
• Other employees are alerted about the situation.
• Disposal according to MSDS instructions (required
PPE required during the process).
SHOCK
Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the body's vital functions are
threatened due to lack of sufficient blood or oxygen flow to the tissues.
Any health condition or trauma can cause shock.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Severe shock
Initial shock
• restlessness
• pale face, fingernails and lips
• thirst
• cool, moist skin
• weak, rapid pulse, which may become weaker or slower
• faintness, dizziness • shallow, fast breathing
• nausea • drowsiness, confusion
• anxiety • blue lips, face, earlobes, fingernails (this is a late sign and means the patient
is very sick)
• unconsciousness
SHOCK
• Make certain victim's airway is open, using head-tilt chinlift to open airway, even if back,
neck, or head injury is suspected (ABC).
• Seek medical assistance immediately. Call for EMS.
Until EMS arrives:
• If back, neck, or head injury suspected, DO NOT move victim. If no back, neck, or head injury
suspected, lay victim faceup and elevate feet about 12 inches. DO NOT place victim in
position that is uncomfortable.
• Loosen any tight clothing.
• Look for injuries, and control any bleeding
• Cover victim lightly with blanket.
• DO NOT give victim anything to eat or drink. If victim vomits, roll the victim onto their side
and clean out victim's mouth.
• Put an unresponsive victim or a stroke victim in the Recovery Position.
Occupational Hygiene and
Risk Factors
Occupational Hygiene
Hygiene
a science of the establishment and maintenance of health.
Occupational Hygiene:
It is a scientific discipline whose aim is to recognise, evaluate and control
the risks to health in the workplace.
2
Occupational Hygiene
Hijyen Eğitimi Yönetmeliği (RG: 05.07.2013 / 28698)
• Occupational Hygiene is the science of the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace,
which could impair the health and well-being of workers, also taking
into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and
the general environment
3
Objectives of Occupational Hygiene
• identification of health
problems that occur in
workplaces,
• Short and long-term
damage assessment,
• Develop corrective
actions to control
problems.
4
Scope of Occupational Hygiene
• Identify the factors that occur in the conduct of
occupation and work and to know how they affect
human health,
• to determine the amount of these pests and also the
health effects of human beings with the help of
experiments,
• to develop methods to eliminate pests and their health
effects.
5
TOPICS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
Toxicology Physical factors
• Thermal stress
Anatomy
• Ventilation
Occupational Health Standards • Lighting
• Noise
Airborne diseases
• Powder
Skin disorders • Vibration
• Radiation
Indoor air quality
Biological factors
Personal Protective Equipment
Chemical factors
Sampling and monitoring
6
EXPOSURE
• Occupational Exposure: Contact with a potentially harmful
physical, chemical, or biological agent as a result of one's
work.
• sources of exposure
• ergonomically incorrect posture of the body
• Physical factors in the environment
• Biological factors in the environment
• Chemical factors in the environment
7
EXPOSURE
Chemicals enter the body through;
RESPIRATORY: Workplace air, gas, steam, fog, dust, smoke.
ABSORPTION: Exposure to vapor, skin contact or splashing into the eyes.

(hazard of some chemicals can not be noticed danger because it does not
irritate the skin)
DIGESTION: By eating, drinking.
INJECTION:
8
MEASUREMENT &
CONTROL
9
REGULATIONS
• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW (6331)
ARTICLE 4 – (1) The employer shall have a duty to ensure the safety and health of workers in every
aspect related to the work. In this respect, the employer shall;
a) take the measures necessary for the safety and health protection of workers, including
prevention of occupational risks and provision of information and training, as well as provision
of the necessary organization and means and shall ensure that these measures are adjusted
taking account of changing circumstances and aim to improve existing situations.
This can only be accomplished with workplace measurements.
10
REGULATIONS
İş Hijyeni Ölçüm, Test Ve Analizi Yapan Laboratuvarlar Hakkında Yönetmelik (RG: 20.08.2013 / 28741; update:
24.01.2017/ 29958)
Article 5: responsibilities of the employer
(1) The employer is obliged to protect the employees from the dangers and harmful effects of the
substances in the workplace, in any way or in any way they are processed.
a) Identify by means of measurement, testing and analysis for physical, chemical and biological
factors in the working environment in order to provide a safe working environment.
b) Repeat measurements for the effectiveness of control measures.
(2) It is repeated when change in exposure or deemed necessary by professionals and OHS
professionals .
Article 32 : Miscellaneous and Last Provisions

(1) In case of objections of the parties to the occupational hygiene measurement, test and analysis
results of the laboratory or the inspection of the competent authorities, the records of the
measurement, testing and analysis of the work hygiene shall be examined by the General
Directorate and if necessary, the results of the measurement, testing and analysis of the work
hygiene shall be revoked and the results is processed to the ISG-KATIP .
11
Occupational Hygiene Control
• CONTROL; The concentration, type, size and exposure time of the
pollutants, the nature of the process causing the contamination
depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the agent.
• Whenever the vast knowledge available on hazard prevention and
control in the work environment is correctly applied, occupational
diseases are prevented and lives are saved. Moreover, particularly
when dealing with airborne contaminants, hazard prevention and
control in the workplace also contributes to the protection of the
general environment.
12
Occupational Hygiene Control
• BASIC CONTROL MEASURES
• Replacement of substances that are harmful to health with a less harmful one,
• Selection of technology that eliminates or minimizes danger,
• Transforming the working method into a process that reduces worker contacts,
• To separate a pest from other work in the area.
• Applying general or local aspiration or dilution system, using wet method to reduce
dust,
• Specific control methods for specific hazards, reduction of exposure time, medical
programs to monitor the entry of toxic substances, personal dosimeters, continuous
information with alarms,
• To provide appropriate and effective personal protective equipment, such as special
clothing, eye and respiratory protection,
• Education and training.
13
WORKPLACE MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• Air Pollution and Air Quality Measurement
• Noise and Vibration Measurements
• Emission Measurements
WORKPLACE (WORK AREA) MEASUREMENTS PERSONAL EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS
• Ambient Noise Measurements • Personal Noise Exposure Measurement
• Ambient Dust Measurements
• Personal Vibration Exposure Measurement
• Ambient Vibration Measurements
• Ambient Lighting Measurements • Personal Gas Exposure Measurement
• Heat Comfort Measurements (coldness,
• Personal Powder Exposure Measurement
temperature, humidity, etc.)
• Ambient Chemical (gas and steam) • Breathable Total Dust Measurement
Measurements
• Measurement of Personal VOC (Chemical)
• Ambient VOC Measurements
Exposure
• Ionizing, Non-ionized Ray Measurements
14
HAZARDS IN WORKPLACE
SOURCE OF HAZARDS WORKPLACE HAZARDS
• Hazards Due to Workplace • Environment
Environment • Materials
• Mechanical (Hand tools and
• Hazards Due to Methods of
machines)
Work and Processes
• Electricity
• personnel
15
HAZARDS IN WORKPLACE
Workplace properties are different for each
business, so
varies according to
• used raw material,
• produced material,
• used method and
• offered service
All enterprises are subject to special hazards
except for common hazards.
16
WORK AND WORKPLACE HAZARDS
HAZARDS RELATED WORKPLACE HAZARDS RELATED WORK/WORKER
WORKPLACE DESIGN THE TYPE OF WORK
• Workplace floor, • Psychological risk factors
• Insufficient gates The nature of work
• Insufficient outlets • Mechanical risk factors
• Insufficient work area • Ergonomic risk factors
• Irregular workplace • Biological risk factors
USING THE WORKPLACE • Chemical risk factors
• Ergonomics risk factors
• Physical risk factors
• Electrical risk factors
Multiple hazards can arise from a source of danger 17
•HAZARDS OF WORKPLACE
ENVIRONMENT
• WORKING IN SAFE
18
CLEANING – HYGIENE
Health risk. Some activities (restaurants, food,
etc.) carry the risk of microbial contamination.
• Lack of necessary conditions for body hygiene of
Examples to employees
Hazards • No hygiene requirements for foodstuffs
• Absence of first aid and care personnel
• Sufficient number of toilets, sinks and cabinets
• To make sure that health and hygiene tools are always
Examples to clean
Measures • Ensuring that employees are properly showered in
pollutant activities
• Ensuring the active work of the workplace health unit.
19
Workplace Hazards
Workplace Ergonomi Work area

