Part A – Enthalpy calculations

1(c) The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of some alkanes are given in the table below.

Alkane ΔcH⊖/kJ mol−1

CH4 −890
C2H6 −1560
C3H8 −2220
C5H12 −3509
C6H14 −4194

i. Estimate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane.

ΔcH⊖ = ........................................................... kJ mol−1[1]

(d). The enthalpy change of combustion of butane can be measured experimentally.

The standard enthalpy change of formation of butane is represented by the equation below.

4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)

Suggest why it is not possible to measure the enthalpy change of formation of butane
directly.

[1]

(f). The enthalpy change of combustion of methanol and some bond enthalpies are shown
below.

Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1

C–C +347
C–H +413
C–O +358
C=O +805
O=O +498

Use this information to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of the O–H bond.
 bond enthalpy of the O–H bond = ........................................................... kJ mol−1[3]

3(b) The enthalpy change of a reaction depends on endothermic and exothermic processes.
.
Describe, in terms of bonds made and broken, which processes are exothermic and which
are endothermic. Explain how the relative values of these processes affect the enthalpy
change of the reaction in equation 4.1.

[2]

4(a). Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, was used as a rocket fuel in the UK's first rocket launcher ‘Black
Knight’ and more recently in ‘Bloodhound’, a supersonic racing car.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:

Equation 2.1

i. Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr for the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide, as represented by Equation 2.1.

Use the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf, values in the table below.

ΔH f / kJ mol−1

H2O2(l) −188
H2O(l) −286

ΔHr = ........................................................... kJ mol−1 [2]

ii. ΔHr is not the standard enthalpy change of formation of water, ΔHf.

Write the equation for the reaction that has the enthalpy change ΔHf for water.

Include state symbols.

[2]
 11. ‘Isopropyl alcohol’ is used as a cleaning agent for electronic equipment.

Isopropyl alcohol can be made from the hydration of propene which requires the use of
concentrated phosphoric acid. ΔH −50 kJ mol−1

Average bond
Bond
enthalpy kJ mol−1
C=C 610
C–H 410
O–H 458
C–O 360
C–C ?

Use your knowledge of hydration and the information provided to calculate the average
bond enthalpy of a C−C bond.

average bond enthalpy of C−C bond ............................. kJ mol−1. [4]

19. i. Complete the enthalpy cycle below.

 [1]

ii. Use the cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of hexane, C 6H14,
using the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion.

Standard enthalpy change of −1

Enthalpy / kJ mol
combustion, ΔcH⦵
carbon, C(s) −393
hydrogen, H2(g) −286
hexane, C6H14(l) −4163

ΔfH⦵(C6H14) =..........................................kJ mol−1

[2]

28 (b Both magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide are used in indigestion remedies.
). Magnesium oxide can be formed by the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate

It is very difficult to determine the enthalpy change of decomposition of magnesium

carbonate directly. The student calculates a value using Hess' law and an enthalpy cycle.
This involves two separate experiments.

i. Use the following general enthalpy cycle to explain Hess' law.

[2]

The student carries out two experiments.

Experiment 1: Reaction of magnesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Experiment 2: Reaction of magnesium oxide with hydrochloric acid.

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

 The student uses an excess of acid and measures the temperature change in each
experiment.
The experiments were carried out in a polystyrene cup with a lid.

After processing the experimental data the student calculated the following results:

enthalpy change of reaction per mole of MgCO3 for Experiment 1, (ΔH1) = −90 kJ mol−1

enthalpy change of reaction per mole of MgO for Experiment 2, (ΔH2) = −131 kJ mol−1

Use the following energy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal
decomposition of magnesium carbonate, ΔHr.

enthalpy change, ΔHr = ............................. kJ mol−1

[1]

33. Nitrogen and oxygen combine, as shown below.

N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) ΔrH = +180 kJ mol−1

Which statement is correct for this reaction?

A. The reaction is exothermic.

B. The activation enthalpy for the reverse reaction is smaller than the activation
enthalpy for the forward reaction.
C. Once energy equal to the activation enthalpy has been provided, the reaction will
continue without further energy input.
D. The sum of the bond enthalpies of bonds made is greater than the sum of the bond
enthalpies of bonds broken.

