The Federal

Environmental Protection Authority

Integrated Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Guidelines Water Supply

2004
Addis Ababa
 Ethiopia

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 Table of Contents
Page

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1

1. MAJOR TYPES OF INTERVENTION IN THE WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR............1

2. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A WATER SUPPLY PROJECT.....................2

3. MAJOR ISSUES RELATED TO A WATER SUPPLY PROJECT..............................4

4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS, ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES....5

4.1 POVERTY.......................................................................................................................5
4.2 ENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................6
4.3 POPULATION.................................................................................................................9
4.4 HEALTH OUTCOMES....................................................................................................11
4.5 GENDER......................................................................................................................13
4.6 PARTICIPATION............................................................................................................14
5. EXTERNAL FACTORS.........................................................................................................15

6. HAZARD MANAGEMENT...................................................................................................15

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING....................................................16

8. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS.................................................................18

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Introduction

These guidelines focus on rural and urban water supply projects for human needs.
They do not cover water supply for agriculture, livestock, forestry or fisheries, as this
issue is discussed in the other sectoral guidelines such as Irrigation, Livestock and
Rangeland Management, Forestry and Fisheries.

These guidelines highlight major issues and potential impacts that should be taken
into account during the preparation and assessment phases. The appropriate en-
hancement and mitigation measures should be integrated as early as possible,
preferably in the project design.

1. Major Types of Intervention in the Water Supply Sub-Sector

Any types of intervention in the water supply sub-sector shall be undertaken through
an integrated water resources management approach. In the case of water supply
for human consumption, there are two categories of intervention: (i) rural water sup-
ply and (ii) urban and peri-urban water supply.

Rural water supply

Rural water supply can be ensured from groundwater, surface water or rainwater. To
meet the demand, the three resources can also be used simultaneously. In general,
rural water systems are decentralised and rarely include piped distribution systems.
Most often the beneficiaries participate in the development process, assist in the
construction of the system and become responsible for its operation and mainten-
ance.

Drilled wells and spring tapings are typical decentralised groundwater systems. Sur-
face water supply systems can include small impoundment works (normally earth
dams). Rainwater systems can be supplied by a natural catchment on non-perennial
streams or by using cisterns (ranging from buckets and barrels up to closed tanks
made of concrete, sheet steel or plastic) with associated intercepting and collecting
surfaces (roofs, sealed slopes, etc.).

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The predominant method for conveying water between the points of intake and con-
sumption sites is using portable containers transported generally by girls and women
or by animal traction.

Urban and peri-urban water supply

Urban water supply systems consist of facilities for meeting the water requirements
of urban inhabitants, administrations, businesses and industries. The distribution of
the water may be achieved with piped systems or non-piped supply points (e.g.
wells).

In general, an urban water supply layout includes the following components:

 intake (wells, infiltration galleries, spring tapings, intake structures, storage

basins/reservoirs);

 treatment (e.g. metal removal, disinfection, desalination);

 storage of the treated water;

 transmission system (long-distance supply facilities);

 distribution system (piped network);

 wastewater installations (collection, treatment, disposal).

2. Specific Characteristics of a Water Supply Project

The description and justification of a water supply project shall cover at least the fol-
lowing elements:

 Spatial requirements (right-of-way and other sites required for works).

 Project layout characteristics (including site location map).

 Land tenure and ownership.

 Existing water uses and rights.

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 Affected groups (directly or indirectly).

 Resettlement requirements and proposed transition and compensation means.

 Stakeholders’ water uses, demands and needs, distance to water points, etc.

 Socio-cultural factors or constraints, such as customs and beliefs.

 Natural and human resources requirements.

 Sources of water and justification.

 Water treatment, storage, transmission and distribution systems.

 Wastewater installations.

 Temporary (during construction) and permanent infrastructures.

 Existing and proposed location of human settlements and public services such as
health centres and accident and emergency units.

 Construction activities (land clearing, burning, excavation, blasting, extracting,

filling, compacting, waterways crossing, use of heavy machinery, etc.).