Insufficient work Usage area,
space, Unfixed materials
Insufficient passages, Irregular workplace
Insufficient outlets, (ergonomics)
Floor, Security installation,
Ladders side guards Machinery and tools
Load stack
Pressurized vessels
20
Falling by slipping or hanging etc.
It is the risk of injury when someone falls. Injury can
occur due to falling or crashing into a place, a machine
or a furniture.
• Slippery surfaces:
Dispersed substances (water, oil, chemical ..)
Examples to Climate conditions (rain, ice ..)
Hazards • Irregular surfaces, digits, holes, slits etc.
• Narrow passages,
• Wastes, pipes, crates, parcels etc.
• Organizing areas where employees can roam
• Hazardous areas corrected: non-slip surfaces, smooth
Examples to surfaces, expansion of transitions
Measures • Maintaining surfaces: Regular cleaning, immediate cleaning
of spills, repair of damaged surfaces
• Keeping transitions open and regular 21
ROLLOVER, FALLING
Risk of injury from a stack falling load or
collapsed load or rack.
• loading at a high level: for example, on the shelves, upper
cabinets, etc.
• High-level loads stacked on top of each other, such as bins,
Examples to boxes etc.
Hazards • Work at different heights or between floors: for example in the
enterprise from height to ground, from the roof to the floor
etc.
• Unfilled potholes, works in galleries
• Organization of storage: separated sections, storage according
to the shape of packages, adequate clearance distances between
Examples to them, etc.
Measures • Limiting the height according to the nature of the packaging
• Taking preventive measures against falling or rolling
• Use of personal protective equipments required
22
FALLING FROM HIGH
It is the risk of injury by falling due to someone's
level difference. Injury can occur due to falling or
hitting a machine or installation. The degree of injury
may increase depending on the height.
• Level difference areas;
Stairs, pits, bridges, set
Examples to
• Reaching high levels: cupboard, shelf, roof, truck, stacked
Hazards packages, boxes, ...
• Moving tools: ladder, scaffolding, ...
• Removal of level differences. For ex: making the step up to
the level from where the truck for reaching the truck
Examples to • Are the necessary safety measures taken? : Stair railings,
Measures handles, seat belts, ...
• Employees training on this topic
• Use of the necessary personal protective equipment
23
MANUAL HANDLING WORKS
Continuous use of physical force, impact, crush,
repeated movements and risk of health
deterioration.
• To carry high weight load
• Repeatedly and quickly carry the load
Examples to
• Difficult load to carry: too big, warm, difficult to hold, ..
Hazards • Doing the move incorrectly: for example, to be twisted, or
reaching out excessively
• Manual handling must be removed or minimized by
streamlining workflow
• Mechanical handling tools should be used
Examples to
• The load should be easily kept: handle, etc.
Measures • Training of employees for proper transport
• Use of the necessary personal protective equipment such as
gloves, boots, etc.
24
ROAMING IN PLANT
The risk of injury to the employees by a vehicle (car,
truck, forklift, etc.), the risk of the vehicles crashing
to each other or an obstacle
• Pedestrian and vehicles moving in the same area, intersection of
roads
• Hazardous roaming area: very narrow passages, inclined roads,
Examples to
poor ground
Hazards • Dangerous maneuvering areas
• Maintenance-free vehicles: eg non-holding brakes, worn tires,
steering wheel, signs
• Establishing rules for the movement of vehicles in the enterprise
• The use of mechanical handling equipment
Examples to • Marking, illumination and maintenance of circulation areas
Measures • Periodic maintenance of vehicles
• Immediate repair of faults
• Training of employees on internal mobility
25
MACHINES AND TOOLS
The risk of injury (cut, puncture, crushing, withdrawal,
etc.) caused by the mechanical effect of a portable tool, a
machine or a part of the machine.
• Moving bodies that worker can connect (power transfer
apparatus, ..)
Examples to • Parts that can be thrown (chips, nut etc.) or splashable liquid
Hazards (liquid under pressure, gas)
• Using cutting tools: knife, shears, saws, etc.
• Machines not locked during maintenance or repair
• Use machines that comply with laws and standards
• These machines should be used in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions.
Examples to
• Cutting tools should be used with protection apparatus
Measures • Employees must be trained
• Should be used with the necessary personal protective
equipment 26
27
MECHANICAL HANDLING WORKS
Use of continuous physical force, crashing, crushing,
repeated movements and risk of health deterioration.
• To provide an inappropriate mechanical handling system,
• Driving vehicle in narrow field of view, maneuvering, over speeding
Examples to
• Unbalance of the vehicle: ground disturbance, load irregularity,
Hazards excess load
• Unbalance of load: irregular loading, non-fixation
• Use appropriate transportation vehicle to the standards and
workdone
• The vehicle should be used according to the supplier's
Examples to
instructions
Measures • The vehicle should be checked regularly
• The use of the vehicle should only be carried out by trained and
licensed persons
28
29
30
Work Area Hazards
Workshop
Working with machines
Working with hand tools
MACHINE HAND TOOLS
31
WORKING WITH MACHINES
HAZARDS RISKS
• Standing or moving objects • hand arm jam to moving parts of the