Your answer
[1]

37. What is correct about an exothermic reaction?

A Heat is taken in.

B More bonds are made than broken.
C The sign of ΔH is positive.
D It is represented by a downwards arrow on an enthalpy profile diagram.

Your answer [1]

 (b). Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexane from the data given.

Substance ΔfH⊝ / kJ mol−1

CO2(g) −393
H2O(l) −286
C6H14(l) −199

kJ mol−1
ΔcH⊝ hexane =
[2]

56. Ammonia is an important chemical used to make fertilisers. It is made in industry by the
following equilibrium reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔrHo̶ = –92 kJ mol−1 Equation 1.1

Write down the value of ΔfHo̶ for NH3(g).

Include the unit in your answer.

[1]

Part B – Gas calculations

2. Steel pipelines carrying natural gas occasionally corrode leading to the formation of ‘green
rust’, Fe(OH)2.

Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced when 100 g of green rust changes into black
rust.

Assume that 1.0 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.

volume of hydrogen = .........................................................................

dm3[2]
3. The reaction between sodium bicarbonate and citric acid can be represented by equation
4.1 below.

C6H8O7(aq) + 3NaHCO3(s) → Na3C6H5O7 (aq) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) equation 4.1

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced, in dm 3, in the student's

experiment, at room temperature and pressure. Assume none of the carbon dioxide
dissolves.

One mole of gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm 3.

volume of carbon dioxide = ........................................................... dm3 [2]

4(b) Hydrogen peroxide is used as a propellant because the heat evolved during its
. decomposition raises the temperature to about 600 °C. This causes a rapid expulsion of the
oxygen and water (as steam).

Calculate the combined volume, in dm3, of steam and oxygen produced by the
decomposition of 90 g of H2O2.

Assume one mole of any gas occupies 70 dm3 at the temperature reached in the
decomposition.

volume = ........................................................... dm3 [3]

7. A mixture of 50 cm3 of ammonia and 50 cm3 of oxygen is allowed to reach equilibrium. The
total volume is then 105 cm3. All volumes are measured at the same temperature (above
100°C) and pressure.

Calculate the percentage of ammonia that has been converted to NO.

Percentage = ........................................................... % [2]

14(b A mixture of 4.0 g of ethanol vapour and 25 dm3 of air is ignited.

).
Determine whether the ethanol will be completely burned.

All volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure.

Assume air contains 21% oxygen.

 [3]

15. Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide, Al 2O3.

The oxygen produced at the anode reacts with the carbon electrodes.

Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide (measured at RTP) that would be
produced during the electrolysis of 100 kg of Al2O3.

Show all your working.

volume = ............................................ dm3 [3]

18. Butane is a hydrocarbon that contains 4 carbon atoms. It is used as fuel in cordless hair
straighteners.

i. Write an equation for the complete combustion of 1 mol of butane.

[1]

ii. Calculate the volume of oxygen (measured at room temperature and pressure) that
would combine with 1.0 g of butane.

volume = .......................................... [2]

iii. 2.15 dm3 of an unknown gas had a mass of 5.2 g at 18 oC and a pressure of 101 kPa.

Calculate the relative molecular mass of the gas and suggest what gas it could be.

Name of gas: ........................................................... [3]

 20(b A technician heats different powdered limestone samples so they undergo thermal
). decomposition and collects the carbon dioxide produced. A sample of the limestone
produced 9.00 dm3 carbon dioxide at a temperature of 850 oC and pressure of 105 kPa.

i. Find the amount (in mol) of CO2 produced.

amount of CO2 =.......................................... mol [2]

ii. This sample of limestone weighed 15.0 g.

Use your answer to (i) to find what percentage of the limestone was calcium
carbonate. Assume none of the impurities were other carbonates.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

percentage purity = .......................................... % [2]

24(c) When ethanal burns completely, the equation for the reaction that occurs at the
. temperature of the combustion is shown below.