 Anticipated liquid, solid (including waste) and gaseous emissions, and sources of
nuisances (at construction and operation stages).

 Construction schedules and costs.

 Maintenance works and associated costs.

 Water conservation and management (users organisation, fees/tariffs, revenue

allocation, etc.)

 Means of preventing contamination.

 Consultation approaches and participation mechanisms.

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3. Major Issues Related to a Water Supply Project

The main issues related to water supply projects can be summarised as follows:

Crosscutting Theme Major Issues Relevant

or not
Poverty  Economic activity, employment and incomes.
 Operations profitability.
 Access to benefits for the poor and other vulnerable
groups.
 Skill and knowledge requirements and education.
 Access to drinking water.
Environment  Ecologically sensitive areas.
 Wastewater and water quality.
 Use of water.
 Soils dynamics.
 Heritage and cultural sites.
Population  Quality of life.
 Land and water rights and uses.
 Water resources management.
Health Outcomes  Water related, water borne, water contact and water
washed diseases.
 HIV and sexually transmitted infections.
Gender  Women’s workload and time allocation.
 Control over land and land use proceeds.
 Income-generating activities and available income.
 Women’s needs and demands.
 Women’s involvement in decision-making processes.
Participation  Participation of affected groups in consultations.
 Community involvement in water management.

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4. Potential Impacts, Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
The potential impacts outlined below are presented by crosscutting theme (one table per theme) to clearly identify the potential in -
teractions between a water supply project and a specific transversal issue. The components considered under each crosscutting
theme were selected for their relevance to the particular issue.

4.1 Poverty
Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Economy  Increase in local development and employment.  Give preference to local employment (men and women) and local inputs (food, basic ma-
 Constraints for water suppliers to meet profitability ob- terial) to the extent possible.
jectives.  Base profitability projections on conservative revenue assumptions.
 Exclusion of specific groups from water facilities bene-  Identify why specific groups are not benefiting from the project and adopt corrective meas-
fits. ures as required.
 Disruption of economic activities, particularly if they  Ensure that the poor and other vulnerable groups can continue to safely satisfy their basic
represent potential sources of water contamination. water needs.
 Decrease in water prices for those who were buying  Take into account the capacity to pay of men and women when determining user fees.
from resellers.  Offer alternative income opportunities to men and women having a limited access to or
 Increase in water prices, in particular when no user loosing productive means.
fees were in place before the project.
Information,  Development of skills in water conservation and man-  Assist groups of individuals, men and women, who may lack the capacity to participate in
education and agement. water management processes.
communication  Exclusion of specific groups from the water manage-  Provide water suppliers and workers, men and women, with the training required to pre-
ment processes due to a lack of knowledge. serve water resources and to offer reliable water services.
 Lack of training of workers in charge of water system  Develop and implement a literacy program especially aimed at poor people and women.
operations/exploitation.  Provide education to men and women on hygienic conditions and water conservation, tak-
 Lack of awareness on the importance of hygiene at ing into consideration gender roles and responsibilities.
water points.  Inform men and women on potential project benefits for the community and identify indi-
vidual behaviours that would contribute to achieve those benefits.
Access to infra-  Better access to drinking water.  Ensure adequate water supply for addressing the effective demands of the host and mi-
structures and  Decreased pressure on health services due to a re- grant populations.
services duction in the prevalence of certain diseases.  Develop alternative options to palliate for service breakdowns.
 Increased water demand leading to insufficient ser-  Establish regular controls and maintenance activities to improve the reliability of the sys-
vices to satisfy basic water needs. tem.
 Unreliable water service and/or quality.  Involve the population (men and women) in the management of new and improved ser-
 Inappropriate water storage facilities causing water vices to ensure their sustainability.
contamination.  Implement water fees/tariffs and other demand management measures to avoid the
wastage of water or over-consumption.
 Establish quality control for water supply and storage facilities.