• Sharp corners machines,
• Objects that suddenly come out • clothes jam to moving parts of the
• Electricity machines,
• Spread of chemicals • Splash of piece,
• Mechanical impact,
• Electric shock,
• Hazardous chemical spread
32
WORKING WITH HAND TOOLS
• BASIC SAFETY RULES
• Choosing the right tool for the right job,
• Correct usage,
• Regular maintenance,
• Robust tool usage,
• Keeping clean,
• Compliance with manufacturer's instructions,
• Use of enclosures,
• Not to wear clothes and jewelry that can be jamming to tools
and parts
• Pay attention to the protection of the limb in drilling
operations
• Electrical faults should be observed when using a power tool
33
WORKING IN SAFE IN WORKSHOPS
• ORGANIZATION
• Worktops should not be congested and scattered,
• Tool cabinets should not obstacle the gates between the worktops
• The locations of commonly used vehicles should be placed closer to those used less
frequently,
• Ambient lighting and air conditioning should be arranged according to the employee
(ergonomic).
• The working bench should not be stopped by hand or body,
• Cleaned tools should be replaced after completion of work.
• Materials should be stored in such a way that there is no hazard of falling,
• Skirted shelves with a height of at least 2 cm should be used to put hand tools,
• If more than one person is working with the same machine, the control of the machine
should be done by the same person,
• Maintenance and repair of the working machine should not be done at the same time,34
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
SHOCK FIRE
35
RISKS IN THE WORKPLACE
• Psychological and sociological risk
factors
• Physical risk factors
• Ergonomic risk factors
• Biological risk factors
• Chemical risk factors
36
PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS
PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS
− Thermal comfort
(temperature, humidity, ventilation, thermal radiation)
− Lighting
− Noise and shock
− Pressure
− Powder
− Vibration
− Radiation, ionized and non-ionizing rays
(UV, IR, micro wave, laser etc.)
− Electromagnetic field 2
WORKING CLIMATE
The source of discomfort. Excessive fatigue, severe
climatic conditions of the environment can sometimes cause
fainting.
• Unsuitable temperature. For example, office work requires a
higher temperature than physical work
Examples to • Exposure to bad weather conditions, drafts, etc.
Hazards • Warm environment: being near furnace-like heaters, staying near
hot materials, exposed to sunlight
• Cold environment: cooling room.
• Heating system which is suitable for the physical activities of
the employees and can be adjusted by employees
• System to regulate airflow and humidity of working environment
Examples to • For those who work in a very hot or very cold environment,
Measures appropriate temperature resting places should be created,
feeding programs should be applied to recover lost water and
minerals.
• Required personal protective equipment should be used. 3
THERMAL COMFORT
The thermal comfort zone is the area between the upper and
lower boundaries of the thermal comfort conditions where
people are most comfortable in terms of working and
maintaining their activities.
Depression zone; it is the region where people feel depressed

because of the difficulty of throwing heat from their bodies.
4
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TERMAL
COMFORT ZONE
Working condition Worker factor
• Ambient temperature, Employee's clothing status,
• Humidity, The age and gender of
employee,
• Airflow,
Employee nutrition,
• The nature of the work (light
work, medium work, heavy Physical status of the
work), employee,
General health status of the
employee 5
THERMAL COMFORT / TEMPERATURE
Body temperature:
36.8 oC  0.4
Temperature effects
Low body temperature (hypothermia): < 35 oC
Normal body temperature (Normothermia): 36 – 38 oC
Fever / Hyperthermia: 38 – 40 oC
Hyperpyrexia: 41 – 44 oC
6
High Temperature Effects:
 Heat shock due to deterioration of body regulation
 Heat cramps in the form of sudden convulsions in the muscles
with excessive sweating
 Heat loss (acute warm fatigue) caused by sweating, loss of blood
pressure and dizziness
 Itchy red spots can cause skin disorders, anxiety disorders,
concentration disorders and hypersensitivity.
7
Low Temperature Effects:
 Peripheral circulatory disorders and cold-related diseases
 Poor dexterity.
 Starting from the ends of the body (hand, toes, toe, nose
tip) freezing and tissue loss.
 Death in the event of further damage
8
High temperature work: Low temperature work:
• Melting of metals • Cold storage in food
• Foundry work industry
• Manufacture of metal • Construction / Road
goods maintenance - open space
• Glass industry • Telephone, electrical
maintenance
• Production of porcelain
and ceramics • Sea (fishermen etc),
lighthouse
• Textile industry
• Mountain (athletes,
• Manufacture of food
products, ovens climbers, skiers)
9
THERMAL COMFORT / HUMIDITY
Absolute Humidity: the amount of water vapor
present in a unit volume of air.
Relative humidity: percentage of absolute humidity
in saturated air at the same temperature
Humidity Effects:
• An excess of humidity increases sweating.
• It is called hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
Humidity is measured by means of a psychometer
(a pair of thermometers with a wet cloth placed in
the chamber) or a hygrometer.
10
WORKING RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE oC
METHOD NORMAL 80% HUMIDITY *
Mental activities 18 – 24 Max. 21
seated 20 – 22 Max. 21
Seated slight physical 19 – 20 Max. 21
Standing slight
physical
17 – 18 18 – 22
Standing – normal 16 – 17 15 – 20
Standing – heavy 14 – 16 12 – 18
* : excessive moisture-generating workplace, depending on the steam production rate
11
TEMPERATURE WITH RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The temperature
that people feel
in their
environment is
not the
temperature
measured by the
dry thermometer,
but the
temperature they
feel
physiologically.
12
THERMAL COMFORT / AIRFLOW
Airflow Effects:
If the air flow rate exceeds 0.3-0.5 m/s, heat transfer through
the body with air will occur and there will be heat stresses in
the body.
 If the air is cool from the body, body temperature decreases
 If the air is hot from the body, the body temperature
increases
The air flow is measured by anemometer.
13
TEMPERATURE with WIND SPEED
14
15
LIGHTING
Risk of fatigue and carelessness due to insufficient or
unsuitable lighting. Creates a suitable environment for
accidents or mistakes.
• Inadequate lighting that unsuitable for work
Examples to
• Dazzling lighting or sun rays
Hazards • Inadequate or non-illuminated transition areas
• Suitable lighting for operation
• Employee should be allowed to make appropriate settings
• Adequate natural lighting should be provided
Examples to
• A regular maintenance program should be implemented in
Measures the lighting system: cleaning of window windows, cleaning of
lamps, changing of damaged lamps, ...
• Emergency lights must be installed
16
LIGHTING
Aim: Provide good vision conditions.Yeterli
şiddette,
 Well spread,
 non-dazzling
(direct or reflection)
 Shadow-free
 Suitable for work.
Light color painted walls helps illuminate
17
LIGHTING
18
LIGHTING
Lux meters are used for measuring

brightness in lux.
LUX = LIGHT FLOW / TOTAL AREA
A light meter is a device used to

measure the amount of light.
19
SOUND
SOUND:
sound is a vibration that

typically propagates as
an audible wave of
pressure, through a
transmission medium
such as a gas, liquid or
solid
20
SOUND
Wavelength of sound (λ) (cm):
distance between corresponding points of two
consecutive waves. “Corresponding points” refers to
two points or particles in the same phase
Period of Sound, t (s):
The wave period is the time it takes to complete one
cycle.
Frequency of Sound, f (1/s or hertz-hz):
Number of waves per unit time. High-frequency sound
waves produce high-pitched sounds, and low-
frequency sound waves produce low-pitched sounds.
Audible Frequency Range: 16-20.000 Hertz
21
SOUND
Speed of Sound (m/s):
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a
sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium such
as air water. It depends on the temperature and density of the
medium.
Sound Pressure (bar - newton/cm²):
Pressure difference between compression and expansion.
Power of Sound (W):
Sound pressure one meter (1 m) from the sound source.
Sound Density (W/m²):
The amount of sound power per unit area and per unit time.
Sound Intensity level, bell-db:
Volume intensity level in unit area
Sound Threshold:
The lowest sound intensity that can be heard from the sound
source. 22
NOISE
NOISE:
The sound that has a negative impact on people and
unpleasant sound.
ILO: “All sounds harmful to health that cause hearing loss, or
other hazards.”
Noise in Industry: “Sounds that leave physiological and
psychological effects on employees and negatively affect work
efficiency.”
23
NOISE
Hearing Threshold: The sound level below which a person's ear is unable
to detect any sound [0 dB]
Endurance Level: The sound level that human ear can endurance [40 dB]
Pain Threshold: The volume of sound that the human ear cannot resist
[140 dB]
Exposure Limit Value: LEX; Upper and lower values exposed in 8 hours
Highest Exposure Effective Value; LEX, 8h = 85 dB(A)

