Full Download Heat Pumps 2nd Edition Silberstein Solutions Manual PDF Full Chapter
Full Download Heat Pumps 2nd Edition Silberstein Solutions Manual PDF Full Chapter
1� The purpose of safety controls and devices is to protect the equipment and those around it�
Jumping these controls creates a potentially hazardous situation� High-pressure switches, for
example, are intended to disable a system if the pressure within rises to an unsafe level� Jumping
out the control can result in excessively high pressures that can cause solder joints and piping to
burst, potentially damaging the system and causing injury to individuals in close proximity to
the equipment� During the process of troubleshooting a system, however, it may be necessary to
jump out a control or safety device for a short period of time in order to determine the cause for
system failure� Under no circumstances should a service technician leave these devices jumped
when leaving the service call�
2� Pumping a system down is the process by which the system refrigerant is stored in the com-
pressor, condenser, and receiver while a repair is performed on the low pressure side of the
system� Pumping down a system eliminates the need to recover the refrigerant from the sys-
tem� After pump down, the suction service valve on the compressor, as well as the service
valve on the receiver, should be in the frontseated position� After the repair, the system should
be leak tested and evacuated before introducing the refrigerant back into the system�
3� The answer to this question could be either yes or no� If a system is equipped with a liquid line
solenoid or other service valve that will provide a positive shut off to refrigerant flow in the liq-
uid line, the system can be pumped down� Such systems are normally equipped with oversized
condensers to store the entire system charge when pumped down� On the other hand, systems
without a means by which refrigerant flow in the liquid line can be stopped cannot be pumped
down� In these cases, the refrigerant must be recovered from the system prior to repair�
4� In the off cycle, refrigerant migrates to the coldest section of the system, which can very well
be the compressor during periods of colder temperatures� In addition, colder temperatures
facilitate the mixing of refrigerant oil and refrigerant� The purpose of the crankcase heater is to
cause liquid refrigerant in the crankcase to boil off into a vapor, thereby separating the oil and
refrigerant� Allowing the refrigerant to boil off from the oil reduces the possibility of introduc-
ing liquid refrigerant to the compressor cylinder� Ideally, the crankcase should be energized for
a period of at least 24 hours before initial system start-up� Some systems are designed to have
the crankcase heaters energized continuously, even when the compressor is operating, while
others are designed to have the heaters energized whenever the compressor is not operating�
travels with the refrigerant and typically does not separate from the refrigerant and accumu-
late in the receiver, eliminating answer choice “D�”
6� True� The determination of whether a valve is normally open or normally closed is made by
observing the position of the valve when the solenoid coil is in the de-energized position� This
position can be either open or closed, making this statement true�
7� Answer choice “C” is correct� The purpose of the solenoid is to start and/or stop the flow of
refrigerant in a system, eliminating answer choice “A�” Answer choice “B” is simply wrong�
The purpose of the expansion valve is to control the amount of refrigerant flowing in to the
evaporator, not to remove refrigerant from the oil, eliminating answer choice “D�”
8� False� The pressure relief valve is designed to relieve system pressure if it reaches an unsafe
level� A pressure slightly higher than the suction pressure is not at a dangerous level�
9� The purpose of the refrigerant distributor is to ensure that equal amounts of refrigerant are fed
to each branch of a multicircuit evaporator� The distributor causes the liquid and vapor refrig-
erant leaving the expansion valve to combine into a homogeneous mixture, ensuring that each
circuit of the evaporator is fed the same amount of refrigerant, which is at a constant consistency�
10� Answer choice “D” is correct� High humidity increases the wet bulb temperature of the air�
A cooling tower can ideally cool the water coming back to the tower to a temperature within
70˚F of the wet bulb temperature� The higher the wet bulb temperature, the higher the treated
water temperature will be, eliminating answer choice “A,” making choice “B” a correct state-
ment� One factor that determines the efficiency of a condenser is the amount of subcooling
that the condenser operates with� The higher the subcooling, the lower the temperature of the
water returning to the tower� The lower the temperature of the water returning to the tower,
the more efficiently the cooling tower will operate, making answer choice “C” correct as well�
From this we can see that answer choice “D” is the best response to this question�
11� True� Forced draft indicates that a fan is being used to move air through the tower�
12� Answer choice “D” is correct� Sensing bulbs and remote bulbs are the same, eliminating answer