CH3CHO(l) + 2½O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

0.55 g of ethanal is burned completely.

i. Calculate the minimum volume of oxygen (measured in cm3 at RTP) required.

minimum volume of oxygen at RTP = .............................cm3[2]

ii. The gaseous products of the reaction are cooled to room temperature.

Calculate the percentage of the products (by mass) that remain gaseous.
 % by mass of products that are gaseous at room temperature =
............................. % [1]

32. What is the effect on the volume when the pressure of an ideal gas is doubled at the same
time as the temperature (in Kelvin) is doubled?

A. halved
B. remains the same
C. doubled
D. quadrupled

Your answer
[1]

36. A sample of gas, volume V, has its temperature raised from 0°C to 20°C. The pressure
remains constant.
What is the new volume?

A 0.005 V
B 0.93 V
C 1.07 V
D 20 V

Your answer [1]

38(a). Brine is a concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution. Chlorine is made by the
electrolysis of brine. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are co-products.

The equation representing the overall reaction that occurs during this electrolysis is shown
below.

2Cl−(aq) + 2H2O(l) → Cl2(g) + 2OH−(aq) + H2(g)

i. Calculate the amount (in moles) of NaOH in 0.50 tonne of sodium hydroxide.

mol
amount of NaOH =
[1]
ii. Calculate the mass of chlorine (in tonnes) produced at the same time as 0.50 tonne
of sodium hydroxide.
 tonnes
mass =
[1]
iii. Calculate the volume (in m3) that this chlorine would occupy at RTP.

volume = m

39. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide (in dm3) at 298 K and 95.0 kPa that could be
captured by reacting it with 1.00 kg of MgO.

volume = dm3[3]

41. What is the volume of CO2 (in dm3) measured at RTP when 20 g CaCO3 completely
decompose?

A 0.20
B 2.4
C 4.8
D 24

Your answer [1]

42. A 25.0 g sample of Hg2Cl2 is vaporised at 400°C and a pressure of 101 kPa.
A student assumes that the formula of the gaseous mercury chloride molecules is Hg 2Cl2.

Calculate the volume of gas, in dm3, that would be expected under these conditions.

volume of gas
dm3 [3]
=

44. Calculate the volume of gas (in cm3 at RTP) produced when 0.493 g of barium carbonate,
 BaCO3, is reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid. (Mr of BaCO3 = 197.2)
BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

volume of gas cm3

= [1]

45. 1.0 g of solid carbon dioxide is vaporised.

What volume of gas (in cm3) is produced at RTP?

A 0.55
B 24
C 550
D 24 000

Your answer [1]

46. A sample of gas has a mass of m g and occupies a volume V m3 at a pressure p Pa and
temperature T K.

Which expression is correct for the Mr of the gas?

A mRT / pV
B pV / mRT
C pV / RT
D mRT / npV

Your answer [1]

50. Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react as follows.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

0.010 mol of Na2CO3 is mixed with 0.015 mol of HCl.

What volume of CO2 is formed (in cm3 at RTP)?

A 180
 B 240
C 360
D 720

Your answer [1]

(b). Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is carried out in the petrochemical industry.

Hot vaporised hydrocarbons and a powdered catalyst are fed into the bottom of a tube and
forced upwards by steam.

Petrol contains hydrocarbons like octane, C8H18.

Equation 1.1 shows the complete combustion of octane.

C8H18(g) + 12½O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(g) Equation 1.1

3.42 g of octane are burned per second in a vehicle engine.

The exhaust gases are produced at a temperature of 550 ºC and a pressure of 1.50 × 10 5 Pa.

Calculate the volume of exhaust gases, in dm3, produced per second.

Assume that carbon dioxide and water vapour are the only gases present in the exhaust.

volume of exhaust gases = ................................... dm3[4]

52(a). Ozone in the stratosphere is at a pressure of 1100 Pa and a temperature of –20 °C.

i. Calculate the amount in moles of ozone in 1.5 dm3 of ozone from the stratosphere.

amount of ozone = ....................................................mol [2]

ii. Calculate the volume (in cm3) that this number of moles would occupy on the surface
of the Earth where the pressure is 97 kPa and the temperature is 298 K.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

 volume of ozone = ....................................................cm3[2]

54. What is the volume (in cm3) of 4.4 g of CO2 at RTP?

A 105.6
B 2.4 × 103
C 2.4 × 104
D 105 600

Your answer [1]

Part C – Pollutants and alternative fuels

4(d). Give one environmental advantage of using hydrogen peroxide as a fuel instead of
kerosene.