Lowest Exposure Effective Value; LEX, 8h = 80 dB(A)
Noise Measuring Instruments: instantaneous noise meters are designed

as, ambient dosimeters and personal dosimeters. 24
NOISE AND EFFECTS
SOURCES OF NOISE
• The oscillation created by the working tool
and device,
• Good unbalanced equipment in operation.
HEARING LOSSES FROM NOISE:
Conductive hearing loss: Lost in eardrum and
middle ear bones
Sensorineural hearing loss: Loss of hearing
cells in inner ear
Gürültü Yönetmeliği: RG: 23.12.2003 / 25325
25
NOISE AND EFFECTS
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE
 Hearing loss  Behavioral  Concentration
 Increased blood disorders disorder
pressure  Extreme  slowness in
 Heartbeat change irritability and movement
 Respiratory sudden reactions  Degradation of
acceleration  Sleeping rest
 Circulatory disorders disorders  Reduction of
 Increase in sweating  Talking loudy , work efficiency
 Headache  Uneasiness  Reduction of
 Displeasure work quality
 Nausea 26
27
NOISE AND PRECAUTIONS
REDUING NOISE IN SOURCE REDUCING ON THE WAY BETWEEN
THE SOURCE AND RECEIVER
• Replacement of used machines • Increase the distance with noise
with machines with low noise
• Taking the noise source into a
level.
separate compartment.
• Replacement of high-noise
• Taking the workers to a well-
operation with less noise. isolated compartment against
sound.
REDUCING IN EXPOSED PERSON
• Using PPE
• Reducing the working time in noisy environment.
28
NOISE AND PRECAUTIONS
MEDICAL PROTECTION (Prevention - Protective):
Audiograms should be taken in recruitments and healthy people should be
employed.
An audiogram should be taken every six months and necessary
precautions should be taken in patients with hearing loss.
«Workers can only be operated for seven and a half hours a day in works
with noise levels exceeding 85 dB. Excessive operation is prohibited.»
Regulation: Sağlık Kuralları Bakımından Günde Ancak Yedi Buçuk Saat veya Daha Az
Çalışılması Gereken İşler Hakkında Yönetmelik
RG: 15.04.2004/25434 Article:4
29
NOISE and OHS
• In order for noise losses to be considered as occupational
diseases; at least two years in noisy work,
• For works with noise levels exceeding 85 dB continuously, it

is necessary to have worked for at least 30 days.
• The duration of liability for hearing loss after noise is 6

months.
• Regulation: ‘Çalışanların Gürültü İle İlgili Risklerden Korunmalarına’

Dair Yönetmelik, RG: 28.07.2013 / 28721
30
PRESSURE
Pressure:
the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area
[Bar, atm, mm Hg, Pa, Newton/cm²].
Normally, the pressure

change of 4 N / cm² does not
cause any health problems
other than the discomfort of
the organism.
31
LOW PRESSURE
• If sufficient air is not supplied to the exhaust air,
negative pressure is generated.
• Negative pressure increases the pressure in
ventilation system thus increases the air vent out.
• The negative pressure is determined by observing the
air intake in the window gaps or by force of the door
when opening the door.
32
LOW PRESSURE EFFECTS
Because of the drop in pressure, gases dissolved in tissues
under normal atmospheric pressure become free and;
• Tingling in various organs,
• Pain in the arms and legs,
• Blurred vision,
• Ear pains,
• Anoxemia (decreased O2 in blood), tachycardia as a result
of the partial pressure of oxygen in the body.
Occupationss: Aviation, mountaineering
33
HIGH PRESSURE EFFECTS
exceeding 4 atmospheres of pressure, the person will more
nitrogen respiration can fall into nitrogen narcosis;
• Worsening in decision-making and voluntary movements
• loss of consciousness
If the person returns to normal pressure, these symptoms
disappear immediately.
The increase in the partial pressure of the oxygen causes a coma
at a later stage.
Occupations: Underwater works 34
PRESSURE and OHS
• Adaptation medical examinations during recruitment and after
15 days after starting the work are performed with clinical and
laboratory procedures.
• Lung functions
• Heart and circulatory system functions
• Bone system
The duration of liability in acute events due to pressure change is 3

days and in other cases, the duration of liability is 10 years.
35
VIBRATION
VIBRATION:
Oscillation movements in a mechanical system.
Vibration Frequency : Number of vibrations per unit time
Vibration Intensity: The current power per unit time in the unit area
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the pulsating energy in the
environment where the vibration occurs.
 Its frequency, intensity and direction determine the

characteristic of the vibration. 36
VIBRATION
HAND - ARM BODY VIBRATION
VIBRATION
37
VIBRATION
Parameters affecting the exposure of the entire body or hands and
arms to vibration;
• Frequency of vibration
• The severity of vibration
• The direction of vibration
• Duration of exposure to vibration
• To the size or the region where the vibration is applied.
• Age, sex and personal sensitivity of the subject exposed to
vibration and general health status 38
VIBRATION and OHS
HAND-ARM BODY
 8-10 oC temperature increase,  Discomfort in the waist
area,
Short term effect:
 Trauma to the spine.
 Hand Whitening (white hand-dead
hand-angioneurotic disorder),
 Joint, muscle, nerve, bone, vein,
disorders,Long time effect:
Shoulder, arm muscle aches and cold
sensitivity.
People perceive vibrations from 1-1000Hz. They experience shock when exposed to low frequency
vibrations. When exposed to high-frequency vibrations, a tingling and burning sensation is awakened.
39
VIBRATION and OHS
 Vibration, which is important for occupational health,
is divided into frequency bands and measured by
vibration detector.
 Vibration is measured from the point where it is

spread to the body or from the closest location to the
region.
 The duration of liability of the occupational disease