choices “A” and “B�” Electronic thermostats are solid state devices, eliminating answer choice “C�”
13� Answer choice “A” is correct� Low-voltage thermostats are not designed for outdoor use,
eliminating answer choices “B” and “D�” Low-voltage thermostats are not sealed as line volt-
age thermostats are, eliminating answer choice “C�”
14� Answer choice “D” is correct� Transformers are electric devices that do not function to control
or transform pressure, eliminating choice “A�” Transformers can be either step-up or step-
down devices, indicating that both choices “B” and “C” are correct�
15� Answer choice “C” is correct� Multicircuit is a term used to describe evaporators with more
than one path, eliminating answer choice “A�” A multimeter is a device used to test electrical
circuits, eliminating choice “B�” A bimetal thermostat is used to control temperature, eliminat-
ing answer choice “D�”
16� Answer choice “A” is correct� The cut-out pressure added to the cut-in temperature has no sig-
nificance regarding the operation of a refrigeration or air-conditioning system, eliminating an-
swer choice “B�” The cut-out pressure is simply the cut-out pressure, not the differential, elimi-
nating answer choice “C�” The differential refers to a pressure difference on the low side of the
system that can never be larger than the high pressure of the system, eliminating choice “D�”
17� Answer choice “D” is correct� Low-charge protection is provided by low-pressure controls,
eliminating answer choice “A�” High-pressure controls function to ensure that the system oper-
ates safely below a predetermined high-side pressure� These devices will disable a system if the
pressure rises too high, indicating that both “B” and “C” are correct�
18� Answer choice “B” is correct� Water regulating valves are not intended to be used as low
ambient controls, although they do function to maintain the head pressure within the desired
range, eliminating answer choices “C” and “D�” Although there is a flooded evaporator, evap-
orator flooding does not relate to low ambient control, eliminating answer choice “A�”
19� Answer choice “D” is correct� All contactors are equipped with a holding coil and can have
both normally open and normally closed sets of contacts�
20� True� In a series circuit, the current is the same at all points in the circuit�
CHAPTER 3
VAPOR-COMPRESSION HEAT-PUMP COMPONENTS AND
ACCESSORIES
FOR DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1� A heat-pump system that has constant ice formation on the coil may very well have a defrost
problem� Depending on the type of defrost method that is being used on the particular system,
the cause for the excessive ice buildup may differ from system to system� No matter which
type of defrost system is being used, systems located in cold, humid areas typically need to be
defrosted more frequently�
On systems that have a time-terminated/time-terminated defrost system, the time interval
between defrost cycles may be too short and the time of the defrost cycle may be too short as
well� On systems that have a time and temperature-initiated defrost cycle, the temperature
sensor may need to be relocated in order to initiate defrost sooner� Also, the time interval
between defrost attempts may need to be shortened� On defrost systems with a pressure-
initiated defrost cycle, the pressure differential may need to be reduced in order to initiate
defrost sooner� On systems with solid state defrost control boards, relocating the outdoor coil
thermistor to the coldest section of the outdoor coil may very well solve the problem�
In addition to the problems and remedies mentioned above, there could also be a problem
with the four-way reversing valve� If the reversing valve fails in the heating mode and is
defective, the system will not be able to switch over to the cooling mode and defrost the coil�
Before attempting to repair the defrost system, always be sure that the system operates in both
the heating and cooling modes first�
2� In respect to heat-pump systems, high heating bills reflect high electric bills� During winter
operation, the compressor operates during first-stage heat and the supplementary electric-
strip heaters will be energized during defrost and during second-stage heating operation�
When utility bills begin to climb during the winter months, the electric-strip heaters are often
the cause�
There are a number of reasons why the electric-strip heaters would be energized more often
and for a longer period of time� A few of these reasons are:
• System remains in defrost too long—If this is the case, the defrost system should be
checked and repaired as needed�
• First-stage heat not satisfying the load—This can be a result of a defective reversing valve,
system undercharge, or other system component failure�
• Defective sail switch or control in the heater circuit—Make certain that all relays and con-
trols in the heater circuit are operating properly� A defective relay or set of contacts could
be keeping the strip heaters energized when they should be off�
• Defective thermostat—Make certain that the thermostat is properly making and breaking
the second-stage heating contacts�
The Secretary during the last year has paid some visits to a few of
the county prisons. The tendency is toward improvement in the line
of furnishing employment and in sanitary accommodations.