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4.2 Environment

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Air  Degradation of air quality by dust and  Install and operate air pollution control equipment, as needed
vehicles emissions.  Near the residential areas, avoid noisy works after regular working hours.
 Increase in ambient noise.  Maintain vehicles and machinery in good condition in order to minimise
 Odours from sludge disposal operations. gas emissions and noise.
 Use dust and noise attenuators such as vegetation hedges along trans-
port corridors in order to minimise noise and the aerial transport of dust.
 Recover sludge with lime or earth at disposal sites.
Water  Interruption of surface water flows during  Do not hamper drainage of surface water and plan for restoration meas-
construction. ures after construction.
 Variation in the level of groundwater table  Do not establish sewer lines in stream channels.
resulting from changes in the drainage.  Plan and set up on-site sanitary facilities for the disposal of wastewater.
 Contamination of surface and underground  Maintain vehicles, machinery and equipment in good condition in order to
water quality by wastewater and hazardous avoid leaks and spill of hazardous materials (hydrocarbons, chemical
materials, including stored chemicals products products, etc.).
used for raw water treatment.  Ensure a safe management of hazardous materials (hydrocarbons, chem-
 Risk of water pollution as a result of dis- ical products, etc.).
charge of wastewater and filter-washing wa-  Take all precautions during the refuelling of vehicles and machinery, and
ters. forbid the refuelling near water bodies.
 Risk of eutrophisation of the water body re-  Avoid crossing permanent waterways; if necessary, locate the crossing
ceiving wastewater discharge. where the banks are stable and the waterway the most narrow.
 Over-pumping of groundwater.  Conserve the vegetation along water bodies and near wetlands.
 Saline intrusion in coastal area.  Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental spill.
 Favour the recycling of filter-washing waters.
 Plan the discharge of wastewater in accordance with the absorbing capa-
city of the receiving water body.
 Adjust the annual pumped water volumes in accordance with the aquifer
annual refill.

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Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Soil  Runoff erosion resulting in sedimentation  Avoid areas sensitive to erosion.
problems.  Carry out the construction works in the dry season.
 Change in the local topography.  Favour the establishment of water supply infrastructures on low-product-
 Contamination of soils from spilling of haz- ive soils.
ardous materials.  Limit the circulation of heavy machinery to minimal areas.
 Landslides and other types of soil move-  Avoid establishing access roads along steep slopes; instead, locate ac-
ments in the works areas. cess roads perpendicularly or diagonally to the slope.
 Soil compaction and erosion.  Use existing borrow pits rather than creating new ones; after the works,
 Reduction of soil fertility. restore borrow pits by stabilising slopes and facilitating vegetation regener-
 Soil destabilisation as a result of excavation. ation.
 In limestone areas, risk of soil collapsing due  Stabilise the soils in order to reduce potential erosion.
to the creation of underground cavities follow-  At the end of construction works, level off the soils and facilitate vegeta-
ing groundwater over-pumping. tion re-generation.
 Risk of soil contamination as a result of  Lay down water transmission and distribution systems on surface of ad-
wastewater leaks from treatment basins and equate support capacity.
sludge mismanagement.  Adjust the annual pumped water volumes in accordance with the aquifer
annual refill capacity.
 Design wastewater treatment facilities taking into account the long term
projected volumes of wastewater.
 Implement good sludge management practices (e.g. burning, lime applica-
tion or earth covering) guaranteeing human and animal health protection.
Ecosystems  Encroachment into ecologically sensitive and  Design the water conveyance layout and wastewater management sys-
protected areas. tems taking into account ecologically sensitive and protected areas.
 Draining of wetlands.  Establish a perimeter of protection around water catchment areas and
 Reduction of the biodiversity. sensitive ecosystems such as wetlands and unique habitats sheltering en-
dangered species.
 Minimise the length of work in ecologically sensitive areas.
 Minimise the water conveyance layout in forestland.
 Avoid crossing wetlands and protected areas.
Flora  Destruction of the vegetation cover.  Minimise land clearing areas.