caused by vibration is 2 years.
40
DUST
Dusts are formed as a result of abrasion, comminution and combustion; their
chemical properties are similar to those related to the constituent substance
properties.
Many work activities can create dust. Some examples are:
■ filling bags or emptying them into skips or other containers;
■ weighing loose powders;
■ cutting, eg paving stones;
■ sieving and screening operations;
■ conveying materials by mechanical means or by hand;
■ stockpiling large volumes of processed materials;
■ crushing and grading;
■ milling, grinding, sanding down or other similar operations;
■ cleaning and maintenance work;
■ feeding livestock from bags or conveyor systems;
■ clearing up spillages.
41
DUST
Suspended (breathable) dust:
0.1-5 micron diameter dust;
Fiber dust smaller than 3 microns in diameter and its width larger than 3 times
Inert dust:
Dust that does not cause structural / functional impairment in lungs.
CLASSIFICATION
Physical structure crystal –amorf
Chemical structure organic – inorganic
Biological structure allergen, toxic, fibrogen
42
DUST
RISKED WORKS DISEASES 44 years old 7 years
unprotected sand blasting
• Mine Upper respiratory
worker
tract:
• Road-dam-tunnel
construction cough
• Ceramic and glass sputum
industry
shortness of
• Firebrick breath etc.
construction
Lung: COPD,
• Casting Cleaning
silicosis (factors:
• Jeans grinding work silica-SiO2), and
etc. so on. 43
RADIANT HEAT-THERMAL RADIATION
RADIANT HEAT:
• Heat radiated by radiation from heat sources
• An electromagnetic energy that does not generate heat unless it hits
a surface to be absorbed.
Radiant heat is measured with the help of a glop thermometer.
PROTECTION
 It can be prevented by putting heat-proof reflector between worker
and source.
 A method which may be sufficient for heat radiation is to paint or
coat the surfaces of hot bodies with materials has low radiation
parameters.
44
RADIATION
RADIATION ENERGY:
Energy from atoms, sun and other stars.
Radiation energy spreads in waveform or particle model.
45
RADIATION
46
The use of radiation in workplaces in Turkey is controlled by Turkey Atomic Energy
Agency, TAEK .
47
48
Radiation protection system
49
PROTECTION
50
ERGONOMICS
WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
The word meaning of ergonomics comes from Greek.
Ergon ( Work)
Nomos (Law)
Ergonomics= Business / Labor Law (Rules)
Instead of the term ergonomics,
technology of work design or
human factors engineering terms are also used.
52
PURPOSE OF ERGONOMICS
To make things easier Improving work
53
54
FIRST USE IN INDUSTRY
In 1960, at the Eastman Kodak plant (Rochester,
NY), It was started by industrial engineer Harry
H. Davis and workplace physician Charles I. Miller.
The problem was the complaints of the workers on
the assembly line developed by Davis.
Time study showed that work should be completed in one
hour.
However, the employees claimed that the work was very
heavy.
Originally focused on business design.
Afterwards, it is aimed to evaluate the heart rate and
oxygen demand of the employees by focusing on the
physiological elements.
While the pressure on the workers was revealed, the
necessary rest breaks were determined.
Supporting Sciences
56
Adapting work in order to suit the
worker – Adapting worker in order to
suit the work
57
58
Workplace Working Method RISKS (EXPOSURE)
type
Repeat,
• Office • seated • Machinery /
Improper posture
• Workshop • standing equipment
of the body,
• Factory • Hand tools
Static posture,
• Field Overloads,
Vibration,
Jams
59
60
HUMAN ADAPTATION TO WORK
 Individual predisposition to the
content of the work;
Personnel planning and work placement,

especially considering age, gender and
body structure.
Disability; bodily integrity, disease
Education; iş öğretimi ve işe alıştırma
61
WORK ADAPTATION TO HUMAN
 to neutralize the adverse
physical conditions of the
working environment or the
adoption of measures to defuse
it.
 Making the working process
suitable for human's physical
and mental abilities.
 Developing the tools-equipment
design to make them more
convenient to use.
62
1. Physiologically Working Environment
needed to get the job done:Physical, personal and mental
aspects for doing the job.
Physiologically, the purpose of the work place
arrangement,
to improve human work by minimizing human impact.
63
2. Anthropometric Working Environment
Anthropometry; is the branch of science that examines

body properties such as human body measurements, body
movements, such as the frequency and limits of these
movements.
64
Purpose of Use of Anthropometric
Measurements
Purpose Working area
 Physical comfort  Military service
 To ensure the use of bodily abilities  Hospital

and capacities at the highest level
 Construction industry
 To determine the body dimensions to
define the mass characteristics of  Furniture design
the society in a reliable way
 Clothes design
 To create a data bank in design to
 Car interior design
make comparison and comments more
healthy and faster.  Design of all products and tools
65
Standing dimensions used in
anthropometry studies
1 Hand Grip Height
2 Head Height
3 Side Grip
4 Eye Height
5 Hip Height
6 Front Grip
7 Breast Height
8 Elbow Height
9 Leg Height
10 Waist Height
11 Hand Grip Height
12 Knee Height
13 Ankle Height
14 Foot Length
66
Sitting dimensions
used in
anthropometry
studies
67
Horizantal Work Zone Distances
68
Working in Neutral Posture
69
Working in Neutral Posture
70
71
wrong
right
72
Where do we meet?
Production Home life
Office
Service Work
industry 74
WORKING IN STANDING POSITION
75
WORKING IN STANDING POSITION
76
WORKSHOP / FACTORY / FIELD WORK
77
WORKSHOP / FACTORY / FIELD WORK
78
WORKING IN SITTING POSITION
79
WORKING IN SITTING POSITION
80
81
LOAD LIFTING /
HANDLING
82
LOAD LIFTING / HANDLING
Upload Related Risk Factors: Risk Factors Related to

Person:
• Features of Load • Improper Physical
• Need of Physical Power Structure
• Characteristics of Working • Incompatible Hardware
Environment and Items
• Requirements of work • Inadequacy of Knowledge
and Education 83
84
85
BIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS
PURPOSE:
• Determination of biological risk factors (bacteria, viruses,

fungi and parasites) that adversely affect health and safety
at work
• Determination and application of protection methods

against these factors
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Including those genetically modified, which may cause
any infection, allergies or intoxication,
 microorganisms
 Cell cultures
 Human endoparasites
In national and international OHS standards, these risks

are defined as harmful, mutegen or toxic.
MICROORGANISM
 MICROBE, the smallest living organism that can be seen on the
microscope and electron microscope.
 Germ cells (microbe cells) differ from animal and plant cells that
cannot live alone in natüre (parasitic) but can live as part of
multicellular organisms.
 Microorganisms in contemporary scientific language, is used as a
more modern term provision of germs.
 In the relevant regulation, the microorganism refers to a cellular
or non-cellular microbiological presence capable of replicating or
transmitting genetic material.
MICROORGANISM
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms that interact and interfere with people by
showing a large distribution in the working environment;
virüsler,
1. viruses,
2. bacteria,
3. fungus,
4. others (protozoa)
H
BIOLOGICAL RISK GROUPS
A Biological agents Group 1 : Biological factors that are not likely to cause disease in
Z humans.
A
R Biological agents Group 2 : Biological factors that can cause disease in humans,
D harm workers, but do not have the possibility of spreading to the community,
usually with effective protection or treatment.
I
N Biological agents Group 3 : They are biological agents that cause severe illness in
C
humans, which constitute a serious danger for workers, have the risk of spreading
R
E
to the society, but which are usually effective in the treatment or prevention.
A
Biological agents Group 4 : Biological factors that cause severe diseases in humans,
S
E
constitute a serious danger for workers, have a high risk of spread to society, and
S do not yet have effective protection and treatment methods.
BIOLOGICAL RISK GROUPS
Possibility
Effective
Risk Level Cause disease Give Damage of Spread
Prevention /
Group in humans to Employee to the
Treatment
Community
1 – – – +
2 + + – +
3 + + + +
4 + + + –
7
Works that can be exposed to biological risks;
 Health services: diagnosis and treatment procedures, quarantine, morgue operations (medical
and dental pharmaceutical and herbal products used in these areas)
 Daily, elderly and patient care: care centers and treatment procedures,
 Personal care centers: hair care, body care
 Veterinary: laboratory animal breeding, care and diagnosis Food processing: food production,
packaging and storage.
 Agriculture: food production and storage (cereals and other silos).
 Livestock and fisheries: animal husbandry, packaging, storage, processing of animal hairs and
skins.
 Organic textiles and woodworking: textile mills, woodworking and carpentry.
 Clinical and laboratory: microbiology clinical and research laboratory
 Treatment processes: sewage treatment, garbage collection and disposal
 Biotechnology: manufacturing operations
 Building repair: "Patient" buildings
 Waste Disposal: Disposal of solid, liquid, medical and industrial waste
INFECTION RESULTS
Direct health results: Treatment requirement and conversion to
chronic diseases
Economic results of occupational diseases: It can be measured by
parameters such as the lost workforce, the financial loss, the cost of
medical care.
Other results: It goes beyond the economic, physical and psychological
damage to the exposed person and his family; There is an increase in
abortions, congenital anomalies, premature births, underweight
infants, perinatal deaths and an increase in mutation rate.
INFECTION RESULTS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
• Sudden and fast-growing
• Chronic
• Causing Parasite
INFECTION CHAIN
TYPES OF INFECTION
 Endogenous: infection caused by an infectious agent already present in