Conditions are much the same as last year. The management is very
ably conducted under Warden Lewis. The inmates are largely those
who are detained for trial. Out of 445 prisoners, 50 were convicts.
Bread is made in the prison, an economical feature whenever the
population has an average of thirty or more. Here meats are
generally served in the shape of hamburg steaks. We commend this
practice to many of our wardens. The meat is eatable, palatable and
all the coarser parts may be utilized. The cost of the food in 1916
was 8.4 cents daily for each prisoner, one cent more than the
previous year. Considering the higher cost of all provisions, the
additional cost is by no means surprising. Too many were detained
for non-payment of fines. We trust they are now availing themselves
of the law, passed by the late Assembly, allowing those held for
costs and fines to be released on condition of agreeing to pay said
charges by instalments. Most letters received for those awaiting trial
are delivered unopened. Tho it would be a task to inspect all
incoming letters, it seems to us that it would be wiser to have a
universal rule providing for inspection of all letters.
BERKS COUNTY.
CAMBRIA COUNTY.
CHESTER COUNTY.
DAUPHIN COUNTY.
Here there are about 180 prisoners, say, 150 able-bodied persons,
detained in idleness, from a few days to a year with no duties except
in the line of domestic service. The bakery, the kitchen, the serving
and the work of sweeping and scrubbing give nearly 25 per cent. of
them some employment, and the good warden by a system of
rotation endeavors to give all their turn at being useful. But what an
appalling waste of labor!
There is no available land belonging to the county on which they
might raise supplies for the institution. Dauphin County needs a
prison farm.
Formerly the warden received 25 cents per day for each prisoner
whom he maintained. Now the cost is 13.5 cents per day and the
menu is far superior to what was formerly dispensed under the fee
system. The meat ration is one-half pound daily, which is regarded
as too much for unemployed men. They bake their own bread.
Strange to state, notwithstanding the lack of employment, none are
paroled. In this respect, the county is very much in the rear of the
procession.
As a rule, letters ought to be inspected before delivery.
Of the 168 hours in the week, the men may spend four hours in the
open air. Conditions are not as they should be and cannot be
improved materially till the question of employment is solved.
DELAWARE COUNTY.
FAYETTE COUNTY.
LACKAWANNA COUNTY.
LEHIGH COUNTY.
LUZERNE COUNTY.
As is frequently the custom of county prisons, this prison contains
both prisoners committed by the county court and also the city
misdemeanants. The city prisoners have been allowed to work
outside on the county farm. The authorities have not been willing to
assume the responsibility for paroling the county prisoners for
outside work. It is quite possible that in the spring of 1918 they may
take action under the special legislation of the late Assembly.
There are some acres of ground about the institution which is kept in
an admirable order by the inmates, but no space has been set aside
or adapted for an exercise ground for the prisoners. This is a matter
which should receive attention. The open air is wholesome, and men
should not be deprived of this privilege even if they are felons.
This institution was one of the last to adhere to a striped costume,
which has finally been superseded by suitings of plain colors.
They ought to add a bakery to their cooking department. We believe
this prison would profit by the employment of a professional cook.
The warden manages to find employment for nearly all of the
prisoners in some sort of domestic service, tho no special industries
are maintained.
A liberal application of the privilege of parole is noticeable in this
county. The results are very satisfactory.
General efficiency the same as the year before.
MONTGOMERY COUNTY.
