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DF2 Questions
DF2 Questions
1(c) The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of some alkanes are given in the table below.
Suggest why it is not possible to measure the enthalpy change of formation of butane
directly.
[1]
(f). The enthalpy change of combustion of methanol and some bond enthalpies are shown
below.
Use this information to calculate a value for the bond enthalpy of the O–H bond.
bond enthalpy of the O–H bond = ........................................................... kJ mol−1[3]
3(b) The enthalpy change of a reaction depends on endothermic and exothermic processes.
.
Describe, in terms of bonds made and broken, which processes are exothermic and which
are endothermic. Explain how the relative values of these processes affect the enthalpy
change of the reaction in equation 4.1.
[2]
4(a). Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, was used as a rocket fuel in the UK's first rocket launcher ‘Black
Knight’ and more recently in ‘Bloodhound’, a supersonic racing car.
i. Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr for the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide, as represented by Equation 2.1.
Use the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf, values in the table below.
ΔH f / kJ mol−1
H2O2(l) −188
H2O(l) −286
ii. ΔHr is not the standard enthalpy change of formation of water, ΔHf.
Write the equation for the reaction that has the enthalpy change ΔHf for water.
[2]
11. ‘Isopropyl alcohol’ is used as a cleaning agent for electronic equipment.
Isopropyl alcohol can be made from the hydration of propene which requires the use of
concentrated phosphoric acid. ΔH −50 kJ mol−1
Average bond
Bond
enthalpy kJ mol−1
C=C 610
C–H 410
O–H 458
C–O 360
C–C ?
Use your knowledge of hydration and the information provided to calculate the average
bond enthalpy of a C−C bond.
ii. Use the cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of hexane, C 6H14,
using the following standard enthalpy changes of combustion.
[2]
28 (b Both magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide are used in indigestion remedies.
). Magnesium oxide can be formed by the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate
[2]
After processing the experimental data the student calculated the following results:
enthalpy change of reaction per mole of MgCO3 for Experiment 1, (ΔH1) = −90 kJ mol−1
enthalpy change of reaction per mole of MgO for Experiment 2, (ΔH2) = −131 kJ mol−1
Use the following energy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal
decomposition of magnesium carbonate, ΔHr.
[1]
Your answer
[1]
kJ mol−1
ΔcH⊝ hexane =
[2]
56. Ammonia is an important chemical used to make fertilisers. It is made in industry by the
following equilibrium reaction.
2. Steel pipelines carrying natural gas occasionally corrode leading to the formation of ‘green
rust’, Fe(OH)2.
Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced when 100 g of green rust changes into black
rust.
Assume that 1.0 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.
4(b) Hydrogen peroxide is used as a propellant because the heat evolved during its
. decomposition raises the temperature to about 600 °C. This causes a rapid expulsion of the
oxygen and water (as steam).
Calculate the combined volume, in dm3, of steam and oxygen produced by the
decomposition of 90 g of H2O2.
Assume one mole of any gas occupies 70 dm3 at the temperature reached in the
decomposition.
7. A mixture of 50 cm3 of ammonia and 50 cm3 of oxygen is allowed to reach equilibrium. The
total volume is then 105 cm3. All volumes are measured at the same temperature (above
100°C) and pressure.
The oxygen produced at the anode reacts with the carbon electrodes.
Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide (measured at RTP) that would be
produced during the electrolysis of 100 kg of Al2O3.
18. Butane is a hydrocarbon that contains 4 carbon atoms. It is used as fuel in cordless hair
straighteners.
[1]
ii. Calculate the volume of oxygen (measured at room temperature and pressure) that
would combine with 1.0 g of butane.
iii. 2.15 dm3 of an unknown gas had a mass of 5.2 g at 18 oC and a pressure of 101 kPa.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of the gas and suggest what gas it could be.
Use your answer to (i) to find what percentage of the limestone was calcium
carbonate. Assume none of the impurities were other carbonates.
24(c) When ethanal burns completely, the equation for the reaction that occurs at the
. temperature of the combustion is shown below.
ii. The gaseous products of the reaction are cooled to room temperature.
Calculate the percentage of the products (by mass) that remain gaseous.
% by mass of products that are gaseous at room temperature =
............................. % [1]
32. What is the effect on the volume when the pressure of an ideal gas is doubled at the same
time as the temperature (in Kelvin) is doubled?
A. halved
B. remains the same
C. doubled
D. quadrupled
Your answer
[1]
36. A sample of gas, volume V, has its temperature raised from 0°C to 20°C. The pressure
remains constant.
What is the new volume?