the body, the previous infection having been inapparent.
 Exogenous: Infection caused by organisms acquired from outside the

host.
 invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, as in an

infectious disease. The infectious process is similar to a circular chain
with each link representing one of the factors involved in the process.
An infectious disease occurs only if each link is present and in proper
sequence.
INFECTION CHAIN
A biological factor causes disease in a healthy person depends
on;
1. The ability of the agent to cause disease (pathogenicity-
virulence)
2. Modes of Transmissions (contact and common use non-
living materials, air and vectors, digestion)
3. Susceptible Host; Sensitivity of the person called Host
4. Environmental factors(changes in temperature, humidity,
radiation, air pressure, velocity of air flow, chemicals, gases
and toxins)
INFECTION CHAIN  1. INFECTION FACTOR
1. INFECTION FACTOR / SOURCE :
Pathogenicity: The ability of an infectious agent to make disease (primary

attack rate).
Virulace: The ability of an agent to cause a severe or fatal disease (case/death

ratio, disability/case ratio)
• The presence and intensity of microorganisms with very high resistance to

pathogenicity and virulence in health care units is a phenomenon that is
known and determined by research. (hospital virus)
• Hospital infectious agents threaten health workers with patients.

The main infection factors:
• Acellular (cell-free)
 Prions (<5nm)
 Viroids (<5nm)
 Viruses (20-300 nm)
• Single-celled
Prokaryocytes (200-2000nm)
 bacteria
 Chlamydia
 mycoplasmas
 Rickettsiae
Eukaryotes (> 2000nm)
 Fungus (yeast)
 Protozoas
• Multicellular
 Fungus
 helminths
 arthropods
Common viruses;
• Hepatitis viruses (Infection of the liver)
• Human immunodeficiency virus-HIV (AIDS)
• Influenza (Influenza)
• Other viruses transmitted by respiratory tract (measles, rubella,
mumps, chicken pox)
• Tuberculosis
• Salmonella (Typhoid)
• Menengococcus (Meningitis)
• Shigella (Dysentery-Diarrhea)
15
INFECTION CHAIN  2. TRANSMISSION
2. Modes of Transmissions:
1. Air,
2. Contact with infected/contaminated blood and products,
3. Injury with infected/contaminated devices
4. Common used substances (water, food, dairy products, etc.),
5. Vectors.
Environments suitable for transmission;

• Outpatient and inpatient treatment institutions.
• Diagnostic and research laboratories.
INFECTION CHAIN  3. Susceptible Host
3. Susceptible Host:
It is the complementary last link of the Infection Chain .
• Due to the working conditions, the high probability of being
colonized in various parts of the person by various
microrganisms.
• The weakness of personal defense mechanisms.
• Excessive fatigue, stress caused by heavy working conditions.
• Lack of nutrition.
INFECTION CHAIN  3. Environmental factors
4. Environmental factor:
Environmental factors include the whole chain.
Factors: temperature changes, humidity, air pressure, air flow rate,

chemicals, gases, toxins and radiation etc. factors.
 These factors have negative effects in every department of health

institutions, including pathology, microbiology, biochemistry
laboratories, radiology and radiotherapy departments and
operating rooms.
Prevention Methods
 Suitability of environment / laboratory architecture structures.
 Detection of susceptible persons by periodic scans.
 Epidemiological system for infection scanning
 Active immunization (Vaccine).
 Determination of decontamination and disinfection methods.
 Personal precautions Use of PPE, hygiene and education.
Prevention Methods  Decontamination
 Determination of appropriate decontamination and disinfection
methods.
 The use of appropriate methods to ensure that waste from
biological agents is handled and disposed of without risk.
 In order to minimize the risk of infection in patients with sick
people or animals in whom Group 3 or Group 4 is infected or
suspected of being infected with biological agents, take the
measures specified in column (A) of Annex V*.
*Regulation on «Biyolojik Etkenlere Maruziyet Risklerinin Önlenmesi»
Prevention Methods  Isolation
Keep the worker/person away from potential sources of infection

Prevention Methods  Personal Protection
 Appropriate insulation and disinfecting measures
 Use of PPE (apron, gloves, mask etc.).
 Cleaning (hand, eye wash).
 Destruction of contaminated goods.
 Cleaning of spilled body fluids.
 Determining the prevention of infection mode of transmission in
hospital and laboratory studies.
 Personnel training.
TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES
Information, training and instructions
 Possible health risks,
 Measures to prevent exposure,
 Hygiene requirements,
 Use and wearing of protective equipment and clothing,
 What should be done by workers at any event and in the

prevention of events.
Risk Identification / Disease
 Classification of all biological agents that may be harmful to
human health.
 Information about the disease that employees are caught in
direct connection to their work.
 Allergic or toxic effects that may occur as a result of work
done by employees.
 Information related to diseases that employees can be caught
in direct connection with what they do.
 Recommendations of the competent authority on the control
of biological agents to protect the health of employees.
Risk Identification / Employee
 Determining the type, level and duration of employee exposure.
 If there is more than one group; take into account the hazards of all
harmful biological agents.
 Informing the workers about the allergic or toxic effects of the
workers as a result of their work.
 Informing the workers about the diseases that may arise as a result
of the work.
Risk assessment should be renewed,
• at regular intervals and
• when there are any changes that may affect the worker's exposure
to biological factors
HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
 The employer ensures that every worker is subject to health
surveillance;
 Before starting work, returning work
 At regular intervals,
 The occupational physician, makes recommendations on the
preventive and preventive measures to be taken for each employee.
 Effective vaccines are available for workers who are not yet
immune to the biological agent they are exposed or may be
exposed to.
 Employees who need special protection measures are identified by
Risk assessment.
Health Surveillance / Employee
If an employee suffers a disease as a result of exposure,
other employees are also supervised and the exposure
risk is re-evaluated.
After the expiry of the exposure, the employees are given
necessary information and advice regarding any health
surveillance.
Employees may obtain information on their own health
surveillance results, and employees or employers may
request review of their health surveillance results.
INFORMING THE MINISTRY
Obligation of the employer to give information
 Preparing an urgent action plan for protection from exposure
Group 3 and Group 4 biological agents that occur as a result
of the disappearance of physical protection.
 In the first use of group 2, 3, 4 biological agents, the Ministry
of Labor and Social Security (at least 30 days in advance) is
notified.
 The notification is re-issued when there are major changes in
the workplace that invalidate the notification, significantly
affecting health or safety in processes and / or operations.
INFORMING THE MINISTRY
Obligation of the employer to give information
 The employer is immediately notified of any serious infection and / or
disease and death occurring as a result of occupational exposure to
biological agents to the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Polices.
 When the operation of the entity is over, all the medical records held
with the list of exposed workers are given to the Provincial Directorate
of Labor and Employment (Çalışma ve İş Kurumu İl Müdürlüğü).
 Personal medical records are kept for at least 15 years after the
expiration of the exposure.
ACCEPTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
The necessity to accept infection disease as occupational
disease;
1. Illness of the employee in the working environment at
risk of infection,
2. Evidence that the disease originates from infectious
agents in the work environment,
3. Employee exposure level,
4. Determination of exposure time.
Occupational Infectious Diseases in the Regulation on Health Insurance
Group Disease Duration of Liability Risky Works
D-1 Helminthiasis Ankilostomiasis 3-month Working in tunnel, underground, mines, clayey and
Necatoriasis 3-month moist soil
D-2 Tropical Diseases Malaria 40-day Related health institutions and laboratories
amebiasis 30-day
Yellow Fever 10-day
Plague 10-day
Recurrent Fire 12-day
Danger 10-day
Leishmaniasis 7 –month
framboesia 8 hafta
leprosy 25-year
Stained Humma 20-day
rickettsioses 20-day
D-3 Diseases transmitted from Brucellosis 6-month Animal care, animal products, animal hospitals,
animals (zoonoses) Anthrax 30-day veterinarians,
Salmonella 30-day butchers, offal, dairy and dairy processing plants
Weil's Disease 30-day
Rabies 14-day
Ornithoz, Psittacosis 2-year
Recurrent Fire 30-day
Foot and Mouth Disease 12-day
Smallpox 10-day
Q Fever 12-day
Stained Humma 30-day
Echinococcus Fever 20-day
Glanders 1 –year
Bovine type tuberculosis 1-month
D-4 Infectious diseases especially in Viral Hepatitis 6-month Hospital, tuberculosis dispensaries, polyclinic
persons exposed to infectious diseases Tuberculosis 1-year research laboratory 32
REGULATION
Regulation on
«Biyolojik Etkenlere Maruziyet Risklerinin