Early in the season of 1917 some men were paroled to work on the
county farm. The satisfactory results are reported in our account of
the Wardens’ Meeting. The authorities have been so well pleased
with this experiment that it is probable next season will witness some
enlargement of these activities. Some of the men have been
employed in finishing rugs, but this industry last summer was
lagging.
They bake an excellent quality of bread, and prepare a menu
somewhat above the average. Their experiment with cocoa nibs was
not satisfactory; the men greatly prefer coffee. At some institutions,
cocoa is being served occasionally as a substitute for coffee, and the
inmates appear to enjoy it. A drink made from cheap cocoa nibs may
not have much nutriment, but real cocoa possesses considerable
nutriment, while coffee has no value as food, but may act as a
stimulant.
Estimated efficiency now rated at 75 per cent.
NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.
PHILADELPHIA COUNTY.
SCHUYLKILL COUNTY.
We learn that ten men have been working on the county farm.
This county for some years has been allowing men who were fined
to be released on condition of making payments on instalments. In
1916 they collected from this source the sum of $2,081.14. If these
men and women had been maintained in prison in accordance with
the old law of 1836, their board and maintenance would have cost
the taxpayers $4,025.38. Hence by the new arrangement a snug
profit to the county of $6,106.52. They were pioneers in the rational
treatment of those who were fined.
Here they believe in the principle of parole and put it into practice.
Number on parole and probation over 16 years of age 154
Number on parole and probation under 16 years of age 124
Some failures reported, the majority being juveniles arrested for
truancy, etc.
They still continue their antiquated toilet arrangements. The closets
are flushed by dumping therein water from buckets. The water is
readily obtainable from spigots, so that the inconvenience is reduced
to some extent, yet this system is justly condemned.
Trusties keep the Court House and the grounds in good order. Some
are employed in making carpets and knitting socks.
Except murderers in the second degree, practically all county
convicts are detained in the county prison. They have room for them
in the old bastile, so why send them to the penitentiary on per diem
charges?
The prisoners are turned absolutely loose one hour each day in the
prison yard.
General Efficiency the same as the previous year, but on account of
the farm work we estimate the grade at 70 per cent.
WESTMORELAND COUNTY.
Here is a county prison reporting for the year 1916 an average daily
number of inmates of 58. And yet they could send 12 men to work at
road-making in a prison camp, and 10 men to work on the county
farm. The employment record is a vast improvement over the report
of the previous year when a few at domestic employments about the
jail were the only inmates at work. It is thought that next season the
agricultural operations will be increased.
The Directors ought to contrive at once to improve the cooking
arrangements or, better still, to construct an entirely new culinary
department.
They eat at tables in the corridors. We believe that it would be well
for wardens generally to adopt this method. The cells are more
readily kept clean, and the appearance has a civilized effect.
There are no sheets and pillows, a lack which some philanthropic
organization might supply. They have plenty of time to do laundry
work.
On account of the new opportunities for employment, we cheerfully
revise our estimate of the Efficiency from 53 to 65 per cent.
YORK COUNTY.
No official visit has been paid to the prison at York since the last
report. We have learned that conditions are generally unchanged. If
this be true, there is much ground for complaint.
There is no employment except that a few assist in domestic service
at the prison.
The food supplied is utterly inadequate. A few weeks ago the bill of
fare for one week consisted of bread and coffee served twice a day
for the seven days and a ration of soup with meat and vegetables
was served twice during the week. On one other day three potatoes
were dealt out to each prisoner. A certain amount of molasses is
given out each week. No prison in the United States or Canada has
such scanty fare. The prisoners are allowed to supplement their fare
by purchasing supplies from a dealer who calls almost every
morning, but the majority of them are penniless. Their friends, if they
have any, may bring provision.