A 0.005 V
B 0.93 V
C 1.07 V
D 20 V
38(a). Brine is a concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution. Chlorine is made by the
electrolysis of brine. Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are co-products.
The equation representing the overall reaction that occurs during this electrolysis is shown
below.
i. Calculate the amount (in moles) of NaOH in 0.50 tonne of sodium hydroxide.
mol
amount of NaOH =
[1]
ii. Calculate the mass of chlorine (in tonnes) produced at the same time as 0.50 tonne
of sodium hydroxide.
tonnes
mass =
[1]
iii. Calculate the volume (in m3) that this chlorine would occupy at RTP.
volume = m
39. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide (in dm3) at 298 K and 95.0 kPa that could be
captured by reacting it with 1.00 kg of MgO.
volume = dm3[3]
41. What is the volume of CO2 (in dm3) measured at RTP when 20 g CaCO3 completely
decompose?
A 0.20
B 2.4
C 4.8
D 24
42. A 25.0 g sample of Hg2Cl2 is vaporised at 400°C and a pressure of 101 kPa.
A student assumes that the formula of the gaseous mercury chloride molecules is Hg 2Cl2.
Calculate the volume of gas, in dm3, that would be expected under these conditions.
volume of gas
dm3 [3]
=
44. Calculate the volume of gas (in cm3 at RTP) produced when 0.493 g of barium carbonate,
BaCO3, is reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid. (Mr of BaCO3 = 197.2)
BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
A 0.55
B 24
C 550
D 24 000
46. A sample of gas has a mass of m g and occupies a volume V m3 at a pressure p Pa and
temperature T K.
A mRT / pV
B pV / mRT
C pV / RT
D mRT / npV
A 180
B 240
C 360
D 720
Assume that carbon dioxide and water vapour are the only gases present in the exhaust.
52(a). Ozone in the stratosphere is at a pressure of 1100 Pa and a temperature of –20 °C.
i. Calculate the amount in moles of ozone in 1.5 dm3 of ozone from the stratosphere.
A 105.6
B 2.4 × 103
C 2.4 × 104
D 105 600
4(d). Give one environmental advantage of using hydrogen peroxide as a fuel instead of
kerosene.
[1]
1: Carbon monoxide
2: Particulates
3: Unburnt hydrocarbons
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. Only 1 and 2
C. Only 2 and 3
D. Only 1
Your answer
[1]
9. Which of the following gases is / are produced when hydrogen burns in air at high temperature?
1: Water vapour
2: NOx
3: Carbon dioxide
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. Only 1 and 2
C. Only 2 and 3
D. Only 1
Your answer
[1]
12. Which pollutant would be emitted in the exhaust gases from a car using hydrogen gas as a fuel?
A. C
B. CO
C. H2S
D. NOx
Your answer
[1]
14(a). Ethanol is sometimes used as a biofuel to replace petrol in car engines. However it has several
disadvantages.
[2]
16. Hydrogen is burned as a fuel in a car engine.
A ✔ ✔ ✔
B ✔
C ✔ ✔
D ✔ ✔
Your answer
[1]
21. The compound ‘GMV’ is a potential ‘green fuel’ as it can be made from glucose and can be
blended with petrol.
i. Write an equation, using molecular formulae, for the complete combustion of GMV to
carbon dioxide and water.
[2]
ii. Calculate the ratio of the masses of carbon dioxide produced by burning equal masses of
GMV and hexane.
iii. A scientist says that the result in (ii) is an indication of the relative effects on the
environment when GMV and hexane are used as vehicle fuels.
25(a). Coal burns to form carbon dioxide, some of which is released into the atmosphere. When coal
burns, some carbon monoxide may form as well as carbon dioxide.
Give one polluting effect of carbon monoxide and of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Carbon monoxide
....................................................................................................................................
Carbon dioxide
.......................................................................................................
[2]
52(b Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in a car engine and it is converted to nitrogen dioxide.
).
Ozone is formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen dioxide.
[2]
53(c *Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels as fuels for cars compared with
). fossil fuels.
[6]
Part D – Polymers
10. Hydrogen chloride is made industrially by the direct combination of its elements.
Large quantities of hydrogen chloride are used to make ‘vinyl chloride’, H 2C=CHCl, a
monomer for PVC.
i. Write an equation for the formation of ‘polyvinyl chloride’ from vinyl chloride, using
structural formulae.
[1]
[1]
43.
Most of the propene that is manufactured is used to make the polymer poly(propene).
[1]
53(a). Small alkenes produced in cracking can be used for making polymers.
Fig. 1.2
Give the name of the monomer that forms the polymer in Fig. 1.2.
[1]