Önlenmesi»
RG 25488, dated June 10, 2004
RG 28678, dated June 15, 2013

Regulation
ANNEX I. LIST OF WORKS WHICH EXPOSURE TO BIOLOGICAL
IMPACT
ANNEX II. BIOLOGICAL DANGER SIGN
ANNEX III. LIST OF CLASSIFIED BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
ANNEX IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
HEALTH CARE FOR WORKERS
ANNEX V. INDICATORS RELATED TO PROTECTION LEVELS AND
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN
ANNEX VI. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN IN INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS
ANNEX VII. PROTECTIVE VACCINE APPLICATION GUIDE
CHEMICAL RISK
FACTORS
35
CHEMICALS AND HAZARDS
Chemical;
Any element, compound or mixture formed
– accidentally,
– naturally occurring,
– occurring during a process,
– resulting as a waste
Chemical Hazard is caused by the fact that

chemicals affect human health and little or no
knowledge of the risks of accidents.
36
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS
Necessity:
• Not all chemicals are equally hazardous and do not
harm the same way, in the same way and in the
same time.
• Defining security risks and ensuring safe use.
• Identify specific requirements in commercial acivity
(import, export, transport) and usage (storage).
• Ensuring global circulation of the same procedures
to reduce barriers in commercial use.
37
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
• Explosive Substances and Objects Chemical Substance:
Gases − Acid, base, solvent-
Flammable Liquids like liquids
• Flammable Solids − Flammable,
• Self-Burning Substances burning, stifling,
• Dangerous gases in contact with water narcotic gases
• Oxidizing Agents
• Organic Peroxides − Organic inorganic
• Toxic Substances solids and powders
• Infectious Substances − Smoke and vapor-
• Radioactive Substances producing metals
• Abrasive / Acidic Substances − Heavy metals
• Substances and Objects with Different
Hazards
THIS CLASSIFICATION IS NOT INCLUDING COMMON POINTS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT 38
CHEMICAL EFFECTS
• TOXIC EFFECTS
− on human
− on environment
• CORROSIVE EFFECTS
− on human
− on environment (natural life)
• REACTIVITY EFFECTS
− Synthesis of new products
− Explosion, flare and fires
Suna BALCI 39
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Hazardous Materials
• Human health effects
− Very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive, sensitive,
carcinogenic, mutagen, toxic for reproduction
• Effects on safety
− Physico-chemical properties and reactivity
− Explosive, oxidizing, very flammable, easily flammable
• Effects on the environment
− Hazardous in the aquatic environment
− Hazardous on land (air and soil)
The substance which has at least one of these properties
belongs to the «Hazardous Materials» group.
40
EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
and
CLASSIFICATION
41
Toxic Substances: May cause acute or chronic injuries on human health or cause death
even when taken in small doses; drowners, paralyzing breathing, systematic poisons
Toxic Substances for Reproduction: When inhaled, ingested and penetrated into the skin,
decreasing the reproductive function and capacity of organisms or causing a non-
hereditary adverse effect to the child to be born.
Carcinogenic Substances: When inhaled, taken orally, or penetrate the skin, accelerates
the formation of cancer
Mutagenic Substances: May cause genetic damage if inhaled, ingested or swallowed.
Corrosive substances: Contact with live tissue, leading to tissue destruction
Irritants: Sudden, prolonged or repeated contact with the mucous membranes or skin
may cause local erythema, eschar or edema, and can not be classified as corrosive.
Allergic substances: When inhaled or penetrates the skin, it causes excessive sensitivity
and may cause adverse effects after exposure.
42
43
44
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
The ways the chemicals enter the body;
• Respiratory : gas, steam, fog, dust, smoke in
the workplace air.
• Absorption : By exposure to steam, by
contact with skin or by splashing into the eye.
− Liquid, vapor, gas, solid contact
• Digestion: eating, drinking.

• Injection.
45
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Regulation on Health and Safety Measures in

Works with Chemical Substances, Official Gazette
dated 12.08.2013 and numbered 28733 46
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Chemical Effects :
• Sudden impact
− REASON: High dose
− IMPACT: Injury and death
• Affected by years
− REASON: Low dose
− IMPACT: Occupational
diseases
47
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
MAC-Maximum Allowable Concentration: the upper limit of
the time-weighted average of the concentration of chemicals in
the 8-hour period unless otherwise indicated.
TWA-Treshold Weight Avarage: Time-weighted mass average
measured or calculated for the 8-hour set period.
TLV-Treshold Limit Value: value should not be exceeded in
limited time.
STEL-Short Term Exposure Limit: an upper limit value not to be
exceeded for a period of 15 minutes unless another period is
indicated.
REGULATION (RG No: 26822 dated March 20, 2008) - EXECUTIVE