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Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
 Loss of forest products (fuelwood, timber,  Recuperate the forest products extracted from land clearing and identify
non timber forest products, medicinal plants). mechanisms to distribute the products to the local population.
 In case of significant and permanent decline  Protect trees from machinery along right-of-way.
in the fossil groundwater static level, decrease  Restore the vegetation in cleared areas.
in the vegetation development that could ac-
 Ensure the plantation of indigenous species.
celerate desertification.
 Promote the development of community nurseries, preferably operated by
women.
Fauna  Disruption of wildlife habitats and migration.  Design the water conveyance layout and wastewater management sys-
 Degradation of aquatic wildlife habitat due to tems taking into account wildlife reproduction areas and migration corridors.
water contamination.  Do not carry out any work in reproduction areas during the reproduction
 Increase in poaching due to non-resident periods.
workers.  Minimise sedimentation in spawning grounds downstream.
 In case of significant and permanent decline  Control illegal fishing and hunting, in particular by non-resident workers.
in the fossil groundwater static level, disrup-
tion in wildlife habitat.
Natural and  Change in, encroachment, destruction or de-  Before construction, carry out an archaeological survey of the project
cultural herit- gradation of sites of cultural, archaeological or area.
age historical importance.  In case of discovery of any artefact of cultural, archaeological or historical
importance, protect the concerned areas during construction and contact
the relevant authorities.
 Involve traditional authorities in monitoring cultural, religious, historical
and aesthetic sites and resources during the various phases of the project.

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4.3 Population

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Demographic  Decrease in the mortality rate, particularly for  Work closely with host communities to facilitate the integration and acceptation of
trends children, contributing to increasing life expectancy. migrants (men and women).
 Increase in the population due to migrants attrac-  Establish labour camps at a reasonable distance from villages.
ted by new economic opportunities (water-using in-  Whenever possible employ women or married men with nearby families.
dustries, trade) and a better access to drinking wa-  Assist non-resident workers in order to encourage their families to join them.
ter.
 Increased ethnic diversity after migration.
 Temporary imbalance between men and women
due to the arrival of male workers, which can lead
to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases.
Migration and  Decreased standard of living for involuntarily dis-  Minimise resettlement by negotiating rights-of-way rather than proceeding with ex-
resettlement placed people (likely few people). propriations.
 Inappropriate living conditions for non-resident  Provide equivalent or better housing and accompanying facilities to involuntarily
workers. displaced men and women in accordance with consultation results, prior to taking
 Population pressure due to the arrival of non-res- possession of their land.
ident workers and migrants attracted by new eco-  Plan adequate settlement areas with appropriate housing and services (water and
nomic opportunities. sanitation) and food supply for non-resident workers and their families.
 Unplanned human settlements.  Provide complementary training /support to men and women to facilitate adjust-
ment during the transition period.
 In accordance with priorities of displaced men and women, ensure appropriate
funding for resettlement and compensations, in particular for productive land
owned, occupied or cultivated.
 Establish access mechanisms in order to control unorganised settlements.
Natural re-  Sustainable management of water resources.  Design the project and coordinate work with the various land users (men and wo-
sources and  Improvement in water resources conservation. men).
land manage-  Perturbation in land and water uses, which can  Consult all groups of the population using water and/or discharge potential con-
ment lead to social conflicts. taminants in water (surface or underground).
 Rivalry associated with incompatible uses up-  Clearly define water rights in consultation with affected groups, ensuring the parti-
stream and downstream of the water supply cipation of women and men.
source/system.  Ensure that water user fees and conditions are defined in consultation and well un-

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Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
 Loss of or limited access to territory for some derstood by all concerned stakeholders.
groups, particularly farmers and livestock herders.  Create water supply system management committees.
 Reduction in the quantity of water available for  Build on the respective knowledge and experience of women and men in water
other uses. management.
 Increased pressure on natural resources due to  Restore productive lands into initial conditions.
migration.  Plan water intake according to available water resources.
Quality of life  Improvement in the quality of life due to better  Involve men and women in the maintenance and management of new infrastruc-
water supply and new economic opportunities. tures to ensure their sustainability.
 Disruption of quality of life due to nuisances such  Provide information and education on monitoring and maintaining water supply
as noise, dust and traffic related to construction systems, particularly for ensuring water quality preservation.
works.  Establish a formal consultation mechanism with local authorities to discuss issues
 Degradation of the landscape by land clearing, disturbing inhabitants and to find solutions satisfying all parties.
construction works, new infrastructures, etc.  Implement a communication plan to inform men and women on project activities
 Deterioration of hygienic conditions caused by in- and potential nuisances.
creased wastewater quantities (odours, overflow,  Involve local authorities in monitoring implementation activities and compensation
etc.). agreements, ensuring a good representation of men and women.
 Social conflicts due to the venue of non-resident  Use an architectural design integrating the new infrastructures into the landscape.
workers and migrants (divorces, ethnic tension,  Plan wastewater management as part of the project.
etc.)
 Ensure appropriate support from social services to facilitate the transition and to
prevent conflicts within families or among groups.