The sheriff receives forty-five cents a day for providing this meagre
fare. Again and again we have called the attention of the good
people of York County to these disgraceful conditions. One hundred
and thirty years ago in the prisons of Philadelphia, each prisoner was
furnished with water and a half loaf of bread every day. Those who
had money could buy additional supplies; others must beg and
depend upon friends. The York Prison has maintained a similar
system to the present day. There has been no progress. The sheriff
follows in the line of his predecessors. The authorities, under whom
this iniquitous system has been allowed to continue, are the
responsible parties. If the fare at other prisons, where a sufficient
quantity is served, costs from 12 cents to 16 cents per day, the fare
at York County prison costs barely 10 cents per day. Possibly the
sheriff finds the business profitable, but that has little to do with the
matter. The system is wrong. Any plan whereby the superintendent
of any prison derives his profit from boarding the inmates is liable to
abuse. The only remedy is to change the system. Act 171, Laws of
Pennsylvania 1909, provides that all counties having a population
between 150,000 and 250,000 must have a warden who purchases
supplies by contract. Such a warden may be appointed in counties
having less than a population of 150,000. The remedy lies with the
citizens of York County. A number of prisons in counties having less
than a population of 150,000 are controlled by either a warden or
sheriff who serves for a salary and purchases food by contract. In
such prisons, the conditions are always better than under the fee
system. Grade 40 per cent.
In view of the fact that some important penal legislation was enacted
by the General Assembly of 1917, it seemed wise to call a
conference of wardens, inspectors and commissioners to consider
the effect of this legislation and how it might be put into practice.
Hence a call for such a conference, issued by The Pennsylvania
Prison Society and by the Prison Reform League of Pennsylvania,
was sent to county commissioners and prison officials in the eastern
and central parts of the Commonwealth. Mrs. Martha P. Falconer,
superintendent of the Girls’ School at Sleighton Farm, very kindly
offered to entertain the members of the Conference at this institution
on the afternoon and night of October 4th, and Mr. F. H. Nibecker,
superintendent of the Boys’ Department at Glen Mills, cordially
agreed to take care of the company on the 5th inst.
Responses from those invited indicated much interest, and the
attendance fully justified our expectations.
Nine wardens were present from the county prisons of Easton,
Ebensburg, Harrisburg, Hollidaysburg, Lancaster, Media, Norristown,
West Chester and Wilkes-Barre. Seventeen Inspectors were in
attendance representing the counties of Berks, Blair, Chester,
Dauphin, Delaware, Lehigh, Lancaster and Montgomery. The
counties of Bucks, Chester, Columbia and York were represented by
one or more of their Commissioners.
The State Board of Charities was represented by Mr. Louis Wolf, a
member of that body, and by Wm. McGarry, an agent of the Board.
Judge J. F. Hause, of West Chester, graced the occasion with his
presence.
Miss Florence Bayard Kane, of the Prison Reform League, and John
Way and Albert H. Votaw, of the Pennsylvania Prison Society, were
present. Robert Dunning Dripps, Esq., Secretary Public Charities
Association, was present on the evening of the 4th inst.
Most of the company arrived about noon at Sleighton Farm and were
soon doing ample justice to a bountiful lunch provided by the efficient
helpers of Mrs. Falconer. After an inspection of the buildings and
grounds and noting the excellent work of the girls on the Farm and
the fifty-acre kitchen garden the company assembled in the
commodious audience room to consider the objects of the meeting.
Secretary Votaw called the meeting to order and served thereafter
informally as Chairman. He said he was convinced that persons
engaged in the same sort of work often were the gainers by
comparing their views and experiences. As a teacher he had learned
to value the opportunities afforded by the Teachers’ Institutes. Not
that he always adopted new methods proposed, for he learned that
the personal equation must be considered and that all persons were
not adapted to use identical methods. What would succeed with one
might result in failure with another. At the same time, there was
inspiration and much profit from such conferences. He ventured to
say that the county prisons in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
were all diverse in their administration. There was lack of team work.
While it was not recommended that all should follow exactly the
same form of management, there was undoubtedly much to be
gained by comparison of methods and results.
This meeting, however, was called particularly to consider recent
legislation. The following letter from Governor Brumbaugh,
addressed to E. M. Wistar, President of the Pennsylvania Prison
Society, was read:
“Mr. Edward M. Wistar,
Philadelphia, Pa.