OFFICE VALUES ARE PROVIDED IN ANNEX - I
48
EXPOSURE RISK LEVEL
Determination of Exposure Groups for Solids
LEVEL DUST BEHAVIOR
LOW If there is a dangerous solid substance present as a grain or

granule or if only very little dust is produced during
operation. Ex: PVC pellets.
MEDIUM If hazardous solid is in crystal or granular form and the

dust produced when it is used descended down quickly
and remains on the surface after use. Ex: Detergent, soap
powder, sugar.
HIGH Hazardous solid fine, powdered form, or if it occurs light
dust clouds which can remain in the air a few minutes
during operation. Ex: flour, cement, chalk powder.
49
EXPOSURE RISK LEVEL
Detection of the Exposure Group for Liquid
Substances
Room temperature Above room temperature
50
Contact with chemicals
Corrosive Injury:
Loss of tissue occurs that contacts with chemicals
− Acid contact
− Base contact
− Other
Irritation:
It is usually caused by short-term exposure with
different chemicals at low doses.
Chemical Burns:
usually caused by short-term exposure to acid-base-
type chemicals
51
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
(Sudden, repeated or prolonged exposure)
SUNA BALCI 52
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Pollution: The chemicals in the environment that
affect the health of living things and / or cause the
material damages to reach the value above the
normal value.
• Air pollutant
• Water pollutant
• Soil pollutant
53
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
and
REACTIVITY HAZARDS
54
DEFINITIONS
FLASH POINT: the lowest temperature at which a substance
vaporises into a gas, which can be ignited with the
introduction of an external source of fire.
IGNITION POINT: The temperature at which substances begin
to extract flammable gases with heat energy
FIRE POINT: It is slightly higher than the flash point and
continues to burn even when the ignition source is removed
because enough steam is generated.
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE, AIT: The lowest temperature
at which it spontaneously ignites in normal atmosphere
without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or
spark. 55
56
Class Definition
chemicals and preparations which give rise to highly
Oxidising exothermic reaction when in contact with other
chemicals, particularly flammable chemicals
a reactive substance that contains a great amount of
potential energy that can produce an explosion if released
suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light,
heat, sound, and pressure.
Explosive Mixture: Mixture of flammable substances and
Explosive oxidizing agents by mixing with the physical mixture (coal,
sulfur and potassium nitrate mixture).
Explosive Compound: Chemical constituents occurring by
chemical reactions of combustible substances and
oxidizing agents (nitroglycerin obtained by the slowly
addition of glycerin to nitric acid).
57
Class Definition
Extremely Liquid substances or preparations which have a flash point

flammable lower than 0 oC and a boiling point lower than or equal to 35 oC.
• Solid substances or preparations which may readily catch fire
after brief contact with a source of ignition and which
continue to burn or to be consumed after removal of the
source of ignition.
Highly • Liquid substances or preparations having a flash point below
flammable 21 oC but which are not extremely flammable.
• Substances or preparations which in contact with water or
damp air, evolve highly flammable gases in dangerous
quantities, at minimum rate of one liter per kilogram per
hour
• Liquid substances and preparations having flash point equal
or greater than 21 oC, and less than or equal to 55 oC.
Flammable
• In contact with water, some solid chemicals can release gases
58
that can easily flame.
59
60
61
IMPACT REDUCTION
REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT (DECONTAMINATION):
• Isolation
• Dilution
• Adsorption / Absorption (solid or fluid phase
soption)
• Neutralization (Inactivation by chemical reaction)
• Isolation (barrier separation)
62
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
63
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
64
65
66
1. Product Identifier
2. Signal word
3. Hazard pictograms
4. Hazard statements
5. Precautionary
statements
6. Name, address and
telephone number of
the supplier
67
UN No: UN numbers (United Nations numbers) are four-digit
numbers that identify hazardous materials, and articles in the
framework of international transport.
68
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) codes and standards -
Standards and guidelines for design of various fire protection systems
and fire protection equipments such as fire hydrants, fire fighting
pumps etc.
Suna BALCI 69
İSG 401 İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ
GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Material Safety Data Sheet

• Regulation on ‘Tehlikeli Maddeler ve Müstahzarlara İlişkin
Güvenlik Bilgi Formlarının Hazırlanması ve Dağıtılması’
26.12.2008 dated number 27092 RG.
• Prepared for compliance with the EU Directive on Safety
Data Sheets 91/155 / EC (GBF), which is relevant to the
REACH Regulation.
• Chemical properties and a special information form for the
reducing of the risk of hazard states.
70
71
INDUSTRIAL
HAZARDS OF
CHEMICALS
72
HAZARDS IN PROCESSES
THE ENVIRONMENTS WHERE CHEMICALS ARE USED IN
CONTAINS HAZARD AND ACCIDENT RISK.
 Based on the nature of the chemical,
 Based on the behavior of chemicals under operating /
environmental conditions,
 Equipment and equipment due to environmental influences
Suna BALCI 73
CHEMICAL HAZARD
CHEMICAL HAZARD CONDITIONS IN WORKPLACES:
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD (Under normal operating conditions)
– Direct effects: Causes of occupational diseases
(respiratory and contact effect, etc.)
ACCIDENTAL HAZARDS (During and After an Accident)

– Direct effects: Exposure to accidents
– Indirect / long-term effects: Exposure to environmental
pollution effects
PROTECTION FROM CHEMICAL HAZARDS

– Ensuring a safe working environment
– Protection of employee from hazard
74
TYPES OF ACCIDENT / FACTORS
Accidents due to chemicals
Toxic and corrosive factors
Exposure (contact, respiratory)
Reaction factors
Fire,Explosion
75
CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS
• RELEASE / SPREADING (Toxic Factor)
– Person
– Media
• FIRE (Reaction Factor)
– Uncontrolled chemical reaction
• EXPLOSION (Physical and Reaction Factor)
– sudden fire incident due to the high pressure and chemical
composition
76
77

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Occupational Accidents

DISEASES RELATED WITH WORK

 Metals and metalloids  bacteria

Groups Subgroups and diseases

Occupational physicians or health care providers shall refer workers who

health report issued by authorized healthcare providers:

• Ministry of Health Occupational Diseases Hospitals

The Institution Health Board examines the diagnosis of the reports

signs referring to a specific object, activity or situation and providing

illuminated or acoustic signs,

safety colour: a colour to which a specific meaning is assigned

With out safety signs it can be used instead of yellow.

 The dimensions and colorimetric and photometric

 Pictograms must be as simple as possible and should

Mandatory signs: A sign indicating a compulsory behavior

 The light emitted by a sign must produce a luminous contrast which

If a device can emit both continuous and intermittent signs,

 If a flashing sign is used instead of — or together with —

 Devices for emitting flashing signs in the event of grave

 have a sound level which is considerably higher than the level of

 be easily recognizable, particularly in terms of pulse length and the

 The signal for evacuation must be continuous.

Start: to indicate the start of a command

Stop: to interrupt or end a movement

Raise: to have a load raised

quickly: to speed up a movement for safety reasons.

Where both arms are used at the same time,

Operatör: the person receiving the signs.

 Signalman, will use arm/hand movements to give manoeuvring

 The signalman must be able to monitor all manoeuvres visually without

 The operator must interrupt the ongoing manoeuvre in order to

 The operator must be able to recognize the signalman without

 The signalman is to wear one or more appropriate distinctive items, e.g.

 The distinctive items are to be brightly coloured, preferably all of the

 containers used for the storage of such dangerous

against a coloured background

• on the visible side(s),

• in unpliable, self-adhesive or painted form.

Stores of a number of dangerous substances or preparations may be indicated by the

Permanent traffic routes in built-up areas outdoors should, as far as is

The stripes must be located so as to

 collective protection based on technical

Personal protective equipment,

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

Replaceable parts which are only

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Resmi Gazete Date/No: 29.11.2006 / 26361

Manufacturing, importation, placing on the

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

gardening gloves, gloves affording protection against diluted

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

 The CE marking must be affixed to each piece of manufactured PPE so as to be

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

REGULATION ON USE OF PERSONAL

Characteristics, supply and use of PPE

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

Terms of use of personal protective equipment and

Personal protective equipment is provided free of

OHS401; 2020-21 Fall Semester;

Personal protective equipment is used in accordance with the