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4.4 Health Outcomes

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Communicable Changes in exposure to:  Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking
diseases  Water borne diseases e.g.: diarrhoea and cholera water.
associated with contamination, intermittency and  Facilitate the implementation of appropriate latrines and other sanitation facilities.
poor sanitation.  Environmental management for vector control; contact avoidance via settlement
 Water related diseases e.g.: malaria, filariasis, location and design and use of bednets and repellents; rapid diagnosis and treat-
dengue associated with drainage, storage and ment; focal insecticide and molluscicide application; covered water storage; re-
wastewater disposal. duced domestic storage; functional drainage.
 Water contact diseases e.g.: schistosomiasis and  Strengthen medical services to ensure rapid diagnosis and treatment.
swimmer's itch associated with impoundment.  Ensure safe water and food storage and handling.
 Water washed diseases e.g.: scabies and skin in-  Implement HIV/AIDS prophylaxis for men and women through appropriate health
fections associated with insufficient supply. promotion as well as wide distribution and use of condoms; employment opportunit-
 Sexually transmitted infections e.g.: HIV/AIDS as- ies for project-affected women; provision of family accommodation for workers.
sociated with migration, construction, economic  Assure continuous supply.
change.  Avoid using contaminated groundwater and unauthorized connections.
 Respiratory infections e.g.: TB associated with  Avoid contamination via runoff and contamination of intake and storage equip-
crowding. ment, particularly through users’ education and workers’ training.
 Ensure piped supply is accompanied by appropriate wastewater drainage and
disposal.
 Project settlement housing designed to avoid crowding, and provide ventilated kit-
chens and efficient stoves.
 Refer to measures proposed under Environment and Poverty crosscutting themes
as they address many health determinants of communicable diseases.
Non communi-  Poisoning associated with excess chemicals  Monitor water quality and adjust chemical content as appropriate.
cable diseases (e.g.: fluoride, nitrite, arsenic, chlorine).
 Diseases associated with chemical deficiencies
(e.g.: iodine is associated with goitre and cretin-
ism).
Injuries  Increased risk of accidents on working sites and  Develop, communicate and implement safety and preventive measures for the
roads due to increased traffic. population (such as traffic calming devices).
 Work injuries.  Control access to working sites.

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Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
 Install and maintain appropriate signs.
 Plan stabilisation and evacuation of injured.
 Plan for accident and emergency facilities.
 Develop, communicate and implement safety and preventive measures for work-
ers (men and women).
 Plan equipment for moving heavy loads such as donkey carts and ergonomic
equipment for men and women.
Psychosocial  Stress and anxiety associated with involuntary  Refer to measures proposed under other crosscutting themes as those address
disorders and resettlement, rapid social change, loss of tradi- many causes of psychosocial disorders and factors contributing to well-being.
well-being tional authority, loss of spiritual assets, uncertainty
and locus of control, severance, exclusion, margin-
alisation, gender related problems and domestic
disputes leading to suicide, physical and mental
abuse, child marriage, labour and sale, and com-
munal violence.
 Well-being associated with improved services,
stability, work opportunities, settlements, health,
empowerment, education and training.