THE INTERMISSION.
In the intermission between the afternoon and evening sessions
there were three events of considerable interest.
It was the first visit of most of the men to this highly cultivated farm of
500 or more acres, and they were both surprised and delighted to
have a visible illustration of what may be accomplished by lads and
young men in the line of husbandry. They were received very
graciously by Superintendent Nibecker, who, after some explanation
of the general system, conducted them over the plantation. There
was an exhibit of corn (many stalks being fifteen feet in height, with
two ears), pumpkins, cowbeets, turnips, etc., which would make a
creditable showing before any body of experts. The dairy of blooded
stock was inspected, and a piggery inhabited by over 200 fine
specimens of porkers was much admired for its fine sanitary
condition. The report in 1916 showed that about forty products of the
farm were valued at $23,581 and that the expenses charged to the
farm amounted to $8,033, thus showing the handsome balance of
$15,548 to the credit of the farming operations.
The Conference met for a brief session in the parlor of the institution.
On motion, Mr. Edward Taenzer, of Reading, was made Chairman of
this meeting. Mr. Votaw had already suggested that there might be a
service in forming a more permanent organization of prison officials
of this Commonwealth. There were many features of administration
to be discussed, and he thought mutual benefit would accrue from
an occasional conference, annual or semi-annual, to compare views
and methods. Especially would such conference be of value and of
great influence in being able to present to the General Assembly
their united views, based on practical experience, with regard to
proposed penal legislation, and also to suggest and promote
measures for improvement of penal conditions. This proposition
appeared to receive the unanimous endorsement of those present.
Chairman Taenzer suggested annual conferences and hoped that an
effort would be made to equalize the working of the laws in all
counties. Many of the counties operated under special legislation.
The County of Berks, working under an Act of 1848, was at a
decided disadvantage, compared with other counties. There was no
uniformity in regard to turnkey fees, and many other customs, some
of them belonging to a past age.
On motion of Mr. Votaw the following Committee was appointed to
make arrangements for another similar conference to be held
probably next autumn, and to draft regulations for the government of
the body: Edward Taenzer, Chairman; Warden Clower, of West
Chester; Warden McIlhenny, of Harrisburg; Warden Obetz, of
Lancaster, and Agent McGarry, of the State Board of Charities. On
motion, A. H. Votaw was appointed Secretary of this Committee.
A vote of thanks to Mrs. Falconer and to Mr. Nibecker was extended
for their generous hospitality and for their many courtesies to the
conference. It seemed that nothing which pertained to the comfort
and pleasure of the visitors had been left undone.
The Conference adjourned with a feeling that this meeting had been
successful and that a permanent organization would be of decided
service to the best interests of the Commonwealth.
After a bountiful lunch, served by the assistants of Superintendent
Nibecker, the members of this memorable Conference dispersed to
their several homes.
Wardens.
Wm. A. McIlhenny Harrisburg
Rich. F. Pascoe Easton
Lemuel Roberts Norristown
John B. Riddle Hollidaysburg
Edw. H. Knee Ebensburg
J. Carson Obetz Lancaster
Michael F. Whalen Wilkes-Barre
John F. Clower West Chester
Geo. W. Allen Media
Inspectors.
Theo. J. Fretz Allentown
Edward Taenzer Reading
Dr. J. K. Weaver Norristown
Jesse L. Jones West Chester
J. Howard Lumis West Chester
Alex. C. Whitcraft West Chester
Wm. P. Sharpless West Chester
E. Marshall Hamell Media
F. G. Thomas Yeadon
M. G. Brubaker Lancaster
Adam Sweigart Lancaster
Thomas Erb Lancaster
Eli Good Lancaster
D. G. Lindsay Lancaster
Wm. P. Schwartz Altoona
Calve Walker Altoona
W. B. Meetch Harrisburg
Commissioners.
John D. Jenkins York
D. F. Knittle Bloomsburg
D. M. Golder West Chester
Watson Davis Doylestown
Allen Zetty Doylestown
Wash. Cadwallader Doylestown
John E. Baldwin West Chester