[1]

8. Exhaust gases from vehicle engines contain potential pollutants.

 Which substance(s) could be present in the exhaust gases from a vehicle engine as a result
of the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

1: Carbon monoxide

2: Particulates

3: Unburnt hydrocarbons

A. 1, 2 and 3
B. Only 1 and 2
C. Only 2 and 3
D. Only 1

Your answer
[1]

9. Which of the following gases is / are produced when hydrogen burns in air at high temperature?

1: Water vapour

2: NOx

3: Carbon dioxide

A. 1, 2 and 3
B. Only 1 and 2
C. Only 2 and 3
D. Only 1

Your answer
[1]

12. Which pollutant would be emitted in the exhaust gases from a car using hydrogen gas as a fuel?

A. C
B. CO
C. H2S
D. NOx

Your answer
[1]

14(a). Ethanol is sometimes used as a biofuel to replace petrol in car engines. However it has several
disadvantages.

Give two disadvantages of ethanol as a replacement fuel for petrol.

[2]
16. Hydrogen is burned as a fuel in a car engine.

Which row shows the possible products?

Oxides of nitrogen Sulfur dioxide Water vapour

A ✔ ✔ ✔

B ✔

C ✔ ✔

D ✔ ✔

Your answer
[1]

21. The compound ‘GMV’ is a potential ‘green fuel’ as it can be made from glucose and can be
blended with petrol.

i. Write an equation, using molecular formulae, for the complete combustion of GMV to
carbon dioxide and water.

[2]

ii. Calculate the ratio of the masses of carbon dioxide produced by burning equal masses of
GMV and hexane.

Show all your working.

ratio = ................................... [3]

iii. A scientist says that the result in (ii) is an indication of the relative effects on the
environment when GMV and hexane are used as vehicle fuels.

Discuss this statement.

 [2]

25(a). Coal burns to form carbon dioxide, some of which is released into the atmosphere. When coal
burns, some carbon monoxide may form as well as carbon dioxide.

Give one polluting effect of carbon monoxide and of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Carbon monoxide
....................................................................................................................................

Carbon dioxide
.......................................................................................................

[2]

40. Which statement about NOx pollution is correct?

A It is only produced in petrol engines.

B It can cause acid rain.
C It is not removed at all by catalytic converters.
D It consists mainly of NO3 gas.

Your answer [1]

52(b Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in a car engine and it is converted to nitrogen dioxide.
).
Ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen dioxide.

Ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant and can cause photochemical smog.

i. Explain how nitrogen monoxide forms in a car engine.

[2]

53(c *Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels as fuels for cars compared with
). fossil fuels.

[6]

55. A student says that bio-ethanol is carbon neutral.

 Which option provides evidence that disagrees with the student’s statement about bio-ethanol?

A It gives off carbon dioxide when it burns.

B It is made from crops that absorb carbon dioxide.
C Energy from conventional power-stations is used to make it.
D Valuable land is used up growing the crops used to make bio-ethanol.

Your answer [1]

Part D – Polymers

10. Hydrogen chloride is made industrially by the direct combination of its elements.
Large quantities of hydrogen chloride are used to make ‘vinyl chloride’, H 2C=CHCl, a
monomer for PVC.

i. Write an equation for the formation of ‘polyvinyl chloride’ from vinyl chloride, using
structural formulae.

[1]

22. PVC is used as a cling-wrap. It is made by polymerising ‘vinyl chloride’, CH 2 = CHCl.

i. Draw the full structural formula of the repeating unit of PVC.

[1]

43.

Most of the propene that is manufactured is used to make the polymer poly(propene).

Draw the full structural formula of the repeating unit of poly(propene).

[1]
53(a). Small alkenes produced in cracking can be used for making polymers.

The structure of a polymer chain is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2

Give the name of the monomer that forms the polymer in Fig. 1.2.
[1]