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4.5 Gender

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Division of la-  Reduced time allocated to water supply by wo-  Provide means to women and children to further reduce efforts devoted to water
bour (paid or men and children due to more reliable and closer transportation (donkey, wheelbarrow, etc.).
unpaid work) drinking water sources.  Plan supply alternatives in case of water system breakdowns.
 Reduced efforts associated with water transport-
ation.
Income gener-  Local jobs obtained by women during construction  Offer project employment opportunities to men and women, encourage women to
ating activities or operation phases. apply and select candidates according to their competencies.
(money or  Increased revenues for women who have addi-  Ensure that women have access to existing and planned facilities to take advant-
kind) tional time for income-generating activities. age of new opportunities.
 Opportunities to increase income and diversify  Ensure that women are consulted in determining water user rights and fees.
revenue sources through induced development.  Ensure that project promoters do not reinforce cultural barriers affecting negat-
 Reduced available income for women when user ively women.
rights and fees represent additional expenses.
 Limited participation of women in project benefits
due to cultural barriers.
Access to and  Loss of control over water supply when women are  Provide men and women with an equivalent opportunity to make their demands
control over not involved in decision-making processes. known to project decision-makers.
productive  Supply options do not respond to women priority  Recognise the specific demands and capabilities of women in water manage-
factors demands. ment.
Involvement in  Involvement of women in decisions related to wa-  Establish committees involving women and men for managing water resources
societal organ- ter management. and supply facilities.
isation  Women get organised to obtain training in hy-  Ensure that women are involved in user fee collection and allocation decisions.
giene and water conservation adapted to their spe-  Facilitate the creation of women groups when women express an interest in being
cific needs. better organised and represented.

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4.6 Participation

Component Potential Beneficial and Adverse Impacts Enhancement and Mitigation Measures
Consultations  Integration of men’s and women’s concerns into  Consult affected men and women at all phases of the project, including for estab-
the project design. lishing user fees.
 Participation of the community, men and women,  Provide the opportunity to affected groups to participate in the project develop-
in project development. ment process by implementing adapted participation mechanisms.
 Increased support for the project among affected  Use consultations to identify traditional patterns of right and responsibilities con-
populations. cerning water supply and to determine ways to increase the involvement of ex-
 Exclusion of specific groups from consultations, cluded groups (particularly women).
particularly women.  Inform consulted men and women on how their concerns were taken into ac-
 Water user fees determined without consulta- count.
tions.
Civil society  Creation of community-based organisations in  Ensure that men and women have the opportunity to organise themselves in
strengthening water management. groups representing their collective interests.
 Participation of the community, men and women,  Transfer to water management community-based organisations the maintenance
in the project exploitation through the involvement of the system, including revenue collection activities whenever possible.
of community-based organisations.  Facilitate the participation of existing CSOs in the project taking into account their
 Expansion of the CSO network working on envir- respective intervention priorities and strengths.
onmental protection.
 Lack of collaboration between new and existing
CSOs working on environmental issues.

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5. External Factors

The major external factors that may jeopardise the outcomes of water supply pro-
jects are the following:

 Pollution from industrial, domestic, agricultural and animal sources

Industrial and domestic effluents, as well as pollution from agricultural and animal
production, can lead to the degradation of drinking water quality. To minimise the
risks of water pollution, it is recommended to adopt an integrated water resources
management approach, taking into account the location of potential contamination
sources while planning the water supply project.

 Social Instability

The emergence of community violence, vandalism, civil war, border raids and bound-
ary disputes are phenomena that generate social instability and can lead to migra-
tion, disruption of the food chain, water contamination and intermittent supply, injur-
ies, epidemics and mortality. Good governance and poverty alleviation policies are
means to prevent social instability.

6. Hazard Management

The main hazard associated with water supply projects is the following:

 Water contamination, jeopardising the potable water supply of the population

and increasing the risk of water borne diseases.

In order to prevent or minimise these hazards, appropriate risk management meas-

ures shall be designed and implemented.

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7. Environmental and Social Monitoring
The following table presents potential indicators that could be used to monitor the im-
plementation of a water supply project. The appropriate indicators for a specific pro-
ject shall be selected according to the project context, major anticipated impacts and
the cost of data collection and processing.

Component Indicators
Poverty
Economy  Annual revenues generated by water supply operations com-
pared to projected revenues.
 Number of jobs created (directly and indirectly) and occupied by
men and women.
 Proportion of income spent on water by families before and after
the project.
Information, education and  Understanding of concepts on hygiene and water conservation
communication by trained men and women (survey).
Access to infrastructures and  Number of water points as a function of the population.
services  Distance to the closest water point.
 Number of domestic water supply breakdowns.
 Average number of regular hours of services.
 Change in water user fees.
 Results of quality control of facilities.
Environment
Water  Groundwater static level and refilling capacity.
 Parameters of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality for
evaluating water quality at the sources and wastewater discharge
sites.
 Quantity of water used compared to initial estimates.
Soils  Evolution of erosion signs.
Ecosystems  Surface of sensitive areas affected by the project (encroachment,
sedimentation on spawning grounds, river banks erosion, etc.).
Natural and cultural heritage  Natural and cultural sites affected by the project.
Population
Demographic trends  Evolution of the mortality rate per age group.
 Population growth and ethnic composition.
Migration and resettlement  Number of informal settlements built by migrants.
Natural resources and land  Number of conflicts among water users.
management  Evolution of water consumption per inhabitant (litre/day).
 Presence of water user organisations, including men and wo-
men.
 Revenues from water fee/tariff collection and allocation.
Quality of life  Level of satisfaction of beneficiaries toward water supply services
(survey).
Health Outcomes
Communicable diseases  Prevalence rates of diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis,
diarrhoea and HIV.

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Component Indicators
 Outpatient attendance records.
 Quantity of drugs supplied and used from health services and
local shops.
 Water quality analysis results (coliforms and ascaris).
Non communicable diseases  Prevalence rates of poisoning and goitre.
 Water quality analysis results (mineral excesses and deficien-
cies).
Injuries  Number of accidents on works sites.
Gender
Division of labour  Time allocation of women before and after the project.
 School attendance of girls and boys before and after the project.
Income-generating activities  Proportion of women income devoted to water supply before and
after the project.
Access to and control over  Level of satisfaction of women toward project investment de-
productive factors cisions and management methods (survey).
Involvement in societal or-  Number of women and men involved in user and/or water man-
ganisation agement organisations.
Participation
Consultations  Stakeholders’ satisfaction toward consultations on user fees.
Civil society strengthening  Increase in community-based organisations dedicated to water
management or environmental protection.
 Level of participation of user and/or water management organ-
isations in the decision-making processes.

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8. References and Further Readings

African Development Bank (1991). Guidelines for Project Preparation and Appraisal
in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector.

African Development Bank (2000). Policy for Integrated Water Resources Manage-
ment.

Asian Development Bank (1993). Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastruc-

ture Projects. Office of the Environment.

Birley, M. H. (1995). The Health Impact Assessment of Development Projects.

HMSO, Londres.

Birley, M. H. and K. Lock (1999). The Health Impacts of Peri-urban Natural Resource
Development. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool.

Cairncross, S., J. E. Hardoy and D. Satterthwaite, Eds. (1990), The Poor Die Young,
Housing and Health in Third World Cities. Earthscan Publications Ltd., Lon-
don

Canadian International Development Agency (1997). Handbook on Environmental

Assessment of Non-Governmental Organizations and Institutions Programs
and Projects: Checklist #5 / Water Supply. Hull, Canada.

Katz, T. and J. Sara (1997). Making Rural Water Supply Sustainable: Recommenda-
tions from a Global Study. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program.

World Bank (1991). Environmental Assessment Sourcebook – Volume II: Sectoral

Guidelines: Chapter 9: Population, Health and Nutrition, Transportation,
Urban Development, Water Supply and Sewerage. World Bank Technical Pa-
per number 140. Environment Department.

World Health Organization (1983). Minimum Evaluation Procedure (MEP) for Water
Supply and Sanitation Projects. Mimeograph, ETS/83.1,CDD/OPR/83.1.

World Health Organisation (1993). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Second

edition, Geneva, Switzerland.

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